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<span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1860_national_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1860_national_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1860 national convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1860_national_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1860_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1860_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1860 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1860_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitutional Union Party (United States)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="حزب الاتحاد الدستوري (الولايات المتحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب الاتحاد الدستوري (الولايات المتحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party" title="Constitutional Union Party – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Constitutional Union Party" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Constitucional" title="Partido de la Unión Constitucional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido de la Unión Constitucional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitucia_Unia_Partio" title="Konstitucia Unia Partio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstitucia Unia Partio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="حزب اتحادیه قانون اساسی (ایالات متحده آمریکا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب اتحادیه قانون اساسی (ایالات متحده آمریکا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_de_l%27Union_constitutionnelle" title="Parti de l'Union constitutionnelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti de l'Union constitutionnelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB)" title="立憲連合党 (アメリカ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="立憲連合党 (アメリカ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstytucyjna_Partia_Unii" title="Konstytucyjna Partia Unii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstytucyjna Partia Unii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Партия Конституционного Союза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Партия Конституционного Союза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party" title="Constitutional Union Party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Constitutional Union Party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party" title="Constitutional Union Party – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Constitutional Union Party" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81)" title="کونسٹیٹیوشنل یونین پارٹی (ریاستہائے متحدہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کونسٹیٹیوشنل یونین پارٹی (ریاستہائے متحدہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the political party in the 1860 U.S. election. For other 19th century parties, see <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Unionist Party (disambiguation)">Unionist Party</a>. For the 21st century political party, see <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party (United States)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #F59100; border-bottom:2px solid #F59100; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Constitutional Union Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1860<span class="noprint">; 165 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1860</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1861<span class="noprint">; 164 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1861</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">Conservatism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Southern Unionism</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #F59100;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of United States">Politics of United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Bell_and_Edward_Everett,_Constitutional_Union_Party.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/John_Bell_and_Edward_Everett%2C_Constitutional_Union_Party.jpg/220px-John_Bell_and_Edward_Everett%2C_Constitutional_Union_Party.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/John_Bell_and_Edward_Everett%2C_Constitutional_Union_Party.jpg/330px-John_Bell_and_Edward_Everett%2C_Constitutional_Union_Party.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/John_Bell_and_Edward_Everett%2C_Constitutional_Union_Party.jpg/440px-John_Bell_and_Edward_Everett%2C_Constitutional_Union_Party.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>A Constitutional Union campaign poster for the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 election</a> in which are shown <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> (left), the presidential nominee; and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a>, the vice presidential nominee</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Constitutional Union Party</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> which stood in the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_elections" title="1860 United States elections">1860 United States elections</a>. It mostly consisted of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> former <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> who wanted to avoid secession over <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> and refused to join either the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> or <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. The Constitutional Union Party campaigned on a simple platform "to recognize no political principle other than the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> of the country, the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> of the states, and the Enforcement of the Laws". </p><p>The Whig Party collapsed in the 1850s due to a series of crises over slavery. Many former Whigs joined the new, anti-slavery Republican Party, but others joined the <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a>. The American Party declined after the <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_elections" title="1856 United States elections">1856 elections</a>, and for the 1860 elections <a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> and other former Whigs formed the Constitutional Union Party. The <a href="/wiki/1860_Constitutional_Union_Convention" title="1860 Constitutional Union Convention">1860 Constitutional Union Convention</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>. Party leaders hoped to force a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> by denying any one candidate a majority in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a>. </p><p>The 1860 election essentially consisted of two campaigns, as Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> competed with Northern Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> in the North, and Bell competed with Southern Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> in the South. Ultimately, Lincoln won the election by winning nearly every Northern electoral vote. Bell took 12.6% of the nationwide popular vote, carried <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="1860 United States presidential election in Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee" title="1860 United States presidential election in Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia" title="1860 United States presidential election in Virginia">Virginia</a>, and finished with the second highest vote total in each remaining slave state that held a popular vote. After the election, Crittenden and other Constitutional Unionists unsuccessfully sought to prevent a civil war with the <a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Conference_of_1861" title="Peace Conference of 1861">Peace Conference of 1861</a>. Bell declared his support for the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a>, but many other Constitutional Unionists remained loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)#Collapse" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (United States) § Collapse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PresidentialCounty1856Colorbrewer.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/PresidentialCounty1856Colorbrewer.gif/330px-PresidentialCounty1856Colorbrewer.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/PresidentialCounty1856Colorbrewer.gif/495px-PresidentialCounty1856Colorbrewer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/PresidentialCounty1856Colorbrewer.gif/660px-PresidentialCounty1856Colorbrewer.gif 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Results by county in the <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 presidential election</a>. Shades of yellow indicate counties that voted for <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>. Many Fillmore supporters would later join the Constitutional Union Party.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Constitutional Union Party had its roots in the Whig Party and the sectional crises of the 1850s. The <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> shook up partisan alignments in the South, with elections in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Lower South</a> being contested by <a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Unionists</a> and extremist "<a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a>" rather than <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>. The victory of pro-compromise Southern politicians in these elections, along with President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>'s attempts at diligently enforcing the Fugitive Slave Clause, temporarily quieted Southern calls for secession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988202–218_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988202–218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate over the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> again polarized legislators sectional lines, with Southern Whigs providing critical votes in the House as a narrow majority of Northern Democrats voted against it.<sup id="cite_ref-holt7889_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt7889-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new, anti-slavery party known as the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> was formed in May 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, generally did not call for the abolition of slavery, but instead called for Congress to prevent the extension of slavery into the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1855, Republicans had replaced the Whigs as the main opposition to the Democrats in most Northern states. The <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a> displaced the Whigs in the remaining states; though some Democrats joined the American Party, in many Southern states the American Party consisted almost entirely of former Whigs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1856_American_National_Convention" title="1856 American National Convention">1856 American National Convention</a> nominated former President Fillmore for president in the <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 presidential election</a>; Fillmore also received the presidential nomination at the sparsely attended <a href="/wiki/1856_Whig_National_Convention" title="1856 Whig National Convention">1856 Whig National Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many supporters of the American Party continued to identify primarily as Whigs,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fillmore minimized the issue of nativism, instead attempting to use his campaign as a platform for unionism and a revival of the Whig Party.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finished in second in several states in the South and carried just a single state in the 1856 election, confirming that the Republican Party, rather than the American Party, would replace the Whigs as the main opposition to the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Party collapsed after the 1856 elections, and many Southern officeholders who refused to join the Democratic Party organized themselves into the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg/150px-John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg/225px-John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg/300px-John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> founded the party</figcaption></figure> <p>Senator <a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> of Kentucky, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>'s successor in border-state Whiggery, led a group of conservative, unionist congressmen in forming the Constitutional Union Party.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Crittenden's behest, fifty former and current members of Congress met in Washington, D.C. in December 1859, where they agreed to form a new party dedicated to preserving the union and avoiding debates over slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-haynes143144_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haynes143144-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new party received the blessing of the respective national committees of the Whig Party and the American Party,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was officially formed on February 12, 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the members of the new party's executive committee were Crittenden, former Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William Cabell Rives</a> of Virginia, 1852 Whig vice presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William Alexander Graham</a> of North Carolina, former Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_P._Kennedy" title="John P. Kennedy">John P. Kennedy</a> of Maryland, and newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/William_Gannaway_Brownlow" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gannaway Brownlow">William Gannaway Brownlow</a> of Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-haynes143144_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haynes143144-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the North, the party drew support from conservative former Whigs such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Robert Charles Winthrop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these Northerners, including Everett, were followers of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, a Whig senator from Massachusetts who had died in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Party leaders did not expect to win the election outright, but instead sought to win states in the Upper South and the Lower North.<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson221223-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were particularly focused on Maryland, the lone state won by Fillmore in 1856, as well as Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constitutional Unionists hoped to deny an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral vote</a> majority to any one candidate, thereby forcing a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson221223-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Party leaders hoped that, in such a contingent election, the House would reject the other eligible candidates as too extreme and instead elect the Constitutional Union nominee.<sup id="cite_ref-shep515517_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shep515517-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1860_national_convention">1860 national convention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1860 national convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1860_Constitutional_Union_Convention" title="1860 Constitutional Union Convention">1860 Constitutional Union Convention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unsuccessful_1860_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Unsuccessful_1860_3.jpg/150px-Unsuccessful_1860_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Unsuccessful_1860_3.jpg/225px-Unsuccessful_1860_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Unsuccessful_1860_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> of Tennessee</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="United States in the 1950s">United States in the 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" class="mw-redirect" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blum_(litigant)" title="Edward Blum (litigant)">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts (Kevin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Wiles" title="Susie Wiles">Wiles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Congressional caucuses</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li></ul> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Action" title="Turning Point Action">Turning Point Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #B0161E; border-bottom:1px solid #B0161E"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Constitutional Union national convention convened in Baltimore on May 9, 1860. Delegates came from 23 of the 33 states,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the vast majority of delegates came from the Upper South.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a large proportion of the delegates were over the age of sixty, some political opponents derided the Constitutional Unionists as the "Old Gentleman's Party". The party adopted a simple platform, stating that they would "recognize no political principle other than the Constitution...the Union...and the Enforcement of the Laws."<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson221223-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party also established the National Central Executive Union Committee to wage the party's election campaign; Congressman <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boteler" title="Alexander Boteler">Alexander Boteler</a> of Virginia was selected to head the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the septuagenarian Crittenden was the acknowledged party leader, he declined to seek the presidential nomination due to his age. The two major contenders for the presidential nomination were former Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and Governor <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> of Texas. During his long career in the Whig Party, Bell had established a reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, opposing both the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> and the Kansas–Nebraska Act.<sup id="cite_ref-green234236_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green234236-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houston had served in two wars and had compiled a long political record as a leading member of the Democratic Party, and like Bell he had opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Act. However, his status as a former protege of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> alienated many of the delegates, and Bell's backers argued that Houston would have little appeal in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from Bell and Houston, other potential candidates for the Constitutional Union presidential nomination included Everett, 1852 Whig nominee <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a> of Missouri, who ultimately chose to support the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the first presidential ballot, Bell won 68 1/2 votes compared to Houston's 57, with the remainder of the delegates voting for Crittenden, Everett, and various <a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite son</a> candidates. Bell picked up support from dozens of delegates on the second ballot, thereby clinching the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houston refused to endorse Bell and ultimately declined to back any candidate in the 1860 election.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to provide sectional balance to the ticket, the convention selected Everett as the party's vice presidential nominee by acclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-green234236_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green234236-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Everett reluctantly accepted the vice presidential nomination, as he felt that he had had a more accomplished career than Bell.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the nomination of two former Whigs, many regarded the Constitutional Union Party as a continuation of the Whig Party; one Southern newspaper called the new party the "ghost of the old Whig Party."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1860_presidential_election">1860 presidential election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1860 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1860.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/630px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/840px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral votes</a> in the 1860 presidential election</figcaption></figure> <p>A split in the Democratic Party led to the nomination of two separate Democratic presidential candidates; Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> had the support of most Northern Democrats, while Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> garnered the backing of most Southern Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson221223-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, seeking to rally support in the Deep South, a group of Constitutional Unionists meeting in Alabama issued a platform holding that Congress and territorial legislatures could not prevent individuals from bringing slaves into the territories. This platform, though not adopted by the national party, badly damaged the standing of Constitutional Unionists in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell's ownership of slaves further alienated Northerners, and his and Everett's status as former Whigs limited the party's ability to compete for the support of Northern Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the 1860 presidential election essentially consisted of two separate campaigns. In the North, Republican nominee Abraham Lincoln faced Douglas, and in the South, the Constitutional Union ticket competed against Breckinridge.<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson221223-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adhering to precedent, Bell remained at his home during the campaign, but Breckinridge and other party leaders gave numerous speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-green238240_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green238240-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party campaigned on the slogan, "the Union as it is, the Constitution as it is."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's official lack of a stance on slavery positioned it between the Lincoln's Republican Party, who campaigned on a platform against extending slavery to any new states or territories, and Breckinridge's Southern Democrats, who favored allowing slavery in all territories.<sup id="cite_ref-green237238_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green237238-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Frank A. Towers writes that, "notwithstanding the nuances of local issues in selecting a president, voters could either endorse the compromise vision of the Union by choosing Douglas or Bell, or reject it by opting for Lincoln or Breckinridge."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern Democrats attacked the Constitutional Union platform, arguing that the issue of slavery could not be ignored in the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson221223-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constitutional Unionists responded by attacking Breckinridge (who publicly disavowed disunion) as a secessionist who had fallen under the influence of Fire-Eaters like <a href="/wiki/William_Lowndes_Yancey" title="William Lowndes Yancey">William Lowndes Yancey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-green238240_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green238240-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party also attacked Lincoln as an inexperienced, sectional candidate whose election threatened to provoke the secession of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ConstitutionalUnionPresidentialCounty1860Colorbrewer.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ConstitutionalUnionPresidentialCounty1860Colorbrewer.gif/420px-ConstitutionalUnionPresidentialCounty1860Colorbrewer.gif" decoding="async" width="420" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ConstitutionalUnionPresidentialCounty1860Colorbrewer.gif/630px-ConstitutionalUnionPresidentialCounty1860Colorbrewer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ConstitutionalUnionPresidentialCounty1860Colorbrewer.gif/840px-ConstitutionalUnionPresidentialCounty1860Colorbrewer.gif 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Bell's share of the vote by county in the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Recognizing Lincoln's likelihood of winning the election, some opponents of the Republican Party discussed the possibility of Bell, Breckinridge, and Douglas dropping out in favor of a new candidate, but Douglas and possibly Bell objected to this scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, <a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">August Belmont</a>, the chairman of Douglas's campaign, proposed an "entente cordiale" with the intent of denying Lincoln an electoral vote majority. After much negotiation, Douglas, Bell, and Breckinridge agreed to form a single fusion ticket in the state of New York. In the event of a fusion victory in the state, Douglas would receive eighteen electoral votes, Bell would receive ten electoral votes, and Breckinridge would receive seven electoral votes.<sup id="cite_ref-shep511513_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shep511513-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar fusion tickets were established in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nationwide, Lincoln took 39.8% of the popular vote, while Douglas won 29.5% of the popular vote, Breckenridge won 18.1%, and Bell won 12.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-leip1860_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leip1860-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln carried all but one Northern state, winning a majority of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral vote</a> with 180 votes to 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. Lincoln won every county in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and most of the remaining counties in the North, but he won just two of the 996 Southern counties.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln won New York by a margin of 7.4 points; had he lost the state to the Fusion ticket, he would not have won a majority of the electoral vote and a contingent election would have been held in the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of Bell's support came from Southern voters, though he did win three percent of the vote in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson221223-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell won a plurality of the vote in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia, and finished within five points of Breckinridge or Douglas in North Carolina, Maryland, Missouri, and Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell finished a distant second to Breckinridge in all of the remaining slave states except South Carolina, which did not hold a popular vote for president.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to winning the presidency, the Republican Party made moderate gains in both the U.S. Senate and House in the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_elections" title="1860 United States elections">1860 elections</a>, though Republicans failed to win a majority of seats in either.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after southern Democrats withdrew to join the Confederacy, the party gained control of both chambers prior to the start of the <a href="/wiki/37th_United_States_Congress" title="37th United States Congress">37th Congress</a>. Democrats would have the second-largest number of members in both chambers, although many members identified as Unionists rather than Democrats or Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secession">Secession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png/370px-USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png/555px-USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png/740px-USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, some states from the Constitutional Union base in the Upper South seceded, but Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri all remained in the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following Lincoln's victory, several states in the Deep South seceded and formed the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, but the Upper South initially remained in the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-white361369_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white361369-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some supporters of Breckinridge opposed secession and some supporters of Bell supported it, the secession movement was generally led by those who had voted for Breckindrige in the 1860 election, and efforts to avert secession in the South were generally led by those had voted for Bell.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate created the Committee of Thirteen, consisting of prominent senators such as Crittenden, Douglas, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Robert_Toombs" title="Robert Toombs">Robert Toombs</a> of Georgia, and Republican <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a> of Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working closely with Douglas, Crittenden assumed leadership of the Committee of Thirteen even though he was not officially selected as the committee's leader.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crittenden proposed a package of six constitutional amendments, known as the <a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a>, that would forbid Congress from abolishing slavery in any state, protect slavery in federal territories south of the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north" title="Parallel 36°30′ north">36°30′ parallel</a>, and prohibit it in territories north of that latitude.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crittenden's compromise proved unacceptable to both Northern Republicans and Southern Democrats, and it failed to win approval from the Committee of Thirteen.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another attempt to avert secession, leading politicians in the Lower North and Upper South organized the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Conference_of_1861" title="Peace Conference of 1861">Peace Conference of 1861</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention proposed a package of seven constitutional amendments that were largely similar to the Crittenden Compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the last day of the <a href="/wiki/36th_United_States_Congress" title="36th United States Congress">36th United States Congress</a>, both the Crittenden Compromise and the separate plan proposed at the Peace Convention were rejected in the House and the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Civil War began with the Confederate <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">attack of Fort Sumter</a> on April 12, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Lincoln <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">called up volunteers</a> in response to the Battle of Fort Sumter, Bell declared his support for the Confederacy. Bell's decision helped convince many other Constitutional Unionists and Southern moderates to support the Confederacy during the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other party leaders, including Crittenden and Everett, remained loyal to the Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Southern Unionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states (American Civil War)</a></div> <p>Constitutional Unionists were influential in the <a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Convention" title="Wheeling Convention">Wheeling Convention</a>, which led to the creation of the Union loyalist state of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, as well as in the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_General_Assembly" title="Kentucky General Assembly">Kentucky General Assembly</a> for the Union and winning Congressional elections in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a> in June. Many <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border state</a> Constitutional Unionists, including <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a>, joined <a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union</a> parties that sprung up during the war. In Missouri, many of the party supported the Unconditional Union ticket<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organized by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Francis P. Blair Jr.</a> and remained active in that state's efforts to remain in the Union by overthrowing the elected government of <a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Claiborne Jackson">Claiborne Jackson</a>. Everett supported the Union and in 1863 gave a speech at Gettysburg before Lincoln's famous <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Reconstruction, former Whigs and Constitutional Unionists constituted a majority of the <a href="/wiki/Scalawags" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalawags">scalawags</a> (white members of the Republican Party) in almost every state in the South, joining the Republican Party at a higher rate than pre-war Democrats. Some of these scalawags continued to identify primarily as Whigs as late as the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/52px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In an alternative scenario envisioned by party leaders, the House would fail to elect a presidential candidate, and the presidency would instead go to whoever the Senate selected as vice president in a separate contingent election.<sup id="cite_ref-shep515517_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shep515517-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Northern Democratic platform was officially committed to allowing slavery in the territories, but Douglas personally endorsed the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a> in the territories through his <a href="/wiki/Freeport_Doctrine" title="Freeport Doctrine">Freeport Doctrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-green237238_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green237238-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union Party</a> founded in 1863 in Maryland.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988202–218-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988202–218_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, pp. 202–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holt7889-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holt7889_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (2010), pp. 78-89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson (1988), pp. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson (1988), p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson (1988), pp. 140–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (2010), pp. 91-94, 99, 106-109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baggett (2004), pp. 32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gara (1991), pp. 175–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (2010), pp. 109-110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks (1950), p. 346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), pp. 232–233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haynes143144-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haynes143144_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haynes143144_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes (2014), pp. 143–144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baggett (2004), p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilentz (2006), p. 758</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcpherson221223-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson221223_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson (1988), pp. 221–223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), pp. 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shep515517-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shep515517_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shep515517_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheppard (2014), pp. 515–517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), pp. 91–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), pp. 233–234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green234236-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-green234236_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-green234236_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), pp. 234–236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), pp. 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), pp. 91–92, 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haley (2002), pp. 372–374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), pp. 96–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), pp. 99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), pp. 100–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green238240-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-green238240_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-green238240_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), pp. 238–240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheppard (2014), p. 505</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green237238-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-green237238_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-green237238_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), pp. 237–238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Towers (2011), p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shep511513-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shep511513_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheppard (2014), pp. 511–513</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leip1860-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leip1860_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1860">"1860 Presidential General Election Results"</a>. <i>Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dave+Leip%27s+Atlas+of+U.S.+Presidential+Elections&rft.atitle=1860+Presidential+General+Election+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paludan (1993), p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White (2009), pp. 350–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Congressional-Overview/Profiles/37th/">"Congress Profiles: 37th Congress (1861–1863)"</a>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congress+Profiles%3A+37th+Congress+%281861%E2%80%931863%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FCongressional-Overview%2FProfiles%2F37th%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405211751/https://www.cop.senate.gov/history/partydiv.htm">"Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present"</a>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Senate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cop.senate.gov/history/partydiv.htm">the original</a> on April 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+Division+in+the+Senate%2C+1789-Present&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cop.senate.gov%2Fhistory%2Fpartydiv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-white361369-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-white361369_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White (2009), pp. 361–369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Towers (2011), pp. 121–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), p. 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), pp. 294–295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White (2009), pp. 351–354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), pp. 297–298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), pp. 307–308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), pp. 311–313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), p. 315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White (2009), pp. 406–407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson (1988), pp. 277–278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.massmoments.org/moment-details/edward-everett-gives-gettysburg-address.html">"Edward Everett Gives Gettysburg Address - November 19, 1863"</a>. <i>massmoments</i>. 19 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=massmoments&rft.atitle=Edward+Everett+Gives+Gettysburg+Address+-+November+19%2C+1863&rft.date=2010-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.massmoments.org%2Fmoment-details%2Fedward-everett-gives-gettysburg-address.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baggett (2004), pp. 34–37</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggett2004" class="citation book cs1">Baggett, James Alex (2004). <i>The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction</i>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807130148" title="Special:BookSources/9780807130148"><bdi>9780807130148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scalawags%3A+Southern+Dissenters+in+the+Civil+War+and+Reconstruction&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780807130148&rft.aulast=Baggett&rft.aufirst=James+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton2010" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Doulas R. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearofmeteorsste0000eger"><i>Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election that Brought on the Civil War</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596916197" title="Special:BookSources/9781596916197"><bdi>9781596916197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Year+of+Meteors%3A+Stephen+Douglas%2C+Abraham+Lincoln%2C+and+the+Election+that+Brought+on+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781596916197&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Doulas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearofmeteorsste0000eger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gara" class="citation book cs1">Gara, Larry (1991). <i>The Presidency of Franklin Pierce</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0494-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0494-4"><bdi>0-7006-0494-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Franklin+Pierce&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7006-0494-4&rft.aulast=Gara&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Don (Summer 2007). "Constitutional Unionists: The Party that Tried to Stop Lincoln and Save the Union". <i>The Historian</i>. <b>69</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00179.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00179.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24453660">24453660</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144630622">144630622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Unionists%3A+The+Party+that+Tried+to+Stop+Lincoln+and+Save+the+Union&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144630622%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24453660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00179.x&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaley2002" class="citation book cs1">Haley, James L. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780806136448"><i>Sam Houston</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3644-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3644-8"><bdi>978-0-8061-3644-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sam+Houston&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3644-8&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780806136448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2014" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, Stan M. (2014). <i>The First American Political Conventions: Transforming Presidential Nominations, 1832-1872</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786490301" title="Special:BookSources/9780786490301"><bdi>9780786490301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+American+Political+Conventions%3A+Transforming+Presidential+Nominations%2C+1832-1872&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780786490301&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Stan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Holt" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Michael F. (2010). <i>Franklin Pierce</i>. The American Presidents (Kindle ed.). Henry Holt and Company, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8719-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8719-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-8719-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franklin+Pierce&rft.series=The+American+Presidents&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company%2C+LLC&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8719-2&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1988" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James M. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXfGuNAvm7AC"><i>Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743902" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743902"><bdi>9780199743902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780199743902&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGXfGuNAvm7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaludan1994" class="citation book cs1">Paludan, Phillip Shaw (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofabra00palu"><i>The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</i></a>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0671-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0671-8"><bdi>0-7006-0671-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7006-0671-8&rft.aulast=Paludan&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofabra00palu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks1950" class="citation book cs1">Parks, Joseph (1950). <i>John Bell of Tennessee</i>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1470349">1470349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Bell+of+Tennessee&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1470349&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sheppard, Si (Winter 2014). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Union for the Sake of the Union": The Selection of Joseph Lane as Acting President of the United States, 1861". <i>Oregon Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>115</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">502–</span>529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5403%2Foregonhistq.115.4.0502">10.5403/oregonhistq.115.4.0502</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5403/oregonhistq.115.4.0502">10.5403/oregonhistq.115.4.0502</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159990837">159990837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22Union+for+the+Sake+of+the+Union%22%3A+The+Selection+of+Joseph+Lane+as+Acting+President+of+the+United+States%2C+1861&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E502-%3C%2Fspan%3E529&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159990837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5403%2Foregonhistq.115.4.0502%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5403%2Foregonhistq.115.4.0502&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Si&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1988" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Elbert B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700603626"><i>The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore</i></a>. The American Presidency. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0362-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0362-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-0362-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidencies+of+Zachary+Taylor+%26+Millard+Fillmore&rft.series=The+American+Presidency&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0362-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Elbert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780700603626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowers2011" class="citation journal cs1">Towers, Frank (Summer 2011). "Another Look at Inevitability: The Upper South and the Limits of Compromise in the Secession Crisis". <i>Tennessee Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>70</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42628747">42628747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Another+Look+at+Inevitability%3A+The+Upper+South+and+the+Limits+of+Compromise+in+the+Secession+Crisis&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42628747%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Towers&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="White" class="citation book cs1">White, Ronald C. Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781400064991"><i>A. Lincoln: A Biography</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6499-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6499-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-6499-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.+Lincoln%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6499-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ronald+C.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781400064991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilentz, Sean (2006) [2005]. <i>The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln</i> (Illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393329216" title="Special:BookSources/9780393329216"><bdi>9780393329216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+American+Democracy%3A+Jefferson+to+Lincoln&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780393329216&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Union+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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Convention 1860</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States736" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_parties" title="Template talk:United States political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States736" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Socialists of America">Black Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberty_Party" title="Christian Liberty Party">Christian Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Citizens Party of the United States">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party" title="U.S. Marijuana Party">Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_2017)" title="People's Party (United States, 2017)">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American (Know Nothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1924)" title="American Party (1924)">American (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States,_1952)" title="Constitution Party (United States, 1952)">Constitution (1952)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(1844)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (1844)">Democratic-Republican (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_America" title="Independence Party of America">Independence (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Equal_Rights_Party" title="National Equal Rights Party">National Equal Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(United_States)" title="National Party (United States)"> National (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Party" title="New Union Party">New Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist (People's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)">Progressive (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_America_Movement" title="Renew America Movement">Renew America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_America_Movement" title="Serve America Movement">Serve America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States Rights (Dixiecrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="White Panthers">White Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Patriot_Party" title="White Patriot Party">White Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Lords Party">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, 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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Republican_and_Whig_Parties993" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Whig Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Whig 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Tyler">Presidency of John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">Presidency of Zachary Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">Presidency of Millard Fillmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_National_Republican_and_Whig_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_National_Republican_National_Convention" title="1831 National Republican National Convention">1831 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">Sergeant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 (Harrisburg)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Z. Taylor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Whig_National_Convention" title="1856 Whig National Convention">1856 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Donelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />Speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">J. Taylor</a> (1825–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1839–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John White (Kentucky politician)">White</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a> (1847–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a> (1856–1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">John M. Clayton</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a> (1852–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Walter Forward</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John C. Spencer</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">George M. Bibb</a> (1844–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">William M. Meredith</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Thomas Corwin</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">James Barbour</a> (1825–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">Peter B. Porter</a> (1828–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John C. Spencer</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">James M. Porter</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">George W. Crawford</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad" title="Charles Magill Conrad">Charles M. Conrad</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(attorney_general)" title="William Wirt (attorney general)">William Wirt</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">John Nelson</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Reverdy Johnson</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger" title="George Edmund Badger">George E. Badger</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ballard_Preston" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ballard Preston">William B. Preston</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Kennedy" title="John P. Kennedy">John P. Kennedy</a> (1852–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean_Thompson_McKennan" title="Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan">Thomas M. T. McKennan</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hugh_Holmes_Stuart" title="Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart">Alexander H. H. Stuart</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_right-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_right-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical right-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_right-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical right-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_right-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical right-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_right-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets369" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Historical right-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets<br />that won at least<br />one percent of the<br />national popular vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Palmer" title="John M. Palmer">John M. Palmer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner" title="Simon Bolivar Buckner">Simon Bolivar Buckner</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lemke" title="William Lemke">William Lemke</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._O%27Brien" title="Thomas C. O'Brien">Thomas C. O'Brien</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States' Rights Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">John G. Schmitz</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas J. Anderson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Lester Maddox</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Dyke" title="William Dyke">William Dyke</a> (<a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rarick" title="John Rarick">John Rarick</a>/Eileen Shearer (<a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Richards" title="Bob Richards">Bob Richards</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maureen_Salaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Maureen Salaman">Maureen Salaman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a>/<a href="/wiki/Floyd_Parker" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd Parker">Floyd Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Gritz" title="Bo Gritz">Bo Gritz</a>/Cyril Minnett (<a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />right-wing parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party" title="Straight-Out Democratic Party">Straight-Out Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Regulars" title="Texas Regulars">Texas Regulars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged electors</a> movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of conservatism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1856)_1860_United_States_presidential_election_(1864_→)866" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1856)_1860_United_States_presidential_election_(1864_→)866" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">← 1856</a>) <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #4F990C;"><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Democratic Party (Southern)</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions#“Breckinridge_Democrats”_convention" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></b> (incumbent VP)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Joseph Lane</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F59100;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional Union Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Constitutional_Union_Convention" title="1860 Constitutional Union Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William C. Rives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party (Northern)</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">Conventions</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Herschel Vespasian Johnson">Herschel V. Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">James Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1860 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1860_and_1861_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_and_1861_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&oldid=1267481661">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&oldid=1267481661</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_nationalist_parties" title="Category:American nationalist parties">American nationalist parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_established_in_1860" title="Category:Political parties established in 1860">Political parties established in 1860</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War_political_groups" title="Category:American Civil War political groups">American Civil War political groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_conservative_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Defunct conservative parties in the United States">Defunct conservative parties in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_nationalist_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Defunct nationalist parties in the United States">Defunct nationalist parties in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1860 establishments in the United States">1860 establishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1865_disestablishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1865 disestablishments in the United States">1865 disestablishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unionist_Party_(United_States)" title="Category:Unionist Party (United States)">Unionist Party (United States)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_disestablished_in_1865" title="Category:Political parties disestablished in 1865">Political parties disestablished in 1865</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Category:Politics of the Southern United States">Politics of the Southern United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_containing_unlinked_shortened_footnotes" title="Category:Wikipedia articles containing unlinked shortened footnotes">Wikipedia articles containing unlinked shortened footnotes</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 January 2025, at 08:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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