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href="#Conventional_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Conventional warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventional_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanker_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanker_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Tanker operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanker_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures_and_reconnaissance_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures_and_reconnaissance_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Countermeasures and reconnaissance roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures_and_reconnaissance_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatigue_failures_and_retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatigue_failures_and_retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Fatigue failures and retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatigue_failures_and_retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Operators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Accidents and incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Surviving aircraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_(Valiant_B.1)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_(Valiant_B.1)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Specifications (Valiant B.1) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications_(Valiant_B.1)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA" title="فيكرز فالينت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيكرز فالينت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ویکرز ولینت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکرز ولینت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%85%EC%BB%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B8%ED%8A%B8" title="빅커스 발리언트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빅커스 발리언트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9_%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="ビッカースヴァリアント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビッカースヴァリアント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vickers Valiant" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British four-jet high-altitude bomber</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1920s biplane, see <a href="/wiki/Vickers_131_Valiant" title="Vickers 131 Valiant">Vickers 131 Valiant</a>. For the 1977 tank, see <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Main_Battle_Tank_Mark_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers Main Battle Tank Mark 4">Vickers Main Battle Tank Mark 4</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Valiant</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Valiant_B(K).1_1962.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vickers_Valiant_B%28K%29.1_1962.png/300px-Vickers_Valiant_B%28K%29.1_1962.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vickers_Valiant_B%28K%29.1_1962.png/450px-Vickers_Valiant_B%28K%29.1_1962.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vickers_Valiant_B%28K%29.1_1962.png/600px-Vickers_Valiant_B%28K%29.1_1962.png 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1312" /></a> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">Valiant XD873 in 1962</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">Strategic bomber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">aerial refueling</a> tanker</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs" title="Vickers-Armstrongs">Vickers-Armstrongs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><div> <a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(aviation)" title="George Edwards (aviation)">George Edwards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Retired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary user</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">107</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufactured</th><td class="infobox-data">1951–1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">18 May 1951</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1965</td></tr></tbody></table> The Vickers Valiant was a British high-altitude jet <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a> designed to carry nuclear weapons, and in the 1950s and 1960s was part of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/V_bomber" title="V bomber">V bomber</a>" strategic deterrent force. It was developed by <a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs" title="Vickers-Armstrongs">Vickers-Armstrongs</a> in response to <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Ministry specification">Specification B.35/46</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear-armed</a> jet-powered bomber. The Valiant was the first of the V bombers to become operational, and was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor" title="Handley Page Victor">Handley Page Victor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a>. The Valiant is the only V bomber to have dropped live nuclear weapons (for test purposes).<a href="#cite_note-black_wright_33-1">[1]</a> In 1956, Valiants operating from Malta flew conventional bombing missions over <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketeer_(1956)" title="Operation Musketeer (1956)">Operation Musketeer</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>. From 1956 until early 1966 the main Valiant force was used in the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrence">nuclear deterrence</a> role in the confrontation between NATO and the Warsaw Pact powers. Other squadrons undertook <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refuelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial refuelling">aerial refuelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a> and Electronic Warfare. In 1962, in response to advances in Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a> (SAM) technology, the V-force fleet including the Valiant changed from high-level flying to flying at low-level to avoid high altitude SAM attacks. In 1964 it was found that Valiants showed fatigue and crystalline corrosion in wing rear spar attachment forgings.<a href="#cite_note-2">[N 1]</a> In late 1964 a repair programme was underway, but a change of Government led to the new Minister of Defence <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a> deciding that the Valiant should be retired from service, and this happened in early 1965. The Victor and Vulcan V-bombers remained in service until the 1980s. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_origins">Background and origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and origins">edit</a>]</div> In November 1944, the Joint Technical Warfare Committee, along with a separate committee chaired by Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Henry Tizard</a>, examined the future potential of "weapons of war" and the accompanying Tizard Report published on 3 July 1945 made specific policy directions for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">Bomber Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turpin_p._71-3">[2]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the policy of using heavy four-engined bombers for massed raids continued into the immediate postwar period; the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lincoln" title="Avro Lincoln">Avro Lincoln</a>, an updated version of the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a>, became the RAF's standard bomber.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> In 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Air Staff</a> issued Operational Requirements OR229 and OR230 for the development of <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">turbojet</a>-powered heavy bombers capable of carrying <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> at high altitude and speed, without defensive armament, to act as a deterrent to hostile powers and, if deterrence failed, to perform a nuclear strike.<a href="#cite_note-Turpin_p._71-3">[2]</a> In conjunction with this ambition, Britain set about developing its own <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">atomic weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-flint_131-5">[4]</a> In January 1947, the British <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Ministry specification">Specification B.35/46</a> for an advanced jet bomber intended to carry nuclear weapons and to fly near the speed of sound at altitudes of 50,000 ft (15,000 m).<a href="#cite_note-Rose_52-6">[5]</a> Three firms: <a href="/wiki/Avro" title="Avro">A.V. Roe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handley-Page_Aircraft_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Handley-Page Aircraft Company">Handley-Page</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs" title="Vickers-Armstrongs">Vickers-Armstrongs</a> submitted advanced designs intended to meet the stringent requirements.<a href="#cite_note-Aero_Aug80_p397-7">[6]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Short_Brothers" title="Short Brothers">Short Brothers</a> submitted a design, by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_T._R._Hill" title="Geoffrey T. R. Hill">Geoffrey T. R. Hill</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> that was judged too ambitious, the Air Staff accepted another submission from the company for a separate requirement, B.14/46, as "insurance" in case the advanced B.35/46 effort ran into trouble. Aviation authors Bill Gunston and Peter Gilchrist described Specification B.14/46 as "calling for little more than a traditional aircraft fitted with jet engines"<a href="#cite_note-bomber_72-9">[8]</a> Short submitted a conservative design to meet B.14/46, which became the <a href="/wiki/Short_Sperrin" title="Short Sperrin">S.A.4 Sperrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rose_52-6">[5]</a> Two prototypes were completed, the first conducting its <a href="/wiki/Maiden_flight" title="Maiden flight">maiden flight</a> in 1951, but the Sperrin was ultimately relegated to research and development purposes only.<a href="#cite_note-Aero_Aug80_p397-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-flint_131-5">[4]</a> Vickers had emerged from World War II as one of the world's pre-eminent companies in the field of aeronautical manufacturing and development. The company operated its own secretive <a href="/wiki/Skunk_Works" title="Skunk Works">Skunk Works</a>-like development organisation based at Weybridge, Surrey, which had been involved in several secret wartime development projects. It was this secretive division where the early development of the Valiant took place, including the later assembly of the initial two prototypes.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_72_73-10">[9]</a> Vickers initially produced a six-engine jet bomber design proposal to meet Specification B.35/46. As progress in the development of more powerful jet engines was made, this was re-worked to a four-engine proposal in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_73-11">[10]</a> The proposed design submitted by Vickers was relatively straightforward, being less aerodynamically advanced in comparison to competing bids made by rival firms.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_72-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-black_wright_17-12">[11]</a> Both Handley-Page and Avro had produced advanced designs for the bomber competition. These were produced as the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor" title="Handley Page Victor">Victor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Vulcan</a> respectively. The Air Staff decided to award contracts to each company as a form of insurance in case one of the designs failed. The submissions became known as the <a href="/wiki/V_bomber" title="V bomber">V bombers</a>, or V-class, with the aircraft given names that started with the letter "V".<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Vickers' submission had initially been rejected as not being as advanced as the Victor and the Vulcan,<a href="#cite_note-Rose_52-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-bomber_72-9">[8]</a> but Vickers' chief designer <a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(aviation)" title="George Edwards (aviation)">George Edwards</a> lobbied the Air Ministry on the basis that it would be available much sooner than the competition, going so far as to promise that a prototype would be flown by the end of 1951, that subsequent production aircraft would be flown prior to the end of 1953, and that serial deliveries would commence during early 1955. Gaining the bomber contract was considered of crucial importance to the future of aircraft manufacturing at Vickers.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_73-11">[10]</a> "Edwards was supremely confident that Weybridge could deliver the aircraft as specified .. " and "..committed to the brochure performance figures and dates because he thought they knew how to do it". He resisted being pushed to try to more closely match the Victor and Vulcan height and speed requirements or to change equipment from that originally specified as these distractions would jeopardize his promised delivery dates.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Although developing three different aircraft types in response to a single Operational Requirement (OR) was costly, events such as the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a> had led to a sense of urgency in providing a deterrent to the Soviet Union from possible acts of aggression in Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-bomber_72-9">[8]</a> In April 1948, the Air Staff issued a specification with the designation B.9/48 written around the Type 660 Vickers design; and an 'Instruction to Proceed' was received by Vickers on 16 April 1948.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_73-11">[10]</a> In February 1949, two prototypes of the Vickers 660 series were ordered. The first was to be fitted with four <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Avon" title="Rolls-Royce Avon">RA.3 Avon</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> engines, while the second was to be fitted with four <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Sapphire" title="Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire">Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire</a> engines and was designated the Type 667.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p438-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prototypes">Prototypes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prototypes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Valiant_Farnborough_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vickers_Valiant_Farnborough_1951.jpg/220px-Vickers_Valiant_Farnborough_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vickers_Valiant_Farnborough_1951.jpg/330px-Vickers_Valiant_Farnborough_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vickers_Valiant_Farnborough_1951.jpg/440px-Vickers_Valiant_Farnborough_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>First prototype at the <a href="/wiki/Farnborough_Airshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough Airshow">Farnborough Airshow</a>, 1951</figcaption></figure> On 18 May 1951, the first prototype, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_military_aircraft_serials" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom military aircraft serials">serial number</a> WB210 took to the air for its maiden flight,<a href="#cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p439-17">[16]</a> within the deadline that George Edwards had promised, only 27 months since the contract had been issued. This was several months before the competing Short Sperrin; the Sperrin had straight (not swept) wings and was not ordered. The Valiant pilot was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Summers" title="Joseph Summers">Captain Joseph "Mutt" Summers</a>, who had also been the original test pilot on the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a>, and wanted to add another "first" to his record before he retired. His co-pilot on the first flight was Gabe "Jock" Bryce, who succeeded Summers as Vickers' chief test pilot upon his retirement shortly after.<a href="#cite_note-Turpin_p._72-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-black_wright_10-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The next month, the Vickers Type 660 was given the official name of "Valiant", reusing the name given to the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_131_Valiant" title="Vickers 131 Valiant">Vickers Type 131</a> general-purpose biplane of 1931.<a href="#cite_note-21">[N 2]</a> The name Valiant had been selected by a survey of Vickers employees.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_p31,3-22">[20]</a> On 11 January 1952, the first Valiant prototype was lost while making internal noise measurements for the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_V-1000" title="Vickers V-1000">V.1000</a> programme. Testing included engine shutdowns and re-lights,<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> one of which caused a fire in the starboard wing; most of the crew managed to escape the aircraft safely, except for the co-pilot, who struck the tail after ejecting.<a href="#cite_note-Flight_p13-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> On 11 April 1952, the second prototype WB215 made its maiden flight, after modifications to the fuel system.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p440-26">[24]</a> It was fitted with more powerful RA.7 Avon engines with 7,500 pounds-force (33 kN) thrust each, rather than the originally planned Sapphires. It also featured more rounded <a href="/wiki/Components_of_jet_engines#Air_intakes" title="Components of jet engines">air inlets</a>, replacing the narrow slot-type intakes of the first prototype, to feed sufficient air to the more powerful engines. The short delay until the second prototype became available meant that loss of the prototype did not compromise the development schedule.<a href="#cite_note-Turpin_p74-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones_p34-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-black_wright_17-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Valiant_B2">The Valiant B2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Valiant B2">edit</a>]</div> One of the three prototypes was the B.2 version.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_p26-29">[27]</a> The B.2 was intended to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinder</a> aircraft, flying at low level to mark targets for the main bomber force. To cope with increased air turbulence at low level, the B.2 had a strengthened airframe. In particular, the wing was strengthened with the removal of the cut-outs in the wing structure into which the main wheels retracted, allowing the wing torsion box structure to be uninterrupted and giving more room for internal fuel storage. Instead, the main landing gear, which had four wheels instead of the two wheels of the B.1, retracted backwards into large <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">fairings</a> set into the rear of the wings.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_77_78-30">[28]</a> The B.2 had a lengthened fuselage with a total length of 112 ft 9 in (34.37 m), in contrast to a length of 108 ft 3 in (32.99 m) for the Valiant B.1, with the extra length giving room for more avionics.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_p32,6-31">[29]</a> The prototype B.2, serial number WJ954 first flew on 4 September 1953.<a href="#cite_note-AndrewsVickers_p445-32">[30]</a> Finished in a gloss black night operations paint scheme, it became known as the "Black Bomber". Its performance at low level was superior to that of the B.1 (or any other V-bomber), particularly at <a href="/wiki/Sea_level#Aviation" title="Sea level">sea level</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bomber_77-33">[31]</a> with the aircraft being cleared for 580 mph (930 km/h) at low level (with speeds of up to 640 mph (1,030 km/h) being reached in testing). This was compared to the B.1 sea-level limit of 414 mph (665 km/h). The Air Ministry ordered 17 production B.2 aircraft, which were to be powered by <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Conway" title="Rolls-Royce Conway">Rolls-Royce Conway</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofans</a>. Although the Valiant B.2 low-level capabilities were significant, the programme was terminated because the World War 2 "Pathfinder concept" was considered obsolete in the nuclear era.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_78-34">[32]</a> The B.2 prototype was used for tests for a few years, including the clearance of rocket-assisted take-offs, for the Valiant B.1 at hot or high airfields, using two Super-Sprite rocket motors. It also did extensive taxiing tests to investigate the cause of brake judder which caused a fatigue failure of the landing gear. It was scrapped in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones_p36-7-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p83-4-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-black_wright_20-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Valian_B.1_WZ393_90_Sqn_SGT_10.06.57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Vickers_Valian_B.1_WZ393_90_Sqn_SGT_10.06.57.jpg/220px-Vickers_Valian_B.1_WZ393_90_Sqn_SGT_10.06.57.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Vickers_Valian_B.1_WZ393_90_Sqn_SGT_10.06.57.jpg/330px-Vickers_Valian_B.1_WZ393_90_Sqn_SGT_10.06.57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Vickers_Valian_B.1_WZ393_90_Sqn_SGT_10.06.57.jpg/440px-Vickers_Valian_B.1_WZ393_90_Sqn_SGT_10.06.57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Valiant B(PR)K.1 WZ393 of 90 Squadron in original all-metal finish displaying at Blackpool Squires Gate airport in 1957</figcaption></figure> In April 1951, an initial production order for 25 Valiant B.1 (Bomber Mark 1) aircraft was placed by the Ministry of Supply on behalf of the RAF.<a href="#cite_note-Aero_Aug80_p400-39">[37]</a> The timing of this order was key to establishing production quickly. Due to shortages of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and other materials while setting up an assembly line at Brooklands, substantial portions of the production <a href="/wiki/Jig_(tool)" title="Jig (tool)">jigs</a> for the Valiant were made from <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_77-33">[31]</a> The first five Valiants produced were completed to a pre-production standard, the first being WP199. On 21 December 1953, the production aircraft conducted its first flight; this had again occurred within the schedule that Edwards had promised.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_p37-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-bomber_77-33">[31]</a> On 8 February 1955, this first production Valiant was delivered to the RAF.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p12-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-flint_131-5">[4]</a> Britain's "V-bomber" force, as it had been nicknamed in October 1952, formally entered operational service on that day. The Victor and Vulcan would soon follow the Valiant into service, for a total of three types of nuclear-armed strategic bombers in RAF service. In September 1957, the final Valiant was delivered.<a href="#cite_note-hub_and_sim_26-42">[40]</a> All production aircraft had been delivered on time and below budget.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_78-34">[32]</a> A total of 108 Valiants were manufactured, including the sole B.2 prototype. In addition to its principal role as part of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_deterrent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrent">nuclear deterrent</a>, the Valiant bomber also dropped high explosive bombs. The bombers were followed into service by a strategic reconnaissance version and a multi-purpose version capable conventional bombing, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">aerial refuelling</a>. 18 squadron operated 6 Valiants with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure" title="Electronic countermeasure">electronic countermeasures</a> equipment.<a href="#cite_note-black_wright_19_20-43">[41]</a> Valiants of 90 and 214 squadrons were used for air refuelling through the addition of a Hose Drum Unit (HDU) in the bomb bay, mounted on the same suspension units that were also used for bombs. This meant that for refuelling, the bomb-bay doors had to be opened so that the refuelling hose could be streamed (unlike later tankers where the HDU was flush with the under fuselage rather than inside a bomb bay). Several Valiants were also used for testing and development purposes, such as its use as a flying testbed during trials of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Steel_(missile)" title="Blue Steel (missile)">Blue Steel</a> nuclear-armed <a href="/wiki/Standoff_missile" title="Standoff missile">standoff missile</a>, which was later added to the arsenal of munitions the other V-bombers were equipped with.<a href="#cite_note-black_wright_24_26-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-flint_133-45">[43]</a> Unlike the Vulcan and Victor, the Valiant did not see the production of a more capable mark 2 model.<a href="#cite_note-flint_131-5">[4]</a> In 1962 the Valiant bomber squadrons were switched to a low-level flight profile in order to avoid enemy Surface-to-Air (SAM) defence systems. In 1964 <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">fatigue</a> was discovered due to the increased air turbulence in low level flying and led to the type's premature retirement. Vic Flintham observed that: "There is a fine irony to the situation, for Vickers had produced the Type 673 B Mk 2 version designed as a fast, low-level pathfinder... The Air Ministry was not interested..."<a href="#cite_note-flint_133-45">[43]</a> The Valiant was Vickers' last purpose-built military aircraft. It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">Vanguard</a>, a passenger turboprop designed in 1959, and the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">Vickers VC10</a>, a jet passenger aircraft in 1962, also used as a military transport and tanker by the RAF.<a href="#cite_note-flint_131-5">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Valiant_(27363801724).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Vickers_Valiant_%2827363801724%29.jpg/220px-Vickers_Valiant_%2827363801724%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Vickers_Valiant_%2827363801724%29.jpg/330px-Vickers_Valiant_%2827363801724%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Vickers_Valiant_%2827363801724%29.jpg/440px-Vickers_Valiant_%2827363801724%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Forward view of preserved Vickers Valiant XD818 at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Museum_Cosford" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Museum Cosford">RAF Museum Cosford</a> </figcaption></figure> The Valiant was based on contemporary aeronautical knowledge with no advanced untried aerodynamics that required proving with scaled-down research aircraft or lengthy research and development. As a result George Edwards described the Valiant appropriately and simply but using his own, mostly original, idiom<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> as an "unfunny" aircraft. The Valiant had a shoulder-mounted wing and four Rolls-Royce Avon RA.3 turbojet engines, each providing up to 6,500 pounds-force (29 kN) of thrust, installed in pairs in <a href="/wiki/Fireproof" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireproof">fireproof</a> bays in each wing root.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_75-47">[45]</a> The design of the Valiant gave an overall impression of a clean aircraft with swept-wing aerodynamics.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p449-48">[46]</a> The root chord thickness ratio of 12% allowed the Avon engines to be within the wing rather than on pods as in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/B-47_Stratojet" class="mw-redirect" title="B-47 Stratojet">Boeing B-47</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p442-49">[47]</a> This "buried engine" installation contributed to the aircraft's aerodynamic cleanness, and was British practice at the time. It made engine access for maintenance and repair difficult and increased the risk that an uncontained failure of one engine would cause damage to the adjacent engine; it also increased the complexity of the design of the main spar which had to be routed around the engines.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_73_74-50">[48]</a> The wing of the Valiant used a "compound sweep" configuration, devised by Vickers <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamicist</a> Elfyn Richards.<a href="#cite_note-Barfield_p158-51">[49]</a> Richards found that it was necessary to increase the sweep on the inboard section of the wing, a discovery which he later <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> as "Improvements in Aeroplane Wing Formation" with an explanation that "the formation of the shockwaves be delayed to the same extent over the whole span of the wing";<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> the Valiant wing had 37° sweepback for the inner third of the wing, and 21° for the remainder.<a href="#cite_note-Aero_Aug80_p398-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-bomber_74-54">[52]</a> This was because the thickness/chord ratio could be reduced closer to the tips.<a href="#cite_note-Barfield_p158-51">[49]</a> The choice to have mild sweepback around the aerodynamic control surfaces meant that in-service speeds were limited to Mach 0.84 and a typical cruise of Mach 0.75 at heights up to 55,000 feet (17,000 m) when lightly loaded.<a href="#cite_note-Profile_p16-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-black_wright_17_18-56">[54]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">drogue parachute</a> was not necessary even operating from runways as short as 6,000 feet (1,800 m).<a href="#cite_note-bomber_77-33">[31]</a> The wing was mounted high on the fuselage and the location of the engines and main <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">landing gear</a> within the wing limited the volume available for fuel.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_75-47">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">trailing edge</a> of the wing had two-section <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a> with <a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">trim tabs</a>, and inboard of the ailerons were double-slotted <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">flaps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Direct <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electrical drives</a> were used to move the flaps and landing gear. The only hydraulically-operated equipment, the steering and brakes, was also powered by electric motors but driving hydraulic pumps instead of mechanical gearing.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_76-58">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valiant_2_(3446560911).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Valiant_2_%283446560911%29.jpg/220px-Valiant_2_%283446560911%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Valiant_2_%283446560911%29.jpg/330px-Valiant_2_%283446560911%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Valiant_2_%283446560911%29.jpg/440px-Valiant_2_%283446560911%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The wing root and air intakes</figcaption></figure> Production aircraft were powered by four Avon 201 turbojet engines, with 9,500 pounds-force (42 kN) thrust. The engines also provided <a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">bleed air</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Pressurization" title="Pressurization">pressurization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">ice protection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> systems. The aircraft's DC electrical <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generators</a> were also driven by the engines.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_76-58">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Napier_%26_Son" class="mw-redirect" title="Napier & Son">Napier Spraymat</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">electric heaters</a> were installed in the engine inlets to prevent ice formation and subsequent shedding possibly causing engine damage. The shape of the engine inlets were long rectangular slots in the first prototype, whereas production Valiants had oval or "spectacle" shaped inlets designed to pass greater airflow for the more powerful engines that were installed.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p442-49">[47]</a> The jet exhausts emerged from fairings above the trailing edge of the wings.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p442-49">[47]</a> For required takeoff performance from short tropical dispersal bases,<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Jettison_(aviation)" title="Jettison (aviation)">jettisonable</a> <a href="/wiki/RATO" class="mw-redirect" title="RATO">rocket booster engines</a> pack was developed for the Valiant.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_78-34">[32]</a> Trials were performed with two underwing <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Sprite" title="De Havilland Sprite">de Havilland Sprite</a> boosters; they were no longer needed when more powerful variants of the Avon engine became available. Also, there was an increased risk of accidents if one booster rocket failed on takeoff, resulting in asymmetric thrust.<a href="#cite_note-black_wright_20-38">[36]</a> Some Valiant engines had <a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(engines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water injection (engines)">water injection</a>, which increased takeoff thrust by about 1,000 pounds-force (4.4 kN) per engine.<a href="#cite_note-darling_41-60">[58]</a> The crew were in a pressurized compartment in the forward fuselage and consisted of a pilot, co-pilot, two navigators, and air signaller (later called an air electronics officer (AEO)).<a href="#cite_note-black_wright_28-61">[59]</a> Manufacture of this pressurized section was subcontracted to <a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe" title="Saunders-Roe">Saunders-Roe</a>. The pilot and co-pilot were located side by side on an upper level, the remaining three crew members sat at stations lower in the cockpit, and faced to the rear.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> The crew was reduced to five with the deleted requirement for defensive <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">gun turrets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_gunner" title="Air gunner">air gunners</a>, an operational philosophy proved by the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">De Havilland Mosquito</a> bomber of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_74-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[N 3]</a> The pilot and copilot were provided with <a href="/wiki/Martin-Baker_Mk.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Baker Mk.3">Martin-Baker Mk.3</a> <a href="/wiki/Ejector_seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejector seat">ejector seats</a>, while the rear crew had to bail out of the oval main entrance door on the port side of the fuselage.<a href="#cite_note-Turpin_p79-0-64">[61]</a> Safe escape using this exit was not considered likely.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_75-47">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Valiant_B1_(3873562557).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vickers_Valiant_B1_%283873562557%29.jpg/220px-Vickers_Valiant_B1_%283873562557%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vickers_Valiant_B1_%283873562557%29.jpg/330px-Vickers_Valiant_B1_%283873562557%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vickers_Valiant_B1_%283873562557%29.jpg/440px-Vickers_Valiant_B1_%283873562557%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption>The entry door on the side of the forward fuselage, with the names of pilot <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hubbard" title="Kenneth Hubbard">Kenneth Hubbard</a> and his crew</figcaption></figure> The fuselage area behind the pressurised crew section and forward of the wing was used to house much of the <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a>, and air conditioning equipment, and was sometimes called the "organ loft".<a href="#cite_note-bomber_75-47">[45]</a> The Valiant had twin-wheel nosegear and <a href="/wiki/Tandem" title="Tandem">tandem</a>-wheel main gear that retracted outwards into recesses in the underside of the wing. Each of the main gears were equipped with multipad <a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">anti-skid</a> <a href="/wiki/Disc_brake" title="Disc brake">disc brakes</a>, and were <a href="/wiki/Telescoping_(mechanics)" title="Telescoping (mechanics)">telescopically</a> linked so that a single drive motor could pull them up into the wing recesses.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_75-47">[45]</a> Most of the aircraft systems were electric, including the flaps and undercarriage.<a href="#cite_note-darling_39-65">[62]</a> The brakes and steering gear were electrically powered, driving hydraulic pumps for actuation.<a href="#cite_note-Flight_p19-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-black_wright_18-67">[64]</a> The lower half of the aircraft nose contained the scanner for the <a href="/wiki/H2S_(radar)" title="H2S (radar)">H2S</a> <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">glass fiber</a> <a href="/wiki/Radome" title="Radome">radome</a>; in addition, a visual <a href="/wiki/Bomb_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb sight">bomb sight</a> was located beneath the lower floor of the pressurised cockpit.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_75-47">[45]</a> The avionics bay was not accessible from the cockpit but could be accessed using an entrance at the base of the rear fuselage leading to an internal <a href="/wiki/Catwalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Catwalk">catwalk</a> above the aft part of the <a href="/wiki/Bomb_bay" title="Bomb bay">bomb bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_76_77-68">[65]</a> The electrical systems used 112 volt <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> generators, one on each engine, for functions requiring large amounts of electrical power. A 28 V DC system was used for other uses including actuators that controlled the higher-voltage system functions. Backup power came from 24 V and 96 V batteries. 115 V <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> was provided for the radar and the <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a> for the flight surfaces, flaps, <a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">air brakes</a> and undercarriage.<a href="#cite_note-Flight_p19-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turpin_p78-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-black_wright_18-67">[64]</a> It was decided during the design phase that as much of the aircraft would be electrically driven as was possible; the complete electrical system including high voltage generators and cabling, together with electric motors with mechanical drives, was lighter than the hydraulic equivalent consisting of pumps, tubing, actuators, fluid and storage tanks.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_76-58">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">flight controls</a> of the Valiant (ailerons, elevator and rudder) consisted of two channels of power control with full manual backup; flying in manual was practised during training as it would be required if a complete electrical failure occurred during a flight.<a href="#cite_note-Flight_p19-66">[63]</a> In "manual" the flight controls required considerable physical effort to operate.<a href="#cite_note-black_wright_18-67">[64]</a> The pilot's controls for elevators, ailerons and rudder had an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">artificial feel</a> system, the pressure for which was provided from a <a href="/wiki/Ram-air_intake" title="Ram-air intake">ram-air inlet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_76-58">[56]</a> A <a href="/wiki/GE_Aviation_Systems" title="GE Aviation Systems">Smith Aerospace</a> <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instrument_landing_system" title="Instrument landing system">instrument landing system</a> (ILS) was installed along with various <a href="/wiki/Navigational_aid" title="Navigational aid">navigational aids</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a>-built <a href="/wiki/Green_Satin_radar" title="Green Satin radar">Green Satin</a> <a href="/wiki/Doppler_radar" title="Doppler radar">doppler radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gee_(navigation)" title="Gee (navigation)">Gee</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">radio navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-directional_beacon" title="Non-directional beacon">Automatic Direction Finder</a> (ADF), <a href="/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VOR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Distance_measuring_equipment" title="Distance measuring equipment">Distance Measuring Equipment</a> (DME), and <a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">radar altimeters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_77-33">[31]</a> Provisions for additional equipment and sensors, such as <a href="/wiki/Side_looking_airborne_radar" title="Side looking airborne radar">side looking airborne radar</a>, were also made.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_77-33">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handley_Page_K2_(10024223034).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Handley_Page_K2_%2810024223034%29.jpg/220px-Handley_Page_K2_%2810024223034%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Handley_Page_K2_%2810024223034%29.jpg/330px-Handley_Page_K2_%2810024223034%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Handley_Page_K2_%2810024223034%29.jpg/440px-Handley_Page_K2_%2810024223034%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Landing gear and wing</figcaption></figure> The centre fuselage of the Valiant had a main backbone beam to support the weight of the two widely-set <a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">wing spars</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> in the upper fuselage. The bomb bay was also in the lower half of the centre fuselage.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_75-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flight_p18-70">[67]</a> The aft fuselage used a <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">semi-monocoque</a> structure, being lighter than the centre fuselage; the <a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Aircraft" title="Boulton Paul Aircraft">Boulton-Paul</a>-produced electro-hydraulic power units for the ailerons, <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">elevators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a> were contained within this space.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_76-58">[56]</a> The tail, which was attached to the rear fuselage was <a href="/wiki/Cone" title="Cone">tapered</a> rather than swept back,<a href="#cite_note-bomber_75-47">[45]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_stabilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal stabilizer">horizontal tailplane</a> was mounted well up the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">vertical fin</a> to keep it clear of the engines' exhaust.<a href="#cite_note-Barfield_p158-51">[49]</a> The tailcone contained an ARI 5800 Orange Putter <a href="/wiki/Tail_warning_radar" title="Tail warning radar">tail warning radar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_78-34">[32]</a> The main structural components, spars and beams of the Valiant had been constructed from a zinc/magnesium/copper aluminium alloy called DTD683 in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> The Valiant had been designed with a '<a href="/wiki/Safe-life_design" title="Safe-life design">Safe-Life</a>' strategy;<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> this combination of 'Safe-Life' and DTD683 came to be viewed as a severe mistake. In 1956, a publication within the Journal of the Institute of Metals<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[N 4]</a> condemned the material DTD683 as being unstable and capable of catastrophic failure when stressing the airframe close to its design limits. The "Safe-Life" design strategy was dismissed by a Lockheed engineer in a talk given to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a> in 1956, because it did not guarantee safety from catastrophic failure.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> The Valiant B.1 could carry a 10,000-pound (4,500 kg) nuclear weapon or up to 21 1,000 lb (450 kg) conventional <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombs</a> in its bomb bay. It was designed for the early <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a>-based nuclear weapons and also the newer and larger <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear">thermonuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bombs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_75-47">[45]</a> A "clean" Valiant (one without underwing tanks) could climb straight to 50,000 ft after takeoff unless it had heavy stores in the large bomb bay.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the aerial reconnaissance role, a camera crate would be installed in the bomb bay, along with a pair of cameras set into the fuselage and larger rear fuel tanks to extend the aircraft's endurance.<a href="#cite_note-black_wright_19-77">[73]</a> Large external fuel tanks under each wing with a capacity of 1,650 imperial gallons (7,500 L), could be used to extend range; an auxiliary fuel tank could also be installed in the forward area of the bomb bay; the external wing tanks were fitted as standard on Valiants that were operated as aerial refuelling tankers.<a href="#cite_note-black_wright_19-77">[73]</a> For receiving fuel, a fixed <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling#Probe-and-drogue_2" title="Aerial refueling">refuelling probe</a> was fitted onto the aircraft's nose, this was connected to the fuel tanks via a pipe running along the outside of the canopy to avoid penetrating the pressure cabin.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_79-78">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operational history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_deterrent">Nuclear deterrent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nuclear deterrent">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YellowSunBomb2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/YellowSunBomb2.JPG/220px-YellowSunBomb2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/YellowSunBomb2.JPG/330px-YellowSunBomb2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/YellowSunBomb2.JPG/440px-YellowSunBomb2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Side view of a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sun_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Yellow Sun (nuclear weapon)">Yellow Sun</a> nuclear bomb under the wing of Vickers Valiant XD818 at the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cosford" title="RAF Cosford">RAF Cosford</a> museum</figcaption></figure> The first squadron to be equipped with the Valiant was <a href="/wiki/No._138_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 138 Squadron RAF">138 Squadron</a>, which formed at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Gaydon" title="RAF Gaydon">RAF Gaydon</a> on 1 January 1955, with 232 Operational Conversion Unit forming at Gaydon on 21 February 1955 to convert crews to the new bomber.<a href="#cite_note-darling_40-79">[75]</a> Since the Valiant was part of an entirely new class of bombers for the RAF, the crews for the new type were selected from experienced aircrew, with first pilots requiring 1,750 flying hours as an aircraft captain, with at least one tour flying the Canberra, with second pilots needing 700 hours in command and the remaining three crewmembers had to be recommended for posting to the Valiant by their commanding officers.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_p79-2-80">[76]</a> Valiants were originally assigned to the strategic nuclear bombing role, as were the Vulcan and Victor B.1s when they became operational. At its peak, the Valiant equipped ten RAF squadrons.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> According to Gunston and Gilchrist, the Valiant had performed "extremely well" during the annual bombing competition hosted by American <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> (SAC).<a href="#cite_note-bomber_79-78">[74]</a> American interest in the Valiant resulted in a visit to Vickers by USAF generals <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" title="Hoyt Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a>, Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">LeMay</a>. Vickers test-pilot Brian Trubshaw believed that George Edwards was put under some pressure to build the Boeing B-47 under license. The only result from the visit was Le May's insistence that the Valiant pilot side-by-side seating be incorporated in the B-52 instead of the tandem arrangement in the B-47 and prototype B-52.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_R3_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Buffalo_R3_002.jpg/220px-Buffalo_R3_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Buffalo_R3_002.jpg/330px-Buffalo_R3_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Buffalo_R3_002.jpg/440px-Buffalo_R3_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>On 11 October 1956, Valiant B.1 WZ366 of <a href="/wiki/No._49_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 49 Squadron RAF">No. 49 Squadron</a> became the first British aircraft to drop a live atomic bomb during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Buffalo_(1956)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Buffalo (1956)">Buffalo R3/Kite</a> test</figcaption></figure> On 11 October 1956, a Valiant B.1 (WZ366) of <a href="/wiki/No._49_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 49 Squadron RAF">No. 49 Squadron</a> piloted by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Flavell_(Royal_Air_Force_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Flavell (Royal Air Force officer)">Edwin Flavell</a> was the first British aircraft to drop an atomic bomb when it performed a test drop of a down-rated <a href="/wiki/Blue_Danube_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Danube bomb">Blue Danube</a> weapon on <a href="/wiki/Maralinga" title="Maralinga">Maralinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mason_Bomber_p378-84">[80]</a> This occurred as part of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Buffalo_(1956)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Buffalo (1956)">Operation Buffalo</a> <a href="/wiki/British_nuclear_tests_at_Maralinga" title="British nuclear tests at Maralinga">nuclear tests in that area</a>. Windscreen blinds were fitted in advance of the test to protect the crew from the intense flash of light from the nuclear detonation. Following the landing of the aircraft after deploying the weapon, WZ366 was assessed for potential damage and for <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> On 15 May 1957, a Valiant B(K).1 (XD818) piloted by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hubbard" title="Kenneth Hubbard">Kenneth Hubbard</a> dropped the first British hydrogen bomb, the Short Granite, over the Pacific as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grapple" title="Operation Grapple">Operation Grapple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-86">[82]</a> No 49 Squadron was selected to perform the live weapon drop, and were equipped with specially-modified Valiants to conform with the scientific requirements of the tests and other precautionary measures to protect against heat and radiation.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> However, the measured yield was less than a third of the maximum expected although achieving a thermonuclear explosion. On 8 November 1957 a British hydrogen bomb detonated with its planned yield in the Grapple X test.<a href="#cite_note-hub_and_sim_157-88">[84]</a> The Grapple series of tests continued into 1958, and in April 1958 the Grapple Y bomb exploded with ten times the yield of the original "Short Granite".<a href="#cite_note-hub_and_sim_167-89">[85]</a> Testing was finally terminated in November 1958, when the British government decided it would perform no more air-delivered nuclear tests.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_79-78">[74]</a> Originally the bombing role was to have been carried out at high altitude, but following the shooting down in 1960 of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a> flown by Gary Powers by an early Soviet <a href="/wiki/SA-2" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-2">SA-2</a> Guideline missile, the SAM threat caused bomber squadrons to train for low-level attack as a means of avoiding radar detection when flying within hostile airspace. They were repainted in grey/green camouflage with normal markings, replacing their <a href="/wiki/Anti-flash_white" title="Anti-flash white">anti-flash white</a> scheme.<a href="#cite_note-flint_133-45">[43]</a> By 1963, four Valiant squadrons (49, 148, 207 and 214) had been assigned to <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">SACEUR</a> in the low-level tactical bombing role.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_79-78">[74]</a> By this point, there had been a noticeable decline in flying rates for the type.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_79-78">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventional_warfare">Conventional warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conventional warfare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_valiant_camouflaged_on_ground_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vickers_valiant_camouflaged_on_ground_arp.jpg/220px-Vickers_valiant_camouflaged_on_ground_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vickers_valiant_camouflaged_on_ground_arp.jpg/330px-Vickers_valiant_camouflaged_on_ground_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vickers_valiant_camouflaged_on_ground_arp.jpg/440px-Vickers_valiant_camouflaged_on_ground_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption>Camouflaged Valiant at <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Filton_Airport" title="Bristol Filton Airport">Filton</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. Circa mid-1960s</figcaption></figure> Peacetime practice involved the dropping of small practice bombs on instrumented bombing ranges, and a system of predicted bombing using radio tones to mark the position of the bomb drop over non-range targets, the bomb error being calculated by a ground radar unit and passed either to the crew during flight or to a headquarters for analysis. Use of the Valiant's Navigational and Bombing System (NBS) and the high quality of assigned crews, who were typically veterans and often had been previously decorated for wartime service, meant a high level of bombing accuracy could be achieved, greater than that of aircraft during the Second World War. According to Gunston and Gilchrist, Valiant crews were able to place practice bombs from an altitude of 45,000 feet (14,000 m) within a few meters of their assigned target.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_79-78">[74]</a> In October and November 1956 the Valiant was the first of the V-bombers to see combat, during the Anglo-French-Israeli Suez campaign. During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketeer_(1956)" title="Operation Musketeer (1956)">Operation Musketeer</a>, the British military operation in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, Valiants operating from the airfield at Luqa on Malta dropped conventional bombs on targets inside Egypt. Egyptian military airfields were the principal target; other targets included communications such as <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a> and transport hubs.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> On the first night of the operation, six Valiants were dispatched to bomb <a href="/wiki/Cairo_West_Air_Base" title="Cairo West Air Base">Cairo West Air Base</a> (which was aborted in flight due to potential risk to US personnel in the vicinity) while six more attacked <a href="/wiki/Almaza_Air_Base" title="Almaza Air Base">Almaza Air Base</a> and a further five bombed <a href="/wiki/Kibrit_Air_Base" title="Kibrit Air Base">Kibrit Air Base</a> and Huckstep Barracks.<a href="#cite_note-black_wright_42-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-darling_42-92">[88]</a> Although the Egyptians did not oppose the attacks and there were no Valiant combat losses, the results of the raids were reported as disappointing. Although the Valiants dropped a total of 842 long tons (856 t) of bombs, only three of the seven airfields attacked were seriously damaged.<a href="#cite_note-93">[N 5]</a> The Egyptian Air Force had been effectively destroyed in a wider series of multinational attacks of which the Valiant bombing missions had been a part.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> It was the last time RAF V-bombers flew a live combat mission until Avro Vulcans bombed Port Stanley airfield in the Falkland Islands during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanker_operations">Tanker operations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tanker operations">edit</a>]</div> Valiant tankers were flown by No. 214 Squadron at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Marham" title="RAF Marham">RAF Marham</a>, operational in 1958, and No. 90 Squadron at Honington, operational in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-hub_and_sim_26-42">[40]</a> The two squadrons became dedicated tanker squadrons on 1 April 1962.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> Aircraft assigned to the tanker role were fitted with a Hose Drum Unit (HDU or "HooDoo") in the bomb bay. The HDU was mounted on bomb-mounting points and could be removed if necessary; this arrangement meant that the bomb bay doors had to be opened in order to transfer fuel to a receiver aircraft. A control panel at the radar navigator station in the cockpit was used to operate the HDU. The HDU equipment was removable so that the aircraft could be reverted to the bomber role if required.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> Long-range demonstration flights were made with in-flight refuelling by other Valiant tankers that had been positioned at airfields along the route. In 1960, a Valiant bomber flew non-stop from Marham in the UK to Singapore and in 1961 a Vulcan flew non-stop from the UK to Australia.<a href="#cite_note-hub_and_sim_26-42">[40]</a> The two tanker squadrons regularly made long range flights. These included non-stop flights from the UK to <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Gan" title="RAF Gan">RAF Gan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> Other aircraft refuelled by Valiants at this time included Victor and Vulcan bombers, <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">English Electric Lightning</a> fighters, and <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Sea_Vixen" title="De Havilland Sea Vixen">de Havilland Sea Vixen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Scimitar" title="Supermarine Scimitar">Supermarine Scimitar</a> fighters of the Royal Navy.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countermeasures_and_reconnaissance_roles">Countermeasures and reconnaissance roles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Countermeasures and reconnaissance roles">edit</a>]</div> Valiants of <a href="/wiki/No._18_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 18 Squadron RAF">No. 18 Squadron RAF</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Finningley" title="RAF Finningley">RAF Finningley</a> were modified to the "radio countermeasures" (RCM) role—now called "<a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare_support_measures" title="Electronic warfare support measures">electronic countermeasures</a>" (ECM). These aircraft were ultimately fitted with American APT-16A and ALT-7 jamming transmitters, <a href="/wiki/Airborne_Cigar" title="Airborne Cigar">Airborne Cigar</a> and Carpet <a href="/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception" title="Radar jamming and deception">jammers</a>, APR-4 and APR-9 "sniffing" receivers, and <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">chaff</a> dispensers. At least seven Valiants were configured to the RCM role.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> Valiants of No. 543 Squadron at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wyton" title="RAF Wyton">RAF Wyton</a> were modified to serve in the photographic reconnaissance role. In one notable operation in 1965, Valiants of No. 543 Squadron photographed around 400,000 square miles (1,000,000 km2) of <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> across an 11-week period.<a href="#cite_note-hub_and_sim_26-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatigue_failures_and_retirement">Fatigue failures and retirement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fatigue failures and retirement">edit</a>]</div> In 1956, Vickers had performed a series of low level tests in WZ383 to assess the type for low level flight at high speed. Several modifications to the aircraft were made, including a metal radome, debris guards on the two inboard engines, and after six flights the aileron and elevator artificial feel was reduced by 50%. Pilots reported problems with cabin heating and condensation that would need remedying. The aircraft was fitted with data recording equipment and these data were used by Vickers to estimate the remaining safe life of the type under these flying conditions. Initially a safe life of 75 hours was recommended, which became "the real figure might be less than 200 hours".<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> The number of hours flown by each Valiant in a year was an operational issue for the RAF.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15_Vickers_Valiant_WZ397_(15216077444).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/15_Vickers_Valiant_WZ397_%2815216077444%29.jpg/220px-15_Vickers_Valiant_WZ397_%2815216077444%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/15_Vickers_Valiant_WZ397_%2815216077444%29.jpg/330px-15_Vickers_Valiant_WZ397_%2815216077444%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/15_Vickers_Valiant_WZ397_%2815216077444%29.jpg/440px-15_Vickers_Valiant_WZ397_%2815216077444%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Vickers Valiant on display</figcaption></figure> Later the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">RAE</a> ran a similar series of tests that more closely resembled actual operational conditions including low level and taxiing; the corresponding report published in 1958 produced data that could be used to get a better grasp on which flight conditions produced the most damage, and enable a better projection of the future life span for the type.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> In May 1957 Flight reported an "incident at Boscombe Down, when the wing rear spar cracked after a rocket-assisted takeoff at overload weight (the reason for the rocket-assistance)"<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> This aircraft was the second prototype WB 215 and had not been modified with the production fix for the known weakness in the rear spar;<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> the aircraft was subsequently broken up for wing fatigue testing after it had flown 489 hours.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> After years of front-line service, in July 1964, a cracked spar was found in one of the three Valiants (either WZ394 – Wynne, or WZ389 – Morgan) on Operation Pontifex.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> This was followed on 6 August by a failure of the starboard wing rear spar at 30,000 ft,<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> in WP217, an OCU aircraft from Gaydon captained by Flight Lieutenant "Taffy" Foreman. The aircraft landed back at Gaydon but without flap deployment because damage to the starboard rear spar caused the flap rollers to come out of their guides so that the flap would not lower on that side. Later inspection of the aircraft also showed the fuselage skin below the starboard inner plane had buckled, popping the rivets; the engine door had cracked and the rivets had been pulled and the skin buckled on the top surface of the mainplane between the two engines.<a href="#cite_note-darling_39_40-109">[104]</a> Both of these aircraft were PR variants.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> Inspections of the entire fleet showed that the wing spars were suffering from fatigue at between 35% and 75% of the assessed safe fatigue life, probably due to low level turbulence.<a href="#cite_note-darling_40-79">[75]</a> After this inspection, the aircraft were divided into three categories, Cat A aircraft continuing to fly, Cat B to fly to a repair base, and Cat C requiring repair before flying again. The tanker squadrons had the highest proportion of Cat A aircraft because their role had been mainly at high level.<a href="#cite_note-darling_40-79">[75]</a> This also caused the methods of assessing fatigue lives to be reviewed.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> By the time the type was scrapped, only about 50 aircraft were still in service; the rest had been slowly accumulating at various RAF Maintenance Units designated as "Non effective Aircraft".<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> Initially there was no question of retiring the type, or even a majority of affected aircraft. Repairs were actively taking place at Valiant bases such as Marham using working parties from Vickers plus RAF technicians from the base. In January 1965, the Wilson government with <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a> as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a> decided that the expense of the repairs could not be justified, given the short operational life left to the Valiant, and the fleet was permanently grounded as of 26 January 1965.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> The QRA alert that had been in place for <a href="/wiki/SACEUR" class="mw-redirect" title="SACEUR">SACEUR</a> was maintained until the final grounding.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> When asked to make a statement regarding the Valiant's scrapping in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, Denis Healey stated that it "was not in any way connected with low-level flying" and that the "last Government took the decision to continue operating the Valiant force for another four years after its planned fatigue life was complete".<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> Aviation author Barry Jones commented in his book that: "A question has to be asked. For two years before the demise of the Valiant, Handley Page at Radlett had 100 <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hastings" title="Handley Page Hastings">Hastings</a> go through their shops. They were completely dismantled and rebuilt, having DTD683 components removed and replaced by new alloy sections. What was so special about the Hastings and why was the Valiant not treated similarly? Perhaps we will know one day – but I doubt it."<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> A Flight report about the scrapping states "Fatigue affected all Valiants ... not only those that had been used for some low flying".<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> On 9 December 1964, the last Valiant tanker sortie in XD812 of 214 Squadron was refuelling Lightning aircraft over the North Sea and was recalled to land back at Marham before the scheduled exercise was completed. On the same day, the last Valiant bomber sortie was carried out by XD818.<a href="#cite_note-118">[N 6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</div> Including the three prototypes, a total of 107 Valiants were built.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Air_Force_Museum-120">[114]</a> <ul><li>Valiant B.1: 37 pure bomber variants, including five pre-production Type 600, Type 667 and Type 674s, which were powered by Avon RA.14 engines with the same 9,500 pounds-force (42 kN) thrust each as the earlier Avon 201 and 34 Type 706 full-production aircraft, powered by Avon RA.28, 204 or 205 engines with 10,500 pounds-force (47 kN) thrust each, longer tailpipes and water-methanol injection for takeoff boost power.<a href="#cite_note-Thunder_and_Lightnings-121">[115]</a></li> <li>Type 710 Valiant B(PR).1: eleven bomber/photo-reconnaissance aircraft. Edwards and his team had considered use of the Valiant for photo-reconnaissance from the start, and this particular type of aircraft could accommodate a removable "crate" in the bomb-bay, carrying up to eight narrow-view/high resolution cameras and four survey cameras.<a href="#cite_note-Thunder_and_Lightnings-121">[115]</a></li> <li>Type 733 Valiant B(PR)K.1: 14 bomber/photo-reconnaissance/tanker aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Thunder_and_Lightnings-121">[115]</a></li> <li>Type 758 Valiant B(K).1: 44 bomber / tanker aircraft. Both tanker variants carried a removable tanker system in the bomb bay, featuring fuel tanks and a hose-and-drogue <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refuelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial refuelling">aerial refuelling</a> system. A further 16 Valiant B(K).1s were ordered, but cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-Thunder_and_Lightnings-121">[115]</a></li> <li>Valiant B.2: 1 prototype.<a href="#cite_note-Thunder_and_Lightnings-121">[115]</a></li> <li>Vickers also considered an air transport version of the Valiant, with a low-mounted wing, wingspan increased from 114 feet 4 inches (34.85 m) to 140 feet (43 m), fuselage lengthened to 146 feet (45 m), and uprated engines. Work on a prototype, designated the Type 1000, began in early 1953. The prototype was to lead to a military transport version, the Type 1002, and a civilian transport version, the Type 1004 or VC.7. The Type 1000 prototype was almost complete when it, too, was cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-Thunder_and_Lightnings-121">[115]</a></li></ul> Valiant production ended in August 1957.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Air_Force_Museum-120">[114]</a> An order for 17 B.2 models was cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-Thunder_and_Lightnings-121">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operators">Operators</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operators">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Valiant_B1_3-view_silhouette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Vickers_Valiant_B1_3-view_silhouette.jpg/220px-Vickers_Valiant_B1_3-view_silhouette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Vickers_Valiant_B1_3-view_silhouette.jpg/330px-Vickers_Valiant_B1_3-view_silhouette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Vickers_Valiant_B1_3-view_silhouette.jpg/440px-Vickers_Valiant_B1_3-view_silhouette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>Silhouette of the Valiant B.1</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> operated Valiants from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Gaydon" title="RAF Gaydon">RAF Gaydon</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Finningley" title="RAF Finningley">RAF Finningley</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Honington" title="RAF Honington">RAF Honington</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Marham" title="RAF Marham">RAF Marham</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wittering" title="RAF Wittering">RAF Wittering</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wyton" title="RAF Wyton">RAF Wyton</a> by: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._7_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 7 Squadron RAF">No. 7 Squadron</a> – Reformed at Honington on 1 November 1956, moving to Wittering on 26 July 1960 and disbanding 30 September 1962.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._18_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 18 Squadron RAF">No. 18 Squadron</a> – Valiant equipped C Flight of 199 Squadron renumbered 18 Squadron at Finningley on 17 December 1958 and disbanded 31 March 1963.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._49_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 49 Squadron RAF">No. 49 Squadron</a> – Reformed Wittering 1 May 1956, moving to Marham 26 June 1961 and disbanding 1 May 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._90_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 90 Squadron RAF">No. 90 Squadron</a> – Reformed at Honington on 1 January 1957 and disbanded on 1 March 1965 .<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._138_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 138 Squadron RAF">No. 138 Squadron</a> – Reformed at Gaydon on 1 January 1955, moving to Wittering on 6 July 1955 and disbanding 1 April 1962.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._148_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 148 Squadron RAF">No. 148 Squadron</a> – Reformed Marham 1 July 1956 and disbanded 1 May 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._199_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 199 Squadron RAF">No. 199 Squadron</a> – C Flight of 199 Squadron received Valiants on 29 May 1957 at Honington in the ECM training role, replacing <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lincoln" title="Avro Lincoln">Avro Lincolns</a>, with the rest of the Squadron operating the Canberra. 199 Squadron was disbanded in December 1958, with C Flight becoming 18 Squadron.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halley80_p203-122">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._207_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 207 Squadron RAF">No. 207 Squadron</a> – Reformed at Marham on 1 April 1956, disbanding on 1 May 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._214_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 214 Squadron RAF">No. 214 Squadron</a> – Reformed at Marham on 21 January 1956 and disbanded on 1 March 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._543_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 543 Squadron RAF">No. 543 Squadron</a> – Reformed at Gaydon on 1 April 1955 in the strategic reconnaissance role and moved to Wyton on 18 November 1955. It received Victor Mk 1s to replace its grounded Valiants in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halley80_p315-123">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._232_Operational_Conversion_Unit_RAF" title="No. 232 Operational Conversion Unit RAF">No. 232 Operational Conversion Unit RAF</a> – Formed at Gaydon 21 February 1955 to train Valiant flight crews, with Victor training added in 1957. The Valiant equipped B flight disbanded in February 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._1321_(Valiant/Blue_Danube_Trials)_Flight" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 1321 (Valiant/Blue Danube Trials) Flight">No. 1321 (Valiant/Blue Danube Trials) Flight</a><a href="#cite_note-Osprey_p34-5-124">[118]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents_and_incidents">Accidents and incidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Accidents and incidents">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>12 January 1952; the first Valiant prototype WB210 crashed near Bransgore following a midair fire.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a></li> <li>29 July 1955; Valiant B1 WP222 of <a href="/wiki/No._138_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 138 Squadron RAF">No. 138 Squadron</a> crashed on takeoff at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wittering" title="RAF Wittering">RAF Wittering</a> following aileron malfunction, killing all four crew.<a href="#cite_note-WA100-95-126">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-times53289-127">[121]</a></li> <li>11 May 1956; Valiant B1 WP202 of the Royal Aircraft Establishment lost control and crashed attempting to land at Southwick Recreation Ground, near Hove in Sussex.<a href="#cite_note-WA100-95-126">[120]</a></li> <li>13 September 1957: Valiant B(PR)K1 WZ398 of <a href="/wiki/No._543_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 543 Squadron RAF">No. 543 Squadron</a> caught fire in a hangar at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wyton" title="RAF Wyton">RAF Wyton</a>, not repaired.<a href="#cite_note-WA100-128-128">[122]</a></li> <li>11 September 1959: Valiant BK1 XD869 of <a href="/wiki/No._214_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 214 Squadron RAF">No. 214 Squadron</a> flew into the ground after a night takeoff from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Marham" title="RAF Marham">RAF Marham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-XA100-20-129">[123]</a></li> <li>12 August 1960: Valiant BK1 XD864 of <a href="/wiki/No._7_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 7 Squadron RAF">No. 7 Squadron</a> nosewheel failed to retract on takeoff from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wittering" title="RAF Wittering">RAF Wittering</a>, while sorting it out the aircraft stalled and crashed into the ground at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Spanhoe" title="RAF Spanhoe">RAF Spanhoe</a> disused airfield.<a href="#cite_note-XA100-20-129">[123]</a></li> <li>11 July 1961: Valiant B1 WP205 of the Aircraft and Armament Experimental Establishment overshot runway and hit control caravan at Boscombe Down.<a href="#cite_note-WA100-95-126">[120]</a></li> <li>3 November 1961: Valiant B(PR)K1 WZ399 of <a href="/wiki/No._543_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 543 Squadron RAF">No. 543 Squadron</a> abandoned takeoff at <a href="/wiki/Offutt_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Offutt AFB">Offutt AFB</a>, Nebraska, United States, caught fire after overshooting runway onto a railway line.<a href="#cite_note-WA100-128-128">[122]</a></li> <li>14 March 1961 Valiant B. 1 WP200 at RRFU Pershore, failed to complete takeoff, written off.<a href="#cite_note-WA100-95-126">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a></li> <li>6 May 1964: Valiant B1 WZ363 of <a href="/wiki/No._148_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 148 Squadron RAF">No. 148 Squadron</a> (although a 148 Sqn aircraft, it was on loan to, and crewed by, members of 207 Sqn) dived into the ground at night at <a href="/wiki/Market_Rasen" title="Market Rasen">Market Rasen</a>, Lincolnshire.<a href="#cite_note-WA100-128-128">[122]</a></li> <li>23 May 1964: Valiant B(PR)K1 WZ396 of <a href="/wiki/No._543_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 543 Squadron RAF">No. 543 Squadron</a> landed on foam with landing gear problems at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Manston" title="RAF Manston">RAF Manston</a>, not repaired.<a href="#cite_note-WA100-128-128">[122]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_aircraft">Surviving aircraft</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Surviving aircraft">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivaliant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wikivaliant.jpg/220px-Wikivaliant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wikivaliant.jpg/330px-Wikivaliant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wikivaliant.jpg/440px-Wikivaliant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Vickers Valiant B1 XD818, flown by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hubbard" title="Kenneth Hubbard">Kenneth Hubbard</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grapple" title="Operation Grapple">Operation Grapple</a> – <a href="/wiki/RAF_Museum_Cosford" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Museum Cosford">RAF Museum Cosford</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Vickers Valiant B1 XD818 – <a href="/wiki/RAF_Museum_Cosford" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Museum Cosford">RAF Museum Cosford</a>, on display with the other two <a href="/wiki/V_bomber" title="V bomber">V bombers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Handley-Page_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Handley-Page Victor">Victor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Vulcan</a> in the National Cold War Exhibition. This is the only fully intact example in existence, and so Cosford is the only place where an example of all three V bombers can be seen together.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a></li> <li>Cockpit sections surviving comprise XD816 at <a href="/wiki/Brooklands_Museum" title="Brooklands Museum">Brooklands Museum</a> in Surrey<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> and XD875 at <a href="/wiki/Morayvia" title="Morayvia">Morayvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Kinloss" title="RAF Kinloss">Kinloss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> A third surviving section is the cockpit of XD826 which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum_Duxford" title="Imperial War Museum Duxford">Imperial War Museum Duxford</a> in Cambridgeshire<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> and the flight deck of XD857 is displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_and_Suffolk_Aviation_Museum" title="Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum">Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum</a> at Flixton, Suffolk.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(Valiant_B.1)">Specifications (Valiant B.1)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Specifications (Valiant B.1)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Valiant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vickers_Valiant.svg/220px-Vickers_Valiant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vickers_Valiant.svg/330px-Vickers_Valiant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vickers_Valiant.svg/440px-Vickers_Valiant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Data from Vickers Aircraft since 1908,<a href="#cite_note-Andrews_vickers_p450-136">[130]</a> Jet Bombers<a href="#cite_note-bomber_80-137">[131]</a>General characteristics <ul><li>Crew: five – two pilots, two navigators (one navigator plotter + one navigator radar), air electronics officer</li> <li>Length: 108 ft 3 in (32.99 m)</li> <li>Wingspan: 114 ft 4 in (34.85 m)</li> <li>Height: 32 ft 2 in (9.80 m)</li> <li>Wing area: 2,362 sq ft (219.4 m2)</li> <li>Empty weight: 75,881 lb (34,419 kg)</li> <li>Max takeoff weight: 140,000 lb (63,503 kg)</li> <li>Powerplant: 4 × <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Avon" title="Rolls-Royce Avon">Rolls-Royce Avon</a> RA28 Mk 204 <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojets</a>, 10,000 lbf (44 kN) thrust each</li></ul> Performance <ul><li>Maximum speed: 567 mph (912 km/h, 493 kn) at 30,000 ft (9,100 m)</li> <li>Range: 4,500 mi (7,200 km, 3,900 nmi) with underwing tanks</li> <li>Service ceiling: 54,000 ft (16,000 m)</li> <li>Rate of climb: 4,000 ft/min (20 m/s)</li></ul> Armament <ul><li>Bombs: ** 1 × 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) <a href="/wiki/Blue_Danube_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Blue Danube (nuclear weapon)">Blue Danube</a> nuclear bomb <a href="#cite_note-Mason_bomber_p379-138">[132]</a> or <ul><li>1 × <a href="/wiki/B28_nuclear_bomb" title="B28 nuclear bomb">B28 nuclear bomb</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> or</li> <li>21 × 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:UK">UK portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></li></ul> Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">Boeing B-47 Stratojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor" title="Handley Page Victor">Handley Page Victor</a></li></ul> Related lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force">List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_V_Bomber_dispersal_bases" title="List of V Bomber dispersal bases">List of V Bomber dispersal bases</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The rapid development of aircraft during World War II led to a demand for very high strength aluminium alloy, especially for use in highly loaded tension and compression members. One result was a zinc/magnesium based alloy given the identification DTD 683. It was ideal for such applications as wing spar caps providing, as was the case with wartime operations, the life of the aircraft was short. Use in early post-War transport aircraft showed that DTD 683 was very crack-sensitive and hence prone to fatigue failure. In many cases it had to be replaced by steel components. DTD 683 is an example of a material developed to meet a particular need, but whose wider characteristics were not investigated until too late. D.Howe 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Traditionally, RAF bombers had been named after towns and cities, for example Lancaster, <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Halifax</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">Canberra</a>, but new jet aircraft technology reflected a new tradition. The name also fitted in with a tradition of alliteration in aircraft names. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Vickers had proposed the installation of a pair of 20 mm <a href="/wiki/Revolver_cannon" title="Revolver cannon">cannon</a> in the tailcone; this concept was never taken beyond the drawing stage.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_78-34">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Structural Changes Caused by Plastic Strain and by fatigue in Aluminium-Zinc-Magnesium-Copper Alloys Corresponding to DTD.683 (Broom and Mezza) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> The Valiants had not yet been fitted with their operational Navigational and Bombing System (NBS) and were using Second World War bomb-aiming techniques. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> XD818 was also the aircraft which had dropped nuclear weapons during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grapple" title="Operation Grapple">Operation Grapple</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-black_wright_33-1"><a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_33_1-0">^</a> Blackman and Wright 2015, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turpin_p._71-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turpin_p._71_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turpin_p._71_3-1">b</a> Turpin 2002, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> McLelland 2013, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-flint_131-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flint_131_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flint_131_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flint_131_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flint_131_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flint_131_5-4">e</a> Flintham 2008, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose_52-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_52_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_52_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_52_6-2">c</a> Rosemeyer 2009, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-Aero_Aug80_p397-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aero_Aug80_p397_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aero_Aug80_p397_7-1">b</a> Burnet and Morgan Aeroplane Monthly August 1980, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141124185209/http://aerocinema.com/product/the-lost-v-bomber-2.html">"Aerocinema-The Lost V Bomber"</a>. aerocinema.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerocinema.com/product/the-lost-v-bomber-2.html">the original</a> on 24 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aerocinema.com&rft.atitle=Aerocinema-The+Lost+V+Bomber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerocinema.com%2Fproduct%2Fthe-lost-v-bomber-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Valiant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_72-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_72_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_72_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_72_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_72_9-3">d</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_72_73-10"><a href="#cite_ref-bomber_72_73_10-0">^</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_73-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_73_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_73_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_73_11-2">c</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-black_wright_17-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_17_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_17_12-1">b</a> Blackman and Wright 2015, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Downey 1985, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Gardner 2006, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Rosemeyer 2009, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p438-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_Vickers_p438_16-0">^</a> Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 438. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p439-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_Vickers_p439_17-0">^</a> Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turpin_p._72-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Turpin_p._72_18-0">^</a> Turpin 2002, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-black_wright_10-19"><a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_10_19-0">^</a> Blackman and Wright 2015, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> McLelland 2013, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_p31,3-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_p31,3_22-0">^</a> Jones 2007, pp. 31, 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Andrews 1965, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Flight_p13-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Flight_p13_24-0">^</a> Flight 4 July 1958, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Blackman and Wright 2015, pp. 11–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p440-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_Vickers_p440_26-0">^</a> Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 440. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turpin_p74-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Turpin_p74_27-0">^</a> Turpin 2002, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_p34-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_p34_28-0">^</a> Jones 2007, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_p26-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_p26_29-0">^</a> Jones 2007, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_77_78-30"><a href="#cite_ref-bomber_77_78_30-0">^</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_p32,6-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_p32,6_31-0">^</a> Jones 2007, pp. 32, 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-AndrewsVickers_p445-32"><a href="#cite_ref-AndrewsVickers_p445_32-0">^</a> Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_77-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_77_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_77_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_77_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_77_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_77_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_77_33-5">f</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_78-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_78_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_78_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_78_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_78_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_78_34-4">e</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Trubshaw and Edmondson 1998, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_p36-7-36"><a 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id="cite_note-black_wright_19_20-43"><a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_19_20_43-0">^</a> Blackman and Wright 2015, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-black_wright_24_26-44"><a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_24_26_44-0">^</a> Blackman and Wright 2015, pp. 24–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-flint_133-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flint_133_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flint_133_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flint_133_45-2">c</a> Flintham 2008, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> From Bouncing Bombs To Concorde-The Authorised Biography Of Aviation Pioneer Sir George Edwards OM,Robert Gardner 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7509%2B4389%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/0+7509+4389+0">0 7509 4389 0</a>, p.85 </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_75-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_75_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_75_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_75_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_75_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_75_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_75_47-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_75_47-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_75_47-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_75_47-8">i</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p449-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_Vickers_p449_48-0">^</a> Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 449. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p442-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_Vickers_p442_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_Vickers_p442_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_Vickers_p442_49-2">c</a> Andrews and Morgan, p. 442. </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_73_74-50"><a href="#cite_ref-bomber_73_74_50-0">^</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barfield_p158-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barfield_p158_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barfield_p158_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barfield_p158_51-2">c</a> Barfield Air International September 1992, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Patent Specification 631,785, Improvements in Aeroplane Wing Formation", Elfyn John Richards, Application Date Nov. 25,1947 </li> <li id="cite_note-Aero_Aug80_p398-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Aero_Aug80_p398_53-0">^</a> Burnet and Morgan Aeroplane Monthly August 1980, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_74-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_74_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_74_54-1">b</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-Profile_p16-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Profile_p16_55-0">^</a> Andrews 1966, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-black_wright_17_18-56"><a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_17_18_56-0">^</a> Blackman and Wright 2015, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_76-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_76_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_76_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_76_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_76_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_76_58-4">e</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Gunston 1973, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-darling_41-60"><a href="#cite_ref-darling_41_60-0">^</a> Darling 2012, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-black_wright_28-61"><a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_28_61-0">^</a> Blackman and Wright 2015, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turpin_p79-0-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Turpin_p79-0_64-0">^</a> Turpin 2002, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-darling_39-65"><a href="#cite_ref-darling_39_65-0">^</a> Darling 2012, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Flight_p19-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flight_p19_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flight_p19_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flight_p19_66-2">c</a> Flight 4 July 1958, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-black_wright_18-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_18_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_18_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_18_67-2">c</a> Blackman and Wright 2015, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_76_77-68"><a href="#cite_ref-bomber_76_77_68-0">^</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turpin_p78-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Turpin_p78_69-0">^</a> Turpin 2002, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-Flight_p18-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Flight_p18_70-0">^</a> Flight 4 July 1958, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Flight 14 December 1951, p. 756. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Flight 17 July 1953, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Brookes 2012, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> The Journal of the Institute of Metals (JIM), Vol. 86, No. 1790, 1957–1958. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Flight 6 April 1956, p. 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-black_wright_19-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_19_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_19_77-1">b</a> Blackman and Wright 2015, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_79-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_79_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_79_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_79_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_79_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_79_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomber_79_78-5">f</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-darling_40-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-darling_40_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-darling_40_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-darling_40_79-2">c</a> Darling 2012, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_p79-2-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_p79-2_80-0">^</a> Jones 2007, pp. 79–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-Osprey_p92-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p92_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p92_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p92_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p92_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p92_81-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p92_81-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p92_81-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p92_81-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p92_81-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p92_81-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p92_81-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p92_81-11">l</a> Brookes 2012, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Wynn, pp. 564-565. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Brian Trubshaw Test Pilot, Brian Trubshaw and Sally Edmondson, Sutton Publishing Limited 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7509%2B1838%2B1" title="Special:BookSources/0+7509+1838+1">0 7509 1838 1</a>, p.35 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason_Bomber_p378-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Mason_Bomber_p378_84-0">^</a> Mason 1994, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Blackman and Wright 2015, pp. 33–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-86"><a href="#cite_ref-RAF_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/collections/1994-1352-A-Valiant-XD818.pdf">"Individual History Vickers Valiant B (K) Mk.I XD818/7894M Museum Accession Number 1994/1352/A"</a> (PDF). Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 20 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Individual+History+Vickers+Valiant+B+%28K%29+Mk.I+XD818%2F7894M+Museum+Accession+Number+1994%2F1352%2FA&rft.pub=Royal+Air+Force+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafmuseum.org.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcollections%2F1994-1352-A-Valiant-XD818.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Valiant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Hubbard and Simmons 2008, pp. 61, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-hub_and_sim_157-88"><a href="#cite_ref-hub_and_sim_157_88-0">^</a> Hubbard and Simmons 2008, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-hub_and_sim_167-89"><a href="#cite_ref-hub_and_sim_167_89-0">^</a> Hubbard and Simmons 2008, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Bowman 2016, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-black_wright_42-91"><a href="#cite_ref-black_wright_42_91-0">^</a> Blackman and Wright 2015, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-darling_42-92"><a href="#cite_ref-darling_42_92-0">^</a> Darling 2012, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Bowman 2016, pp. 158, 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> McClelland, pp.175–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Brookes 1982, p. 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Tanner 2006, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Brookes 1982, pp. 141–142 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Wynn 1994, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Brookes 2012, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Morgan p. 66-68 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Valiant Units of the Cold War, Brookes p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/arc/cp/0521.pdf">"Fatigue Loadings in Flight-Loads in the Nose Undercarriage and Wing of a Valiant."</a> E.W. Wells, ARC C.P. No. 521. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Flight 17 May 1957, p. 651 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Properly to Test Book One "The Early Years",Noble 2003,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B9544507%2B1%2BX" title="Special:BookSources/0+9544507+1+X">0 9544507 1 X</a>,p.96 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Morgan p. 44 & p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Wynn p. 469. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Brookes, Victor Units of the Cold War, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-darling_39_40-109"><a href="#cite_ref-darling_39_40_109-0">^</a> Darling 2012, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Morgan, App 2, Individual Valiant Histories pp. 89–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Wynn 1996, p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Morgan App2, pp. 89–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wGNAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5895,4007485&dq=vickers+valiant&hl=en">"Valiants to be Scrapped."</a> Glasgow Herald, 27 January 1965. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Wynn 1996, pp. 464–471, 500. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1965/feb/01/royal-air-force-valiant-aircraft#column_725">"ROYAL AIR FORCE (VALIANT AIRCRAFT)"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>, vol. 705, cc723-7, 1 February 1965</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=ROYAL+AIR+FORCE+%28VALIANT+AIRCRAFT%29&rft.volume=705&rft.pages=cc723-7&rft.date=1965-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1965%2Ffeb%2F01%2Froyal-air-force-valiant-aircraft%23column_725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Valiant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> "V-Bombers" Barry Jones p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1965/1965%20-%200310.html">"End of the Valiants"</a>, Flight International, p. 184, 4 February 1965</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=End+of+the+Valiants&rft.pages=184&rft.date=1965-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1965%2F1965%2520-%25200310.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Valiant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Brookes 2012, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Air_Force_Museum-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Air_Force_Museum_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Air_Force_Museum_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/research/collections/vickers-valiant-b1/">"Vickers Valiant B1"</a>. Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 19 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vickers+Valiant+B1&rft.pub=Royal+Air+Force+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollections%2Fvickers-valiant-b1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Valiant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thunder_and_Lightnings-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thunder_and_Lightnings_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunder_and_Lightnings_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunder_and_Lightnings_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunder_and_Lightnings_121-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunder_and_Lightnings_121-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunder_and_Lightnings_121-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunder_and_Lightnings_121-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/valiant/history.php">"Vickers Valiant - History"</a>. thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk&rft.atitle=Vickers+Valiant+-+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk%2Fvaliant%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Valiant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halley80_p203-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Halley80_p203_122-0">^</a> Halley 1980, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-Halley80_p315-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Halley80_p315_123-0">^</a> Halley 1980, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-Osprey_p34-5-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Osprey_p34-5_124-0">^</a> Brookes 2012, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> "Sole British Jet Atom Bomber Crashes." New York Times, 13 January 1952. </li> <li id="cite_note-WA100-95-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WA100-95_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WA100-95_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WA100-95_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WA100-95_126-3">d</a> Halley 2003, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-times53289-127"><a href="#cite_ref-times53289_127-0">^</a> "Valiant Crash Inquest Verdict." The Times, Issue 53289, August 1955, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-WA100-128-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WA100-128_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WA100-128_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WA100-128_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WA100-128_128-3">d</a> Halley 2003, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-XA100-20-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-XA100-20_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-XA100-20_129-1">b</a> Halley 2001, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Morgan 1994, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/press_releases/cosford/60th_Anniversary_of_Valiants_First_Flight.pdf">"60th Anniversary of Valiant's First Flight."</a> Royal Air Force Museum, 17 May 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklandsmuseum.com/index.php?/explore/aircraft-gliders-cockpit-sections/">"Powered Aircraft, Gliders & Aircraft Cockpit Sections."</a> Brooklands Museum, Retrieved: 19 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morayvia.org.uk/exhibits">"Exhibits"</a> Morayvia, Retrieved: 20 July 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/events/conservation-in-action">"Valiant cockpit now part of the IWM."</a> Imperial War Museum, 18 December 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationmuseum.net/our_aircraft.htm">"Our Aircraft."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206184358/http://www.aviationmuseum.net/our_aircraft.htm">Archived</a> 6 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum, Retrieved: 19 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews_vickers_p450-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_vickers_p450_136-0">^</a> Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-bomber_80-137"><a href="#cite_ref-bomber_80_137-0">^</a> Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason_bomber_p379-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Mason_bomber_p379_138-0">^</a> Mason 1994, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> McLelland 2013, p. 101. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Andrews, C.F. The Vickers Valiant (Aircraft in profile no. 66). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1965.</li> <li>Andrews, C.F. and Eric B. Morgan. Vickers Aircraft since 1908. London: Putnam, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851778150" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851778150">978-0851778150</a> .</li> <li>Barfield, Norman. "Vickers Valiant: Precient programme management par excellence". <a href="/wiki/Air_International" title="Air International">Air International</a>, Vol. 43, No. 3, September 1992, pp. 153–161. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0306-5634">0306-5634</a>.</li> <li>Blackman, Tony and Anthony Wright. Valiant Boys: True Stories from the Operators of the UK's First Four-Jet Bomber. Grub Street Publishing, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-9106-9087-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-9106-9087-2">1-9106-9087-2</a>.</li> <li>Bowman, Martin. Cold War Jet Combat: Air-to-Air Jet Fighter Operations 1950–1972. Casemate Publishers, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4738-7463-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4738-7463-7">1-4738-7463-7</a>.</li> <li>Brookes, Andrew. Force V: The History of Britain's Airborne Deterrent. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-0238-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7106-0238-3">0-7106-0238-3</a>.</li> <li>Brookes, Andrew. Valiant Units of the Cold War (Osprey Combat Aircraft: 95). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908753-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908753-7">978-1-84908753-7</a>.</li> <li>Burnet, Charles and Eric B. Morgan. "The V-Bombers: Vickers Valiant, Part 1." <a href="/wiki/Aeroplane_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeroplane Monthly">Aeroplane Monthly</a>, Volume 8, No. 8, August 1980.</li> <li>Burnet, Charles and Eric B. Morgan. "The V-Bombers: Vickers Valiant, Part 2." Aeroplane Monthly, Volume 8, No. 9, September 1980.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtler1999" class="citation journal cs1">Buttler, Tony (January–February 1999). "Vital Bombers: Origins of the RAF's 'V-Bomber' Force". Air Enthusiast (79): 28–41. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Vital+Bombers%3A+Origins+of+the+RAF%27s+%27V-Bomber%27+Force&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=28-41&rft.date=1999-01%2F1999-02&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Buttler&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Valiant" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Darling, Kev. RAF Strike Command 1968 -2007: Aircraft, Men and Action, Casemate Publishers, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8488-4898-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-8488-4898-6">1-8488-4898-6</a>.</li> <li>Downey, Bob. V Bombers (Warbirds Illustrated No. 35). London: Arms and Armour Press, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85368-740-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85368-740-4">0-85368-740-4</a>.</li> <li>Ellis, Ken. Wrecks & Relics: 20th Edition. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-235-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85780-235-7">1-85780-235-7</a>.</li> <li>Flintham, Vic. High Stakes: Britain's Air Arms in Action 1945–1990. Pen and Sword, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8441-5815-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-8441-5815-2">1-8441-5815-2</a>.</li> <li>Gardner, Robert. From Bouncing Bombs To Concorde-The Authorised Biography Of Aviation Pioneer Sir George Edwards OM, Sutton Publishing, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7509%2B4389%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/0+7509+4389+0">0 7509 4389 0</a>.</li> <li>Gunston, Bill. Bombers of the West. London: Ian Allan Ltd., 1973, pp 38–53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0456-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-0456-0">0-7110-0456-0</a>.</li> <li>Gunston, Bill and Peter Gilchrist. Jet Bombers: From the Messerschmitt Me 262 to the Stealth B-2. Osprey, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-258-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-258-7">1-85532-258-7</a>.</li> <li>Halley, James. Royal Air Force Aircraft WA100 to WZ999. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Limited, 2003, First edition 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-321-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85130-321-8">0-85130-321-8</a>.</li> <li>Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-083-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85130-083-9">0-85130-083-9</a>.</li> <li>Hubbard, Kenneth and Michael Simmons. Dropping Britain s First H-Bomb: Story of Operation Grapple 1957. Pen and Sword, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-7834-0336-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-7834-0336-5">1-7834-0336-5</a>.</li> <li>Jackson, Robert. Modern Combat Aircraft: 11 – V-Bombers. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901945-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-901945-03-0">1-901945-03-0</a>.</li> <li>Jones, Barry. V-Bombers: Valiant, Vulcan and Victor. Ramsbury, Malborough, UK: The Crowood Press, Paperback edition, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-945-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-945-4">978-1-86126-945-4</a>.</li> <li>Laming, Tim. V-Bombers: Vulcan, Victor and Valiant – Britain's Airborne Nuclear Deterrent. London: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-529-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-529-2">978-1-85260-529-2</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1953/1953%20-%200935.html">"Light Alloys and Production Problems: Two Further Papers from the A.F.I.T.A. Congress."</a> Flight, 17 July 1953, pp. 91–93.</li> <li>Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-861-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-861-5">0-85177-861-5</a>.</li> <li>McBrearty, J. F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%200396.html">"Fail-Safe airframe design: The Lockheed philosophy: 'Fail-Safe' preferred to 'Safe Life'."</a> Flight, 6 April 1956, pp. 394–397.</li> <li>McLelland, Tim. Britain's Cold War Bombers. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Fonthill, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-052-6">978-1-78155-052-6</a>.</li> <li>Morgan, Eric B. Vickers Valiant: The First V-Bomber. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-134-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85780-134-2">1-85780-134-2</a>.</li> <li>Rosemeyer, Maurice Patrick. Adventure in the Air: Memoirs of a Flight Test Engineer. London, Ontario, Canada: Insomniac Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-926582-14-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-926582-14-4">1-926582-14-4</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1951/1951%20-%202503.html">"Structural Problems – and Some Suggested Solutions: a Digest of Mr H. H. Gardiner's R.Ae.S Lecture."</a> Flight, 14 December 1951, pp. 756–758.</li> <li>Tanner, Richard. History of Air-To-Air Refuelling. Pen and Sword, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8441-5272-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-8441-5272-3">1-8441-5272-3</a>.</li> <li>Trubshaw, Brian and Edmonson, Sally. Brian Trubshaw: Test Pilot. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-1838-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-1838-1">0-7509-1838-1</a>.</li> <li>Turpin, Brian. "Database: Vickers Valiant." Aeroplane, Volume 30, No. 2, Issue 346, February 2002.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1958/1958-1-%20-%200011.html">"Valiant: Last of the Vickers Bombers?"</a> <a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight</a>, 4 July 1958, pp. 13–20.</li> <li>Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2000. 1-875671-50-1.</li> <li>Wynn, Humphrey. RAF Nuclear Deterrent Forces. London: The Stationery Office. 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-772833-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-772833-0">0-11-772833-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Valiant&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 22%; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFC2aaY2rdc">Newsreel footage of Valiant following 1955 Speed Record</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCbzOQwJfd4">Footage and Description of the Valiant B2</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pLQD-LuCho">Period footage of RAF Valiant operations</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tbn5hulJCNM">High Encounter</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vickers_Valiant" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vickers Valiant">Vickers Valiant</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/collections/vickers-valiant-b1/">RAF Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/valiant/history.html">Valiant History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Vickers_aircraft" title="Template:Vickers aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vickers_aircraft" title="Template talk:Vickers aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vickers_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vickers aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vickers_and_Vickers-Armstrongs_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Limited" title="Vickers Limited">Vickers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs" title="Vickers-Armstrongs">Vickers-Armstrongs</a> aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type numbers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant_(1920)" title="Vickers Vigilant (1920)">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vimy" title="Vickers Vimy">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">58—60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_170_Vanguard" title="Vickers Type 170 Vanguard">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vimy" title="Vickers Vimy">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_170_Vanguard" title="Vickers Type 170 Vanguard">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">83—85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viget" title="Vickers Viget">89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valparaiso" title="Vickers Valparaiso">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valparaiso" title="Vickers Valparaiso">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Venture" title="Vickers Venture">94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vagabond" title="Vickers Vagabond">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_170_Vanguard" title="Vickers Type 170 Vanguard">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valparaiso" title="Vickers Valparaiso">118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vendace" title="Vickers Vendace">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wibault" title="Vickers Wibault">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_123" title="Vickers Type 123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vireo" title="Vickers Vireo">125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_127" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers Type 127">127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_131_Valiant" title="Vickers 131 Valiant">131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vendace" title="Vickers Vendace">133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">138</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_123" title="Vickers Type 123">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_143" title="Vickers Type 143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_131_Valiant" title="Vickers 131 Valiant">147</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanox" title="Vickers Vanox">150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Jockey" title="Vickers Jockey">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vendace" title="Vickers Vendace">155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vendace" title="Vickers Vendace">157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_161" title="Vickers Type 161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_161" title="Vickers Type 161">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_163" title="Vickers Type 163">163</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valparaiso" title="Vickers Valparaiso">168</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_170_Vanguard" title="Vickers Type 170 Vanguard">170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Jockey" title="Vickers Jockey">171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_143" title="Vickers Type 143">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanox" title="Vickers Vanox">195</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Jockey" title="Vickers Jockey">196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_207" title="Vickers Type 207">207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">209</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanox" title="Vickers Vanox">225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">227</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_C.26/31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers C.26/31 (page does not exist)">230</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_C.26/31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers C.26/31 (page does not exist)">231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">246</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_B9/32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers B9/32 (page does not exist)">249</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_253" title="Vickers Type 253">253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanox" title="Vickers Vanox">255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_264_Valentia" title="Vickers Type 264 Valentia">263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_264_Valentia" title="Vickers Type 264 Valentia">264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">277</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Venom" title="Vickers Venom">279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_264_Valentia" title="Vickers Type 264 Valentia">283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">285</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">287</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">290</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">292</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_B.12/36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers B.12/36 (page does not exist)">293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">295</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">298</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">299</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_B.1/35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers B.1/35 (page does not exist)">400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">402</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">403</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_B.1/39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers B.1/39 (page does not exist)">405</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">406—410</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_432" title="Vickers Type 432">414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">416—419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_432" title="Vickers Type 432">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">424</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">428—431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_432" title="Vickers Type 432">432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">433</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">435—443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_432" title="Vickers Type 432">446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">447</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">453</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">456</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">457</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">458</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">459</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">462</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">465</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">466</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">469</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">470</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">471</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">473</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">475</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">478</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">481</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">493</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_559" title="Vickers Type 559">559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">579</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Type_581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers Type 581 (page does not exist)">581</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_SST&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers SST (page does not exist)">586</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_SST&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers SST (page does not exist)">587</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">604</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">610</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">614—618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">620—628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">630</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">635</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">639</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">641—646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">650</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">654</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">659</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">664</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">668</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">672—674</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">700—703</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">705</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">708</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">709</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB.109T" title="UB.109T">711</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB.109T" title="UB.109T">715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_V-1000" title="Vickers V-1000">716</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">721</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB.109T" title="UB.109T">725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">730—732</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">734—742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">744—745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">747—749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">754—757</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">759—798</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_OR.323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers OR.323 (page does not exist)">799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">800—843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dean" title="Red Dean">888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant" title="Vickers Vigilant">889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant" title="Vickers Vigilant">891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant" title="Vickers Vigilant">894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant" title="Vickers Vigilant">897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">950—953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_V-1000" title="Vickers V-1000">1000—1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1100—1106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1109—1112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1150—1154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1400</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Hydravion" title="Vickers Hydravion">Hydravion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-tractor_sledge" title="Air-tractor sledge">Monoplane No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Tractor_Biplane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers Tractor Biplane (page does not exist)">Tractor Biplane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Tractor_Scout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers Tractor Scout (page does not exist)">Tractor Scout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">Merchantman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_OR.323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers OR.323 (page does not exist)">OR.323 Car Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">Nene Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Swallow" title="Vickers Swallow">Swallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Tay Viscount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vagabond" title="Vickers Vagabond">Vagabond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_170_Vanguard" title="Vickers Type 170 Vanguard">Vanguard (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">Vanguard (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">VC.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">VC.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">VC.3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_VC.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers VC.4 (page does not exist)">VC.4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_VC.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers VC.5 (page does not exist)">VC.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_VC.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers VC.6 (page does not exist)">VC.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_V-1000" title="Vickers V-1000">VC.7/V-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_VC.8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers VC.8 (page does not exist)">VC.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">VC.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">VC.10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">VC.11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_VC.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers VC.12 (page does not exist)">VC.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">Vellox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">Viastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viget" title="Vickers Viget">Viget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">Viking (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">Viking (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vimy" title="Vickers Vimy">Vimy Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Viscount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">Vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMA_No._1" title="HMA No. 1">HM Airship No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._9r" title="No. 9r">HM Airship No. 9r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R80_(airship)" title="R80 (airship)">R80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R100" title="R100">R100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st World War Fighting Biplanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_E.F.B.1" title="Vickers E.F.B.1">E.F.B.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">E.F.B.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">E.F.B.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">E.F.B.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">F.B.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">F.B.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_E.F.B.7" title="Vickers E.F.B.7">E.F.B.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_E.F.B.8" title="Vickers E.F.B.8">E.F.B.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">F.B.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.11" title="Vickers F.B.11">F.B.11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.12" title="Vickers F.B.12">F.B.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.14" title="Vickers F.B.14">F.B.14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.16" title="Vickers F.B.16">F.B.16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.19" title="Vickers F.B.19">F.B.19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.25" title="Vickers F.B.25">F.B.23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.24" title="Vickers F.B.24">F.B.24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.25" title="Vickers F.B.25">F.B.25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vampire" title="Vickers Vampire">F.B.26 Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vimy" title="Vickers Vimy">F.B.27 Vimy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_123" title="Vickers Type 123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_123" title="Vickers Type 123">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_143" title="Vickers Type 143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Jockey" title="Vickers Jockey">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_161" title="Vickers Type 161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_161" title="Vickers Type 161">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_143" title="Vickers Type 143">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Venom" title="Vickers Venom">279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_432" title="Vickers Type 432">432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_143" title="Vickers Type 143">Bolivian Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.19" title="Vickers F.B.19">Bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_161" title="Vickers Type 161">C.O.W. Gun Fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_E.S.1" title="Vickers E.S.1">E.S.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_E.S.1" title="Vickers E.S.1">E.S.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">Gunbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.16" title="Vickers F.B.16">Hart Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Jockey" title="Vickers Jockey">Jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valparaiso" title="Vickers Valparaiso">Valparaiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vampire" title="Vickers Vampire">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Venom" title="Vickers Venom">Venom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vireo" title="Vickers Vireo">Vireo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wibault" title="Vickers Wibault">Wibault Scout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombers, GP and reconnaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_163" title="Vickers Type 163">163</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_207" title="Vickers Type 207">207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_253" title="Vickers Type 253">253</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Type_581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers Type 581 (page does not exist)">581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Bomber" title="Victory Bomber">Bomber scheme C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valentia" title="Vickers Valentia">Valentia (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_131_Valiant" title="Vickers 131 Valiant">Valiant (1927)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valiant (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">Vanellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanox" title="Vickers Vanox">Vanox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Venture" title="Vickers Venture">Venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">Vespa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Bomber" title="Victory Bomber">Victory Bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant_(1920)" title="Vickers Vigilant (1920)">Vigilant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">Viking (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">Vildebeest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vimy" title="Vickers Vimy">Vimy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">Vivid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">Vixen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">Vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military Transports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_264_Valentia" title="Vickers Type 264 Valentia">Valentia (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">Valetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vernon" title="Vickers Vernon">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">Varsity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vendace" title="Vickers Vendace">Vendace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VIM" title="Vickers VIM">Vickers Instructional Machine (VIM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_aircraft_manufactured_in_Britain_since_the_Second_World_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_military_aircraft_since_World_War_II" title="Template:British military aircraft since World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_military_aircraft_since_World_War_II" title="Template talk:British military aircraft since World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_military_aircraft_since_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British military aircraft since World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_aircraft_manufactured_in_Britain_since_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">Military aircraft</a> manufactured in Britain since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Hornet" title="De Havilland Hornet">de Havilland Hornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">de Havilland Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Venom" title="De Havilland Venom">de Havilland Venom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">English Electric Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloster_Javelin" title="Gloster Javelin">Gloster Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_ADV" title="Panavia Tornado ADV">Panavia Tornado ADV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Swift" title="Supermarine Swift">Supermarine Swift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">Naval</a> fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier" title="British Aerospace Sea Harrier">BAE Sea Harrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Hornet" title="De Havilland Hornet">de Havilland Sea Hornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">de Havilland Sea Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Sea_Venom" title="De Havilland Sea Venom">de Havilland Sea Venom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Sea_Vixen" title="De Havilland Sea Vixen">de Havilland Sea Vixen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Fury" title="Hawker Sea Fury">Hawker Sea Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Hawk" title="Hawker Sea Hawk">Hawker Sea Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Attacker" title="Supermarine Attacker">Supermarine Attacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Scimitar" title="Supermarine Scimitar">Supermarine Scimitar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdictor" title="Interdictor">Strike</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ground_attack_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground attack aircraft">ground attack</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Strikemaster" title="BAC Strikemaster">BAC Strikemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Harrier_II" title="British Aerospace Harrier II">BAE Harrier II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Blackburn Buccaneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Brigand" title="Bristol Brigand">Bristol Brigand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">Hawker Siddeley Harrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado IDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">SEPECAT Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Wyvern" title="Westland Wyvern">Westland Wyvern (naval)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lincoln" title="Avro Lincoln">Avro Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">English Electric Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor" title="Handley Page Victor">Handley Page Victor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vickers Valiant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">Maritime patrol</a> / anti-submarine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Shackleton" title="Avro Shackleton">Avro Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Firefly" title="Fairey Firefly">Fairey Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Gannet" title="Fairey Gannet">Fairey Gannet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod" title="Hawker Siddeley Nimrod">Hawker Siddeley Nimrod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainer (aircraft)">Trainers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Anson" title="Avro Anson">Avro Anson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Athena" title="Avro Athena">Avro Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Jet_Provost" title="BAC Jet Provost">BAC Jet Provost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Hawk" title="BAE Systems Hawk">BAE Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Balliol" title="Boulton Paul Balliol">Boulton Paul Balliol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-1_Chipmunk" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk">de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folland_Gnat" title="Folland Gnat">Folland Gnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Jetstream" title="Handley Page Jetstream">Handley Page Jetstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Jetstream" title="British Aerospace Jetstream">British Aerospace Jetstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Provost" title="Percival Provost">Percival Provost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Prince" title="Percival Prince">Percival Prince</a>/Sea Prince</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Tucano" title="Short Tucano">Short Tucano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">Vickers Varsity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototype and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_A.W.52" title="Armstrong Whitworth A.W.52">Armstrong Whitworth A.W.52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_707" title="Avro 707">Avro 707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">BAC TSR-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_EAP" title="British Aerospace EAP">BAe EAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Firecrest" title="Blackburn Firecrest">Blackburn Firecrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul_P.111" title="Boulton Paul P.111">Boulton Paul P.111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul_P.120" title="Boulton Paul P.120">Boulton Paul P.120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_188" title="Bristol 188">Bristol 188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cierva_Air_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cierva Air Horse">Cierva Air Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Delta_1" title="Fairey Delta 1">Fairey Delta 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Delta_2" title="Fairey Delta 2">Fairey Delta 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Ultra-light_Helicopter" title="Fairey Ultra-light Helicopter">Fairey Ultra-light Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folland_Midge" title="Folland Midge">Folland Midge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_HP.88" title="Handley Page HP.88">Handley Page HP.88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_HP.115" title="Handley Page HP.115">Handley Page HP.115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_P.1052" title="Hawker P.1052">Hawker P.1052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_P.1072" title="Hawker P.1072">Hawker P.1072</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_P.1127" title="Hawker Siddeley P.1127">Hawker Siddeley P.1127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heston_JC.6" title="Heston JC.6">Heston JC.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_H.126" title="Hunting H.126">Hunting H.126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Thrust_Measuring_Rig" title="Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig">Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_P.531" title="Saro P.531">Saro P.531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe_SR.A/1" title="Saunders-Roe SR.A/1">Saunders-Roe SR.A/1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe_SR.53" title="Saunders-Roe SR.53">Saunders-Roe SR.53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Seamew" title="Short Seamew">Short Seamew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_SB.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Short SB.3">Short SB.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_SB.5" title="Short SB.5">Short SB.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_SC.1" title="Short SC.1">Short SC.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Sperrin" title="Short Sperrin">Short Sperrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slingsby_T.53" title="Slingsby T.53">Slingsby T.53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_508" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermarine 508">Supermarine 508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_545" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermarine 545">Supermarine 545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Seagull_(1948)" title="Supermarine Seagull (1948)">Supermarine Seagull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngman-Baynes_High_Lift" title="Youngman-Baynes High Lift">Youngman-Baynes High Lift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_AW.660_Argosy" title="Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy">Armstrong Whitworth Argosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auster_AOP.6" title="Auster AOP.6">Auster AOP.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auster_AOP.9" title="Auster AOP.9">Auster AOP.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_B.206" title="Beagle B.206">Beagle Basset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Beverley" title="Blackburn Beverley">Blackburn Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hastings" title="Handley Page Hastings">Handley Page Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Andover" title="Hawker Siddeley Andover">Hawker Siddeley Andover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Pembroke" title="Percival Pembroke">Percival Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Aviation_Pioneer" title="Scottish Aviation Pioneer">Scottish Aviation Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Aviation_Twin_Pioneer" title="Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer">Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Belfast" title="Short Belfast">Short Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">Vickers Valetta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">Helicopters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_Apache" title="AgustaWestland Apache">AgustaWestland Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101" title="AgustaWestland AW101">AgustaWestland Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Belvedere" title="Bristol Belvedere">Bristol Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Sycamore" title="Bristol Sycamore">Bristol Sycamore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe_Skeeter" title="Saunders-Roe Skeeter">Saro Skeeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Sea_King" title="Westland Sea King">Westland Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_WS-51_Dragonfly" title="Westland WS-51 Dragonfly">Westland Dragonfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Westland Gazelle">Westland Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Lynx" title="Westland Lynx">Westland Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Scout" title="Westland Scout">Westland Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Sea_King" title="Westland Sea King">Westland Sea King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Wasp" title="Westland Wasp">Westland Wasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Wessex" title="Westland Wessex">Westland Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Whirlwind_(helicopter)" title="Westland Whirlwind (helicopter)">Westland Whirlwind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">Gliders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EoN_Eton" class="mw-redirect" title="EoN Eton">EoN Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slingsby_Cadet" title="Slingsby Cadet">Slingsby Cadet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slingsby_Grasshopper" title="Slingsby Grasshopper">Slingsby Grasshopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slingsby_Prefect" title="Slingsby Prefect">Slingsby Prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slingsby_Sedbergh" class="mw-redirect" title="Slingsby Sedbergh">Slingsby Sedbergh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Strategic_nuclear_weapon_systems_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strategic_nuclear_weapon_systems_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Strategic nuclear weapon systems of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strategic_nuclear_weapon_systems_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Strategic nuclear weapon systems of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic_nuclear_weapon_systems_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic nuclear weapon systems of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strategic_nuclear_weapon_systems_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Strategic nuclear weapon systems of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_strategic_nuclear_weapon_systems_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Timeline of strategic nuclear weapon systems of the United Kingdom">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/V_bomber" title="V bomber">V bomber force</a> (1955–1993)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vickers Valiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor" title="Handley Page Victor">Handley Page Victor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">missiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Steel_(missile)" title="Blue Steel (missile)">Blue Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-87_Skybolt" title="GAM-87 Skybolt">Skybolt</a> (cancelled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">bomb casings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Danube_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Blue Danube (nuclear weapon)">Blue Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Beard_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Red Beard (nuclear weapon)">Red Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sun_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Yellow Sun (nuclear weapon)">Yellow Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WE.177" title="WE.177">WE.177</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">warheads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Danube_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Blue Danube (nuclear weapon)">Mk.1 atom bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Club" title="Violet Club">Violet Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Herald" title="Orange Herald">Orange Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bamboo" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Bamboo">Green Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Grass_(nuclear_warhead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Grass (nuclear warhead)">Green Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Snow" title="Red Snow">Red Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WE.177" title="WE.177">WE.177</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Streak_(missile)" title="Blue Streak (missile)">Blue Streak</a> (1960, cancelled)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">launch site</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile Test Centre, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Spadeadam" title="RAF Spadeadam">RAF Spadeadam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">warheads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Snow" title="Red Snow">Ulysses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polaris_(UK_nuclear_programme)" title="Polaris (UK nuclear programme)">Polaris</a> (1968–1996)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch platform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resolution-class_submarine" title="Resolution-class submarine">Resolution-class submarine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">missiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">Polaris A3T and A3TK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">warheads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ET.317" title="ET.317">ET.317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevaline" title="Chevaline">Chevaline upgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trident_(UK_nuclear_programme)" title="Trident (UK nuclear programme)">Trident</a> (1994–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">launch platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard-class_submarine" title="Vanguard-class submarine">Vanguard-class submarine</a> (1994–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought-class_submarine" title="Dreadnought-class submarine">Dreadnought-class submarine</a> (replacement)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">missile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UGM-133_Trident_II" title="UGM-133 Trident II">Trident II D5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cancelled projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Water_(missile)" title="Blue Water (missile)">Blue Water missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Peacock" title="Blue Peacock">Blue Peacock nuclear landmine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>part of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom">Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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