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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%82%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%86" title="یوهان بوقنهاقن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوهان بوقنهاقن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Іаган Бугенхаген – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іаган Бугенхаген" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Яганэс Бугенгаген – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Яганэс Бугенгаген" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86" title="یوهان بوگنهاگن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوهان بوگنهاگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%98%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B6%80%EA%B2%90%ED%95%98%EA%B2%90" title="요하네스 부겐하겐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요하네스 부겐하겐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_B%C3%B9genhagen" title="Jan Bùgenhagen – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jan Bùgenhagen" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iohannes_Bugenhagen" title="Iohannes Bugenhagen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iohannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="چوهانس بوجينهاجين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چوهانس بوجينهاجين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bugenhagen" title="Jan Bugenhagen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jan Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD" title="Бугенхаген, Иоганн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бугенхаген, Иоганн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johannes Bugenhagen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q77260#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">German Lutheran theologian and pastor (1485–1558)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bugenhagen" redirects here. 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Johannes Bugenhagen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_(I)_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg/330px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg/440px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_Johannes_Bugenhagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2139" data-file-height="3262" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bugenhagen in 1537 by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">24 June 1485<sup id="cite_ref-KP79_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wolin_(town)" title="Wolin (town)">Wollin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />(now <a href="/wiki/Wolin_(town)" title="Wolin (town)">Wolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-KP79_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 April 1558<span style="display:none">(1558-04-20)</span> (aged 72)<sup id="cite_ref-KP79_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />(now <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-KP79_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Priest, Theologian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Walpurga Bugenhagen, maiden name unknown (13 October 1522)<sup id="cite_ref-SP27_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Johannes<sup id="cite_ref-SP27_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>the Younger</i>, 1531/2–1592, professor for theology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wittenberg">University of Wittenberg</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Nieden105_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieden105-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Martha<sup id="cite_ref-SP27_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Sara<sup id="cite_ref-SP27_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data">Gerhard Bugenhagen<sup id="cite_ref-KP79_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Theological work</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tradition or movement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Johannes_Bugenhagen.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Signatur_Johannes_Bugenhagen.PNG/150px-Signatur_Johannes_Bugenhagen.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Signatur_Johannes_Bugenhagen.PNG/225px-Signatur_Johannes_Bugenhagen.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Signatur_Johannes_Bugenhagen.PNG 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen,_Kirchplatz,_Wittenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Statue_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen%2C_Kirchplatz%2C_Wittenberg.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen%2C_Kirchplatz%2C_Wittenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Statue_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen%2C_Kirchplatz%2C_Wittenberg.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen%2C_Kirchplatz%2C_Wittenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Statue_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen%2C_Kirchplatz%2C_Wittenberg.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen%2C_Kirchplatz%2C_Wittenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Johannes Bugenhagen, Kirchplatz, Wittenberg</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Johannes Bugenhagen</b> (24 June 1485 – 20 April 1558), also called <i>Doctor Pomeranus</i> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, was a German theologian and Lutheran priest who introduced the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in the 16th century. Contributions of Karlstadt and Luther to the translation of theology into social legislation were most fully realized by Bugenhagen.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his major accomplishments was organization of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> churches in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. He has also been called the "Second Apostle of the North". </p><p>Johannes Bugenhagen was pastor to Martin Luther at <a href="/wiki/Stadtkirche_Wittenberg" title="Stadtkirche Wittenberg">St. Mary's</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>. He is also commemorated in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)">Calendar of Saints</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> as a pastor on 20 April. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Trzebiat%C3%B3w#Activities_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="History of education in Trzebiatów">History of education in Trzebiatów § Activities of Johannes Bugenhagen</a></div> <p>Bugenhagen was born in <a href="/wiki/Wolin_(town)" title="Wolin (town)">Wollin</a> (now Wolin), <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a>, on 24 June 1485 as one of three children of local <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">Ratsherr</a> Gerhard Bugenhagen. From 1502 to 1504, he studied <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">artes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">University of Greifswald</a>. In 1504, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Treptow_an_der_Rega" class="mw-redirect" title="Treptow an der Rega">Treptow an der Rega</a> (now Trzebiatów) and became the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> of the local school.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he had not studied theology, he was ordained as a priest at St. Mary's Church in Treptow in 1509, and served as a <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">vicar</a> at the <a href="/wiki/College_(canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="College (canon law)">Kanonikerkolleg</a> of that church thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-KP79_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1517, abbot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Boldewan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Boldewan (page does not exist)">Johann Boldewan</a> called Bugenhagen to serve as a Biblical lecturer at his nearby <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belbuck_Abbey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belbuck Abbey (page does not exist)">Belbuck Abbey</a>, where the two became the core of a <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanist</a> circle.<sup id="cite_ref-KP79_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duke <a href="/wiki/Bogislav_X,_Duke_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogislav X, Duke of Pomerania">Bogislav X</a> of Pomerania ordered Bugenhagen to write down the history of Pomerania in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. The year 1518 is the beginning of historical writing of the combined territory Pomerania. </p><p>Bugenhagen first encountered the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">theology of Luther</a> in the reformer's <i><a href="/wiki/Prelude_on_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church">Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> in 1520. At first he did not like Luther's thoughts at all. However, once he had studied it more, Bugenhagen became a supporter of the Reformation and moved to <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> in 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wittenberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes-Bugenhagen-1532.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Johannes-Bugenhagen-1532.jpg/170px-Johannes-Bugenhagen-1532.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Johannes-Bugenhagen-1532.jpg/255px-Johannes-Bugenhagen-1532.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Johannes-Bugenhagen-1532.jpg/340px-Johannes-Bugenhagen-1532.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Johannes Bugenhagen by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucas Cranach the elder">Lucas Cranach the elder</a> 1532. Some assert that it depicts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Ering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoph Ering (page does not exist)">Christoph Ering</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Ering" class="extiw" title="de:Christoph Ering">de</a>), another Lutheran reformer.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Wittenberg, Bugenhagen was elected parish pastor on 25 October 1523,<sup id="cite_ref-Nieden4651_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieden4651-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making him <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s pastor and confessor.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann58-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of Luther's team translating the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Bible">Holy Bible</a> from Greek and Hebrew to <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and opened the debate on <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Zwingli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Zwingli">Ulrich Zwingli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">reforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann58-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1523, his private lectures had become well known, so he was called to lecture the following years at the <i>Leucorea</i>, the university in Wittenberg<sup id="cite_ref-Nieden4647_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieden4647-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (today <a href="/wiki/University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle-Wittenberg">Martin Luther University</a>). In March 1524 the printer <a href="/wiki/Adam_Petri" title="Adam Petri">Adam Petri</a> of Basel printed his "Interpretations of the Psalms<i>"</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Lat</a>.<i>Librum Psalmorum interpretatio</i>) in the Latin language.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cover was cut after a drawing by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a> depicting biographical events of David’s life in relation to the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book saw four further editions in the Latin language within half a year.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second edition by Adam Petri in August, one by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Petreius" title="Johannes Petreius">Johannes Petreius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> and also by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Knobloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Knobloch (page does not exist)">Johannes Knobloch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strassburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another one is assumed to have been printed by Johann Schöffer in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, a German translation was printed by Adam Petri in which for the Psalms text, the German translation by Martin Luther were used.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bugenhagen was regarded as one of the most important teachers and practitioners of biblical interpretation in the Wittenberg-centered <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, ordaining a generation of Lutheran pastors who were educated at this university.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann58-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bugenhagen-Predigt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bugenhagen-Predigt.jpg/170px-Bugenhagen-Predigt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bugenhagen-Predigt.jpg/255px-Bugenhagen-Predigt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bugenhagen-Predigt.jpg/340px-Bugenhagen-Predigt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>Die Predigt rechter Altarflügel der Vorderseite des Altars der Wittenberger Stadtkirche</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>. Note the keys of the kingdom in Bugenhagen's hands</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 March 1533,<sup id="cite_ref-Nieden62_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieden62-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was promoted doctor of theology at the university of Wittenberg, together with <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aepinus" title="Johannes Aepinus">Johannes Aepinus</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaspar_Cruciger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaspar Cruciger (page does not exist)">Kaspar Cruciger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nieden62_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieden62-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SW58_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW58-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then became a professor in 1535.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The promotion was supervised by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a>'s theses, financed and attended by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick III, Elector of Saxony</a>, and formally granted by deacon <a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a>. With the ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>'s castle church (<i>Schloßkirche</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Nieden62_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieden62-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aepinus, Bugenhagen and Cruciger became the first three <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> doctors of theology.<sup id="cite_ref-SW58_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW58-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While theological doctoral promotions had been suspended in Wittenberg for the preceding eight years,<sup id="cite_ref-Nieden61_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieden61-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the promotion of Aepinus had become necessary as the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">burghers</a> demanded <a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_Hamburg#Superintendents_of_Hamburg_(1532–1593)" title="List of bishops of Hamburg">their new superintendent</a> to bear the title of a doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-SW58_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW58-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SW58NB_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW58NB-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melanchthon had written the speech for Jonas which laid the foundation of a Protestant doctorate, and Frederick III "the Wise" sponsored a subsequent celebration to introduce the new Protestant doctorate to the theological world.<sup id="cite_ref-Nieden62_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieden62-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformatory_work">Reformatory work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reformatory work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After he had outlined his reform ideas in a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> community, Bugenhagen was the most important figure in the Protestant Reformation in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann58-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took an active lead in creating new <i>church orders</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kirchenordnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirchenordnung">Kirchenordnungen</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a> (1544),<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann58-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (1528/29),<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann58-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SW55_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW55-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a> (1530–1532),<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann58-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> (1534/5),<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann58-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a> (1534/5),<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann58-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (1542),<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen39_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen39-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a> (1528),<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann58-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SW55_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW55-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> (1543),<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann58-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a> (1537),<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen39_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen39-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he also crowned <a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This earned him later the <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> "Second Apostle of the North".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only did he create the new rules, he also established them and persuaded people to follow them. Bugenhagen produced rules and regulations for religious service, for schooling, and for social issues of the church. In 1539, he became <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(ecclesiastical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent (ecclesiastical)">superintendent</a> of the Lutheran Church in <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>. </p><p>Also in 1539, Bugenhagen reformed the Pomeranian <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">University of Greifswald</a>, which he "re-founded" as a Protestant university, modelled after the university of Wittenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-SW60_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW60-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bugenhagen sought to inform the public that indulgences, not only done without God's word but against it.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_life">Late life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grave_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen,_St_Mary%27s_Church,_Wittenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_grave_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen%2C_St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Wittenberg.jpg/170px-The_grave_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen%2C_St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Wittenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_grave_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen%2C_St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Wittenberg.jpg/255px-The_grave_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen%2C_St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Wittenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_grave_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen%2C_St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Wittenberg.jpg/340px-The_grave_of_Johannes_Bugenhagen%2C_St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Wittenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Johannes Bugenhagen in <a href="/wiki/Stadtkirche_Wittenberg" title="Stadtkirche Wittenberg">St. Mary's Church</a>, Wittenberg</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of Luther in 1546, Bugenhagen took care of Luther's <a href="/wiki/Katharina_Luther" class="mw-redirect" title="Katharina Luther">widow</a> and children. Bugenhagen died in Wittenberg in 1558 and was buried at St. Mary's Church (<a href="/wiki/Stadtkirche_Wittenberg" title="Stadtkirche Wittenberg">Stadtkirche Wittenberg</a>). The church also contains a memorial painting to Bugenhagen by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Younger" title="Lucas Cranach the Younger">Lucas Cranach the Younger</a> depicting the baptism of Jesus Christ in the River Jordan by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> (with the whole Bugenhagen family watching). </p><p>Other than for his theological opinions, Bugenhagen was also well known because of his organising ability. Bugenhagen was also appreciated for his work in making a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> translation of Luther's Bible in 1534. </p><p>Johannes Bugenhagen was always a pastor at heart, and because of his love for music, his family coat of arms shows a <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His daughter Sara (died 1563) married <a href="/wiki/Georg_Cracow" title="Georg Cracow">Georg Cracow</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Modern_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Modern Age">Pomerania during the Early Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark-Norway_and_Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein">Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_English" title="Epistle to the English">Epistle to the English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SW58NB-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SW58NB_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a letter to Bugenhagen, the Hamburg burghers demanded that their new superintendent Aepinus must "<i>eyne Qualificerde parsonne nemptlick doctor theology syn</i>" ("be a qualified person, that is a doctor of theology"). Selderhuis & Wriedt (2006), p. 58</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KP79-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KP79_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KP79_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KP79_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KP79_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KP79_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KP79_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KP79_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kopitzsch & Brietzke (2001), p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP27-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SP27_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP27_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP27_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP27_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinwachs & Pietsch (2000), p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nieden105-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nieden105_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nieden (2006), p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLindberg2021" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, Carter (2021). <i>The European reformations</i> (Third ed.). Chichester, United Kingdom Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-64082-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-64082-0"><bdi>978-1-119-64082-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+reformations&rft.place=Chichester%2C+United+Kingdom+Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-119-64082-0&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Bugenhagen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHieronymus1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hieronymus, Frank (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MO1EAQAAIAAJ"><i>1488 Petri-Schwabe 1988: eine traditionsreiche Basler Offizin im Spiegel ihrer frühen Drucke</i></a> (in German). Schwabe. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-1000-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-1000-7"><bdi>978-3-7965-1000-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1488+Petri-Schwabe+1988%3A+eine+traditionsreiche+Basler+Offizin+im+Spiegel+ihrer+fr%C3%BChen+Drucke&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Schwabe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-7965-1000-7&rft.aulast=Hieronymus&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMO1EAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Bugenhagen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nieden4651-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nieden4651_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nieden (2006), pp. 46, 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufmann58-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann58_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufmann (1998), p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nieden4647-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nieden4647_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nieden (2006), pp. 46–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hieronymus, Frank (1997), p.356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hieronymus, Frank (1997), pp.356–357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hieronymus, Frank (1997), p.360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nieden62-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nieden62_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nieden62_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nieden62_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nieden62_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nieden (2006), p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW58-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW58_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW58_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW58_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Selderhuis & Wriedt (2006), p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nieden61-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nieden61_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nieden (2006), p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW55-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW55_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW55_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Selderhuis & Wriedt (2006), p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorentzen39-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen39_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen39_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorentzen (2008), p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart (2007), p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zietz (1834); Schneider (2008), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW60-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SW60_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selderhuis & Wriedt (2006), p. 60</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieden2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nieden, Marcel (2006). <i>Die Erfindung des Theologen. Wittenberger Anweisungen zum Theologiestudium im Zeitalter von Reformation und Konfessionalisierung</i>. Spätmittelalter und Reformation (in German). Vol. 28. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148878-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148878-4"><bdi>3-16-148878-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Erfindung+des+Theologen.+Wittenberger+Anweisungen+zum+Theologiestudium+im+Zeitalter+von+Reformation+und+Konfessionalisierung&rft.series=Sp%C3%A4tmittelalter+und+Reformation&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-16-148878-4&rft.aulast=Nieden&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Bugenhagen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaufmann, Thomas (1998). <i>Reformatoren</i>. Kleine Reihe Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht (in German). Vol. 4004. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-34004-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-34004-4"><bdi>3-525-34004-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformatoren&rft.series=Kleine+Reihe+Vandenhoeck+und+Ruprecht&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-525-34004-4&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Bugenhagen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopitzschBrietzke,_Dirk2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kopitzsch, Franklin; Brietzke, Dirk (2001). <i>Hamburgische Biografie. Personenlexikon</i> (in German). Vol. II. Wallstein. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7672-1366-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-7672-1366-4"><bdi>3-7672-1366-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamburgische+Biografie.+Personenlexikon&rft.pub=Wallstein&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-7672-1366-4&rft.aulast=Kopitzsch&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft.au=Brietzke%2C+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Bugenhagen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hans-Günter Leder, <i>Johannes Bugenhagen Pomeranus – vom Reformer zum Reformator. Studien zur Biographie</i> (Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang, 2002) (Greifswalder theologische Forschungen, 4).</li> <li>Hans-Günter Leder, <i>Johannes Bugenhagen Pomeranus - Nachgelassene Studien zur Biographie mit einer Bibliographie zur Johannes Bugenhagen-Forschung</i>, herausgegeben von Irmfried Garbe und Volker Gummelt (Frankfurt-am-Main, Peter Lang, 2008) (Greifswalder theologische Forschungen, 15).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart2007" class="citation book cs1">Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2007). <i>Denmark, 1513–1660. The rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927121-4"><bdi>978-0-19-927121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denmark%2C+1513%E2%80%931660.+The+rise+and+decline+of+a+Renaissance+monarchy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927121-4&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=Paul+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Bugenhagen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentzen2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lorentzen, Tim (2008). <i>Johannes Bugenhagen als Reformator der öffentlichen Fürsorge</i>. Studies in the Late Middle Ages, Humanism and the Reformation (in German). Vol. 44. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149613-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149613-4"><bdi>978-3-16-149613-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johannes+Bugenhagen+als+Reformator+der+%C3%B6ffentlichen+F%C3%BCrsorge&rft.series=Studies+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages%2C+Humanism+and+the+Reformation&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149613-4&rft.aulast=Lorentzen&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Bugenhagen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hans-Otto Schneider, "Der späte Bugenhagen – Wittenberger Bürger, Kirchenpolitiker, Theologe und Stadtpfarrer", VIII. Frühjahrstagung zur Wittenberger Reformation veranstaltet vom Institut für Europäische Geschichte (IEG) Mainz und der Stiftung Luthergedenkstätten in Sachsen-Anhalt in Verbindung mit dem Institut für Kirchengeschichte der Universität Leipzig und der Evangelischen Stadtkirchengemeinde Wittenberg, Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Bugenhagenhaus, 19. bis 21. April 2008, in: <i>AHF-Information</i> (Arbeitsgemeinschaft historischer Forschungseinrichtungen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland e.V.); Nr. 105 (6 June 2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelderhuisWriedt2006" class="citation book cs1">Selderhuis, Herman; Wriedt, Markus (2006). <i>DBildung und Konfession. Theologenausbildung im Zeitalter der Konfessionalisierung</i>. Spätmittelalter und Reformation. Vol. 27. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148878-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148878-4"><bdi>3-16-148878-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DBildung+und+Konfession.+Theologenausbildung+im+Zeitalter+der+Konfessionalisierung&rft.series=Sp%C3%A4tmittelalter+und+Reformation&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-16-148878-4&rft.aulast=Selderhuis&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.au=Wriedt%2C+Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Bugenhagen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinwachsPietsch,_Jürgen2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steinwachs, Albrecht; Pietsch, Jürgen (2000). <i>Evangelische Stadt- und Pfarrkirche St. Marien Lutherstadt Wittenberg</i> (in German). Edition Akanthus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-00-006918-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-00-006918-6"><bdi>3-00-006918-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelische+Stadt-+und+Pfarrkirche+St.+Marien+Lutherstadt+Wittenberg&rft.pub=Edition+Akanthus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-00-006918-6&rft.aulast=Steinwachs&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft.au=Pietsch%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Bugenhagen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cf. Johann Heinrich Zietz, <i>Johannes Bugenhagen – zweiter Apostel des Nordens, nach seinen Lebensschicksalen und seiner Wirksamkeit für die Gestaltung der evangelischen Kirche: Ein biographischer Versuch</i> (<sup>1</sup>1829), Leipzig: Sühring, <sup>2</sup>1834, passim</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bugenhagen,_Johann" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bugenhagen, Johann">Bugenhagen, Johann</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Bugenhagen, Johannes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110070454/http://beck.library.emory.edu/luther/luther_site/luther_text.html">A Christian sermon over the body and at the funeral of the venerable Dr. Martin Luther</a>. Translated by Kurt Hendel, 1996.</li> <li>Ruccius, Walter M, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnbugenhagenpo00rucc">John Bugenhagen Pomeranus; a biographical sketch</a>. Philadelphia: United Lutheran Publication House.</li> <li>Vogt, Karl August Traugott, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hR8DAAAAQAAJ">Johannes Bugenhagen Pomeranus. Leben und ausgewählte Schriften</a>. Elberfeld: Friderichs, 1867.</li> <li>Zietz, Johann Heinrich, <i>Johannes Bugenhagen – zweiter Apostel des Nordens, nach seinen Lebensschicksalen und seiner Wirksamkeit für die Gestaltung der evangelischen Kirche: Ein biographischer Versuch</i> (<sup>1</sup>1829), Leipzig: Sühring, <sup>2</sup>1834. No ISBN.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bugenhagen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Danish-Norwegian Kirchenordnung (1537), Latin edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aCNRAAAAcAAJ">scan of original</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diplomatariumisl10kaupuoft#page/256/mode/2up">Reykjavik 1914 reprint (pp. 257–328)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://renaessancesprog.dk/tekstbase/Kirkeordinansen_1537/1/view?query_id=None">HTML</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Start of the<br />Reformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Disputation" title="Heidelberg Disputation">Heidelberg Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Speyer_(1529)" title="Diet of Speyer (1529)">Diet of Speyer (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestation_at_Speyer" title="Protestation at Speyer">Protestation at Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Schwabach" title="Articles of Schwabach">Articles of Schwabach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Presentation of the <i>Augsburg Confession</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Religious_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Religious Peace">Nuremberg Religious Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Reformation in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Denmark–Norway and Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland#The_Reformation" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany#Reformation_and_Thirty_Years_War" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland#The_Reformation" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_German_Protestant_theologians" title="Category:16th-century German Protestant theologians">Reformers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johannes Bugenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brenz" title="Johannes Brenz">Johannes Brenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argula_von_Grumbach" title="Argula von Grumbach">Argula von Grumbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_S%C3%A4rkilahti" title="Petrus Särkilahti">Petrus Särkilahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Agricola" title="Stephan Agricola">Stephan Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_von_Amsdorf" title="Nicolaus von Amsdorf">Nicolaus von Amsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Andreae" title="Laurentius Andreae">Laurentius Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Praetorius" title="Stephan Praetorius">Stephan Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pfeffinger" title="Johann Pfeffinger">Johann Pfeffinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick the Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early turmoil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession_Variata" title="Augsburg Confession Variata">Dissemination of the <i>Augsburg Confession Variata</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1540%E2%80%931541)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1540–1541)">Colloquy of Worms (1540–1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Regensburg_(1541)" title="Diet of Regensburg (1541)">Diet of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg_Interim" title="Regensburg Interim">Regensburg Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Interim" title="Leipzig Interim">Leipzig Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Passau" title="Peace of Passau">Peace of Passau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1557)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1557)">Colloquy of Worms (1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent#Protestant_response" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent § Protestant response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_Centuries" title="Magdeburg Centuries">Publication of the <i>Magdeburg Centuries</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphoristic_Controversy_in_Lutheranism" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphoristic controversies (first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Second_Antinomian_Controversy" title="Antinomianism">second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell#Lutheran" title="Harrowing of Hell">Controversy on the Descent into Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_II_of_Constantinople#The_Greek_Augsburg_Confession" title="Jeremias II of Constantinople">Presentation of the <i>Greek Augsburg Confession</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Signing of the <i>Formula of Concord</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Synod" title="Uppsala Synod">Uppsala Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Gallus" title="Nicolaus Gallus">Nicolaus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_Spangenberg" title="Cyriacus Spangenberg">Cyriacus Spangenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Westphal_(of_Hamburg)" title="Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg)">Joachim Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Musculus" title="Andreas Musculus">Andreas Musculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John the Magnanimous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">Crypto-Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Scholastic</a><br />periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Acceptance of the <i>Book of Concord</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza#The_Colloquy_of_Mumpelgart" title="Theodore Beza">Colloquy of Mumpelgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Andreae" title="Jakob Andreae">Jakob Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Selnecker" title="Nikolaus Selnecker">Nikolaus Selnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chytraeus" title="David Chytraeus">David Chytraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hafenreffer" title="Matthias Hafenreffer">Matthias Hafenreffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Hutter" title="Leonhard Hutter">Leonhard Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegidius_Hunnius" title="Aegidius Hunnius">Aegidius Hunnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Praetorius" title="Stephan Praetorius">Stephan Praetorius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Quenstedt" title="Johannes Andreas Quenstedt">J. A. Quenstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Calovius" title="Abraham Calovius">Abraham Calovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Calixtus" title="Georg Calixtus">Georg Calixtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Hunnius" title="Nicolaus Hunnius">Nicolaus Hunnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesper_Brochmand" title="Jesper Brochmand">Jesper Brochmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomo_Glassius" title="Salomo Glassius">Salomo Glassius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_H%C3%BClsemann" title="Johann Hülsemann">Johann Hülsemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Conrad_Dannhauer" title="Johann Conrad Dannhauer">J. C. Dannhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_K%C3%B6nig" title="Johann Friedrich König">J. F. König</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Musaeus" title="Johannes Musaeus">Johannes Musaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Baier" title="Johann Wilhelm Baier">J. W. Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Hollatz_(dogmatician)" title="David Hollatz (dogmatician)">David Hollatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Scriver" title="Christian Scriver">Christian Scriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ernst_L%C3%B6scher" title="Valentin Ernst Löscher">V. E. Löscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Melchior_Goeze" title="Johann Melchior Goeze">J. M. Goeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Protestants" title="Salzburg Protestants">Salzburg Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Landler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian Landler">Landlers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speculative <p>or critical </p> theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolffian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Salomo_Semler" title="Johann Salomo Semler">Johann Salomo Semler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Michaelis" title="Johann David Michaelis">Johann David Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_D%C3%B6derlein" title="Johann Christoph Döderlein">Johann Christoph Döderlein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Old Tübingen school</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Christian_Storr" title="Gottlob Christian Storr">Gottlob Christian Storr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_S%C3%BCskind" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind">Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Flatt" title="Johann Friedrich Flatt">Johann Friedrich Flatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kantian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Friedrich_von_Ammon" title="Christoph Friedrich von Ammon">Christoph Friedrich von Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wegscheider" title="Julius Wegscheider">Julius Wegscheider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Herrmann" title="Wilhelm Herrmann">Wilhelm Herrmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Daub" title="Karl Daub">Karl Daub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Marheineke" title="Philip Marheineke">Philip Marheineke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Strauss" title="David Strauss">David Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Christian_Baur" title="Ferdinand Christian Baur">Ferdinand Christian Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Adelbert_Lipsius" title="Richard Adelbert Lipsius">Richard Adelbert Lipsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Pfleiderer" title="Otto Pfleiderer">Otto Pfleiderer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Moderate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Volkmar_Reinhard" title="Franz Volkmar Reinhard">Franz Volkmar Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gottlieb_Bretschneider" title="Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider">Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Martin_Leberecht_de_Wette" title="Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette">Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Transitional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_Jacobi" title="Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi">Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Moller" title="Martin Moller">Martin Moller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Arndt" title="Johann Arndt">Johann Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Valentinus_Andreae" title="Johannes Valentinus Andreae">J. V. Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">P. J. Spener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Petersen" title="Johann Wilhelm Petersen">J. W. Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">A. H. Francke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Buddeus" title="Johann Franz Buddeus">J. F. Buddeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Albrecht_Bengel" title="Johann Albrecht Bengel">J. A. Bengel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christian_Knapp" title="Georg Christian Knapp">G. C. Knapp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment#The_Counter-Enlightenment_Movement_vs_Counter-Enlightenments" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Awakening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">J. G. Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge" title="Hans Nielsen Hauge">Hans Nielsen Hauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Ruotsalainen" title="Paavo Ruotsalainen">Paavo Ruotsalainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Harms" title="Claus Harms">Claus Harms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Olof_Rosenius" title="Carl Olof Rosenius">Carl Olof Rosenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Tholuck" title="August Tholuck">August Tholuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zillertal#History" title="Zillertal">Zillertal Valley expulsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism#Repristination_versus_Erlangen_school" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Repristination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Hengstenberg" title="Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg">E. W. Hengstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Philippi" title="Friedrich Adolf Philippi">F. A. Philippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Gabriel_Hedberg" title="Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg">F. G. Hedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Paul_Caspari" title="Carl Paul Caspari">Carl Paul Caspari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Porterfield_Krauth" title="Charles Porterfield Krauth">C. P. Krauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Alexander_Gotwald" title="Luther Alexander Gotwald">L .A. Gotwald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism#Repristination_versus_Erlangen_school" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Erlangen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Christoph_Adolf_von_Harless" title="Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless">G. C. A. von Harless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Friedrich_H%C3%B6fling" title="Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling">J. W. F. Höfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Thomasius" title="Gottfried Thomasius">Gottfried Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Konrad_von_Hofmann" title="Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann">J. C. K. von Hofmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Delitzsch" title="Franz Delitzsch">Franz Delitzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_August_Kahnis" title="Karl Friedrich August Kahnis">K. F. A. Kahnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Harnack" title="Theodosius Harnack">Theodosius Harnack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ernst_Luthardt" title="Christoph Ernst Luthardt">C. E. Luthardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Hermann_Reinhold_von_Frank" title="Franz Hermann Reinhold von Frank">F. H. R. von Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Althaus" title="Paul Althaus">Paul Althaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Elert" title="Werner Elert">Werner Elert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/High_Church_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church Lutheranism">High Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Friedrich_Christian_Vilmar" title="August Friedrich Christian Vilmar">A. F. C. Vilmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">F. J. Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Friedrich_Otto_M%C3%BCnchmeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="August Friedrich Otto Münchmeyer">A. F. O. Münchmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Wilhelm_L%C3%B6he" title="Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe">J. K. W. Löhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kliefoth" title="Theodor Kliefoth">Theodor Kliefoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hansen_(theologian)" title="Heinrich Hansen (theologian)">Heinrich Hansen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches#Quarrels_over_the_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union of churches">Old Lutheran schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church#Background" title="German Evangelical Church">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Scheibel" title="Johann Gottfried Scheibel">J. G. Scheibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Huschke" title="Eduard Huschke">Eduard Huschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Steffens" title="Henrik Steffens">Henrik Steffens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ernst_Ferdinand_Guericke" title="Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand Guericke">H. E. F. Guericke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Huschke" title="Eduard Huschke">G. P. E. Huschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Free churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Australia / New Guinea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Kavel" title="August Kavel">August Kavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Fritzsche" title="Gotthard Fritzsche">Gotthard Fritzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Flierl" title="Johann Flierl">Johann Flierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Australia" title="Lutheran Church of Australia">Lutheran Church of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stephan" title="Martin Stephan">Martin Stephan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_August_Grabau" title="Johannes Andreas August Grabau">J. A. A. Grabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sihler" title="Wilhelm Sihler">Wilhelm Sihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._D._Wyneken" title="F. C. D. Wyneken">F. C. D. Wyneken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._W._Walther" title="C. F. W. Walther">C. F. W. Walther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Amberg_Preus" title="Herman Amberg Preus">H. A. Preus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Stellhorn" title="Frederick William Stellhorn">F. W. Stellhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Synodical_Conference_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America">Synodical Conference of North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Lutheranism" title="Homosexuality and Lutheranism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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