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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technical overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Ripple_Labs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Ripple_Labs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role of Ripple Labs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Ripple_Labs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ريبل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84" title="ریپل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریپل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BB" title="Рыпл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рыпл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple" title="Ripple – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ripple" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%84" title="ريپل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ريپل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_(Geldsystem)" title="Ripple (Geldsystem) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ripple (Geldsystem)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84" title="ریپل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریپل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_(protocole_de_paiement)" title="Ripple (protocole de paiement) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ripple (protocole de paiement)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%8C_(%EC%95%94%ED%98%B8%ED%99%94%ED%8F%90)" title="리플 (암호화폐) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리플 (암호화폐)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_(protokol_pembayaran)" title="Ripple (protokol pembayaran) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ripple (protokol pembayaran)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple" title="Ripple – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ripple" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9C" title="ריפל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריפל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple" title="Ripple – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Ripple" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE)" title="റിപ്പിൾ (പേയ്‌മെന്റ് പ്രോട്ടോക്കോൾ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിപ്പിൾ (പേയ്‌മെന്റ് പ്രോട്ടോക്കോൾ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_(%E6%94%AF%E6%89%95%E3%81%84%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0)" title="Ripple (支払いシステム) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Ripple (支払いシステム)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple" title="Ripple – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ripple" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_(protok%C3%B3%C5%82_transakcji)" title="Ripple (protokół transakcji) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ripple (protokół transakcji)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_Pagamento_Ripple" title="Protocolo de Pagamento Ripple – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protocolo de Pagamento Ripple" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple" title="Ripple – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ripple" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_(payment_protocol)" title="Ripple (payment protocol) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ripple (payment protocol)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple" title="Ripple – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ripple" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ரிப்பிள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரிப்பிள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_(%C3%B6deme_protokol%C3%BC)" title="Ripple (ödeme protokolü) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ripple (ödeme protokolü)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple" title="Ripple – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ripple" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple" title="Ripple – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ripple" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E6%B3%A2%E5%B9%A3" title="瑞波幣 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑞波幣" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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href="/w/index.php?title=XRP_Ledger&oldid=1259164624" title="XRP Ledger">Latest revision as of 18:51, 23 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XRP_Ledger&action=edit" title="XRP Ledger">view source</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-23T18:51:22Z"></span> </strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:WPGA2345" class="mw-userlink" title="User:WPGA2345" data-mw-revid="1259164624"><bdi>WPGA2345</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:WPGA2345" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:WPGA2345">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/WPGA2345" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/WPGA2345">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>6,637</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#Technical_overview">→<bdi dir="ltr">Technical overview</bdi></a>: </span> Noting network toplogy</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 44:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 44:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Technical overview ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Technical overview ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The XRP Ledger operates on a consensus protocol that differs from traditional [[proof-of-work]] (PoW) and [[proof-of-stake]] (PoS) mechanisms.<ref name="Arslanian"/><ref>{{cite book| chapter = Exploring the Evolution, Trade-offs, and Applications of Blockchain Technology | author = Yuguo Li | date = October 2024 | doi = 10.2991/978-94-6463-540-9_32 | title = Proceedings of the 2024 2nd International Conference on Image, Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence (ICIAAI 2024) | editor=Yulin Wang | page = 316 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R1opEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA316 | publisher = Atlantis Press}}</ref> Transactions are validated by a network of independent validators who reach consensus every 3 to 5 seconds, enabling rapid transaction settlement.<ref name="Arslanian"/> Users rely on a trusted list of validators known as the Unique Node List (UNL). While this approach provides faster transaction validation and security, though it has led to discussions about centralization within the network.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The XRP Ledger operates on a consensus protocol that differs from traditional [[proof-of-work]] (PoW) and [[proof-of-stake]] (PoS) mechanisms.<ref name="Arslanian"/><ref>{{cite book| chapter = Exploring the Evolution, Trade-offs, and Applications of Blockchain Technology | author = Yuguo Li | date = October 2024 | doi = 10.2991/978-94-6463-540-9_32 | title = Proceedings of the 2024 2nd International Conference on Image, Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence (ICIAAI 2024) | editor=Yulin Wang | page = 316 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R1opEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA316 | publisher = Atlantis Press}}</ref> Transactions are validated by a network of independent validators who reach consensus every 3 to 5 seconds, enabling rapid transaction settlement.<ref name="Arslanian"/> Users rely on a trusted list of validators known as the Unique Node List (UNL). While this approach provides faster transaction validation and security, though it has led to discussions about centralization within the network.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The XRP Ledger [[peer-to-peer]] [[overlay network]] is characterized by a [[small-world network]] topology, featuring a tightly [[Computer cluster|clustered]] structure and short paths between nodes.<ref name="SIGAPP">{{cite journal | url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3555776.3577611 |title=Topology Analysis of the XRP Ledger | first1=Vytautas | last1=Tumas | first2=Sean | last2=Rivera | first3=Damien | last3=Magoni | first4=Radu | last4=State | journal=Proceedings of the 38th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing | pages=1277-1284 | doi=10.1145/3555776.3577611 | date=June 7, 2023}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Role of Ripple Labs==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Role of Ripple Labs==</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 18:51, 23 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ripple</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notability plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Notability" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The topic of this article <strong>may not meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">general notability guideline</a></strong>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable secondary sources</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent</a> of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">redirected</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">deleted</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22XRP+Ledger%22">"XRP Ledger"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22XRP+Ledger%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22XRP+Ledger%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22XRP+Ledger%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">XRP Ledger</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XRP_Ledger_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/XRP_Ledger_logo.jpg/200px-XRP_Ledger_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/XRP_Ledger_logo.jpg/300px-XRP_Ledger_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/XRP_Ledger_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jed McCaleb, Arthur Britto, David Schwartz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">June 2012</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.0.0<sup id="cite_ref-sourceocodgithub_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourceocodgithub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / 15 May 2018<sup id="cite_ref-sourceocodgithub_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourceocodgithub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ripple/rippled">github<wbr />.com<wbr />/ripple<wbr />/rippled</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307473#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Server: <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> (<a href="/wiki/RHEL" class="mw-redirect" title="RHEL">RHEL</a>, <a href="/wiki/CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> (development only)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Real-time_gross_settlement" title="Real-time gross settlement">Real-time gross settlement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">currency exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC license</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xrpl.org">xrpl<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>XRP Ledger</b> is a cryptocurrency platform launched in 2012. The XRPL employs the native cryptocurrency known as XRP, and supports tokens <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> or other units of value such as <a href="/wiki/Frequent_flyer_miles" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequent flyer miles">frequent flyer miles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mobile_minutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile minutes">mobile minutes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-virtualcurrency_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtualcurrency-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Development of the XRP Ledger began in 2011 by engineers David Schwartz, <a href="/wiki/Jed_McCaleb" title="Jed McCaleb">Jed McCaleb</a> and Arthur Britto, with a discussion initiated by McCaleb on a public <a href="/wiki/Discussion_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Discussion board">discussion board</a>. The open-source project was originally called "Ripple", the unique consensus ledger was called the Ripple Consensus Ledger, the transaction protocol was called the Ripple Transaction Protocol or RTXP and the digital asset (known as "ripples") using XRP as the three-letter currency code to follow the naming convention of BTC for Bitcoin. The "XRP Ledger Consensus Protocol" was formally established in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Arslanian_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arslanian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2018, <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher" title="Ashton Kutcher">Ashton Kutcher</a> gifted a charity sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres" title="Ellen DeGeneres">Ellen DeGeneres</a> $4 million in the currency, which was noted at the time to be the "third most-valuable cryptocurrency on the market".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 13, 2023, Judge <a href="/wiki/Analisa_Torres" title="Analisa Torres">Analisa Torres</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">United States District Court for the Southern District of New York</a> issued a decision on motions for <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">summary judgment</a> and stated the XRP token itself is not a security, although the manner in which it is sold could constitute the sale of a security. "XRP, as a digital token, is not in and of itself a 'contract, transaction, or scheme' that embodies the Howey requirements of an investment contract".<sup id="cite_ref-SDNY20230713_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDNY20230713-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_overview">Technical overview</h2></div> <p>The XRP Ledger operates on a consensus protocol that differs from traditional <a href="/wiki/Proof-of-work" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-work">proof-of-work</a> (PoW) and <a href="/wiki/Proof-of-stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-stake">proof-of-stake</a> (PoS) mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Arslanian_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arslanian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transactions are validated by a network of independent validators who reach consensus every 3 to 5 seconds, enabling rapid transaction settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Arslanian_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arslanian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users rely on a trusted list of validators known as the Unique Node List (UNL). While this approach provides faster transaction validation and security, though it has led to discussions about centralization within the network. </p><p>The XRP Ledger <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> <a href="/wiki/Overlay_network" title="Overlay network">overlay network</a> is characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">small-world network</a> topology, featuring a tightly <a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">clustered</a> structure and short paths between nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-SIGAPP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGAPP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_Ripple_Labs">Role of Ripple Labs</h2></div> <p>Shortly after the XRPL was launched, McCaleb, Britto and Chris Larsen founded the company Open Coin in September 2012 to operate on the ledger. On September 26, 2013, OpenCoin officially changed its name to Ripple Labs, Inc. Unlike many cryptocurrencies, XRP was pre-mined, with 100 billion tokens created at inception.<sup id="cite_ref-Arslanian_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arslanian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The XRPL founders gifted 80 billion XRP, the platform’s native currency, to Ripple Labs. Ripple Labs holds a portion of XRP and periodically releases tokens into circulation through sales, aiming to maintain market stability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_payment_service_providers" title="List of online payment service providers">List of online payment service providers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">List of cryptocurrencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">Remittance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sourceocodgithub-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sourceocodgithub_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sourceocodgithub_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ripple">"Official source code"</a>. Github<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+source+code&rft.pub=Github&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fripple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXRP+Ledger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-virtualcurrency-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-virtualcurrency_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/DJFVW00020131112e9bcncf1w">"Ripple Labs Banks $3.5M for Open-Source Payments System and Virtual Currency"</a></span>. <i>The Wall Street Journal Pro</i>. Dow Jones & Company. November 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal+Pro&rft.atitle=Ripple+Labs+Banks+%243.5M+for+Open-Source+Payments+System+and+Virtual+Currency&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FDJFVW00020131112e9bcncf1w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXRP+Ledger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arslanian-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arslanian_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arslanian_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arslanian_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arslanian_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArslanian2022" class="citation book cs1">Arslanian, Henri (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Book_of_Crypto/QV1uEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22XRP%22+ledger&pg=PA112"><i>The Book of Crypto: The Complete Guide to Understanding Bitcoin, Cryptocurrencies and Digital Assets</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. pp. 111–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-97951-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-97951-5"><bdi>978-3-030-97951-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Crypto%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+Understanding+Bitcoin%2C+Cryptocurrencies+and+Digital+Assets&rft.pages=111-13&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-030-97951-5&rft.aulast=Arslanian&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Book_of_Crypto%2FQV1uEAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3D%2522XRP%2522%2Bledger%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXRP+Ledger" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddleston_Jr.2018" class="citation news cs1">Huddleston Jr., Tom (May 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/24/ashton-kutcher-gave-ellen-degeneres-ripples-xrp-for-charity.html">"Ashton Kutcher gave Ellen DeGeneres $4 million in cryptocurrency for her charity — here's what you need to know about Ripple's XRP"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Ashton+Kutcher+gave+Ellen+DeGeneres+%244+million+in+cryptocurrency+for+her+charity+%E2%80%94+here%E2%80%99s+what+you+need+to+know+about+Ripple%27s+XRP&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft.aulast=Huddleston+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F05%2F24%2Fashton-kutcher-gave-ellen-degeneres-ripples-xrp-for-charity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXRP+Ledger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDNY20230713-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SDNY20230713_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.551082/gov.uscourts.nysd.551082.874.0.pdf">District court summary judgement</a>, pdf, 13 July 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuguo_Li2024" class="citation book cs1">Yuguo Li (October 2024). "Exploring the Evolution, Trade-offs, and Applications of Blockchain Technology". In Yulin Wang (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1opEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA316"><i>Proceedings of the 2024 2nd International Conference on Image, Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence (ICIAAI 2024)</i></a>. Atlantis Press. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2991%2F978-94-6463-540-9_32">10.2991/978-94-6463-540-9_32</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Evolution%2C+Trade-offs%2C+and+Applications+of+Blockchain+Technology&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2024+2nd+International+Conference+on+Image%2C+Algorithms+and+Artificial+Intelligence+%28ICIAAI+2024%29&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Atlantis+Press&rft.date=2024-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2991%2F978-94-6463-540-9_32&rft.au=Yuguo+Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1opEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXRP+Ledger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIGAPP-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIGAPP_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTumasRiveraMagoniState2023" class="citation journal cs1">Tumas, Vytautas; Rivera, Sean; Magoni, Damien; State, Radu (June 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3555776.3577611">"Topology Analysis of the XRP Ledger"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 38th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing</i>: 1277–1284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3555776.3577611">10.1145/3555776.3577611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+38th+ACM%2FSIGAPP+Symposium+on+Applied+Computing&rft.atitle=Topology+Analysis+of+the+XRP+Ledger&rft.pages=1277-1284&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3555776.3577611&rft.aulast=Tumas&rft.aufirst=Vytautas&rft.au=Rivera%2C+Sean&rft.au=Magoni%2C+Damien&rft.au=State%2C+Radu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1145%2F3555776.3577611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXRP+Ledger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauflin2014" class="citation news cs1">Kauflin, Jeff (October 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna56229030">"Is This the Next Bitcoin? There's a new digital monetary system in town"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Is+This+the+Next+Bitcoin%3F+There%27s+a+new+digital+monetary+system+in+town&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft.aulast=Kauflin&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna56229030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXRP+Ledger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xrpl.org/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Blockchain">Blockchain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_tumbler" title="Cryptocurrency tumbler">Cryptocurrency tumbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_wallet" title="Cryptocurrency wallet">Cryptocurrency wallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">Cryptographic hash function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_finance#Decentralized_exchanges" title="Decentralized finance">Decentralized exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_finance" title="Decentralized finance">Decentralized finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_ledger" title="Distributed ledger">Distributed ledger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(blockchain)" title="Fork (blockchain)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Network" title="Lightning Network">Lightning Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaMask" title="MetaMask">MetaMask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">Non-fungible token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">Smart contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web3" title="Web3">Web3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Consensus_(computer_science)" title="Consensus (computer science)">Consensus</a> mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_authority" title="Proof of authority">Proof of authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_space" title="Proof of space">Proof of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">Proof of work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">Proof of work</a> currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SHA-2" title="SHA-2">SHA-256</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Cash" title="Bitcoin Cash">Bitcoin Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterparty_(platform)" title="Counterparty (platform)">Counterparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBRY" title="LBRY">LBRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MazaCoin" title="MazaCoin">MazaCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin">Namecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercoin" title="Peercoin">Peercoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titcoin" title="Titcoin">Titcoin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethash</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> (1.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum_Classic" title="Ethereum Classic">Ethereum Classic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scrypt" title="Scrypt">Scrypt</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auroracoin" title="Auroracoin">Auroracoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitconnect" title="Bitconnect">Bitconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogecoin" title="Dogecoin">Dogecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litecoin" title="Litecoin">Litecoin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equihash" title="Equihash">Equihash</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Gold" title="Bitcoin Gold">Bitcoin Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zcash" title="Zcash">Zcash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RandomX-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monero" title="Monero">Monero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dash_(cryptocurrency)#X11" title="Dash (cryptocurrency)">X11</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dash_(cryptocurrency)" title="Dash (cryptocurrency)">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro (cryptocurrency)">Petro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmbaCoin" title="AmbaCoin">AmbaCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firo_(cryptocurrency)" title="Firo (cryptocurrency)">Firo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOTA_(technology)" title="IOTA (technology)">IOTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervos_Network" title="Nervos Network">Nervos Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primecoin" title="Primecoin">Primecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verge_(cryptocurrency)" title="Verge (cryptocurrency)">Verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertcoin" title="Vertcoin">Vertcoin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a> currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorand" title="Algorand">Algorand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_(blockchain_platform)" title="Avalanche (blockchain platform)">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardano_(blockchain_platform)" title="Cardano (blockchain platform)">Cardano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS.IO" title="EOS.IO">EOS.IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> (2.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridcoin" title="Gridcoin">Gridcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injective_(blockchain)" title="Injective (blockchain)">Injective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kin (cryptocurrency)">Kin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nxt" title="Nxt">Nxt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercoin" title="Peercoin">Peercoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polkadot_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polkadot (cryptocurrency)">Polkadot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solana_(blockchain_platform)" title="Solana (blockchain platform)">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steemit" title="Steemit">Steem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezos" title="Tezos">Tezos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Network" title="The Open Network">TON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ERC-20" class="mw-redirect" title="ERC-20">ERC-20</a> tokens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augur_(software)" title="Augur (software)">Augur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventus_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Aventus Protocol">Aventus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)#Basic_Attention_Token" title="Brave (web browser)">Basic Attention Token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainlink_(blockchain)" title="Chainlink (blockchain)">Chainlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kin (cryptocurrency)">Kin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KodakCoin" title="KodakCoin">KodakCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygon_(blockchain)" title="Polygon (blockchain)">Polygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiba_Inu_(cryptocurrency)" title="Shiba Inu (cryptocurrency)">Shiba Inu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_DAO_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="The DAO (organization)">The DAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tron_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tron (cryptocurrency)">TRON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stablecoin" title="Stablecoin">Stablecoins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(cryptocurrency)" title="Dai (cryptocurrency)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diem_(digital_currency)" title="Diem (digital currency)">Diem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paxos_Trust_Company#Paxos_Standard" title="Paxos Trust Company">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(blockchain)" title="Terra (blockchain)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tether_(cryptocurrency)" title="Tether (cryptocurrency)">Tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USD_Coin" title="USD Coin">USD Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chia_(cryptocurrency)" title="Chia (cryptocurrency)">Chia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filecoin" title="Filecoin">Filecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashgraph" title="Hashgraph">HBAR (Hashgraph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_Network" title="Helium Network">Helium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(blockchain)" title="Terra (blockchain)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobileCoin" title="MobileCoin">MobileCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano_(cryptocurrency)" title="Nano (cryptocurrency)">Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_(cryptocurrency)" title="NEO (cryptocurrency)">NEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafeMoon" title="SafeMoon">SafeMoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_(payment_network)" title="Stellar (payment network)">Stellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhopperCoin" title="WhopperCoin">WhopperCoin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">XRP Ledger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies#Inactive_currencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">Inactive currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitconnect" title="Bitconnect">BitConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KodakCoin" title="KodakCoin">KodakCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneCoin" title="OneCoin">OneCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro (cryptocurrency)">Petro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crypto service companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperledger" title="Hyperledger">Hyperledger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IQ.Wiki" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ.Wiki">IQ.Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quahl" title="Quahl">Initiative Q</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td 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