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Stereo-isomeer - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chirale stereo-isomerie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chirale_stereo-isomerie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Chirale stereo-isomerie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chirale_stereo-isomerie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enantiomere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enantiomere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Enantiomere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enantiomere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_ontdekking_van_chirale_stereo-isomere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_ontdekking_van_chirale_stereo-isomere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Die ontdekking van chirale stereo-isomere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_ontdekking_van_chirale_stereo-isomere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optiese_aktiwiteit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optiese_aktiwiteit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Optiese aktiwiteit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optiese_aktiwiteit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgawe" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" 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Beskikbaar in 19 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoizomer" title="Stereoizomer – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stereoizomer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estereois%C3%B2mer" title="Estereoisòmer – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estereoisòmer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomer" title="Stereoisomer – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stereoisomer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomer" title="Stereoisomer – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Stereoisomer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomeer" title="Stereoisomeer – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stereoisomeer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estereoisomero" title="Estereoisomero – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estereoisomero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ایزومر فضایی – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزومر فضایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomeria" title="Stereoisomeria – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stereoisomeria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="त्रिविमसमावयवता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्रिविमसमावयवता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoizomer" title="Stereoizomer – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stereoizomer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Տարածական իզոմերիա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տարածական իզոմերիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomero" title="Stereoisomero – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stereoisomero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomer" title="Stereoisomer – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stereoisomer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo-isomeer" title="Stereo-isomeer – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stereo-isomeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoizomery" title="Stereoizomery – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stereoizomery" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Стереоизомеры – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стереоизомеры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Стереоизомерија – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стереоизомерија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Стереоізомери – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стереоізомери" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84%E4%BD%93" title="立体异构体 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="立体异构体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q235816#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><p><b>Stereo-isomere</b> is stowwe met dieselfde atomiese samestelling en met dieselfde bindings, wat egter in hul driedimensionale struktuur verskil. Daar is twee tipes: <i>cis</i>-<i>trans</i>-isomere en chirale stereo-isomere.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cis-transisomerie">Cis-transisomerie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereo-isomeer&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Cis-transisomerie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereo-isomeer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Cis-transisomerie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cis-trans-2-Buten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cis-trans-2-Buten.svg/220px-Cis-trans-2-Buten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cis-trans-2-Buten.svg/330px-Cis-trans-2-Buten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cis-trans-2-Buten.svg/440px-Cis-trans-2-Buten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="138" /></a><figcaption>Cis- en trans-2-buteen</figcaption></figure> <p>'n Enkele C-C-binding is vrylik draaibaar, maar vir 'n dubbele binding is dit nie die geval nie. Dit wil sê dat die molekuul <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<sub>3</sub>C</span>-HC=CH-<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CH<sub>3</sub></span> (2-buteen) in twee weergawes voorkom, wat (effens) verskillende eienskappe het. Hierdie tipe isomerie is belangrik in biologie en selfs vir gesondheid. Onversadigde vetsure kom in die natuur gewoonlik in die cis-vorm voor. Industriële bewerking soos hidrogenasie kan die een vorm egter omskakel na die ander een, en trans-vette is skadelik vir die gesondheid van die mens.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cis-transisomerie kom ook by metaalkomplekse voor en kan met <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Semenovich_Kurnakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov">Kurnakov</a> se reaksie onderskei word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chirale_stereo-isomerie">Chirale stereo-isomerie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereo-isomeer&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Chirale stereo-isomerie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereo-isomeer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Chirale stereo-isomerie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enantiomere">Enantiomere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereo-isomeer&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Enantiomere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereo-isomeer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Enantiomere"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Enantiomeer" title="Enantiomeer">enantiomeer</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Chiral_molecule_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chiral_molecule_example.svg/350px-Chiral_molecule_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chiral_molecule_example.svg/525px-Chiral_molecule_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chiral_molecule_example.svg/700px-Chiral_molecule_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2231" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>Hierdie twee isomere molekules wat mekaar se spieëlbeeld is, is nie ekwivalent nie</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Non-chiral_molecure_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Non-chiral_molecure_example.svg/150px-Non-chiral_molecure_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Non-chiral_molecure_example.svg/225px-Non-chiral_molecure_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Non-chiral_molecure_example.svg/300px-Non-chiral_molecure_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CF<sub>2</sub>ClBr</span> molekuul met inwendige spieëlvlak in die Cl-C-Br-vlak. Let hoe die twee fluoorverbindings weerskante van die (grys) spieëlvlak lê.</figcaption></figure> <p>'n Goeie voorbeeld van hierdie tipe isomerie uit die daaglikse lewe is 'n paar skoene. Hul het dieselfde samestelling uit dieselfde materiale, maar die een is die spieëlbeeld van die ander. Indien 'n molekuul nie self die <a href="/wiki/Simmetrie" title="Simmetrie">simmetrie</a> van 'n spieëlvlak besit nie, is daar ook 'n linker- en 'n regterweergawe van die molekuul. 'n Goeie voorbeeld is die molekuul <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CFClBrH</span>. Dit het 'n tetraëdriese struktuur maar die <u>vier</u> hoeke (die <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligande</a>) word beset deur vier verskillende atome. Die molekuul bestaan in twee stereo-isomere wat mekaar se spieëlbeelde is. Die verskynsel word <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiraliteit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiraliteit (bladsy bestaan nie)">chiraliteit</a> genoem en die twee isomere word <b>enantiomere</b> van mekaar genoem. </p><p>Dit is in teenstelling met 'n molekuul soos <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CF<sub>2</sub>ClBr</span> met slegs <u>drie</u> verskillende ligande. So 'n molekuul het wel 'n inwendige spieëlvlak en kom slegs in een weergawe voor. (Die spieëlvlak loop deur die Cl-C-Br atome en spieël die een fluooratoom af op die ander een.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_ontdekking_van_chirale_stereo-isomere">Die ontdekking van chirale stereo-isomere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereo-isomeer&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Die ontdekking van chirale stereo-isomere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereo-isomeer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Die ontdekking van chirale stereo-isomere"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Pcrystals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pcrystals.svg/220px-Pcrystals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pcrystals.svg/330px-Pcrystals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pcrystals.svg/440px-Pcrystals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Twee kristallyne vorme van tartraat, naamlik "D" (dextro) en "L" (levo)</figcaption></figure> <p>'n 50/50 mengsel van albei stereo-isomere word 'n rasemiese mengsel genoem. Indien die stereo-isomere van 'n rasemiese mengsel kristalliseer, pak hulle soms saam in aparte kristalle wat dan dikwels ook spieëlbeeldige vorme aanneem. Wynsteensuur is 'n beroemde voorbeeld daarvan wat eintlik tot die ontdekking van chiraliteit gelei het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optiese_aktiwiteit">Optiese aktiwiteit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereo-isomeer&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Optiese aktiwiteit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereo-isomeer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Optiese aktiwiteit"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indien 'n bundel lig wat linêer gepolariseerd is deur 'n vloeistof soos water gestuur word, sal gewoonlik die polarisasierigting dieselfde blyf, maar indien dit byvoorbeeld 'n oplossing van <a href="/wiki/Suiker" title="Suiker">suiker</a> betref, sal die polarisasierigting draai. Die hoek waaroor die rigting verdraai raak, hang van die padlengte, die suikerkonsnsentrasie en die golflengte van die lig af. Hierdie effek word optiese aktiwiteit genoem en dit word in die suikernywerheid gebruik om suikerkonsentrasies te meet. Die meetinstrument word <a href="/wiki/Polarimeter" title="Polarimeter">polarimeter</a> genoem. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Optical-rotation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Optical-rotation.svg/220px-Optical-rotation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Optical-rotation.svg/330px-Optical-rotation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Optical-rotation.svg/440px-Optical-rotation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Meting van die optiese aktiwiteit</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1844 het 'n Duitse chemicus, Eilhard Mitscherlich, ontdek dat 'n <a href="/wiki/Rasemiese_mengsel" title="Rasemiese mengsel">rasemiese oplossing</a> van natriumammonium<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tartraat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tartraat (bladsy bestaan nie)">tartraat</a>, 'n sout van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wynsteensuur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wynsteensuur (bladsy bestaan nie)">wynsteensuur</a>, nie die rigting van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarisasie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polarisasie (bladsy bestaan nie)">gepolariseerde</a> lig beïnvoed nie, maar dat 'n oplossing met net een stereo-isomeer dit wel doen. Optiese aktiwiteit word dus deur die teenwoordigheid van net een enantiomeer veroorsaak. Mitscherlich het nogtans geen verskille in samestelling of molêre massa gevind nie en het hy dit nie verstaan nie. Vier jaar later het <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> opnuut hierdie probleem nagevors. Hy het die voordeel van Jean-Bapiste Biot se werk gehad wat optiese aktiwiteit verder ondersoek het, en wat opgemerk het dat dit moeilik te verstane was hoe molekules met verskillende eienskappe geen verskillende struktuur of vorm sou hê nie. Pasteur het die kristalle van die rasemiese tartraat opnuut onder die <a href="/wiki/Mikroskoop" title="Mikroskoop">mikroskoop</a> gelê en gesien dat ook die kristalle 'n linkse en 'n regse vorm gehad het. Die kristalle is dihedraal, wat wil sê dat hulle 'n klein vlak aan een kant van hul bokant het. Pasteur het gesien dat die posisie van die klein vlakkie verskillend was. Pasteur het toe gepoog om kristalle uit te pik en só op moeisame wyse te skei. 'n Oplossing van die geskeide kristalle vertoon optiese aktiwiteit, en wel in teenoorgestelde rigtings vir die twee stereo-isomere.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereo-isomeer&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereo-isomeer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps; letter-spacing: 0.1em;">Frederick Bettelheim et al.</span> Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, 2013, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9781285869759" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-285-86975-9</a> Hoofstuk 15: Chirality</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps; letter-spacing: 0.1em;">Robert DeMaria, Laura A. Meyer</span> Dr. Bob's Trans Fat Survival Guide, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0972890726" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-9728907-2-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps; letter-spacing: 0.1em;">Seymour Mauskopf</span> "A history of chirality" in Chiral Analysis, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780444516695" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-444-51669-5</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235816&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235816&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4183120-2">4183120-2</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5d8b68d754‐xkg47 Cached time: 20250219180623 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.091 seconds Real time usage: 0.147 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1237/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4787/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 550/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1667/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.027/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1017344/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 106.600 1 -total 38.70% 41.255 1 Sjabloon:Normdata 28.90% 30.806 1 Sjabloon:Hoofartikel 26.35% 28.086 1 Sjabloon:Rellink 24.24% 25.836 1 Sjabloon:Namespace_detect 22.59% 24.085 5 Sjabloon:Chem 16.58% 17.676 5 Sjabloon:Chem/link 11.19% 11.924 21 Sjabloon:Chem/atom 8.33% 8.877 1 Sjabloon:Verwysings 3.97% 4.234 4 Sjabloon:Su --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key afwiki:pcache:106584:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250219180623 and revision id 2717301. 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