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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Positronemissionstomografi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 48 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="تصوير مقطعي بالإصدار البوزيتروني – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصوير مقطعي بالإصدار البوزيتروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozitron_emissiya_tomoqrafiyas%C4%B1" title="Pozitron emissiya tomoqrafiyası – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pozitron emissiya tomoqrafiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Позитронно-емисионна томография – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Позитронно-емисионна томография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomografia_per_emissi%C3%B3_de_positrons" title="Tomografia per emissió de positrons – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tomografia per emissió de positrons" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozitronov%C3%A1_emisn%C3%AD_tomografie" title="Pozitronová emisní tomografie – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pozitronová emisní tomografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronemissionstomografi" title="Positronemissionstomografi – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Positronemissionstomografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie" title="Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B6%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Τομογραφία εκπομπής ποζιτρονίων – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τομογραφία εκπομπής ποζιτρονίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Positron emission tomography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomograf%C3%ADa_por_emisi%C3%B3n_de_positrones" title="Tomografía por emisión de positrones – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tomografía por emisión de positrones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozitrona_emisia_tomografio" title="Pozitrona emisia tomografio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pozitrona emisia tomografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positroi-igorpenaren_bidezko_tomografia" title="Positroi-igorpenaren bidezko tomografia – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Positroi-igorpenaren bidezko tomografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="برش‌نگاری با گسیل پوزیترون – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برش‌نگاری با گسیل پوزیترون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomographie_par_%C3%A9mission_de_positons" title="Tomographie par émission de positons – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tomographie par émission de positons" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomograf%C3%ADa_por_emisi%C3%B3n_de_positr%C3%B3ns" title="Tomografía por emisión de positróns – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tomografía por emisión de positróns" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Thien-ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%81_Fat-sa_Kie-son-k%C3%AE_Th%C3%B4n-chh%C3%A8n_S%C3%B3-m%C3%A8u" title="Chang Thien-chṳ́ Fat-sa Kie-son-kî Thôn-chhèn Só-mèu – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chang Thien-chṳ́ Fat-sa Kie-son-kî Thôn-chhèn Só-mèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EB%B0%A9%EC%B6%9C_%EB%8B%A8%EC%B8%B5%EC%B4%AC%EC%98%81" title="양전자 방출 단층촬영 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양전자 방출 단층촬영" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="पॉजि़ट्रान उत्सर्जन टोमोग्राफी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पॉजि़ट्रान उत्सर्जन टोमोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomografi_emisi_positron" title="Tomografi emisi positron – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tomografi emisi positron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1eindaskanni" title="Jáeindaskanni – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jáeindaskanni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomografia_a_emissione_di_positroni" title="Tomografia a emissione di positroni – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tomografia a emissione di positroni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="טומוגרפיית פליטת פוזיטרונים – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טומוגרפיית פליטת פוזיטרונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emisi_tomografi_(PET)" title="Positron emisi tomografi (PET) – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Positron emisi tomografi (PET)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%9B%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪಾಸಿಟ್ರಾನ್‌ ಎಮಿಷನ್‌ ಛೇದಚಿತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾಸಿಟ್ರಾನ್‌ ಎಮಿಷನ್‌ ಛೇದಚಿತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%90%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%85%D9%90%D8%B4%D9%8E%D9%86_%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%97%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="پاذِٹرٛان اِمِشَن ٹوموٗگرٛافی – kashmiriska" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پاذِٹرٛان اِمِشَن ٹوموٗگرٛافی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronibus_emissis_tomographia" title="Positronibus emissis tomographia – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Positronibus emissis tomographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozitronu_emisijas_tomogr%C4%81fija" title="Pozitronu emisijas tomogrāfija – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pozitronu emisijas tomogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozitronemisszi%C3%B3s_tomogr%C3%A1fia" title="Pozitronemissziós tomográfia – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pozitronemissziós tomográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronemissietomografie" title="Positronemissietomografie – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Positronemissietomografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%A4%E6%B3%95" title="ポジトロン断層法 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポジトロン断層法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronemisjonstomografi" title="Positronemisjonstomografi – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Positronemisjonstomografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozitron_emissiya_tomografiyasi_(PET)" title="Pozitron emissiya tomografiyasi (PET) – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pozitron emissiya tomografiyasi (PET)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozytonowa_tomografia_emisyjna" title="Pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomografia_por_emiss%C3%A3o_de_positr%C3%B5es" title="Tomografia por emissão de positrões – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tomografia por emissão de positrões" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Позитронно-эмиссионная томография – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Позитронно-эмиссионная томография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Positron emission tomography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozitr%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_emisn%C3%A1_tomografia" title="Pozitrónová emisná tomografia – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pozitrónová emisná tomografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozitronska_emisijska_tomografija" title="Pozitronska emisijska tomografija – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pozitronska emisijska tomografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozitronska_emisiona_tomografija" title="Pozitronska emisiona tomografija – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pozitronska emisiona tomografija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozitronska_emisiona_tomografija" title="Pozitronska emisiona tomografija – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pozitronska emisiona tomografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positroniemissiotomografia" title="Positroniemissiotomografia – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Positroniemissiotomografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பாசிட்ரான் உமிழ்பு தளகதிர்படயியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாசிட்ரான் உமிழ்பு தளகதிர்படயியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B-%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Позитронлы-эмиссион томография – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Позитронлы-эмиссион томография" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="การถ่ายภาพรังสีระนาบด้วยการปล่อยโพซิตรอน – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การถ่ายภาพรังสีระนาบด้วยการปล่อยโพซิตรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozitron_emisyon_tomografisi" title="Pozitron emisyon tomografisi – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pozitron emisyon tomografisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Позитрон-емісійна томографія – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Позитрон-емісійна томографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:PET-image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PET-image.jpg/250px-PET-image.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PET-image.jpg/375px-PET-image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PET-image.jpg/500px-PET-image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Tvärsnitt av bilden från en typisk PET-scanning av en hjärna</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Positronemissionstomografi</b> (<b>PET</b>) är en medicinsk avbildningsteknik som bygger på användning av <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotopmärkta</a> preparat, så kallade <a href="/wiki/Radioligand" title="Radioligand">radioaktiva markörer</a>, vilka möjliggör framtagning av tredimensionella bilder av exempelvis ämnesomsättningen i hjärnan men även hur olika preparat, exempelvis signalsubstanser, rör sig i kroppen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beskrivning">Beskrivning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissionstomografi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Beskrivning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissionstomografi&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Beskrivning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den typ av radioaktivt sönderfall som PET-scanning bygger på kallas <a href="/wiki/Betas%C3%B6nderfall" title="Betasönderfall">betaplus-sönderfall</a>, vilket innebär att den radioaktiva isotopen när den faller sönder skickar ut en <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>. När en positron utsöndras dröjer det inte länge innan den stöter på en <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>. Eftersom positronen är elektronens <a href="/wiki/Antipartikel" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipartikel">antipartikel</a>, kommer de två partiklarna att <a href="/wiki/Annihilation" title="Annihilation">annihilera</a>, vilket innebär att de båda partiklarna omvandlas till två motsatt riktade <a href="/wiki/Fotoner" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotoner">fotoner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gammastr%C3%A5lning" title="Gammastrålning">gammastrålar</a>) som skickas iväg i 180 (plus minus 0,25) graders riktning i förhållande till varandra, alltså bildar de båda fotonerna en uppskattningsvis rät linje. Genom att spåra dessa fotoners ursprung genom att särskilja dem i tid går det att rekonstruera de räta linjer som fotonerna bildar och få en gemensam skärningspunkt för samtliga linjer, nämligen den punkt i kroppen där den radioaktiva markören sitter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Användningsområden"><span id="Anv.C3.A4ndningsomr.C3.A5den"></span>Användningsområden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissionstomografi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Användningsområden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissionstomografi&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Användningsområden"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Fludeoxyglucose_18-F.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fludeoxyglucose_18-F.png/250px-Fludeoxyglucose_18-F.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fludeoxyglucose_18-F.png/375px-Fludeoxyglucose_18-F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Fludeoxyglucose_18-F.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Fludeoxyglucose 18-F</figcaption></figure> <p>Genom att fästa radioaktiva molekyler på andra modifierade molekyler som kroppen känner igen kan man få den radioaktiva partikeln att fästa sig till mycket specifika regioner i kroppen. Genom att fästa den radioaktiva isotopen <sup><a href="/wiki/Fluorisotoper" title="Fluorisotoper">18</a></sup><a href="/wiki/Fluorisotoper" title="Fluorisotoper">F</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">fluor</a>) på en <a href="/wiki/Glukos" title="Glukos">glukosmolekyl</a>, så kallat FDG (eng. Fludeoxyglucose), har man ett spårämne som ansamlas vid <a href="/wiki/Tum%C3%B6r" title="Tumör">tumörer</a>, detta då tumörceller i högre utsträckning än friska celler behöver snabb energi. Eftersom <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">cellmetabolismen</a> (ämnesomsättningen) är högre i tumörceller tas större mängd FDG upp av dessa celler, vilket i sin tur gör att bildens kontrastskillnad blir högre i dessa regioner. I den rekonstruerade bilden syns alltså högre kontrast i tumörområdet än övriga kroppen (enklare uttryckt: tumörerna lyser mer än kringliggande vävnad på bilden). Nackdelen med PET är att den allmänna anatomiska informationen är mycket knapphändig, det är alltså svårt att se exakt var i kroppen tumören befinner sig. För att lokalisera tumören kombineras därför PET med efterföljande <a href="/wiki/Datortomografi" title="Datortomografi">datortomografi</a>, det kallas då för PET/CT. De två skanningarna överlagras i en bildfusion så att man får en anatomisk lägesinformation.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_1-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Förutom att spåra tumörer kan ämnen som liknar <a href="/wiki/Dopamin" title="Dopamin">dopamin</a> (Raclopride (D2 receptorer)) och <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> (WAY-100635 (5-HT1A)) binda radioaktiva isotoper. Eftersom både serotonin och dopamin är centrala <a href="/wiki/Transmittorsubstans" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmittorsubstans">transmittorsubstanser</a> kan dessa <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biokemi)" title="Ligand (biokemi)">radioligander</a> utnyttjas för att studera olika funktioner i hjärnan. </p><p>PET-tekniken lämpar sig vidare synnerligen väl för forskning på nya läkemedel. Tack vare att läkemedlet då går att spåra och "fotografera" inuti kroppen ser man snabbt om ämnet binder till de tänkta områdena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tillverkning_av_FDG,_Fludeoxyglucose"><span id="Tillverkning_av_FDG.2C_Fludeoxyglucose"></span>Tillverkning av FDG, Fludeoxyglucose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissionstomografi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tillverkning av FDG, Fludeoxyglucose" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissionstomografi&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tillverkning av FDG, Fludeoxyglucose"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FDG tillverkas i en <a href="/wiki/Cyklotron" title="Cyklotron">cyklotron</a>, t.ex. på <a href="/wiki/Sahlgrenska_sjukhuset" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahlgrenska sjukhuset">Sahlgrenska sjukhuset</a> i Göteborg. I cyklotronen bombarderas atomkärnor av syre-18, <sup>18</sup>O, med protoner så att de omvandlas till fluor-18, <sup>18</sup>F.<sup id="cite_ref-tube_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tube-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Därefter syntetiserar man fram FDG-lösningen. På undersökningsavdelningen laddas FDG-lösningen in i en FDG-injektor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PET/CT-undersökningen"><span id="PET.2FCT-unders.C3.B6kningen"></span>PET/CT-undersökningen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissionstomografi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: PET/CT-undersökningen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissionstomografi&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: PET/CT-undersökningen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:PET_CT_scanner.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PET_CT_scanner.JPG/250px-PET_CT_scanner.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PET_CT_scanner.JPG/375px-PET_CT_scanner.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PET_CT_scanner.JPG/500px-PET_CT_scanner.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Kombinerad PET/CT-skanner.</figcaption></figure> <p>Patienten skall vara fastande innan undersökningen som består av två delar och utförs under cirka 1,5 timmar. Under den första delen injiceras den radioaktiva FDG-lösningen i blodbanan. Det kan vara 35 ml vätska om det är tidigt på dagen, men ökar vartefter eftersom halveringstiden för <sup>18</sup>F är nästan 110 min. Lösningen innehåller varierande radioaktiv dos beroende på vilken undersökning som ska genomföras och anpassat efter personens kroppsvikt. Det kan t.ex. vara 200 - 300 mega<a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, MBq, cirka 3 MBq per kilo kroppsvikt. </p><p>Patienten ska sedan ligga helt stilla i nästan en timme i ett vilrum. Därefter lägger sig patienten i PET/CT-skannern i cirka 30 minuter. De första 20 minuterna görs PET-skanning och därefter injiceras kontrastvätska för den avslutande kontrast-CT-skanningen som görs på några minuter.<sup id="cite_ref-tube_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tube-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PET-undersökningen ger en effektiv stråldos på 5-8 <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">mSv</a> och en CT ger 3-10 mSv vid en undersökning av överkroppen.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_1-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tillsammans ger de en dos på upp till 18 mSv, som kan jämföras med de drygt <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A5ldos" title="Stråldos">4 mSv per år</a> som man får via <a href="/wiki/Bakgrundsstr%C3%A5lning" title="Bakgrundsstrålning">bakgrundsstrålningen</a> i Sverige. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissionstomografi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissionstomografi&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissionstomografi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissionstomografi&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ref_1-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ref_1_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref_1_1-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307042443/http://www.netdoktor.se/allmant/artiklar/pet-undersokning/">”PET-undersökning”</a>. <i><span>www.netdoktor.se</span></i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netdoktor.se/allmant/artiklar/pet-undersokning/">originalet</a> den 7 mars 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307042443/http://www.netdoktor.se/allmant/artiklar/pet-undersokning/">https://web.archive.org/web/20160307042443/http://www.netdoktor.se/allmant/artiklar/pet-undersokning/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 mars 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=PET-unders%C3%B6kning&rft.atitle=www.netdoktor.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160307042443%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.netdoktor.se%2Fallmant%2Fartiklar%2Fpet-undersokning%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Positronemissionstomografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tube-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-tube_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tube_2-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBoQ4xg9wTw">”Strålning i medicinens tjänst”</a>. Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset. 30 augusti 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBoQ4xg9wTw">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBoQ4xg9wTw</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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