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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturism_between_World_War_I_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturism_between_World_War_I_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Naturism between World War I and World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturism_between_World_War_I_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_1945_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_1945_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>From 1945 to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_1945_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freik%C3%B6rperkultur" title="Freikörperkultur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Freikörperkultur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%98%EC%B2%B4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="독일의 나체주의 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일의 나체주의 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freik%C3%B6rperkultur" title="Freikörperkultur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Freikörperkultur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freik%C3%B6rperkultur" title="Freikörperkultur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Freikörperkultur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ไฟรเคอร์เพอร์คุลทัวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฟรเคอร์เพอร์คุลทัวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Movement for social nudity and naked lifestyle</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J32_619_%C2%BBNudisti%C4%8Dka_pla%C5%BEa%C2%AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/J32_619_%C2%BBNudisti%C4%8Dka_pla%C5%BEa%C2%AB.jpg/220px-J32_619_%C2%BBNudisti%C4%8Dka_pla%C5%BEa%C2%AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/J32_619_%C2%BBNudisti%C4%8Dka_pla%C5%BEa%C2%AB.jpg/330px-J32_619_%C2%BBNudisti%C4%8Dka_pla%C5%BEa%C2%AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/J32_619_%C2%BBNudisti%C4%8Dka_pla%C5%BEa%C2%AB.jpg/440px-J32_619_%C2%BBNudisti%C4%8Dka_pla%C5%BEa%C2%AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3742" data-file-height="5613" /></a><figcaption>"FKK" designated area signage.</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>Freikörperkultur</b></i></span> (<b>FKK</b>) is a social and health culture that originated in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>; its beginnings were historically part of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensreform" title="Lebensreform">Lebensreform</a></i></span> social movement in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-DW1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NGT1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGT1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SWV1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWV1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freikörperkultur</i></span>, which translated as <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">free body culture</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, includes both the health aspects of being naked in light, air and sun and an intention to reform life and society.<sup id="cite_ref-DW1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is partly identified with the culture of nudity, <a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">naturism</a> and nudism in the sense of communal nudity of people and families in leisure time, sport and everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-DW1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 20th century the culture of communal open air nudity in the "great outdoors" and its benefits to public health blossomed in Germany as an alternative to the stresses and anxieties of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Age" title="Industrial Age">Industrial Age</a> urban life.<sup id="cite_ref-DW1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SWV1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWV1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, there are only a few legal restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Public_nudity" class="mw-redirect" title="Public nudity">public nudity</a> in Germany. Under the terms "naturism" and "nudism", it is now internationally widespread, with associations and designated public recreational environments in numerous countries in Europe, North and South America, Australia, Africa, Asia and the Caribbean;<sup id="cite_ref-INFWNG_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INFWNG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest distribution is still found in German-speaking countries and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hile2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hile2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_general">In general</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freik%C3%B6rperkultur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In general"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freik%C3%B6rperkultur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freikörperkultur-inspired naturism is defined as an attitude and way of life by the <a href="/wiki/International_Naturist_Federation" title="International Naturist Federation">International Naturist Federation</a> as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-INFWNG_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INFWNG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The practice of communal nudity is an essential characteristic of naturism, making, as it does, the maximum use of the natural agents of sun, air and water. It restores one's physical and mental balance through being able to relax in natural surroundings, by exercise and respect for the basic principles of hygiene and diet. It encourages many activities that develop one's creativity. Complete nudity is the most suitable clothing for getting back to nature, and is certainly the most visible aspect of naturism, even if it is not the only one. It exerts a steadying and balancing influence on human beings, freeing them from the stresses caused by the taboos and provocations of today's society and shows the way to a more simple, healthy and human way of life</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Definition of the International Naturist Federation (INF/FNI) from the <a href="/wiki/Cap_d%27Agde" title="Cap d'Agde">Cap d'Agde</a> World Congress, 1974</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content">Content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freik%C3%B6rperkultur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Behind the <i>Freikörperkultur</i> movement is an attitude towards life, according to which the naked body is no reason for feelings of <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SWV1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWV1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communally practiced nudity of the <i>Freikörperkultur</i> is often experienced in this sense as liberating and goes hand in hand with mutual acceptance and a <a href="/wiki/Body_positivity" title="Body positivity">positive body image</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JHS1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHS1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RB1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus is on enjoying nature, being nude or the realization of freedom. The nudity of naturism has no sexual relation.<sup id="cite_ref-SMMK1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMMK1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nudity on the beach and in water, in comparison to wearing <a href="/wiki/Swimsuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimsuits">swimsuits</a>, is accompanied with a different body surface sensation, which is mostly experienced as pleasant.<sup id="cite_ref-POP1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POP1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the sense of nudity propagated by the <i>Freikörperkultur</i> it does not address sexuality and is not directly related to it. </p><p>In the context of the <i>Freikörperkultur</i>, mostly bathing, sunbathing on <a href="/wiki/Bathing_lake" title="Bathing lake">bathing lakes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beaches</a> (the "nudist beaches"), sports and other leisure activities are practiced nude. In numerous designated holiday resorts, campsites, country parks and sports club facilities the praxis of the <i>Freikörperkultur</i> are also applied. Nudists and naturists are organized in national and international nudist or naturism associations. </p><p>Nudity in intimate situations, as well as purely practical nudity such as in the shower or in the sauna, do not involve the <i>Freikörperkultur</i>. This nudity does not require a special group consensus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freik%C3%B6rperkultur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koch,_Max_(1859%E2%80%931930)_-_1897_-_Freilicht_-_vmp_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Koch%2C_Max_%281859%E2%80%931930%29_-_1897_-_Freilicht_-_vmp_01.jpg/170px-Koch%2C_Max_%281859%E2%80%931930%29_-_1897_-_Freilicht_-_vmp_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Koch%2C_Max_%281859%E2%80%931930%29_-_1897_-_Freilicht_-_vmp_01.jpg/255px-Koch%2C_Max_%281859%E2%80%931930%29_-_1897_-_Freilicht_-_vmp_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Koch%2C_Max_%281859%E2%80%931930%29_-_1897_-_Freilicht_-_vmp_01.jpg/340px-Koch%2C_Max_%281859%E2%80%931930%29_-_1897_-_Freilicht_-_vmp_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption><i>Freilicht (Open Air)</i> by German painter and photographer <a href="/wiki/Max_Friedrich_Koch" title="Max Friedrich Koch">Max Friedrich Koch</a>, ca. 1894: Early German nudists outdoors engaging in the athletic sport <a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">tug of war</a>. One of many themed <i>Freilicht</i> photos by Max Koch depicting nudists outdoors.<sup id="cite_ref-GTTY1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GTTY1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By far the most extensive collection on the historical and current situation of the <i>Freikörperkultur</i> (Naturism), the International Naturist Library (formerly the <i>Damm - Baunatal</i> Collection), is located in the Lower Saxony Institute for Sports History in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freik%C3%B6rperkultur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">public bathhouses</a>, even in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, people bathed in the nude, although moral or (with regard to disease transmission) medical concerns were occasionally expressed. In many parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">central Europe</a> up until the 18th century, people bathed naked in rivers and lakes, albeit often separated by <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>. Beginning in the late 18th century, public nudity became increasingly taboo, which was never enforced in the sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. At the same time, the Scottish judge <a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Lord Monboddo</a> (1714–1779) practised and preached unclothed "air-baths" for health and as a revival of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> attitudes toward nudity. It found literary mention in <a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Georg Christoph Lichtenberg</a>'s (1742–1799) book <i>Das Luftbad</i> (the air-bath).<sup id="cite_ref-Lichtenberg1845_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lichtenberg1845-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 1853 the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Naturopath" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturopath">naturopath</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Rikli" title="Arnold Rikli">Arnold Rikli</a> founded a "solar <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">sanatorium</a>" (<i>Sonnenheilanstalt</i>) and prescribed his patients the heliotherapy of unclothed outdoor "<a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">light-baths</a>" (<i>Lichtbäder</i>) as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">seasonal affective disorder</a> and other health or skin disorders. In 1906 there were also 105 so-called "air-bath" sanatoriums (<i>Luftbäder</i>) in Germany; unclothed exposure to outdoor air, as a treatment for being cooped-up in unventilated, warm rooms, which allegedly led to "softening", heat build-up in the body, headaches, nausea and circulatory disorders. The idea of the therapeutic unclothed air-bath, was connected with that of the light-bath, in the early 20th century, for example by the pastor and naturopath <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Felke" title="Emanuel Felke">Emanuel Felke</a>. </p><p>With the battle cry "Back to Nature" the advocates of the nude culture (<i>Nacktkultur</i>) declared war on the compulsory morality of a society that, in their eyes, had become neurotic and sick. "We don't want to deny it: for the people of our time, a naked person is tasteless and looks like a slap in the face - that's how unnatural we have become," wrote <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pudor" title="Heinrich Pudor">Heinrich Pudor</a> in 1893, one of the early pioneers of the free body culture naturist movement in the German Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-SWV1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWV1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The painter and social reformer <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Diefenbach" title="Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach">Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach</a> (1851–1913), who practiced <i>Freikörperkultur</i> with his students in the Höllriegelskreuth <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">hermitage</a> near Munich and later on the Himmelhof near Vienna, is considered the real pioneer of naturism, namely outside of clinical-medical treatments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Nude_culture"_and_the_Life-reform_(Lebensreform)_movement_–_up_to_World_War_I"><span id=".22Nude_culture.22_and_the_Life-reform_.28Lebensreform.29_movement_.E2.80.93_up_to_World_War_I"></span>"Nude culture" and the Life-reform (Lebensreform) movement – up to World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freik%C3%B6rperkultur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Nude culture" and the Life-reform (Lebensreform) movement – up to World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lebensreform" title="Lebensreform">Lebensreform</a></div> <p>In 1898 the first official <b>Freikörperkultur (FKK)</b> association was founded in <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, Germany. Around 1900, nude bathing in the <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> area and on the German <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> coast became more popular.<sup id="cite_ref-DW1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SWV1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWV1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years earlier, common bathing in public—even in the <a href="/wiki/Swimsuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimsuits">swimsuits</a> of that time period—had been officially banned or was considered immoral in many places.<sup id="cite_ref-SWV1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWV1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The first official <i>Freikörperkultur</i> association in Germany was founded in 1898 in the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> area, although the centre of nude bathing has always been on the coast and around the liberal, adventurous Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-WLT1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLT1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>With political liberalization, conservative circles challenged the nude bathing which had become popular among urban intellectuals, seeing them as a corruption of morality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naturism_between_World_War_I_and_World_War_II">Naturism between World War I and World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freik%C3%B6rperkultur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Naturism between World War I and World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zille3a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Zille3a.jpg/170px-Zille3a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Zille3a.jpg/255px-Zille3a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Zille3a.jpg/340px-Zille3a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zille" title="Heinrich Zille">Heinrich Zille</a> (1858–1929), titled "As the outdoor public swimming pool appeared", postcard print 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, <i>Freikörperkultur (FKK)</i> associations were increasing in Germany. After the first official <a href="/wiki/Nudist_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudist beach">nudist beach</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sylt" title="Sylt">Sylt</a> Island was established in Germany in 1920,<sup id="cite_ref-NGT1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGT1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of the FKK-associations joined together in 1923 to form the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Bünde deutscher Lichtkämpfer" (Working Group of the Leagues for German Light Campaigners) and from 1925 they published a monthly journal in Berlin called "Leben und Sonne" (Life and Sun).<sup id="cite_ref-LUS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LUS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1926 the working group was renamed the "Reichsverband für Freikörperkultur" (Imperial Association for Free Body Culture). The socialist groups united separately under the name "Freie Menschen. Bund für sozialistische Lebensgestaltung und Freikörperkultur" (Free People. Association for socialist Lifestyle and Free Body Culture) with approximately 70,000 members in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-NGT1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGT1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930 representatives from England, the Netherlands, France, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Italy and Germany met in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> and later founded a European league for Naturism. The first dissertation about the FKK movement was written in the 1930s. </p><p>In 1933 after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> came to power, nudist organizations were initially banned or integrated into Nazi organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-DW1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One of the greatest dangers for German culture and morality is the so-called nudity movement. Greatly as it is to be welcomed in the interest of the public health, that ever wider circles, especially of the metropolitan population, are striving to make the healing power of sun and air and water serviceable to their body, as greatly must the so-called nudity movement be disapproved of as a cultural error. Among women the nudity kills natural modesty; it takes from men their respect for women, and thereby destroys the prerequisite for any genuine culture. It is therefore expected of all police authorities that, in support of the spiritual powers developed through the national movement, they take all police measures to destroy the so-called nude culture.<i> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, 1933 Nazi edict</i></p></blockquote> <p>On 3 March 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian">Prussian</a> Ministry of Interior issued a circular to "combat the nudist movement". But with the support of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Sur%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Surén (page does not exist)">Hans Surén</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sur%C3%A9n" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Surén">de</a>]</span> (a former German military officer, manager and instructor at the German Army School of Physical Education in Wünsdorf),<sup id="cite_ref-EOE1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOE1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture <a href="/wiki/Walter_Darr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Darré">Walter Darré</a> and, in the end, with strength in the paramilitary <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>, <i>Freikörperkultur</i> found new supporters again. Some sources state that <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> supported naturism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first naturist <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Thielle-Wavre" title="Thielle-Wavre">Thielle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in August 1939. In the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>, the ban on nude bathing was relaxed by the Reich Ordinance of 10 July 1942, provided nobody had to see it. (This remained valid in the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> until the 1960s, and in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> until 1990.) During the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialist</a> era there was also a "racial nude culture", the best-known representative of which was the sport campaigner and author Hans Surén,<sup id="cite_ref-DW1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who glorified the body ideals of the National Socialists,<sup id="cite_ref-EOE1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOE1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would later become an honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Verband_f%C3%BCr_Freik%C3%B6rperkultur" title="Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur">Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur</a> (DFK) (German Association for Free Body Culture). In 1940 the first color picture books appeared with depictions of martial nudity, such as work by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Arno_Breker" title="Arno Breker">Arno Breker</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_1945_to_present">From 1945 to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freik%C3%B6rperkultur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: From 1945 to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Verband_f%C3%BCr_Freik%C3%B6rperkultur" title="Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur">Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur</a> (DFK; German Association for Free Body Culture) was founded, which today is a member of the <a href="/wiki/German_Olympic_Sports_Confederation" title="German Olympic Sports Confederation">German Olympic Sports Confederation</a> (DOSB) with special tasks for popular sports in <a href="/wiki/Nude_recreation" title="Nude recreation">nude recreation</a> and the largest member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Naturist_Federation" title="International Naturist Federation">International Naturist Federation</a> (INF). </p><p>The first naturist holiday resorts were opened around 1950 in France (<a href="/wiki/CHM_Montalivet" title="CHM Montalivet">Centre-Hélio-Marin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vendays-Montalivet" title="Vendays-Montalivet">Montalivet-les-Bains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, France). </p><p>The nude beach in <a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampen, Germany">Kampen</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sylt" title="Sylt">Sylt</a> in Germany was particularly popular due to extensive media coverage. FKK resorts in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_France" title="Naturism in France">France</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Seacoast</a> became popular holiday places. Naturist organizations gained many new members in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Sullivan2017_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan2017-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FKK-inspired <a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">naturism in Germany</a> continued to be particularly popular in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> after the Second World War, possibly because of a <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">more secular</a> cultural development.<sup id="cite_ref-McLellan2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLellan2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had ties to the <a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">workers' movement</a> and became a symbol for people and families to escape a repressive state.<sup id="cite_ref-DW1_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beach culture was often intermixed – nude and dressed people would swim together and nudity was widely tolerated and considered neither unusual nor sensational.<sup id="cite_ref-DW1_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the later decades of the 20th century, naturism became very popular outside Germany. </p><p>One popular form of Freikörperkultur recreation is <i>Nacktwanderung</i>, translated as "<a href="/wiki/Naked_hiking" class="mw-redirect" title="Naked hiking">nude hiking</a>", where a walking group will collectively tour through the open countryside,<sup id="cite_ref-SZ2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SZ2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is possible in Germany due to the liberal laws on non-sexual public nudity. This attitude does extend to <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, where FKK culture enjoys a high degree of public acceptance,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not to the German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> where nude recreation is usually regulated to designated FKK outdoor public spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-BNWS1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNWS1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0905-402,_Ostsee,_Sonnenbad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young East German women at a naturist beach in Rostock, 1988"><img alt="Young East German women at a naturist beach in Rostock, 1988" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0905-402%2C_Ostsee%2C_Sonnenbad.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0905-402%2C_Ostsee%2C_Sonnenbad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0905-402%2C_Ostsee%2C_Sonnenbad.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0905-402%2C_Ostsee%2C_Sonnenbad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0905-402%2C_Ostsee%2C_Sonnenbad.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0905-402%2C_Ostsee%2C_Sonnenbad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young East German women at a naturist beach in <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, 1988</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0804-409,_Kreis_Angerm%C3%BCnde,_FKK-Strand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="At the Herzsprung naturist FKK lake park in Brandenburg state, Germany; one of the most popular FKK bathing parks in the Angermünde district. (photo dated August 1983)."><img alt="At the Herzsprung naturist FKK lake park in Brandenburg state, Germany; one of the most popular FKK bathing parks in the Angermünde district. (photo dated August 1983)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0804-409%2C_Kreis_Angerm%C3%BCnde%2C_FKK-Strand.jpg/186px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0804-409%2C_Kreis_Angerm%C3%BCnde%2C_FKK-Strand.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0804-409%2C_Kreis_Angerm%C3%BCnde%2C_FKK-Strand.jpg/279px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0804-409%2C_Kreis_Angerm%C3%BCnde%2C_FKK-Strand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0804-409%2C_Kreis_Angerm%C3%BCnde%2C_FKK-Strand.jpg/372px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0804-409%2C_Kreis_Angerm%C3%BCnde%2C_FKK-Strand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">At the Herzsprung naturist FKK lake park in <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> state, Germany; one of the most popular FKK bathing parks in the <a href="/wiki/Angerm%C3%BCnde" title="Angermünde">Angermünde</a> district. (photo dated August 1983).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0828-411A,_Wismarer_Bucht,_FKK-Strand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="East German nude beach at the Bay of Wismar, 1984"><img alt="East German nude beach at the Bay of Wismar, 1984" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0828-411A%2C_Wismarer_Bucht%2C_FKK-Strand.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0828-411A%2C_Wismarer_Bucht%2C_FKK-Strand.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0828-411A%2C_Wismarer_Bucht%2C_FKK-Strand.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0828-411A%2C_Wismarer_Bucht%2C_FKK-Strand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0828-411A%2C_Wismarer_Bucht%2C_FKK-Strand.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0828-411A%2C_Wismarer_Bucht%2C_FKK-Strand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">East German nude beach at the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Wismar" title="Bay of Wismar">Bay of Wismar</a>, 1984</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freik%C3%B6rperkultur&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, public nudity is not forbidden in Switzerland: there is no law that says you are not allowed to leave the house without clothes, as long as the nudity is not sexually motivated.<sup id="cite_ref-BNWS1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNWS1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the jurisprudence in Switzerland varies from canton to canton.<sup id="cite_ref-BNWS1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNWS1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to an influx of German FKK enthusiasts crossing the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, the Swiss canton of <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a>, which became a popular destination for its tourist hiking trails, passed a local act in 2009 explicitly prohibiting nude hiking in outdoor public spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local regulatory authorities imposed fines of 200 Swiss <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">francs</a> for "being naked in public", which some nude ramblers refused to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-SZ2011_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SZ2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are only few beaches where FKK is officially tolerated in Switzerland (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Katzensee" title="Katzensee">Katzensee</a> near Zurich), public saunas are generally visited nude. </p><p>Two avid nude ramblers from the neighbouring Swiss canton of <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden</a>, where there is no strict ban on nude hiking, appealed the fines at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland</a>, but the case was dismissed in 2011 with the verdict "The cantons can fine naked hikers. It is true that nude hiking is not covered by the penal code. But the cantons are authorized to ban and punish non-sexually motivated nudity."<sup id="cite_ref-Zeitung2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeitung2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TGBT1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGBT1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2012 protest event covered by Swiss news reporters, a naked 28-year-old Austrian broke away from his <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">paragliding</a> tandem partner around 700 meters above the ground and landed with his parachute in <a href="/wiki/Wasserauen" title="Wasserauen">Wasserauen</a> (Appenzell Innerrhoden), the faces of the naturist flyer and his helper, the Swiss "nude alpine hiking professional" known by the pseudonym Puistola Grottenpösch (with a fig leaf) who is also considered the mouthpiece of Swiss nude hikers, were made unrecognizable in the press coverage; no complaint was filed, said the Appenzell Innerrhoden public prosecutor. The man would be fined if we found out who he was.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeitung2012_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeitung2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TGBT1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGBT1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland verdict, the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden has seen no more trace of nude hikers.<sup id="cite_ref-TGBT1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGBT1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freik%C3%B6rperkultur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Herrlich" title="Lotte Herrlich">Lotte Herrlich</a> (1883–1956) is regarded as the most important female photographer of German naturism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiaca" title="Indiaca">Indiaca</a> The FKK Indiaca/Peteca sport tournament in Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Koch" title="Adolf Koch">Adolf Koch</a> early pioneer of the German Freikörperkultur movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Mensendieck" title="Bess Mensendieck">Bess Mensendieck</a> early pioneer of the German feminist Freikörperkultur movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_nudity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social nudity">Social nudity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ungewitter" title="Richard Ungewitter">Richard Ungewitter</a> early pioneer of the German Freikörperkultur movement</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freik%C3%B6rperkultur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DW1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DW1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DW1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DW1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DW1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DW1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DW1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DW1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DW1_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DW1_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLoxton2019" class="citation news cs1">Loxton, Richard (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/why-germanys-nudist-culture-remains-refreshing/a-43917929">"Why Germany's nudist culture remains refreshing"</a>. Bonn: <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Germany%27s+nudist+culture+remains+refreshing&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Loxton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fwhy-germanys-nudist-culture-remains-refreshing%2Fa-43917929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreik%C3%B6rperkultur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGT1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGT1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGT1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGT1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Becker, Claudia (6 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/geschichte/article118729084/Nacktgymnastik-ist-die-beste-Triebsteuerung.html">"Geschichte, FKK in Deutschland: Nacktgymnastik ist die beste Triebsteuerung"</a> [History, FKK in Germany: Nude gymnastics is the best drive control] (in German). Berlin: DIE WELT<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. pp. 33–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520918276" title="Special:BookSources/9780520918276"><bdi>9780520918276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nacktkultur%3B+Hans+Sur%C3%A9n&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Ecstasy%3A+Nudity+and+Movement+in+German+Body+Culture%2C+1910%E2%80%931935.&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+Oxford&rft.pages=33-35&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780520918276&rft.aulast=Toepfer&rft.aufirst=Karl+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgvYUZh75WwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreik%C3%B6rperkultur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fkk-online.de/naturism.htm">"FKK-Online: Was ist Naturismus?"</a>. Fkk-online.de. 29 July 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FKK-Online%3A+Was+ist+Naturismus%3F&rft.pub=Fkk-online.de&rft.date=2000-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fkk-online.de%2Fnaturism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreik%C3%B6rperkultur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Sullivan2017-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan2017_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2017" class="citation news cs1">O'Sullivan, Feargus (21 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citylab.com/life/2017/04/fight-over-naked-parks-beaches-germany/523710/">"Naked Germany, Straining at the Seams"</a>. <i>CityLab</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CityLab&rft.atitle=Naked+Germany%2C+Straining+at+the+Seams&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Feargus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citylab.com%2Flife%2F2017%2F04%2Ffight-over-naked-parks-beaches-germany%2F523710%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreik%C3%B6rperkultur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLellan2007-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McLellan2007_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLellan2007" class="citation journal cs1">McLellan, Josie (2007). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Was+st%C3%B6rt+die+Appenzeller+an+Nacktwanderern%3F&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Freise%2Fschweiz-was-stoert-die-appenzeller-an-nacktwanderern-1.451649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreik%C3%B6rperkultur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisinger2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reisinger, Eva (5 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ze.tt/nackt-und-frei-in-kaernten-fkk-oesterreich/">"Urlaub im FKK-Camp: Nackt und frei in Kärnten"</a>. <i>Zeit Online Ze.tt</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeit+Online+Ze.tt&rft.atitle=Urlaub+im+FKK-Camp%3A+Nackt+und+frei+in+K%C3%A4rnten&rft.date=2018-08-05&rft.aulast=Reisinger&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fze.tt%2Fnackt-und-frei-in-kaernten-fkk-oesterreich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreik%C3%B6rperkultur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNWS1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BNWS1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNWS1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNWS1_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluewin.ch/de/news/schweiz/der-badesee-ruft-wie-nackt-darf-man-in-der-schweiz-sein-130723.html">"Der Badesee ruft: Wie nackt darf man in der Schweiz sein?"</a> [The bathing lake is calling: How naked can you be in Switzerland?]. <i>blue News, Swisscom</i> (in German). 31 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blue+News%2C+Swisscom&rft.atitle=Der+Badesee+ruft%3A+Wie+nackt+darf+man+in+der+Schweiz+sein%3F&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluewin.ch%2Fde%2Fnews%2Fschweiz%2Fder-badesee-ruft-wie-nackt-darf-man-in-der-schweiz-sein-130723.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreik%C3%B6rperkultur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2009-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2009_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7860556.stm">"Naked ramblers face Swiss fines"</a>. BBC News. 30 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naked+ramblers+face+Swiss+fines&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7860556.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreik%C3%B6rperkultur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeitung2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitung2012_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitung2012_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034501/http://zeitung.dav.ch/archiv.htm?detail&id=3329">"Nackter Fallschirmspringer provoziert Innerrhoden"</a> [Naked parachutist provokes Innerrhoden]. <i>zeitung.dav.ch</i> (in German). 31 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeitung.dav.ch/archiv.htm?detail&id=3329">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zeitung.dav.ch&rft.atitle=Nackter+Fallschirmspringer+provoziert+Innerrhoden&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeitung.dav.ch%2Farchiv.htm%3Fdetail%26id%3D3329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreik%C3%B6rperkultur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TGBT1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TGBT1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TGBT1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TGBT1_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagblatt.ch/ostschweiz/appenzellerland/appenzellerland-keine-spur-mehr-von-den-nacktwanderern-ld.643173">"APPENZELLERLAND: Keine Spur mehr von den Nacktwanderern"</a> [APPENZELLERLAND: No more trace of the nude hikers]. <i>TAGBLATT</i> (in German). 15 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TAGBLATT&rft.atitle=APPENZELLERLAND%3A+Keine+Spur+mehr+von+den+Nacktwanderern&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagblatt.ch%2Fostschweiz%2Fappenzellerland%2Fappenzellerland-keine-spur-mehr-von-den-nacktwanderern-ld.643173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreik%C3%B6rperkultur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freik%C3%B6rperkultur&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfk.org/">www.DFK.org</a>±Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur, earliest & largest German NGO for FKK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inf-fni.org/">www.inf-fni.org</a>—INF-FNI, International Naturist Federation</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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title="Nudity">Nudity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nakedness and clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nudity" title="History of nudity">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing" title="Prehistory of nakedness and clothing">Prehistory of nakedness and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakedness_and_colonialism" title="Nakedness and colonialism">Nakedness and colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_nudity" title="Childhood nudity">Childhood nudity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Sex segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_religion" title="Nudity in religion">Nudity in religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_public" title="Breastfeeding in public">Breastfeeding in public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">Public bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Finnish sauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">Massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplessness" title="Toplessness">Toplessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topfreedom" title="Topfreedom">Topfreedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_toplessness_in_Canada" title="Female toplessness in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topfreedom_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Topfreedom in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_and_protest" title="Nudity and protest">Nudity and protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country" title="Clothing laws by country">Clothing laws by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nudity_and_sexuality" title="Nudity and sexuality">Nudity and sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_part" title="Intimate part">Intimate part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mooning" title="Mooning">Mooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaking" title="Streaking">Streaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">Striptease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripper" title="Stripper">Stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_stripper" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist stripper">Feminist stripper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anasyrma" title="Anasyrma">Anasyrma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candaulism" title="Candaulism">Candaulism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_social_nudity" title="Issues in social nudity">Issues in social nudity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexualization" title="Sexualization">Sexualization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornification" title="Pornification">Pornification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_malfunction" title="Wardrobe malfunction">Wardrobe malfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_search" title="Strip search">Strip search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">Naturism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturist_resort" title="Naturist resort">Naturist resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_naturism" title="Christian naturism">Christian naturism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freikörperkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_naturism" title="Gay naturism">Gay naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosophy" title="Gymnosophy">Gymnosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naturist_magazines" title="Category:Naturist magazines">Naturist magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_organizations" title="List of social nudity organizations">Social nudity organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Anarchist naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_social_nudity" title="Timeline of social nudity">Timeline of social nudity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nude_recreation" title="Nude recreation">Nude recreation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nude_beach" title="Nude beach">Nude beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_swimming" title="Nude swimming">Nude swimming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nude_swimming_in_US_indoor_pools" title="Nude swimming in US indoor pools">Nude swimming classes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_party" title="Naked party">Naked party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_wedding" title="Nude wedding">Nude wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nude_beaches" title="Category:Nude beaches">Nude beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clothing-optional_events" title="Category:Clothing-optional events">Clothing-optional events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_social_nudity_is_practised" title="List of places where social nudity is practised">By location</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Africa" title="List of social nudity places in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Asia" title="List of social nudity places in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Europe" title="List of social nudity places in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_North_America" title="List of social nudity places in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_nudity_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Social nudity in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_nudity_in_Seattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Social nudity in Seattle">Seattle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Oceania" title="List of social nudity places in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_South_America" title="List of social nudity places in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_nudity_advocates" title="Category:Social nudity advocates">Social nudity advocates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Barthel" title="Kurt Barthel">Kurt Barthel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Baxandall" title="Lee Baxandall">Lee Baxandall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bindrim" title="Paul Bindrim">Paul Bindrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilsley_Boone" title="Ilsley Boone">Ilsley Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Huntington" title="Henry S. Huntington">Henry S. Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pudor" title="Heinrich Pudor">Heinrich Pudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_Raymond_Shaw" title="Elton Raymond Shaw">Elton Raymond Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ungewitter" title="Richard Ungewitter">Richard Ungewitter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_nudity" title="Depictions of nudity">Depictions of nudity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nude_(art)" title="Nude (art)">Nude (art)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_nude_in_art" title="History of the nude in art">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Nude modeling (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography_(art)" title="Nude photography (art)">Nude photography (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_live_performance" title="Nudity in live performance">Nudity in live performance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_painting" title="Body painting">Body painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_film" title="Nudity in film">Nudity in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_American_television" title="Nudity in American television">Nudity in American television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_music_videos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudity in music videos">Nudity in music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_print_media" title="Nudity in print media">Nudity in print media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Nudity in advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic photography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imagery_of_nude_celebrities" title="Imagery of nude celebrities">Imagery of nude celebrities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_calendar" title="Nude calendar">Nude calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_News" title="Naked News">Naked News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_combat" title="Nudity in combat">Nudity in combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_clause" title="Nudity clause">Nudity clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_psychotherapy" title="Nude psychotherapy">Nude psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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