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<span>Greetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-figuration_and_"Painters_of_the_Sign""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Non-figuration and "Painters of the Sign"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-figuration_and_"Painters_of_the_Sign"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aouchem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aouchem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Aouchem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aouchem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naivety_and_expressionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naivety_and_expressionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Naivety and expressionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naivety_and_expressionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Algeria" title="Category:Algeria">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Culture of Algeria</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/250px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/330px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of Algeria (page does not exist)">Maritime history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Algeria" title="Military history of Algeria">Military history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Algeria">Economic history</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria" title="Ethnic groups in Algeria">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian arabic">Arabic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Gender roles</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Berber_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber mythology">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a> • <a href="/wiki/Farinata" title="Farinata">Karantita</a> • <a href="/wiki/Makroudh" title="Makroudh">Makroudh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Merguez" title="Merguez">Merguez</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pastilla" title="Pastilla">Pastilla</a> • <a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Wine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Algerian_cuisine" title="Category:Algerian cuisine"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Algeria" title="Public holidays in Algeria">Public holidays</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sahara_International_Film_Festival" title="Sahara International Film Festival">Sahara International Film Festival</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Algeria" title="Christianity in Algeria">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Algeria" title="Catholic Church in Algeria">Catholic Church</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Judaism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Algeria" title="Category:Religion in Algeria"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Algeria">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Algeria">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_writers" title="List of Algerian writers">Writers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Algerian_literature" title="Category:Algerian literature"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_nubah" title="Andalusi nubah">Andalusi nubah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Berber_music" title="Berber music">Berber music</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Chaabi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Algerian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian hip hop">Hip hop</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hofii" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofii">Hofii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nuubaat" title="Nuubaat">Nuubaat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zindalii" title="Zindalii">Zindalii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Algeria" title="Category:Music of Algeria"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Algeria">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Algeria" title="Television in Algeria">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Cinema</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_films" title="List of Algerian films">Films</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Algeria" title="List of newspapers in Algeria">Newspapers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Algeria" title="Category:Mass media in Algeria"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Algeria" title="Sport in Algeria">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeria national basketball team">Basketball (national team)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Algeria" title="Football in Algeria">Football</a> • <a href="/wiki/Algeria_at_the_Olympics" title="Algeria at the Olympics">Olympics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Algeria_national_rugby_union_team" title="Algeria national rugby union team">Rugby union (national team)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Algeria_Davis_Cup_team" title="Algeria Davis Cup team">Tennis (Davis Cup team)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Algeria_Fed_Cup_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeria Fed Cup team">Tennis (Fed Cup team)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Algeria" title="Category:Sport in Algeria"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Algeria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Algeria">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Madghacen" title="Madghacen">Madghacen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Algeria" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Algeria"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Algeria" title="Flag of Algeria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Algeria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Algeria">National anthem</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Algeria" title="Category:National symbols of Algeria"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Algeria" title="Template:Culture of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:Culture of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>culture of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></b> encompasses literature, music, religion, cuisine, and other facets of life in Algeria. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Couple_en_costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Couple_en_costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.jpg/250px-Couple_en_costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Couple_en_costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.jpg/330px-Couple_en_costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Couple_en_costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.jpg/440px-Couple_en_costumes_alg%C3%A9riens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Algerian traditional clothing</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Religion in Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algiers_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Algiers_mosque.jpg/250px-Algiers_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Algiers_mosque.jpg/330px-Algiers_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Algiers_mosque.jpg/500px-Algiers_mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in Algiers</figcaption></figure> <p>The state religion of Algeria is <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>. About 99% of the Algerian population are Muslims, specifically Sunni Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has Christian and Jewish minorities who make up less than 1% of the population. </p><p>Islam was introduced to Algeria with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a> in the 7th century. Under <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_rule_in_North_Africa" title="Umayyad rule in North Africa">Umayyad rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a> continued the program of spreading <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic language</a> through missionary activity and chose seventeen religious scholars to convert the locals. Many people became Muslims at the hands of these scholars and the inhabitants of the Maghreb gradually converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz</a> sent to the governor of Ifriqiya <a href="/wiki/Ismail_ibn_Abd_Allah_ibn_Abi_al-Muhajir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail ibn Abd Allah ibn Abi al-Muhajir">Ismail ibn Abdallah</a> all scholars and men of culture, who were ordered to teach the religion of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were distributed around the regions of the Maghreb. In less than one century, the great majority of Christians converted to Islam with 'great zeal that they sought martyrdom', and the final conversions took place in the first two centuries after the <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">hijrah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_migration_to_the_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab migration to the Maghreb">Arab migration to the Maghreb</a> consolidated this process. </p><p>Since independence after the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>, regimes have sought to develop an Islamic <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialist</a> state, and a cabinet-level ministry acts for the government in religious affairs. President <a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Houari Boumédiene</a> sought to increase Islamic awareness and to reduce Western influence, although the rights of non-Muslims continued to be respected.<sup id="cite_ref-islam_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greetings">Greetings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Greetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greetings in Algeria have been described as lengthy. In addition to handshaking, Algerians ask about health, family and work to show concerns for others. Friends and family also exchange kisses on the cheeks. Some Algerian men might avoid prolonged eye contact with women and avoid personal questions. These behaviors are observed out of respect and to maintain appropriate social manners.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Algerians uphold Arab traditions of hospitality, and are friendly and helpful.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Couscous-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Couscous-1.jpg/200px-Couscous-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Couscous-1.jpg/300px-Couscous-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Couscous-1.jpg/400px-Couscous-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: كسكس) with <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chickpeas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickpeas">chickpeas</a>, the national dish of Algeria</figcaption></figure> <p>Algerian cuisine features cooking styles and dishes derived from traditional <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh">Amazigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a>. The influence of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> cuisines can also be observed.<sup id="cite_ref-zadi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zadi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cuisine is flavorful, often featuring a blend of traditional Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chili_peppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chili peppers">chili peppers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zadi_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zadi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a> is a staple of the diet, often served with stews and other fare. Other popular Algeria dishes include <a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">doulma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakhchoukha" title="Chakhchoukha">chakhchoukha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chtitha" title="Chtitha">chtitha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dress">Dress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algerian clothing, influenced by the country's rich history and cultural heritage, varies among different regions and communities in Algeria. Traditional Algerian clothing is <a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Islamic custom</a>, although there are Algerians who adopted clothing based on Western style, especially in the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In urban areas, there is a mix of traditional clothing and increasingly common Western style clothing, whereas traditional clothing is much more common in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an Islamic country, Algeria has limits on dress code. Most Algerians follow Islamic dress codes, and foreigners are expected to show modesty, such as female visitors having to avoid exposing their shoulders, knees or chest.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most common traditional garments for both men and women in Algeria is <a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">djellaba</a>. The djellaba is a long, loose-fitting robe that typically reaches down to the ankles. It is made from various fabrics, such as cotton or wool. The djellaba usually has long sleeves and a hood, and it is often worn over other clothing. In rural areas, women often wear a traditional dress called <a href="/wiki/Haik_(garment)" title="Haik (garment)">haik</a>. The haik is a large rectangular piece of fabric, usually made of wool or cotton, which covers the body and is wrapped around the head as a hood. The haik is typically white, but it can also be found in other colors and patterns. It is of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusi</a> Arab origin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional dress for men in Algeria includes a loose-fitting shirt called <a href="/wiki/Gandoura" title="Gandoura">gandoura</a>. The gandoura is usually made of lightweight fabric and is worn over <a href="/wiki/Sirwal" title="Sirwal">sirwal</a>. Men also wear a variety of head coverings, such as turbans or <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">fez</a> hats. In urban areas and on special occasions, Algerians often wear modern Western-style clothing. However, traditional garments are still highly valued and are worn for cultural celebrations, religious events, and weddings. Other examples of traditional Algerian dress includes the <a href="/wiki/Qashabiya" title="Qashabiya">qashabiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">kaftan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karakou" title="Karakou">karakou</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s" title="Aurès">Aurès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures" title="Jewellery of the Berber cultures">Berber jewellery</a> made of silver, beads, and other items was an important component of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> identities up to the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Algeria">Literature of Algeria</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moufdi_zakaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Moufdi_zakaria.jpg/250px-Moufdi_zakaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Moufdi_zakaria.jpg/330px-Moufdi_zakaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moufdi_Zakaria" title="Moufdi Zakaria">Moufdi Zakaria</a>, a 1908-1977 <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Revolution">Algerian Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern Algerian literature, split between <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history. Well-known poets in modern Algeria are <a href="/wiki/Moufdi_Zakaria" title="Moufdi Zakaria">Moufdi Zakaria</a>, Mohammed Al Aid, <a href="/wiki/Achour_Fenni" title="Achour Fenni">Achour Fenni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amar_Meriech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amar Meriech (page does not exist)">Amar Meriech</a>, and Azrag Omar. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_writers" title="List of Algerian writers">Famous novelists</a> of the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Dib" title="Mohammed Dib">Mohammed Dib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kateb_Yacine" title="Kateb Yacine">Kateb Yacine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi" title="Ahlam Mosteghanemi">Ahlam Mosteghanemi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assia_Djebar" title="Assia Djebar">Assia Djebar</a>. Among the important novelists of the 1980s were <a href="/wiki/Rachid_Mimouni" title="Rachid Mimouni">Rachid Mimouni</a>, later vice-president of Amnesty International, and <a href="/wiki/Tahar_Djaout" title="Tahar Djaout">Tahar Djaout</a>, murdered by an <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> group in 1993 for his secularist views.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In philosophy and the humanities, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstruction</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/El_Biar" title="El Biar">El Biar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malek_Bennabi" title="Malek Bennabi">Malek Bennabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> are known for their writings on <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Tagaste" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagaste">Tagaste</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Souk_Ahras" title="Souk Ahras">Souk Ahras</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, though born in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, wrote the <a href="/wiki/Muqaddima" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqaddima">Muqaddima</a> while staying in Algeria. </p><p>Algerian culture has been strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Islam</a>. The works of the <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Sanusi</a> family in pre-colonial times, and of <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a> and Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelhamid Ben Badis">Ben Badis</a> in colonial times, are widely known. The Latin author <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Madaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Madaurus">Madaurus</a> (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Music of Algeria</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algerian musical</a> genre best known abroad is <i><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">raï</a></i>. Originating in western Algeria in the early 1900s as a combination of popular music and traditional <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> desert music,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it emerged as a major world-music genre in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a pop-flavored, opinionated take on <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, performed by internationally-known talent such as <a href="/wiki/Khaled_(musician)" title="Khaled (musician)">Khaled</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheb_Mami" title="Cheb Mami">Cheb Mami</a>. It sounds like pop music, sung in Arabic with tonal and instrumental influences of traditional Bedouin music, as well as cultural and religious influences.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singers of Raï are called <i>cheb</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: شاب, or <i>shabab,</i> meaning young) as opposed to <i>sheikh</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: شيخ, <i><a href="/wiki/Shaykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh">shaykh</a></i>, meaning old). Within Algeria, <i>raï</i> remains the most popular musical form, but older generations tend to prefer <i><a href="/wiki/Shaabi" title="Shaabi">shaabi</a></i>, performed by singers such as <a href="/wiki/Dahmane_El_Harrachi" title="Dahmane El Harrachi">Dahmane El Harrachi</a>. </p><p>Although <i>raï</i> is now generally welcomed and praised as a cultural emblem of Algeria, in the post-independence period the form was often attacked or criticised by Islamic and government authorities. These attitudes began to change around 1985, partially due to the influence of Colonel Snoussi, an ex-military officer turned <i>raï</i> artist.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reason for the shift in attitude toward <i>raï</i> was the music's growing popularity in France, which the Algerian government viewed as positive. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian classical music">Andalusi music</a>, brought from <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Morisco</a> refugees, can still be heard in many older coastal towns. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyle</a> music, exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Idir_(singer)" title="Idir (singer)">Idir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ait_Menguellet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ait Menguellet">Ait Menguellet</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Loun%C3%A8s_Matoub" title="Lounès Matoub">Lounès Matoub</a>, also enjoys a wide popularity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_in_Algeria">Women in Algeria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Women in Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In comparison to other <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> majority countries, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Algerian women</a> overall have historically possessed more levels of freedom. Algerian women have seemed to be offered more leniency and have continuously proved to have an important voice in Algerian society.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while they seem to receive leniency, they still suffer from an overall lack of protection of legislation or cultural norms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Culture_of_Algeria" title="Talk:Culture of Algeria">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of leniency can be depicted through women only having to wear their veils inside cities, not throughout their daily life regardless of their location. Historically, oppression of Algerian women grew during the French imperial period in 1965. Culturally, French influence caused Algerian men to have their voices oppressed and denied their pride, causing them to lash out in their domestic lives. However, this is not a direct representation of Algeria culture. The women's rights movement in Algeria continues to be a prevalent cultural movement to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Algeria">Media of Algeria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1910:_a_generation_of_precursors">1910: a generation of precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1910: a generation of precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first half of the twentieth century, artists mainly recuperated models and patterns imported – or imposed – by an imperialist French power.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> argued in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism</a></i> in 1978, Algerian artists struggled with the perception and representations of Westerners. Almost a century after the conquest by the French, <a href="/wiki/Azouaou_Mammeri" title="Azouaou Mammeri">Azouaou Mammeri</a> (1886–1954), <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelhalim_Hemche" class="extiw" title="fr:Abdelhalim Hemche">Abdelhalim Hemche</a> (1906–1978), <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Zmirli" class="extiw" title="fr:Mohammed Zmirli">Mohammed Zmirli</a> (1909-1984), and <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miloud_Boukerche" class="extiw" title="fr:Miloud Boukerche">Miloud Boukerche</a> (1920–1979) were the first to introduce easel painting. They benefited from "breaches" in the educational system and were able to pursue a training in plastic arts. Even though they attempted to focus on the reality of Algerians' everyday routine, they were still to a certain extent incorporated in the orientalism movement. </p><p>The tradition of oriental illumination and <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature</a> was introduced around the same period, through artists such as <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Racim" class="extiw" title="fr:Mohammed Racim">Mohamed Racim</a> (1896–1974) or <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Temmam_Mohamed" class="extiw" title="fr:Mohamed Temmam Mohamed">Mohamed Temman</a> (1915-1988). It is the two main expression of figuration in a country where popular abstract symbolic, Berberian or Arabic, are integrated mainly through architecture, furnitures, weaving, pottery, leather and metal workmanship. </p><p>How to reappropriate one's own history is a dynamic in Algerian contemporary art, reflecting on the deep social changes people experienced. </p><p>Artists attempt a successful introspective work in which the duality in terms of identity creates a dynamic that overcomes "orientalism" and exotism. The main stake is for the artist and the spectator to reappropriate a liberty of expression and interpretation. Main artists of that period are: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miloud_Boukerche" class="extiw" title="fr:Miloud Boukerche">Boukerche</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C3%A8ne_Benaboura" class="extiw" title="fr:Hacène Benaboura">Benaboura</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ali-Khodja" class="extiw" title="fr:Ali Ali-Khodja">Ali Ali Khodja</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachir_Yell%C3%A8s" class="extiw" title="fr:Bachir Yellès">Yelles</a>, or <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baya_(peintre_alg%C3%A9rienne)" class="extiw" title="fr:Baya (peintre algérienne)">Baya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930:_a_generation_of_founders">1930: a generation of founders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1930: a generation of founders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vast majority of the artists incorporate the thematic of the independence war, from those who lived it to the artists that use it as a legacy. Impregnated by all the artistic and ideological movements that marked the first half of the twentieth century, artists are concerned with the society they live in and denounce segregation, racism and injustice that divided communities of colonial Algeria. A clear shift in operated from orientalism and exoticism: new themes such as the trauma and the pain appear, for instance in the portrait <i>The Widow</i> (1970) by <a href="/wiki/M%27hamed_Issiakhem" title="M'hamed Issiakhem">Mohamed Issiakhem</a>. </p><p>"Art is a form of resistance as it suggests and makes visible the invisible, the hidden, it stands alert on the side of life".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also a time when Algerian artists start organizing themselves, through the National Union of Plastic Arts or UNAP (1963) for instance; artists such as <a href="/wiki/M%27hamed_Issiakhem" title="M'hamed Issiakhem">Mohamed Issiakhem</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khodja" title="Ali Khodja">Ali Khodja</a> were part of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-figuration_and_"Painters_of_the_Sign""><span id="Non-figuration_and_.22Painters_of_the_Sign.22"></span>Non-figuration and "Painters of the Sign"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Non-figuration and "Painters of the Sign""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_Benanteur" class="extiw" title="fr:Abdallah Benanteur">Abdallah Benanteur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Khadda" title="Mohammed Khadda">Mohamed Khadda</a> opened a path for <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract</a> (non-figurative) Algerian art. They were French since childhood and emigrated to France. They were followed by artists such as <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Aksouh" class="extiw" title="fr:Mohamed Aksouh">Mohamed Aksouh</a>, Mohamed Louail, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelkader_Guermaz" class="extiw" title="fr:Abdelkader Guermaz">Abdelkader Guermaz</a> and <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ali-Khodja" class="extiw" title="fr:Ali Ali-Khodja">Ali Ali-Khodja</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Khadda" title="Mohammed Khadda">Mohamed Khadda</a> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "If figurative painting appears as <i>the norm</i> in terms of expression, it is the result of an acculturation phenomenon". Artworks liberately figurative are a form of liberation in that sense, as literal representations do not seem to fully emerge from the cluster of <a href="/wiki/Exotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotism">exotism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalism</a>. </p><p>The "Painters of the Sign" are Algerian artists born in the 1930s who, at the beginning of the 1960s, found inspiration in the abstract rhythm of Arabic writing. The term "peintres du Signe" was coined by the poet <a href="/wiki/Jean_S%C3%A9nac" title="Jean Sénac">Jean Sénac</a> in 1970. He was hosting in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Alger</a> the "Gallerie 54". The first collective exhibition reunited <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Aksouh" class="extiw" title="fr:Mohamed Aksouh">Aksouh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baya_(artist)" title="Baya (artist)">Baya</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_Benanteur" class="extiw" title="fr:Abdallah Benanteur">Abdallah Benanteur</a>, Bouzid, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelkader_Guermaz" class="extiw" title="fr:Abdelkader Guermaz">Abdelkader Guermaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Khadda" title="Mohammed Khadda">Khadda</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Maisonseul" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean de Maisonseul">Jean de Maisonseul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Manton" title="Maria Manton">Maria Manton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis Martinez">Martinez</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Nallard" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Nallard">Louis Nallard</a> and <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezki_Z%C3%A9rarti" class="extiw" title="fr:Rezki Zérarti">Rezki Zérarti</a>. He wrote in his presentation: "In this gallery 54, which aims at being a gallery of research in permanent contact with the people, we have brought together artists, Algerian or having deep links with our country" "We can assert, with Mourad Bourboune, that our artists do not only exhume the devastated face of our Mother, but, in the midst of the Nahda (renewal), they build a new image of the Man and stare endlessly at his new Vision"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aouchem">Aouchem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aouchem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algerian artists reconnected with part of their historical and cultural legacy, especially the influence of <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> culture and language. A great deal of attention was brought upon the Berber culture and identity revendications after the <a href="/wiki/Berber_Spring" title="Berber Spring">Berber Spring</a> in 1988, and it impacted the cultural production. <a href="/wiki/Denis_Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis Martinez">Denis Martinez</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choukri_Mesli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choukri Mesli (page does not exist)">Choukri Mesli</a> participated in the creation of the group <i>Aouchem</i> (Tattoo), which held several exhibitions in Algiers and <a href="/wiki/Blida" title="Blida">Blida</a> in 1967, 1968 et 1971. A dozen artists, painters and poets decided to oppose the mainstream organization of art – especially of figurative art, they believe to be represented by the UNAP, the National Union for Plastic Art. They opposed their policy of excluding many active painters. According to its manifesto : "Aouchem was born centuries ago, on the walls of a cave of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tassili.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tassili. (page does not exist)">Tassili.</a> It continued its existence until today, sometimes secretly, sometimes openly, according to fluctuations of history. (...) We want to show that, always magical, the sign is stronger than bombs".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of a surge of political violence following the war of independence, where the hegemony of the Arabic culture and language tended to overlap on the berberian culture, the plastic traditions of popular signs managed to maintain. Aouchem builds on this traditional legacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naivety_and_expressionism">Naivety and expressionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Naivety and expressionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1980s, there has been a renewal and also a form of "naivety", trying to go past the trauma of the war and address new contemporary issues. <a href="/wiki/Baya_(artist)" title="Baya (artist)">Baya</a> (1931–1998) is the example of a great Algerian success story.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2013)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Her work was prefaced by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> and exposed by <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Maeght" title="Aimé Maeght">André Meight</a> when she was still a teenager. She who has not known her mother as she was doubly orphaned by the age of 5, produced colorful watercolors with fake symmetries, questioning the figure of the Mother. She is part of the <a href="/wiki/Art_brut" class="mw-redirect" title="Art brut">art brut</a> movement. </p><p>Expressionism was dominated by <a href="/wiki/M%27hamed_Issiakhem" title="M'hamed Issiakhem">Mohamed Issiakhem</a>, affectionately nicknamed "Oeil de lynx" (<i>lynx eye</i>) by his fellow writer <a href="/wiki/Kateb_Yacine" title="Kateb Yacine">Kateb Yacine</a>. When he was 15, he had an accident with a grenade. Two of his sisters and his nephew died, his forearm had to be amputated. His personal drama resonates in work. He expressed themes like grief and loss through the use of thick pastes and universal figures; as an echo of the hardships of the Algerian war, as well as the universal struggle of those silenced and oppressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewal_of_visual_arts">Renewal of visual arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Renewal of visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1980s, a new generation of Maghrebi artists has arisen. A large proportion is trained in Europe. Artists locally and among the Diaspora explore new techniques and face the challenges of a globalized art market. They are bringing together various elements of their identity, marked by the status of immigrant of first or second generation. They address issues that speak to the Arab world with an "outsider" lens. <a href="/wiki/Kader_Attia" title="Kader Attia">Kader Attia</a> is one of them. He was born in France in 1970. In a large installation in 2007 called <i>Ghost</i>, he displayed dozens of veiled figures on their knees, made of aluminum foil.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adel_Abdessemed" title="Adel Abdessemed">Adel Abdessemed</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Constantina" title="Constantina">Constantina</a> in 1970, attended the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts" title="École des Beaux-Arts">École des Beaux-Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Through his conceptual artworks, he displays strong artistic statements using a wide range of media (drawing, video, photography, performance, and installation). In 2006, he exposed at the David Zimmer gallery in New York City. One of his artworks was a burnt car entitled <i>Practice Zero Tolerance</i>, a year after <a href="/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 civil unrest in France">riots</a> in France and in the midst of a resurgence of terrorist attacks since <a href="/wiki/11_September_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September 2001">11 September 2001</a>. Katia Kameli <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.katiakameli.com/">[1]</a> also brings in the multiple aspects of her identity and environment, through video, photographs and installations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinema">Cinema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Cinema of Algeria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_films" title="List of Algerian films">List of Algerian films</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Algeria" title="Sport in Algeria">Sport in Algeria</a></div> <p>Football, handball, athletics, boxing, martial arts, volleyball and basketball are the most popular sports in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Algeria" title="Architecture of Algeria">Architecture of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Orientalist_artists" title="List of Orientalist artists">List of Orientalist artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria#Culture_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Women in Algeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2020+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Algeria&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Falgeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHareirMbaye2011" class="citation book cs1">Hareir, Idris El; Mbaye, Ravane (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C"><i>The Spread of Islam Throughout the World</i></a>. 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[Reprinted in The Anthropology of Globalization: A Reader, ed. by Jonathan Xavier and Renato Rosaldo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeggoy1974" class="citation journal cs1">Heggoy, Alf Andrew (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/523644">"On the Evolution of Algerian Women"</a>. <i>African Studies Review</i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">449–</span>456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F523644">10.2307/523644</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0206">0002-0206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/523644">523644</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143574364">143574364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+Evolution+of+Algerian+Women&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E456&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0002-0206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143574364%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F523644%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F523644&rft.aulast=Heggoy&rft.aufirst=Alf+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F523644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOussedik1999" class="citation journal cs1">Oussedik, Fatma (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24590231">"Religion, Gender, and Violence in Algeria"</a>. <i>The Brown Journal of World Affairs</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-0786">1080-0786</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24590231">24590231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brown+Journal+of+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+Gender%2C+and+Violence+in+Algeria&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24590231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1080-0786&rft.aulast=Oussedik&rft.aufirst=Fatma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24590231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellido]2003" class="citation book cs1">Bellido], [dir. de la publication: Ramon Tio (2003). <i>Le XXe siècle dans l'art algérien : [exposition ... qui a eu lieu au Château Borély, Marseille, du 4 avril au 15 juin 2003, et à l'Orangerie du Sénat, Paris, du 18 juillet au 28 août 2003]</i>. Paris: Aica Press [u.a.] <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-950676-81-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-950676-81-8"><bdi>978-2-950676-81-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+XXe+si%C3%A8cle+dans+l%27art+alg%C3%A9rien+%3A+%5Bexposition+...+qui+a+eu+lieu+au+Ch%C3%A2teau+Bor%C3%A9ly%2C+Marseille%2C+du+4+avril+au+15+juin+2003%2C+et+%C3%A0+l%27Orangerie+du+S%C3%A9nat%2C+Paris%2C+du+18+juillet+au+28+ao%C3%BBt+2003%5D&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Aica+Press+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-950676-81-8&rft.aulast=Bellido%5D&rft.aufirst=%5Bdir.+de+la+publication%3A+Ramon+Tio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBouayed2005" class="citation book cs1">Bouayed, Anissa (2005). <i>L'art et l'Algérie insurgée : les traces de l'epreuve, 1954-1962</i>. Alger: ENAG editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9961-623-93-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9961-623-93-0"><bdi>978-9961-623-93-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27art+et+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+insurg%C3%A9e+%3A+les+traces+de+l%27epreuve%2C+1954-1962&rft.place=Alger&rft.pub=ENAG+editions&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9961-623-93-0&rft.aulast=Bouayed&rft.aufirst=Anissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernard2002" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, Michel-Georges (2002). <i>Khadda</i>. Alger: ENAG Editions. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789961623008" title="Special:BookSources/9789961623008"><bdi>9789961623008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khadda&rft.place=Alger&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=ENAG+Editions&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789961623008&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Michel-Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDugas2002" class="citation book cs1">Dugas, Jean Sénac ; textes réunis par Hamid Nacer-Khodja ; préface de Guy (2002). <i>Visages d'Algérie : Regards sur l'art</i>. Paris: Paris-Méditerranée. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/284272156X" title="Special:BookSources/284272156X"><bdi>284272156X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visages+d%27Alg%C3%A9rie+%3A+Regards+sur+l%27art&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Paris-M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=284272156X&rft.aulast=Dugas&rft.aufirst=Jean+S%C3%A9nac+%3B+textes+r%C3%A9unis+par+Hamid+Nacer-Khodja+%3B+pr%C3%A9face+de+Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140730000908/http://www.founoune.com/articles/?mode=detail&id=554">"Aouchem manifesto"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.founoune.com/articles/?mode=detail&id=554">the original</a> on 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aouchem+manifesto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.founoune.com%2Farticles%2F%3Fmode%3Ddetail%26id%3D554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desgrange.over-blog.fr/article-kader-attia-la-puissance-du-vide-63565382.html">"Kader Attia : la puissance du vide"</a>. 22 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kader+Attia+%3A+la+puissance+du+vide&rft.date=2010-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdesgrange.over-blog.fr%2Farticle-kader-attia-la-puissance-du-vide-63565382.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sante-dz.org/tourismeinfo/">Tourisme information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algerieinfo.biz">Algerie Information</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Algeria_topics" title="Template:Algeria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Algeria_topics" title="Template talk:Algeria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Algeria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Algeria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algeria_articles574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles" title="Index of Algeria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Classical period <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Antiquity)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Medieval Muslim Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Ottoman regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algerian_popular_resistance_against_French_invasion" title="Algerian popular resistance against French invasion">popular resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Algerian_coup_attempt" title="1967 Algerian coup attempt">1967 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">1962–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Algerian coup d'état">1992 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Algeria" title="2000s in Algeria">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests" title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria)" title="Hirak (Algeria)">Hirak Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Algeria" title="Template:Borders of Algeria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Algeria" title="List of cities in Algeria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Algeria" title="List of earthquakes in Algeria">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Algeria" title="List of ecoregions in Algeria">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">Municipalities <span style="font-size: 85%;">(communes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Algeria">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Algeria" title="List of rivers of Algeria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Algeria" title="List of volcanoes in Algeria">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Algeria" title="Wildlife of Algeria">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Algeria" title="Politics of Algeria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Algeria" title="Cabinet of Algeria">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria" title="Constitution of Algeria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Council of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Algeria" title="Elections in Algeria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Algeria" title="Foreign relations of Algeria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Algeria" title="Human rights in Algeria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Algeria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Algeria" title="Law enforcement in Algeria">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army" title="Algerian People's National Army">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_People%27s_National_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the People's National Army">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Algeria" title="Parliament of Algeria">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Algeria" title="List of political parties in Algeria">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Algeria" title="Bank of Algeria">Bank of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Algeria" title="List of companies of Algeria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_dinar" title="Algerian dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Algeria" title="Energy in Algeria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Algeria" title="Health in Algeria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Algeria" title="Mining industry of Algeria">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Algeria" title="Taxation in Algeria">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria" title="Telecommunications in Algeria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Algeria" title="Tourism in Algeria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Algeria" title="Trade unions in Algeria">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Algeria" title="Transport in Algeria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Algeria" title="Category:Society of Algeria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Algeria" title="Demographics of Algeria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria" title="Ethnic groups in Algeria">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerians" title="List of Algerians">List of Algerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Algeria" title="Public holidays in Algeria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Algeria" title="Squatting in Algeria">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Algeria" title="Flag of Algeria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Algeria" title="Football in Algeria">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Algeria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_films" title="List of Algerian films">films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Algeria" title="Sport in Algeria">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Algeria" title="National symbols of Algeria">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles" title="Index of Algeria-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algeria" title="Category:Algeria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Africa271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Africa271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Angola" title="Culture of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Botswana" title="Culture of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Culture of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burundi" title="Culture of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cameroon" title="Culture of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cape_Verde" title="Culture of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Djibouti" title="Culture of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Culture of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Eritrea" title="Culture of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Eswatini" title="Culture of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Culture of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gabon" title="Culture of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ghana" title="Culture of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Culture of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kenya" title="Culture of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Liberia" title="Culture of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Libya" title="Culture of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Madagascar" title="Culture of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mali" title="Culture of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritius" title="Culture of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Morocco" title="Culture of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mozambique" title="Culture of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Namibia" title="Culture of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Niger" title="Culture of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rwanda" title="Culture of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia" title="Culture of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Culture of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Sudan" title="Culture of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tanzania" title="Culture of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Togo" title="Culture of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tunisia" title="Culture of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uganda" title="Culture of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Zimbabwe" title="Culture of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somaliland" title="Culture of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mayotte" title="Culture of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Western_Sahara" title="Culture of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&oldid=1280296505">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Algeria&oldid=1280296505</a>"</div></div> <div 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