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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_of_reformatory_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_reformatory_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spread of reformatory ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_reformatory_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_Christian_III_and_Count's_Feud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_Christian_III_and_Count's_Feud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Election of Christian III and Count's Feud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_Christian_III_and_Count's_Feud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Reformation_in_Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Reformation_in_Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Reformation in Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Reformation_in_Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Reformation_in_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Reformation_in_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Reformation in Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Reformation_in_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Reformation_in_Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Reformation_in_Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Reformation in Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Reformation_in_Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Reformation_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Reformation_in_the_Faroe_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The Reformation in the Faroe Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Reformation_in_the_Faroe_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Recessen_30_October_1536_-_the_official_implementation_of_the_reformation_in_Denmark_30._oktober_1536.jpg/440px-Recessen_30_October_1536_-_the_official_implementation_of_the_reformation_in_Denmark_30._oktober_1536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption>30 October 1536: The official implementation of the reformation in Denmark.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheranism" title="Category:Lutheranism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:160%;"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_rose" title="Luther's rose"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/125px-Lutherrose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/188px-Lutherrose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/250px-Lutherrose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Start of the Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrine and theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creeds</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed#Lutheran_Church" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_the_Power_and_Primacy_of_the_Pope" title="Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope">Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a></li></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran theology">Distinctive theological concepts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)#Lutheranism" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Lutheran_Christology" title="Scholastic Lutheran Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Lutheranism" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity#Lutheranism" title="Catholicity">catholicity</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Two states of the Church</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence#Lutheran_theology" title="Divine providence">Divine Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Marian theology</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental Union</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Other relevant topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Lutheranism" title="Homosexuality and Lutheranism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Sacraments</a> and worship</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_(Lutheran_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism (Lutheran Church)">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage#Protestantism" title="Christian views on marriage">Matrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders#Lutheranism" title="Holy orders">Holy Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matins_in_Lutheranism" title="Matins in Lutheranism">Matins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespers_in_Lutheranism" title="Vespers in Lutheranism">Vespers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Liturgical calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_hymnody" title="Template:Lutheran hymnody">Lutheran hymnwriters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_church_music_during_and_after_the_Reformation#Emergence_of_Protestant_church_music" title="Protestant church music during and after the Reformation">Normative principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Evangelical_Lutheran_Conference" title="Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference">Confessional Evangelical<br />Lutheran Conference</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Confessional_and_Missional_Lutheran_Forum" title="Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum">Global Confessional &<br />Missional Lutheran Forum</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lutheran_Council" title="International Lutheran Council">International Lutheran Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_denominations" title="List of Lutheran denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism_by_region" title="Lutheranism by region">Lutheranism by region</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">History of Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">Crypto-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church_Lutheranism" title="High church Lutheranism">High church Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><b>Missionaries</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Campanius" title="John Campanius">John Campanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Callenberg" title="Johann Heinrich Callenberg">Johann Heinrich Callenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Phillip_Fabricius" title="Johann Phillip Fabricius">Johann Phillip Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Henkel" title="Paul Henkel">Paul Henkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christian_Frederick_Heyer" title="John Christian Frederick Heyer">John Christian Frederick Heyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Graul" title="Karl Graul">Karl Graul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Rautanen" title="Martti Rautanen">Martti Rautanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sihler" title="Wilhelm Sihler">Wilhelm Sihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._D._Wyneken" title="F. C. D. Wyneken">F. C. D. Wyneken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Olsen_Skrefsrud" title="Lars Olsen Skrefsrud">Lars Olsen Skrefsrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimos_Nesib" title="Onesimos Nesib">Onesimos Nesib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Olaf_Bodding" title="Paul Olaf Bodding">Paul Olaf Bodding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Flierl" title="Johann Flierl">Johann Flierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Keyser" title="Christian Keyser">Christian Keyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Christensen_(bishop)" title="Jens Christensen (bishop)">Jens Christensen</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Bible Translators</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiodoro_de_Reina" title="Casiodoro de Reina">Casiodoro de Reina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Magne_Yri" title="Kjell Magne Yri">Kjell Magne Yri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimos_Nesib" title="Onesimos Nesib">Onesimos Nesib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aster_Ganno" title="Aster Ganno">Aster Ganno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristian_Osvald_Vider%C3%B8" title="Kristian Osvald Viderø">Kristian Osvald Viderø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1kup_Dahl" title="Jákup Dahl">Jákup Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Phillip_Fabricius#Bible_translation" title="Johann Phillip Fabricius">Johann Phillip Fabricius</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Bible_editor_and_martyr)" title="John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)">John Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Constantine_(priest)" title="George Constantine (priest)">George Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Roh%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Jozef Roháček">Jozef Roháček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Avetaranian" title="Johannes Avetaranian">Johannes Avetaranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0brandur_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson" title="Guðbrandur Þorláksson">Guðbrandur Þorláksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Kurdish" title="Bible translations into Kurdish">Ludvig Olsen Fossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Egede" title="Paul Egede">Paul Egede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Fabricius" title="Otto Fabricius">Otto Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nils_Vibe_Stockfleth" title="Nils Vibe Stockfleth">Nils Vibe Stockfleth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Rautanen" title="Martti Rautanen">Martti Rautanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primo%C5%BE_Trubar" title="Primož Trubar">Primož Trubar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurij_Dalmatin" title="Jurij Dalmatin">Jurij Dalmatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Krelj" title="Sebastian Krelj">Sebastian Krelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Bible_Society" title="Norwegian Bible Society">Norwegian Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Bible_Society" title="Swedish Bible Society">Swedish Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ludwik_Zasadius" title="Samuel Ludwik Zasadius">Samuel Ludwik Zasadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislovas_Rapolionis" title="Stanislovas Rapolionis">Stanislovas Rapolionis</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Andreae" title="Laurentius Andreae">Laurentius Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_M._Norlie" title="Olaf M. Norlie">Olaf M. Norlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Bretk%C5%ABnas" title="Jonas Bretkūnas">Jonas Bretkūnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Brucioli" title="Antonio Brucioli">Antonio Brucioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs#Language_and_culture" title="Sorbs">Mikołaj Jakubica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Bel" title="Matthias Bel">Matthias Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Johann Ernst Glück">Johann Ernst Glück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Beck" title="William F. Beck">William F. Beck</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Theologians</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> / <a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brenz" title="Johannes Brenz">Johannes Brenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Calovius" title="Abraham Calovius">Abraham Calovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Quenstedt" title="Johannes Andreas Quenstedt">Johannes Andreas Quenstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Baier" title="Johann Wilhelm Baier">Johann Wilhelm Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">Philipp Spener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hollatz_(dogmatician)" title="David Hollatz (dogmatician)">David Hollaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">August Hermann Francke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Muhlenberg" title="Henry Muhlenberg">Henry Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Porterfield_Krauth" title="Charles Porterfield Krauth">Charles Porterfield Krauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._W._Walther" title="C. F. W. Walther">C. F. W. Walther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Herrmann" title="Wilhelm Herrmann">Wilhelm Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Stellhorn" title="Frederick William Stellhorn">F. W. Stellhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sasse" title="Hermann Sasse">Hermann Sasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Pannenberg" title="Wolfhart Pannenberg">Wolfhart Pannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenson" title="Robert Jenson">Robert Jenson</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheranism" title="Template:Lutheranism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheranism" title="Template talk:Lutheranism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During <a href="/wiki/The_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reformation">the Reformation</a>, the territories ruled by the Danish-based <a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a> converted from <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. After the break-up of the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> in 1521/1523, these <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">realms</a> included the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (with the former east Danish provinces in <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5neland" title="Skåneland">Skåneland</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>) and the Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Schleswig</a> (a Danish fief) and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a> (a German fief), whereby Denmark also extended over today's <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> (now part of Sweden) and <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Øsel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. </p><p>The Reformation reached Holstein and Denmark in the 1520s. Lutheran figures like <a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a>, known as the "Luther of Denmark", gained considerable support in the population and from King <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II</a>, and though his successor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">Frederick I</a> officially condemned the reformatory ideas, he tolerated their spread. His son <a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III</a> officially introduced Lutheranism into his possessions in 1528, and on becoming king in 1536/1537 after the <a href="/wiki/Count%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Count's War">Count's War</a>, Lutheranism became official in all of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>. The Catholic bishops were removed and arrested, and the church was reorganized based on <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_church_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran church orders">Lutheran church orders</a> drawn up under the aegis of Luther's friend <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a> in 1537 (Denmark–Norway) and 1542 (Holstein). </p><p>The Lutheran order established during the Protestant Reformation is the common root of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">Church of Denmark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Church of the Faroe Islands">Church of the Faroe Islands</a>. Nearly a century later would come <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Treaty of Lübeck">Denmark-Norways's unsuccessful involvement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> under <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a>, who led the defense of a Protestant coalition against the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)" title="Catholic League (German)">Catholic League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background,_Gustaf_Trolle,_interdict_and_the_need_for_a_functioning_church"><span id="Background.2C_Gustaf_Trolle.2C_interdict_and_the_need_for_a_functioning_church"></span>Background, Gustaf Trolle, interdict and the need for a functioning church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background, Gustaf Trolle, interdict and the need for a functioning church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Trolle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Trolle">Gustaf Trolle</a></div> <p>The Catholic <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Trolle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Trolle">Gustaf Trolle</a>, and with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>, was in conflict with the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> <a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Younger" title="Sten Sture the Younger">Sten Sture the Younger</a> and Sweden's parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>, due to the parliament's demolition of the archbishop's Almare-Stäket castle in 1518. Trolle was pro-union (<a href="/wiki/The_Kalmar_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kalmar Union">the Kalmar Union</a>) and was allied with <a href="/wiki/Christian_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian II">Christian II</a> who made a unionist conquest of Sweden in the autumn of 1520. Trolle was reinstated as archbishop and the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Bloodbath" title="Stockholm Bloodbath">Stockholm Bloodbath</a> was carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trials</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> between 7 and 9 November 1520 led to a series of immediate executions of 84 people, among them fourteen <a href="/wiki/Noblemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Noblemen">noblemen</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">burgomasters</a>, fourteen town <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">councillors</a> and about twenty common citizens of Stockholm <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a> or beheaded, many of them MPs. The pope gave Trolle the right in writing to <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">excommunicate</a> the parliament by <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">execute</a> them as <a href="/wiki/Heretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretics">heretics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">interdict</a> (church strike) were announced against them.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trolle was forced to flee to Denmark in 1521 during the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_War_of_Liberation" title="Swedish War of Liberation">Swedish War of Liberation</a>, during which <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a> came to power in Sweden with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">excommunicated</a> parliament. Despite Trolle's position and his support from <a href="/wiki/The_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pope">the Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a> refused to recognize him as archbishop and rejected Trolle as a <a href="/wiki/Traitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitor">traitor</a>. The pressure from Rome was a contributing factor for why Gustav Vasa never re-established the relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>, and introduced <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> by initiating the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">Reformation in Sweden</a>. </p><p>While in Denmark, Trolle ended up on the losing side of political conflict by backing Christian II, who had been deposed and replaced as king by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">Frederick I of Denmark</a> and Frederick's successor <a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III</a>. As enemies of Christian II and Trolle, Frederick I and later Christian III also had a strained relationship with the papacy who backed the Catholic Christian II. In the <a href="/wiki/Count%27s_Feud" title="Count's Feud">Count's Feud</a> 1534–1536, the papacy and Trolle supported the losing side again by supporting the pro-Christian II faction. At the end of the war in 1536, when Christian III entered Copenhagen, Archbishop Torben Bille was arrested along with two other bishops who were in the city at the time. The other bishops of the kingdom were arrested around the country. </p><p>The nobles took power and the king called for a lord's day in Copenhagen on October 20, 1536. At this, it was decided that the bishops would be deposed and their estates confiscated by the crown. The cathedral chapters and monasteries were allowed to continue their activities until they were reformed. The monks of the monasteries were allowed to leave the monasteries, but if they chose to stay, they would preach Lutheran texts. Christian III demanded that the councilors assure that no future bishop would be allowed to exercise secular power in Denmark. </p><p>Christian III worked to organize a princely national church, which was independent from <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_papacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The papacy (page does not exist)">the papacy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and the Catholic Church. A new <a href="/wiki/Church_order" title="Church order">church order</a> was drawn up by order of the king in 1537 and could be implemented in final form in 1539. The bishops were replaced as diocesan chiefs by superintendents, a title which became short-lived and soon returned to the name bishop. These would be appointed by the king and they would not be allowed to earn any major income. The parish priests were instructed to preach the Gospel, and the congregation was to be brought up in the Gospel doctrine. Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a> was introduced for children. Thus, the Reformation had been fully implemented in Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_of_reformatory_ideas">Spread of reformatory ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spread of reformatory ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Tausen_-_Jacob_Kornerup_efter_maleri_i_Ribe_Domkirke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hans_Tausen_-_Jacob_Kornerup_efter_maleri_i_Ribe_Domkirke.jpg/200px-Hans_Tausen_-_Jacob_Kornerup_efter_maleri_i_Ribe_Domkirke.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Hans_Tausen_-_Jacob_Kornerup_efter_maleri_i_Ribe_Domkirke.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Hans Tausen was one of the first Lutheran preachers and later bishops in Denmark.</figcaption></figure> <p>Already in 1525, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knight Hospitaller</a> from <a href="/wiki/Antvorskov" title="Antvorskov">the monastery of Antvorskov</a>, had begun preaching Lutheran doctrines in <a href="/wiki/Viborg,_Denmark" title="Viborg, Denmark">Viborg</a>. In the years hereafter, the Lutheran movement began spreading throughout the country, and although <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">King Frederick I</a> had pledged in his <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5ndf%C3%A6stning" class="mw-redirect" title="Håndfæstning">håndfæstning</a></i> ('charter') to fight against <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, he nevertheless issued an edict to the citizens of Viborg in 1526, obliging them to protect Hans Tausen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Evangelical movement had its origins in Germany, where <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> posted his <i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> in 1517. The movement quickly gained great influence in Denmark, although <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Poul_Helgesen" title="Poul Helgesen">Poul Helgesen</a> long tried to maintain a reform movement within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> instead of abolishing it altogether as the Lutherans would. </p><p>During the early 1530s, the king's passivity encouraged the people to attack <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> and churches. The former king <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II</a>, who had lived in exile since 1526, took advantage of the unrest and issued propaganda writings, agitating for himself and the new Lutheran doctrine. When Frederick I died in 1533, the <a href="/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5d" title="Riksråd">Council of the Realm</a> could not come to an agreement on who should be the new king. A Catholic majority preferred Frederick's 12-year-old son Hans the Elder of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev while a minority supported Hans' half-brother Christian who as duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Slesvig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holsten</a> had introduced Lutheranism there during the 1520s. </p><p>The election of a new king was postponed for a year due to the disagreement. In the meantime, the Council of the Realm governed the country, allowing the bishops to decide what could be preached in their respective <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a>. Hans Tausen was accused of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> and banished from <a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a> but the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roskilde" title="Roskilde">Roskilde</a> called him back after only one month. Discontent with the nobility taking over control of the country through the Council made citizens from <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> along with farmers, especially from northern <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, rally around the exiled Christian II. </p><p>The Council decided to join a <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Netherlandic</a>–Slesvigian–Holsatian alliance instead of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, which by Mayor <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Wullenwever" title="Jürgen Wullenwever">Jürgen Wullenwever</a> had been represented at the Council's meeting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_Christian_III_and_Count's_Feud"><span id="Election_of_Christian_III_and_Count.27s_Feud"></span>Election of Christian III and Count's Feud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Election of Christian III and Count's Feud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Election_of_Christian_III" title="Election of Christian III">Election of Christian III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count%27s_Feud" title="Count's Feud">Count's Feud</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Christian_3.jpg/200px-Christian_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Christian_3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Election_of_Christian_III" title="Election of Christian III">election of Christian III</a> was decisive for the Reformation in Denmark.</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1534, the city government of Malmø led by Mayor <a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Kock" class="extiw" title="da:Jørgen Kock">Jørgen Kock</a> refused to comply with an order from the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Lund" title="Diocese of Lund">bishop of Lund</a> to expel the Lutheran preachers. Malmø had already for long been a centre of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Evangelical</a> activities and responded to the order by occupying <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_Castle" title="Malmö Castle">Malmø Castle</a> and arresting the overlord. In May, this rebellion was followed up by the German Count <a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Oldenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher of Oldenburg">Christopher of Oldenburg</a> attacking Holsten. He had been hired by Kock of Malmø and Wullenwever of Lübeck to conquer Denmark, officially in order to restore Christian II. Christopher's participation in the following two years of civil war named it the <i><a href="/wiki/Count%27s_Feud" title="Count's Feud">Count's Feud</a>.</i> The count's main objective was not Holsten but Zealand, where he sailed and he quickly gained control of all Danish territory east of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Belt" title="Great Belt">Great Belt</a>. </p><p>On 4 July 1534, representatives of Jutlandic nobility and councillors met in <a href="/wiki/Old_Rye" title="Old Rye">Rye</a> in eastern Jutland. Here the lesser nobility forced the bishops to nominate the Lutheran Christian, Duke of Slesvig and Holsten to the kingship. When the nobility of <a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Funen</a> joined them, Christian agreed and homage was paid to him as King Christian III on 18 August that year in <a href="/wiki/Horsens" title="Horsens">Horsens</a>. </p><p>After both Funen and Jutland had rebelled and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> had become involved in the war in <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>, Lübeck withdrew from the struggle in January 1536. On 6 April, Malmø surrendered, though without losing either privileges or Evangelical doctrine. After the population had starved for months, Copenhagen surrendered. Mayor Ambrosius Bogbinder committed suicide. Like Malmø, Copenhagen did not lose its privileges, and the rebels were granted an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Reformation_in_Denmark">The Reformation in Denmark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Reformation in Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_(I)_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg/200px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg/300px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg/400px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2139" data-file-height="3262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a> consecrated the first Lutheran bishops ('<a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(ecclesiastical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent (ecclesiastical)">superintendents</a>') in Denmark.</figcaption></figure> <p>Christian III marched into Copenhagen on 6 August 1536. Six days later he carried out a coup. The three bishops who dwelt in Copenhagen were arrested and the rest were tracked down and arrested. The official reason was their hesitation to elect Christian as king and other alleged criminal acts. The real reason was that Christian wanted to kill two birds with one stone: carry through a Lutheran Reformation and confiscate the bishops' properties, the profits from which were needed to cover the expenses of the recently ended civil war. </p><p>Before Christian III came to power in all <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Count%27s_Feud" title="Count's Feud">Count's Feud</a>, he had already implemented the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> in his realms of <a href="/wiki/Haderslev" title="Haderslev">Haderslev</a> (Hadersleben) and Tørning (Tørninglen, Törninglehn),<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two domains in southern <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> which he had received in 1524.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen37_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen37-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A convinced Lutheran since his encounter with Luther at the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a> in 1521,<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen37_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen37-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian III introduced a Lutheran church order in his domains in 1528, laid out in the twenty-two <i>Haderslev articles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen38_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen38-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1536, he wanted to implement a similar order for the whole kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen38_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen38-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Haderslev articles had already introduced the office of a superintendent, and the arrest of the bishops – who had not supported his election and neither were willing to bear any of his war costs – made way to the assignment of Lutheran superintendents in all of <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen38_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen38-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the coup, Christian III contacted Martin Luther and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a>, whom he had first met in 1529. Both congratulated the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen38_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen38-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His subsequent request to the <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">elector of Saxony</a> to immediately deploy <a href="/wiki/Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a> or Bugenhagen to Denmark was denied, but the elector was willing to do so once a rough draft of a Danish Lutheran church order had been provided by Danish theologians.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen38_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen38-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian III could thereby rely on a pool of capable Danish Lutherans who all had studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wittenberg">University of Wittenberg</a>. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Peder_Palladius" title="Peder Palladius">Peder Palladius</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Sadolin" title="Jørgen Sadolin">Jørgen Sadolin</a>, Hans Tausen and Frans Vormordsen.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A synode was held in <a href="/wiki/Odense" title="Odense">Odense</a> where the draft was begun, and the work continued in Haderslev thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen38_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen38-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first draft was based primarily on the <i>Haderslev articles</i>, also on the Saxon script <i>Unterricht der Visitatoren</i> ("Visitators' lessons"), on Bugenhagen's <i>Van menigherleie christliken saken</i> ("Of several Christian matters"), on the liturgical writings of Luther and Danish liturgical writings.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen3839_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen3839-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1537, the draft was sent to Wittenberg for approval, whereupon the elector allowed Bugenhagen to depart for Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen39_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen39-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left:1.5em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Danish superintendencies established in 1537 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Area </th> <th>See </th> <th>Superintendent </th></tr> <tr> <td>Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Roskilde<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Peder Palladius<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie724_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie724-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Funen-<a href="/wiki/Lolland" title="Lolland">Lolland</a>-<a href="/wiki/Falster" title="Falster">Falster</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Odense<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Georg Viburg<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie724_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie724-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jutland (part) </td> <td>Vendelbo/<a href="/wiki/%C3%85lborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ålborg">Ålborg</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Peder Thom<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie724_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie724-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jutland (part)<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Århus<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Matthias Lang<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie724_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie724-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jutland (part)<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ribe<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Johann Vandal<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie724_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie724-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jutland (part)<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Viborg<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Jacob Scaning<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie724_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie724-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scania<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Lund<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Frans Vormordsen<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie724_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie724-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrus_palladius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Petrus_palladius.jpg/200px-Petrus_palladius.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Petrus_palladius.jpg/300px-Petrus_palladius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Petrus_palladius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peder_Palladius" title="Peder Palladius">Peder Palladius</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Bugenhagen had revised and amended the draft, it was translated from Latin to Danish and presented to the <a href="/wiki/Rigsr%C3%A5det" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigsrådet">rigsrådet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen39_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen39-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a second revision by Bugenhagen, the church order was completed and signed by Christian III on 2 September 1537 as <i>Ordinatio ecclesiastica regnorum Daniae et Norwegiae et ducatuum Slesvicencis, Holtsatiae etc. etc.</i> ("Church order of the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway and the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein etc.").<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen39_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen39-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Denmark, seven superintendancies were established, replacing the former bishoprics.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The superintendents were to meet with the king in <i>synodes</i>, the upper clergy with the superintendents in <i>landemoders</i>, and the lower with the upper clergy in <i>kalenters</i>. The king was to have no theological authority besides approving the superintendents. The superintendents were not to hold fiefs or secular offices – a rule which was not followed strictly.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart65_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart65-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, Christian III often intervened in the church's affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Grell5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grell5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church order turned against the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">fast days</a>, celibacy and everything else that was considered papistic foolery, and instead decreed <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a> to be performed in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>. Most monks and nuns were allowed to stay in their monasteries and convents, except the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">grey friars</a>. </p><p>Priests were allowed to keep their churches until they died. Only when the last monk or nun had died would a monastery be added to the property of the Crown. Thus, in spite of more fierce procedures followed, especially by bishop Peder Palladius on Zealand, the Reformation progressed as a relatively bloodless affair in Denmark. </p><p>A Danish translation of the Latin <i>Ordinatio ecclesiastica</i> was approved by the rigsrådet as a law in 1539.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen39_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen39-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bugenhagen left Denmark the same year. He returned in 1542 to mediate negotiations with the gentry of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a>, who had delayed the implementation of the church order there.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen39_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen39-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 March 1542, the <i>Schleswig-Holsteinische Kirchenordnung</i> ("Church order of Schleswig-Holstein") was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rendsburg" title="Rendsburg">Rendsburg</a> after a revision by Bugenhagen.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen39_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen39-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Implementation of the church order in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> proved more difficult, and even more so in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, where it was implemented in 1552 after the execution of bishop <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Arason" title="Jón Arason">Jón Arason</a> in 1550, and contested by the local population until the seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen40_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen40-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to working on the Danish church order, Bugenhagen crowned Christian III and his wife Dorothea with a Lutheran ritual on 12 August 1537, the king's thirty-fourth birthday and the first anniversary of the arrest of the Roman Catholic bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coronation as well as the inauguration of the superintendents, which was also performed by Bugenhagen, took place in <i>Our Lady's Church</i> in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grell32_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grell32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1537, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>, closed since the Count's War, was modelled by Bugenhagen after Wittenberg<sup id="cite_ref-Grell38_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grell38-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was re-opened as a Lutheran university.<sup id="cite_ref-Grell32_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grell32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1550, the "Christian III Bible" was first printed, a translation of Luther's Bible by Christiern Pederson on behalf of Christian III.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart66_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart66-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1556, Peder Palladius published the "Altar Book", a compendium of Lutheran liturgy, which did not become binding in all of Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart66_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart66-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Reformation_in_Norway">The Reformation in Norway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Reformation in Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> in Norway was accomplished by force in <a href="/wiki/1537_in_Norway" title="1537 in Norway">1537</a>. Christian III declared Lutheranism to be the official religion of Norway, sending the Catholic archbishop, <a href="/wiki/Olav_Engelbrektsson" title="Olav Engelbrektsson">Olav Engelbrektsson</a>, into exile in <a href="/wiki/Lier,_Belgium" title="Lier, Belgium">Lier</a> in the Netherlands, now in Belgium. Catholic priests and bishops were persecuted, monastic orders were suppressed, and the crown took over church property, while some churches were plundered and abandoned, even destroyed. </p><p>Bishops, initially called <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(ecclesiastical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent (ecclesiastical)">superintendents</a>, were appointed by the king. The first superintendent was <a href="/wiki/Gjeble_Pederss%C3%B8n" title="Gjeble Pederssøn">Gjeble Pederssøn</a> who served as superintendent of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Bj%C3%B8rgvin" title="Diocese of Bjørgvin">Bjørgvin</a> from 1537 to <a href="/wiki/1557_in_Norway" title="1557 in Norway">1557</a>. In 1541, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Stavanger" title="Diocese of Stavanger">Stavanger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Oslo" title="Diocese of Oslo">Oslo</a> got their first superintendents, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Guttormss%C3%B8n" title="Jon Guttormssøn">Jon Guttormssøn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rev" title="Hans Rev">Hans Rev</a>. In 1546, <a href="/wiki/Torbj%C3%B8rn_Bratt" title="Torbjørn Bratt">Torbjørn Bratt</a> became the first superintendent in <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Nidaros" title="Diocese of Nidaros">Trondheim</a>. </p><p>In 1537, Christian III also made Norway a hereditary kingdom in a <a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a> with Denmark, which would last until <a href="/wiki/1814_in_Norway" title="1814 in Norway">1814</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI</a> ceded Norway to <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIII of Sweden">Charles XIII of Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Reformation_in_Iceland">The Reformation in Iceland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Reformation in Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Icelandic Reformation</a></div> <p>The Icelandic Reformation took place from 1539 to 1550. Iceland was at this time a territory ruled by <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a>, and Lutheran religious reform was imposed on the Icelanders by Christian III. The Icelandic Reformation was concluded with the execution of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Arason" title="Jón Arason">Jón Arason</a>, Catholic bishop of Hólar, and his two sons, in 1550, after which the country adopted Lutheranism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Reformation_in_the_Faroe_Islands">The Reformation in the Faroe Islands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Reformation in the Faroe Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Faroe_Islands#Protestant_Reformation" title="Catholic Church in the Faroe Islands">Catholic Church in the Faroe Islands § Protestant Reformation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.svd.se/var-stockholms-blodbad-en-korstagshandling">https://www.svd.se/var-stockholms-blodbad-en-korstagshandling</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Harrison" title="Dick Harrison">Dick Harrison</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lars-Olof Larsson (historian) Kalmarunionens tid: från drottning Margareta till Kristian II utgåva=2. uppl. 2003 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-518-4217-3" title="Special:BookSources/91-518-4217-3">91-518-4217-3</a> pages 425–426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Harrison" title="Dick Harrison">Harrison, Dick</a> (2019). <i>Stockholms blodbad</i>. Lund: Historiska Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/kvkntkjpht5c4skl">Libris länk.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.svd.se/var-stockholms-blodbad-en-korstagshandling">https://www.svd.se/var-stockholms-blodbad-en-korstagshandling</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Harrison" title="Dick Harrison">Dick Harrison</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lars-Olof Larsson (historian) Kalmarunionens tid: från drottning Margareta till Kristian II utgåva=2. uppl. 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-518-4217-3" title="Special:BookSources/91-518-4217-3">91-518-4217-3</a> pages 425–426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Harrison" title="Dick Harrison">Harrison, Dick</a> (2019). <i>Stockholms blodbad</i>. Lund: Historiska Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/kvkntkjpht5c4skl">Libris länk.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannesson, Gösta (1984), Skåne, Halland och Blekinge. Om Skånelandskapens historia. Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söner. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-1-843282-4" title="Special:BookSources/91-1-843282-4">91-1-843282-4</a> page 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dreyer, RHC 2013, ' An Apologia for Luther: The myth of the Danish Luther: Danish reformer Hans Tausen and 'A short answer' (1528/29). '. i P Obitz (red.), The Myth of The Reformation, Refo500 Academic Studies vol. 9, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 211-232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockhart64-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart64_9-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart (2007), p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorentzen37-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen37_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen37_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorentzen (2008), p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorentzen38-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen38_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen38_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen38_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen38_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen38_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen38_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorentzen (2008), p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorentzen3839-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen3839_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorentzen (2008), pp. 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorentzen39-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen39_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen39_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen39_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen39_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen39_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen39_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorentzen (2008), p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wylie724-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie724_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie724_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie724_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie724_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie724_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie724_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie724_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie (2002), p. 724</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockhart65-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart65_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart (2007), p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grell5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grell5_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grell (1995), p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorentzen40-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen40_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorentzen (2008), p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grell32-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grell32_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grell32_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grell (1995), p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grell38-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grell38_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grell (1995), p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockhart66-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart66_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart66_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart (2007), p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbl.snl.no/reformasjonen">reformasjonen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418210640/https://nbl.snl.no/reformasjonen">Archived</a> 18 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Store norske leksikon">Store norske leksikon</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jón R. Hjálmarsson, <i>History of Iceland: From the Settlement to the Present Day</i>, (Iceland Review, 1993), p. 68.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrell1995" class="citation book cs1">Grell, Ole Peter (1995). <i>The Scandinavian Reformation. From evangelical movement to institutionalisation of reform</i> (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44162-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44162-5"><bdi>0-521-44162-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scandinavian+Reformation.+From+evangelical+movement+to+institutionalisation+of+reform&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-44162-5&rft.aulast=Grell&rft.aufirst=Ole+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformation+in+Denmark%E2%80%93Norway+and+Holstein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart2007" class="citation book cs1">Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2007). <i>Denmark, 1513–1660. The rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927121-4"><bdi>978-0-19-927121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denmark%2C+1513%E2%80%931660.+The+rise+and+decline+of+a+Renaissance+monarchy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927121-4&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=Paul+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformation+in+Denmark%E2%80%93Norway+and+Holstein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentzen2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lorentzen, Tim (2008). <i>Johannes Bugenhagen als Reformator der öffentlichen Fürsorge</i>. Studies in the Late Middle Ages, Humanism and the Reformation (in German). Vol. 44. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149613-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149613-4"><bdi>978-3-16-149613-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johannes+Bugenhagen+als+Reformator+der+%C3%B6ffentlichen+F%C3%BCrsorge&rft.series=Studies+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages%2C+Humanism+and+the+Reformation&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149613-4&rft.aulast=Lorentzen&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformation+in+Denmark%E2%80%93Norway+and+Holstein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie2002" class="citation book cs1">Wylie, James A. (2002). <i>The History of Protestantism</i>. Hartland Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-923309-80-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-923309-80-2"><bdi>0-923309-80-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Protestantism&rft.pub=Hartland+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-923309-80-2&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformation+in+Denmark%E2%80%93Norway+and+Holstein" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldrbarry.net/heidel/scanref.pdf">"The Scandinavian Reformers"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3NBAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22The+Catholic+Church+in+Norway+was+a+direct%22&pg=PA342">Norway, the Lutheran Church of</a> in the Lutheran Cyclopedia</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Lutheranism" title="Template:History of Lutheranism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Lutheranism" title="Template talk:History of Lutheranism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Lutheranism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Lutheranism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Lutheranism277" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Start of the<br />Reformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Disputation" title="Heidelberg Disputation">Heidelberg Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Speyer_(1529)" title="Diet of Speyer (1529)">Diet of Speyer (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestation_at_Speyer" title="Protestation at Speyer">Protestation at Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Schwabach" title="Articles of Schwabach">Articles of Schwabach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Presentation of the <i>Augsburg Confession</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Religious_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Religious Peace">Nuremberg Religious Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Reformation in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Denmark–Norway and Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland#The_Reformation" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany#Reformation_and_Thirty_Years_War" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland#The_Reformation" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_German_Protestant_theologians" title="Category:16th-century German Protestant theologians">Reformers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brenz" title="Johannes Brenz">Johannes Brenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argula_von_Grumbach" title="Argula von Grumbach">Argula von Grumbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_S%C3%A4rkilahti" title="Petrus Särkilahti">Petrus Särkilahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Agricola" title="Stephan Agricola">Stephan Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_von_Amsdorf" title="Nicolaus von Amsdorf">Nicolaus von Amsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Andreae" title="Laurentius Andreae">Laurentius Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Praetorius" title="Stephan Praetorius">Stephan Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pfeffinger" title="Johann Pfeffinger">Johann Pfeffinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick the Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early turmoil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession_Variata" title="Augsburg Confession Variata">Dissemination of the <i>Augsburg Confession Variata</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1540%E2%80%931541)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1540–1541)">Colloquy of Worms (1540–1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Regensburg_(1541)" title="Diet of Regensburg (1541)">Diet of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg_Interim" title="Regensburg Interim">Regensburg Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Interim" title="Leipzig Interim">Leipzig Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Passau" title="Peace of Passau">Peace of Passau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1557)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1557)">Colloquy of Worms (1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent#Protestant_response" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent § Protestant response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_Centuries" title="Magdeburg Centuries">Publication of the <i>Magdeburg Centuries</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphoristic_Controversy_in_Lutheranism" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphoristic controversies (first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Second_Antinomian_Controversy" title="Antinomianism">second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell#Lutheran" title="Harrowing of Hell">Controversy on the Descent into Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_II_of_Constantinople#The_Greek_Augsburg_Confession" title="Jeremias II of Constantinople">Presentation of the <i>Greek Augsburg Confession</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Signing of the <i>Formula of Concord</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Synod" title="Uppsala Synod">Uppsala Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Gallus" title="Nicolaus Gallus">Nicolaus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_Spangenberg" title="Cyriacus Spangenberg">Cyriacus Spangenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Westphal_(of_Hamburg)" title="Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg)">Joachim Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Musculus" title="Andreas Musculus">Andreas Musculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John the Magnanimous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">Crypto-Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Scholastic</a><br />periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Acceptance of the <i>Book of Concord</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza#The_Colloquy_of_Mumpelgart" title="Theodore Beza">Colloquy of Mumpelgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Andreae" title="Jakob Andreae">Jakob Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Selnecker" title="Nikolaus Selnecker">Nikolaus Selnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chytraeus" title="David Chytraeus">David Chytraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hafenreffer" title="Matthias Hafenreffer">Matthias Hafenreffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Hutter" title="Leonhard Hutter">Leonhard Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegidius_Hunnius" title="Aegidius Hunnius">Aegidius Hunnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Praetorius" title="Stephan Praetorius">Stephan Praetorius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Quenstedt" title="Johannes Andreas Quenstedt">J. A. Quenstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Calovius" title="Abraham Calovius">Abraham Calovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Calixtus" title="Georg Calixtus">Georg Calixtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Hunnius" title="Nicolaus Hunnius">Nicolaus Hunnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesper_Brochmand" title="Jesper Brochmand">Jesper Brochmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomo_Glassius" title="Salomo Glassius">Salomo Glassius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_H%C3%BClsemann" title="Johann Hülsemann">Johann Hülsemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Conrad_Dannhauer" title="Johann Conrad Dannhauer">J. C. Dannhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_K%C3%B6nig" title="Johann Friedrich König">J. F. König</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Musaeus" title="Johannes Musaeus">Johannes Musaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Baier" title="Johann Wilhelm Baier">J. W. Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Hollatz_(dogmatician)" title="David Hollatz (dogmatician)">David Hollatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Scriver" title="Christian Scriver">Christian Scriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ernst_L%C3%B6scher" title="Valentin Ernst Löscher">V. E. Löscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Melchior_Goeze" title="Johann Melchior Goeze">J. M. Goeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Protestants" title="Salzburg Protestants">Salzburg Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Landler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian Landler">Landlers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speculative <p>or critical </p> theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolffian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Salomo_Semler" title="Johann Salomo Semler">Johann Salomo Semler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Michaelis" title="Johann David Michaelis">Johann David Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_D%C3%B6derlein" title="Johann Christoph Döderlein">Johann Christoph Döderlein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Old Tübingen school</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Christian_Storr" title="Gottlob Christian Storr">Gottlob Christian Storr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_S%C3%BCskind" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind">Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Flatt" title="Johann Friedrich Flatt">Johann Friedrich Flatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kantian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Friedrich_von_Ammon" title="Christoph Friedrich von Ammon">Christoph Friedrich von Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wegscheider" title="Julius Wegscheider">Julius Wegscheider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Herrmann" title="Wilhelm Herrmann">Wilhelm Herrmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Daub" title="Karl Daub">Karl Daub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Marheineke" title="Philip Marheineke">Philip Marheineke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Strauss" title="David Strauss">David Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Christian_Baur" title="Ferdinand Christian Baur">Ferdinand Christian Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Adelbert_Lipsius" title="Richard Adelbert Lipsius">Richard Adelbert Lipsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Pfleiderer" title="Otto Pfleiderer">Otto Pfleiderer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Moderate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Volkmar_Reinhard" title="Franz Volkmar Reinhard">Franz Volkmar Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gottlieb_Bretschneider" title="Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider">Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Martin_Leberecht_de_Wette" title="Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette">Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Transitional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_Jacobi" title="Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi">Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Moller" title="Martin Moller">Martin Moller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Arndt" title="Johann Arndt">Johann Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Valentinus_Andreae" title="Johannes Valentinus Andreae">J. V. Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">P. J. Spener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Petersen" title="Johann Wilhelm Petersen">J. W. Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">A. H. Francke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Buddeus" title="Johann Franz Buddeus">J. F. Buddeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Albrecht_Bengel" title="Johann Albrecht Bengel">J. A. Bengel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christian_Knapp" title="Georg Christian Knapp">G. C. Knapp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment#The_Counter-Enlightenment_Movement_vs_Counter-Enlightenments" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Awakening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">J. G. Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge" title="Hans Nielsen Hauge">Hans Nielsen Hauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Ruotsalainen" title="Paavo Ruotsalainen">Paavo Ruotsalainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Harms" title="Claus Harms">Claus Harms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Olof_Rosenius" title="Carl Olof Rosenius">Carl Olof Rosenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Tholuck" title="August Tholuck">August Tholuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zillertal#History" title="Zillertal">Zillertal Valley expulsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism#Repristination_versus_Erlangen_school" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Repristination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Hengstenberg" title="Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg">E. W. Hengstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Philippi" title="Friedrich Adolf Philippi">F. A. Philippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Gabriel_Hedberg" title="Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg">F. G. Hedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Paul_Caspari" title="Carl Paul Caspari">Carl Paul Caspari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Porterfield_Krauth" title="Charles Porterfield Krauth">C. P. Krauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Alexander_Gotwald" title="Luther Alexander Gotwald">L .A. Gotwald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism#Repristination_versus_Erlangen_school" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Erlangen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Christoph_Adolf_von_Harless" title="Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless">G. C. A. von Harless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Friedrich_H%C3%B6fling" title="Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling">J. W. F. Höfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Thomasius" title="Gottfried Thomasius">Gottfried Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Konrad_von_Hofmann" title="Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann">J. C. K. von Hofmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Delitzsch" title="Franz Delitzsch">Franz Delitzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_August_Kahnis" title="Karl Friedrich August Kahnis">K. F. A. Kahnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Harnack" title="Theodosius Harnack">Theodosius Harnack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ernst_Luthardt" title="Christoph Ernst Luthardt">C. E. Luthardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Hermann_Reinhold_von_Frank" title="Franz Hermann Reinhold von Frank">F. H. R. von Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Althaus" title="Paul Althaus">Paul Althaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Elert" title="Werner Elert">Werner Elert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/High_Church_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church Lutheranism">High Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Friedrich_Christian_Vilmar" title="August Friedrich Christian Vilmar">A. F. C. Vilmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">F. J. Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Friedrich_Otto_M%C3%BCnchmeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="August Friedrich Otto Münchmeyer">A. F. O. Münchmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Wilhelm_L%C3%B6he" title="Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe">J. K. W. Löhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kliefoth" title="Theodor Kliefoth">Theodor Kliefoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hansen_(theologian)" title="Heinrich Hansen (theologian)">Heinrich Hansen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches#Quarrels_over_the_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union of churches">Old Lutheran schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church#Background" title="German Evangelical Church">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Scheibel" title="Johann Gottfried Scheibel">J. G. Scheibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Huschke" title="Eduard Huschke">Eduard Huschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Steffens" title="Henrik Steffens">Henrik Steffens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ernst_Ferdinand_Guericke" title="Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand Guericke">H. E. F. Guericke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Huschke" title="Eduard Huschke">G. P. E. Huschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Free churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Australia / New Guinea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Kavel" title="August Kavel">August Kavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Fritzsche" title="Gotthard Fritzsche">Gotthard Fritzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Flierl" title="Johann Flierl">Johann Flierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Australia" title="Lutheran Church of Australia">Lutheran Church of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stephan" title="Martin Stephan">Martin Stephan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_August_Grabau" title="Johannes Andreas August Grabau">J. A. A. Grabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sihler" title="Wilhelm Sihler">Wilhelm Sihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._D._Wyneken" title="F. C. D. Wyneken">F. C. D. Wyneken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._W._Walther" title="C. F. W. Walther">C. F. W. Walther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Amberg_Preus" title="Herman Amberg Preus">H. A. Preus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Stellhorn" title="Frederick William Stellhorn">F. W. Stellhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Synodical_Conference_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America">Synodical Conference of North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Lutheranism" title="Homosexuality and Lutheranism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark–Norway_and_Holstein&oldid=1275848159">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_Denmark–Norway_and_Holstein&oldid=1275848159</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Lutheranism" title="Category:16th-century Lutheranism">16th-century Lutheranism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reformation_in_Denmark" title="Category:Reformation in Denmark">Reformation in Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reformation_in_Norway" title="Category:Reformation in Norway">Reformation in Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Icelandic_Reformation" title="Category:Icelandic Reformation">Icelandic Reformation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th_century_in_Denmark" title="Category:16th century in Denmark">16th century in Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th_century_in_Norway" title="Category:16th century in Norway">16th century in Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th_century_in_Iceland" title="Category:16th century in Iceland">16th century in Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Category:Christian III of Denmark">Christian III of Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Category:Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Category:Denmark–Norway relations">Denmark–Norway relations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2014">Use dmy dates from January 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 12:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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