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<li id="toc-Early_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_rule_(1867–1950)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_rule_(1867–1950)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>French rule (1867–1950)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_rule_(1867–1950)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>After independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Khmer_Rouge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Khmer_Rouge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Under the Khmer Rouge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Khmer_Rouge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_PRK/SOC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_PRK/SOC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Under the PRK/SOC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_PRK/SOC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Modern years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teochew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teochew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Teochew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teochew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantonese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantonese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cantonese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantonese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hainanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hainanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hainanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hainanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hokkien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hokkien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hokkien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hokkien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hakka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hakka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Hakka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hakka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Trade and industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Chinese_Cambodians_or_Cambodians_of_Chinese_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Chinese_Cambodians_or_Cambodians_of_Chinese_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable Chinese Cambodians or Cambodians of Chinese descent</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Chinese_Cambodians_or_Cambodians_of_Chinese_descent-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable Chinese Cambodians or Cambodians of Chinese descent subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Chinese_Cambodians_or_Cambodians_of_Chinese_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EA%B3%84_%EC%BA%84%EB%B3%B4%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="중국계 캄보디아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국계 캄보디아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tionghoa_Kamboja" title="Tionghoa Kamboja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tionghoa Kamboja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="كمبودى صينى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كمبودى صينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Cina_di_Kemboja" title="Orang Cina di Kemboja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Cina di Kemboja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C_%D1%85%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Камбож дахь хятадууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Камбож дахь хятадууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinezen_in_Cambodja" title="Chinezen in Cambodja – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinezen in Cambodja" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ជនជាតិខ្មែរចិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជនជាតិខ្មែរចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="กัมพูชาเชื้อสายจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กัมพูชาเชื้อสายจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Campuchia_g%E1%BB%91c_Hoa" title="Người Campuchia gốc Hoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Campuchia gốc Hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="柬埔寨華人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="柬埔寨華人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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The specific problem is: <b>duplicative/uncited content; text does not match headers.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chinese_Cambodians" title="Special:EditPage/Chinese Cambodians">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Chinese Cambodians<br />Sino-Khmers</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ចិនខ្មែរ/ខ្មែរកាត់ចិន</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">柬埔寨華人</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmerhokkienwedding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Khmerhokkienwedding.JPG/220px-Khmerhokkienwedding.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Khmerhokkienwedding.JPG/330px-Khmerhokkienwedding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Khmerhokkienwedding.JPG/440px-Khmerhokkienwedding.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sino-Khmers at a wedding celebration in <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Thom_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Thom Province">Kampong Thom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>343,855–700,000</b> (est.)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MOP2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOP2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Thom_city" title="Kampong Thom city">Kampong Thom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battambang" title="Battambang">Battambang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampot_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampot Province">Kampot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeo Province">Takeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Meanchey" class="mw-redirect" title="Banteay Meanchey">Banteay Meanchey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rattanakiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakiri">Rattanakiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stung_Treng" title="Stung Treng">Stung Treng</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, etc</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a> and significant minorities profess <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><sup id="cite_ref-Willmott38_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott38-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chinese Cambodians</b> (or <b>Sino-Khmers</b>) are Cambodian citizens of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> ancestry or Chinese of full or partial Khmer ancestry. The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> term <i>Khmer Kat Chen</i> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ខ្មែរកាត់ចិន</span></span>) is used for people of mixed Chinese and Khmer descent; <i>Chen Khmer</i> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ចិនខ្មែរ</span></span>) means Cambodian-born citizen with ancestry from China. The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> constitute the largest ethnic group in Cambodia among whom <i>Chen</i> means "Chinese". Contact with the Chinese people such as envoys, merchants, travelers and diplomats who regularly visited Indochina verifiably existed since the beginning of the common era.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the earliest record of a Chinese community in Cambodia dates to the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese Cambodians also play a leading role in Cambodia's business sector and dominate the Cambodian economy today.<sup id="cite_ref-research.vu.nl_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research.vu.nl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atimes1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atimes1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_China_Beat_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_China_Beat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambodia_-_The_Chinese_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambodia_-_The_Chinese-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Chinese Cambodians have a strong presence in Cambodia's political scene with many high ranking government officials and much of the country's political elite being of Chinese ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atimes1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atimes1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-infzm1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infzm1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atimes2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atimes2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_records">Early records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest records of Chinese settlement dates back to the late 13th century, where a detailed and comprehensive <i>Record of Cambodia</i> mentions the presence of Chinese businessmen trading at Angkor.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese seafarers noted the presence of a small Chinese settlement in Phnom Penh in the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time <a href="/wiki/Lin_Daoqian" title="Lin Daoqian">Lim To Khieng</a>, a Chinese privateer, stayed in Cambodia while trading and conducting raids in the South China Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Xu2005-10_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu2005-10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in 1644, Chinese troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Mac_Cuu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Cuu">Mac Cuu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duong_Ngan_Dich" class="mw-redirect" title="Duong Ngan Dich">Duong Ngan Dich</a> encouraged large numbers of refugees from Fujian and Guangdong provinces to settle in <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the immigrants were boys and men and boys who eventually married local Khmer women. Their descendants usually assimilated smoothly into the local communities, the economic and social process and personally identified as Cambodians. However, customs were also imported, such as the practice of the Chinese topknot that was practiced until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harris_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_rule_(1867–1950)"><span id="French_rule_.281867.E2.80.931950.29"></span>French rule (1867–1950)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French rule (1867–1950)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French first introduced a legislation in 1873 which classified Chinese immigrants as 'Alien Asians' and subjects were subjected to resident taxes. King Norodom introduced a legislative reform in 1884 which required the Chinese immigrants to pay higher resident taxes but there were no legal restrictions imposed for immigrants to take up Cambodian citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891, the French introduced a legislation first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> in Cochinchina, called "bang" in Chinese. Five associations were established in Cambodia, each identified by its specific region of ancestral origin in China; Cantonese, Hokkien, Hainanese, Teochew and Hakka. Chinese immigrants were required to register with their association to settle in Cambodia. Each of these associations was led by an elected headman, who would be responsible for maintaining law, order and tax collection duties from his countrymen.<sup id="cite_ref-Nyiri257_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nyiri257-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_independence">After independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French system of administering the Chinese Cambodian community was terminated in 1958. During the 1960s, Chinese community affairs tended to be handled, at least in Phnom Penh, by the Chinese Hospital Committee, an organization set up to fund and to administer a hospital established earlier for the Chinese community. </p><p>This committee was the largest association of Chinese merchants in the country, and it was required by the organization's constitution to include on its fifteen-member board six people from the Teochew group, three from the Cantonese, two from the Hokkien, two from the Hakka, and two from the Hainanese. The hospital board constituted the recognized leadership of Phnom Penh's Chinese community. Local Chinese school boards in the smaller cities and towns often served a similar function. </p><p>This was to be a high point in terms of the rights of the Chinese minorities. Cambodian independence in 1953 saw a regression in their treatment by state authorities and the previously existing autonomy was eliminated by the new government. However, many private associations - cultural, business-oriented and to do with education - were simply continued by the Chinese communities and clan associations themselves, as these communities still had very significant economic and political power. Anti-Chinese feeling and policies emerged, however, after the coup of 1970 which saw the establishing of a pro-West government which considered the neighbouring People's Republic of China a dangerous threat - and the Chinese minorities in Cambodia as a possible fifth column.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The year 1970 thus marks the beginning of almost two decades of severe repression of the Chinese minorities in Cambodia. It was after this point that Cambodian authorities started forcing the closure of Chinese schools and newspapers, requiring the Chinese to carry special identity papers, imposing special taxes on the Chinese and moving towards denying them Cambodian citizenship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While the Khmer Rouge regime appeared to have a more ‘tolerant' ethnic policy initially, it continued to discriminate against the Chinese once it had completed its takeover of Cambodia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The continued discrimination, however, now rested on class rather than ethnic grounds; since the majority of urban Chinese were traders, they were classified as ‘capitalists' by the revolutionary regime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While there is no evidence that the Chinese were particularly targeted in the Khmer Rouge purges,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> their population in Cambodia was probably reduced by half in the four years of Khmer Rouge rule;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it seems that there was an increased number of anti-Chinese events just prior to the Vietnamese invasion which brought an end to the Pol Pot regime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The establishment of the People's Republic of Kampuchea after the Vietnamese invasion in 1979 was not completely positive for the Chinese minorities. Partly because of tensions between China and Vietnam, the new Cambodian authorities adopted restrictive measures against the remaining members of the Chinese minorities, including banning them from returning to urban trades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1971 the government authorized the formation of a new body, the Federated Association of Chinese of Cambodia, which was the first organization to embrace all of Cambodia's resident Chinese. According to its statutes, the federation was designed to "aid Chinese nationals in the social, cultural, public health, and medical fields," to administer the property owned jointly by the Chinese community in Phnom Penh and elsewhere, and to promote friendly relations between Cambodians and Chinese. </p><p>With leadership that could be expected to include the recognized leaders of the national Chinese community, the federation was believed likely to continue the trend, evident since the early 1960s, to transcend dialect group allegiance in many aspects of its social, political, and economic programs. </p><p>Generally, relations between the Chinese and the ethnic Khmer were good. There was some intermarriage, and a sizable proportion of the population in Cambodia was part Sino-Khmer, who were assimilated easily into either the Chinese or the Khmer community. Willmott assumes that a Sino-Khmer elite dominated commerce in Cambodia from the time of independence well into the era of the Khmer Republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Khmer_Rouge">Under the Khmer Rouge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Under the Khmer Rouge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Khmer Rouge takeover was catastrophic for the Chinese community for several reasons. When the Khmer Rouge took over a town, they immediately disrupted the local market. According to Willmott, this disruption virtually eliminated retail trade "and the traders (almost all Chinese) became indistinguishable from the unpropertied urban classes."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese, in addition to having their livelihood eradicated on the whole, also suffered because of their socioeconomic class. They were mainly well-educated urban merchants, and thus were characteristic of the people whom the Khmer Rouge detested.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese refugees have reported that they shared the same brutal treatment as other urban Cambodians under the Khmer Rouge régime but they were not discriminated against as an ethnic group until after the Vietnamese invasion due to the PRC's support of the Khmer Rouge. Several of the most senior members of the Khmer Rouge were themselves of partial Chinese descent, such as <a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ieng_Sary" title="Ieng Sary">Ieng Sary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kang_Kek_Iew" title="Kang Kek Iew">Kang Kek Iew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_Sen" title="Son Sen">Son Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ta_Mok" title="Ta Mok">Ta Mok</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> himself.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Sihanouk saw the delineation and repression of Chinese business and identity as nationalism emerged and the Chinese were perceived as threatening to Cambodian sovereignty. During the various regimes between 1970 and 1990, Chinese enterprise and cultural expression was completely banned and destroyed and many ethnic Chinese died or fled the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_PRK/SOC"><span id="Under_the_PRK.2FSOC"></span>Under the PRK/SOC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Under the PRK/SOC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia</a>, the Vietnamese installed the pro-Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> regime which lifted some of the oppressive rules imposed on ethnic Chinese by the Khmer Rouge government. Chinese newspapers were allowed and the ban on speaking Chinese at home was lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, partial restrictions and a certain amount of suspicion remained, for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">pro-Soviet</a> PRK regime resented China's support for the Khmer Rouge guerrillas fighting against it, now renamed as the "<a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="National Army of Democratic Kampuchea">National Army of Democratic Kampuchea</a>" (NADK). Observers at the time believed that the lingering anti-Chinese stance of the PRK government and of its officials in Phnom Penh made it unlikely that a Chinese community of the same scale as before the Khmer Rouge could resurface in Cambodia in the near future. </p><p>The conditions for the ethnic Chinese, however, improved greatly under the SOC, the transitional avatar of the PRK after 1989. Restrictions placed on them by the former PRK gradually disappeared. The State of Cambodia allowed ethnic Chinese to observe their particular religious customs and Chinese language schools were reopened. In 1991, two years after the SOC's foundation, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> was officially celebrated in Cambodia for the first time since 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_years">Modern years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of particular note is China's economic role in the country, which encouraged Sino-Khmer businessmen to reestablish their past business which were once suppressed by the Khmer Rouge. The modern Cambodian economy is highly dependent on Sino-Khmer companies who controlled a large stake in the country's economy, and their support is enhanced by the large presence of lawmakers who are of at least part-Chinese ancestry themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-infzm1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infzm1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atimes2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atimes2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese language study is increasing in Phnom Penh, with the subject recently added to the national curriculum at the university level. Many Cambodians of ethnic Chinese descent learn Chinese for employment as well as business reasons due to the fact that many mainland Chinese investors are investing across the Cambodian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-The_China_Beat_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_China_Beat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The position of the Chinese minority has undergone a dramatic turn for the better and the Chinese seem to have regained much of their previous economic clout. For various reasons, including the growing economic collaboration between China and Cambodia and the huge investments being made by Chinese companies, the Chinese community has seen its numbers expand dramatically in the 2000s (decade). There has been a huge growth in Chinese-language schools, often generously supported by the government of China through subsidies, and also in the production of textbooks (in Chinese) that incorporate Cambodian history and seminars for teachers. There may be close to 100 such schools today (2007). One of these private schools claims to be the largest overseas Chinese school in the world, with some 10,000 students. A number of Chinese-language newspapers began to be published in the country after 1993, and state television broadcasting even included a news segment in Chinese after 1998. All of the main political parties in Cambodia now appear sensitive to the clout of the Chinese minority, publishing campaign material in Chinese in the last elections. While this minority faced serious discrimination until the 1980s, it appears that that period has come to an end and that they no longer appear to be victimized by state authorities and are allowed to prosper under Hun Sen.<sup id="cite_ref-Minority_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minority-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to statistics from the Ministry of Planning by the Cambodian government, approximately 15,000 individuals, or 0.1% out of the country's total population of 15 million were identified as ethnic Chinese in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-MOP2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOP2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, Chinese associations in Phnom Penh estimates that around 700,000 Cambodians have at least some Chinese ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-MoeunPPPost_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoeunPPPost-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A government census done in 1962 showed that 163,000 individuals Cambodian nationals were registered as Chinese, which amounted to as much as 3% of the country's population. The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">ECCC</a> had noted that then-<a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Prince Sihanouk</a> had estimated the Chinese population in Cambodia made up of 300,000 to 435,000 individuals in 1965, while CIA had estimated that there were about 444,000 Chinese in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A university field study conducted by William Willmott in 1961 found that there were 425,000 Chinese in Cambodia, which made up to approximately 7.4% of the total population at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott16_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott16-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willmott noted that there is a tendency for some Chinese who have taken up Cambodian citizenship, or Chinese descendants who have assimilated into Khmer society through intermarriages to be identified as Khmer in government censuses.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 1960s and early 1970s the approximately 425,000 Chinese Cambodians represented the largest ethnic minority in Cambodia. However, this number had fallen to a mere 61,400 by 1984. This rapid decline has been attributed to the accumulation of causes like warfare, economic stagnation, the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> era and periods of different regime caused mass-<a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stud_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stud-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Official censuses between 2004 and 2008 recorded that Chinese consisted of 0.3% of the country's total urban population and are concentrated mostly in Phnom Penh, while Chinese fluctuated between 0.0% and 0.1% of the country's total rural population between 2004 and 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-MOP2014_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOP2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian sinologist William Willmott's study of the Chinese in Cambodia's urban and rural areas in 1963 recorded that 59% of the Chinese lived in cities and towns while 41% lived in the countryside. Phnom Penh had a Chinese population of 135,000, or about one-third (33.5%) the city's total population.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott16_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott16-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teochew">Teochew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Teochew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew people</a> make up the largest Chinese sub-group in Cambodia and make up about 77% of the Chinese population. About 85% of the Teochews in Cambodia came from <a href="/wiki/Jieyang" title="Jieyang">Jieyang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a> in China. The earliest records of Teochew immigrants date back to the 16th century when some mutineers under the leadership of the Chinese pirate, Lim To Khieng settled in Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-Xu2005-10_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu2005-10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No significant Chinese immigration from the <a href="/wiki/Chaoshan" title="Chaoshan">Chaoshan</a> region occurred until the 1860s, and the Teochews came to Cambodia in modest numbers in the later part of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large-scale immigration occurred in the 1920s and 1930s, and the Teochews established themselves as the dominant Chinese sub-group thereafter. Approximately 48% of the Teochews live in rural area, and they made up about 90% of the rural Chinese population.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Teochews is also the largest sub-group in Cambodia, where some 100,000 out of 135,000 Chinese in 1962 are from this sub-group.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott104_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott104-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teochews in rural region of the country generally make their living as village shopkeepers, rural credit moneylenders, rice merchants or as vegetable farmers. In Phnom Penh and the smaller towns, the Teochews are generally import-export <a href="/wiki/Entrepot" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepot">Entrepot</a> traders, pharmacists or street peddlars.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott18_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott18-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large influx of Teochew immigrants from Thailand into Battambang resulted in the Teochews outnumbering other Chinese dialect groups in the city following its brief annexation by Thailand in 1945 that brought large numbers of Teochew immigrants to move into the city. By the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew dialect</a> became the main language of commerce communication usage in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantonese">Cantonese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cantonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> are also known as "Chen-Kantang" in Khmer language. They made up the largest Chinese sub-group in Cambodia between the 17th century until the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lived mainly in the city. About 40% of the Cantonese are concentrated in Phnom Penh,<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott18_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott18-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while most of the remainder are found in <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Meanchey" class="mw-redirect" title="Banteay Meanchey">Banteay Meanchey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battambang" title="Battambang">Battambang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Cham City">Kampong Cham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Chhnang_(city)" title="Kampong Chhnang (city)">Kampong Chhnang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krati%C3%A9_(town)" title="Kratié (town)">Kratie</a> where they make up at least 30% of the Chinese populace.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott104_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott104-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 55% of the Cantonese came from the prefectures of <a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> province of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1880s and 1890s, Chinese real estate developers of Cantonese origin secured building contracts from the French colonial government, to develop brick-and-concrete shophouses in a programme of urban renewal of modernizing Phnom Penh.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cantonese, who comprised the majority of Chinese Cambodians before the Teochew migrations began in the late 1930s, lived mainly in the city. Typically, the Cantonese engaged in transportation and in the skilled construction trades mainly as mechanics or carpenters.<sup id="cite_ref-Hays_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hays-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hainanese">Hainanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hainanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 80 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Hainanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainanese people">Hainanese people</a> traced their origins from <a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang">Wenchang</a> county. They settled at an established trading settlement at <a href="/wiki/Kampot_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampot Province">Kampot province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sihanoukville_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sihanoukville (city)">Sihanoukville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott6_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Hainanese settlers started off as entrepot traders but turned to pepper trading at the end of the 18th century. They established pepper plantations in Kampot, and became the dominant Chinese sub-group in that province. Smaller Hainanese communities are also found at <a href="/wiki/Sisophon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisophon">Sisophon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sre_Ambel" title="Sre Ambel">Sre Ambel</a>. </p><p>In the 1950s, many Hainanese would then move to Phnom Penh, where, in the late 1960s, they monopolized the city's entire hotel and restaurant business.<sup id="cite_ref-stud_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stud-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hainanese of more humbler socioeconomic backgrounds operated tailor shops and haberdasheries.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hays_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hays-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, researchers found that many Hainanese of Khmer ancestry from their Khmer mothers and Khmer grandmothers still speak Hainanese fluently.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hokkien">Hokkien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hokkien"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien people">Hokkien</a> sub-group were believed to be the earliest Chinese sub-group to settle in Cambodia. Most of the Hokkiens trace their ancestry back to <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> prefectures in southern <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province. </p><p>The Hokkiens settle mainly in Phnom Penh and Battambang, and many Khmer families in Battambang claimed to have some distant Hokkien Chinese ancestry. The Hokkien community is involved the import-export shipping trade and in banking.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also comprised a large percentage of the country's richest Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-Hays_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hays-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hakka">Hakka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hakka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 65% of the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> trace their roots back to <a href="/wiki/Meizhou" title="Meizhou">Meizhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heyuan" title="Heyuan">Heyuan</a> prefectures in Guangdong province. </p><p>About 70% of the Hakkas are found in Phnom Penh where they are dominant professions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese Medicine">Traditional Chinese Medicine</a>, and shoemaking. The Hakkas are also found in <a href="/wiki/Takeo_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeo province">Takeo province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stung_Treng" title="Stung Treng">Stung Treng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rattanakiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakiri">Rattanakiri</a> who consist of vegetable farmers and rubber plantation workers. Hakka communities in the provinces migrated to Cambodia through Tonkin and Cochinchina in the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Phnom Penh, the newly arrived Hakka were typically folk dentists, sellers of traditional Chinese medicines, and shoemakers.<sup id="cite_ref-stud_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stud-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_and_overseas_Chinese_communities#Cambodia" title="Language and overseas Chinese communities">Language and overseas Chinese communities § Cambodia</a></div> <p>Many Chinese Cambodian families have their children learn to speak Chinese to reaffirm their Chinese identity as <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> has been increasingly the primary language of business for <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a> business communities. One main factor is due to the rise of China's global economic prominence and many Chinese Cambodian business families see Mandarin as a beneficial asset to partake economic links to conduct business between Cambodia and mainland China.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese Cambodians are generally practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, which incorporates rituals associated with <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Most Chinese families maintain a small shrine dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese deities">Chinese deities</a>, and popular choices include <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Lord Guan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yin" class="mw-redirect" title="Guan Yin">Guan Yin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ye_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Ye worship">Wang Ye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_God" title="Kitchen God">Kitchen God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MoeunPPPost_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoeunPPPost-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During festive occasions such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>, Chinese Cambodians would pray at communal temples either individually or as a group. <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Joss sticks</a> and paper as well as food offerings are used for prayers. On certain occasions such as funerals or fortune-telling, Chinese Cambodians would approach spirit mediums and <a href="/wiki/Geomancy" title="Geomancy">geomancers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott38_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott38-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small minority of Chinese Cambodians follow mainstream Mahayana Buddhism of the <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese Cambodian families generally do not practice Theravada Buddhism and send their children to Khmer monasteries, except for those descendants who have assimilated into mainstream Khmer society.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott38_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott38-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s and 2000s, there exists a trend among assimilated Sino-Khmer silk merchants who maintain commercial links with Chinese businessmen to re-adopt Chinese cultural and religious practices. They maintain Chinese shrines in their homes and shops, and explained that the adoption of such practices is necessary to forge closer ties with Mainland and Overseas Chinese businessmen.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_and_industry">Trade and industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trade and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_network" title="Bamboo network">Bamboo network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Economy of Cambodia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_of_Phnom_Penh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Skyline_of_Phnom_Penh.jpg/220px-Skyline_of_Phnom_Penh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Skyline_of_Phnom_Penh.jpg/330px-Skyline_of_Phnom_Penh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Skyline_of_Phnom_Penh.jpg/440px-Skyline_of_Phnom_Penh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phnom-Penh" class="mw-redirect" title="Phnom-Penh">Phnom-Penh</a> continues to be Cambodia's major financial district and business networking hub for Cambodian businessmen of Chinese ancestry. The city is now pullulated with thousands of prospering Chinese-owned businesses with most of the city's retail enterprises that have come under Chinese hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Chua_2003_37_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chua_2003_37-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richter_1999_199_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter_1999_199-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Like much of Southeast Asia, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">dominate</a> Cambodian commerce at every level of society.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-research.vu.nl_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research.vu.nl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chan_1991_267_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_1991_267-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chua_2003_37_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chua_2003_37-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-factsanddetails.com_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsanddetails.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entrepreneurial Chinese have come to contribute a large share of Cambodia's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Chua_2003_37_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chua_2003_37-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese minority wield tremendous economic clout over their indigenous Khmer majority counterparts with their presence playing a critical role in maintaining the country's economic vitality and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_1991_267_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_1991_267-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chua_2003_37_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chua_2003_37-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese community is one of the most socioeconomically powerful and politically influential minority communities in Cambodia. The Chinese community dominates nearly the entirety of Cambodia's business sector and is economically prosperous relative to their small population in comparison with their indigenous Khmer counterparts. With their powerful economic prominence, the Chinese virtually make up the country's entire wealthy elite.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pan_1998_146_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pan_1998_146-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Cambodia's socioeconomic backdrop, its presumed assertion as a plural society is seemingly arranged in a way where one's place in the country's economic structure is stereotypically believed to be purportedly reliant and inextricably linked to one's ethnic background. Furthermore, Cambodians of Chinese ancestry not only form a distinct ethnic community, they also form, by and large, an economic class: the commercial middle and upper class in contrast to the poorer indigenous Khmer majority working and underclass counterparts around them, whom have traditionally looked down on commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-factsanddetails.com_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsanddetails.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese have played a prominent role in Cambodian business and industry as their economic dominance of Cambodia dates back to the pre-French colonial kingdoms where Chinese merchant traders often maintained patron-client relationships with the Khmer monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Willmot, a sinologist at the University of British Columbia estimated that 90 percent of the Chinese Cambodian community were involved in some form of commerce in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking on and playing a crucial economic role in the country, the Chinese control almost all of Cambodia's internal trade and a substantial portion of the manufacturing including the nation's rice-milling and transportation sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, an estimated 60 percent are Chinese Cambodian urban dwellers engaging in commerce while the rest of the rural population work as shopkeepers, processors of food products (such as rice, palm sugar, fruit, and fish), and moneylenders.<sup id="cite_ref-stud_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stud-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-research.vu.nl_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research.vu.nl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout Cambodian cities, Chinese dominated numerous industries such as retail, hospitality, export-import trade, light, food processing, soft drinks, printing, and machine shops.<sup id="cite_ref-Pan_1998_146_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pan_1998_146-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the rural areas of Cambodia, Cambodian businessmen of Chinese ancestry operated general shops that provided the indigenous Khmer peasants with essential purchases such as farming supplies, groceries imported from China, sampots and sarongs, bamboo baskets, perfume, kerosene for lamps, alcohol as well as tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those in the <a href="/wiki/Kampot_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampot Province">Kampot Province</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Koh_Kong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Koh Kong Province">Kaoh Kong</a> Province cultivate black pepper and fruit (especially rambutans, durians, and coconuts). Additionally, rural Chinese Cambodians also engaged in saltwater fishing. In the 19th century, the French allowed Chinese-owned businesses to flourish due to their laissez-faire capitalist policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott_2011_52_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott_2011_52-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-factsanddetails.com_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsanddetails.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willmott also estimated that the Chinese community controlled 92 percent of the Cambodian economy by the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-factsanddetails.com_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsanddetails.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cambodians of Chinese ancestry traded in urban areas and worked as shopkeepers, moneylenders, and traditional healers in the rural areas, while Chinese farmers controlled Cambodia's lucrative Kampot pepper industry.<sup id="cite_ref-The_China_Beat_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_China_Beat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese Cambodian moneylenders also wielded considerable economic power over the poorer indigenous Khmer peasants through <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> at an interest rate of 10 to 20 percent per month. This might have been the reason why 75 percent of the peasants in Cambodia were in debt in 1952, according to the Australian Colonial Credit Office. Cambodian entrepreneurs of Chinese ancestry are also estimated to control 70 percent of the industrial investment and are actively engaged in trading, real estate development, construction, small-scale manufacturing, alcohol distilling, hospitality, fast food restaurants, and food processing.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richter_1999_199_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter_1999_199-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese also dominate the Cambodian silk weaving industry where key commercial positions in the Cambodian silk trading networks are completely held in Chinese hands.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cambodia's rice milling industry has completely been under Chinese hands as they wield a complete monopoly over Cambodia's rice distilling industry. At the turn of the 20th century, all of Cambodia's rice mills were completely controlled by the Chinese with Chinese rice merchants being responsible for the nation's entire export of rice. Hierarchies of rice mills were established ranging from the small humble rural rice dealer all the way to the colossal <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A3_L%E1%BB%9Bn,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chợ Lớn, Ho Chi Minh City">Cholon</a>-style rice mills.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Cambodian shopkeepers of Chinese ancestry also mixed and diversified other goods and services of value such as lending money and retailing manufactured goods alongside rice trading.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite constituting less than 1 percent of the overall population of Cambodia, Cambodians of Chinese ancestry are estimated to control 70 percent of the publicly listed companies by market capitalization on the <a href="/wiki/Cambodia_Securities_Exchange" title="Cambodia Securities Exchange">Cambodian stock exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 346 shipping firms listed in the 1963 issue of the Chinese Commercial Annual, a minimum of 267 or 78 percent were owned by Cambodians of Chinese ancestry with the eight of the top ten businesses being owned by them as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_1991_267_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_1991_267-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kwok_2005_98_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwok_2005_98-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder were either owned by the French or state-owned but economic preponderance prompted Chinese Cambodian businessmen to act as financial intermediaries and operating as agents for the French as well as their own.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Chinese investment in Cambodia was second to the French prior to the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott_2011_52_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott_2011_52-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 95 percent of the internal trade was also under the control of the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_1991_267_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_1991_267-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 3349 industrial firms listed by the Cambodian Ministry of Industry in 1961, 3300 or 99 percent were controlled by the Chinese with the rest being either state-owned or by French interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_1991_267_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_1991_267-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kwok_2005_98_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwok_2005_98-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese representation of the 3300 industrial firms also made up 90 percent of the private investment in the aggregate.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_1991_267_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_1991_267-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kwok_2005_98_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwok_2005_98-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrial firms ranged from artisan workshops, small scale manufacturing, food processing, and beverage manufacturing and retailing, in addition to the primary processing of sawmilling, rice milling, sugar refining, and charcoal burning.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the era of post-colonial French rule, the Chinese retained their commercial dominance throughout Cambodia's economy throughout the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">reign of King Sihanouk (1953–1970)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verver_2019_4_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verver_2019_4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tipton_2008_277_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tipton_2008_277-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the city of Phnom Penh, a third of the total population was of Chinese ancestry numbering some 135,000 people who made their living as shoemakers, dentists, cinema owners, barbers, bakers, carpenters, and dentists.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the Chinese Cambodian business community mingled amongst themselves along the lines of dialect and ethnicity as the community cohered together based on ethnic and familial relations when it came to pursuing capital, organizing labour, and carving out their own unique economic niches in various trades.<sup id="cite_ref-Verver_2019_4_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verver_2019_4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the countryside and rural areas, the Chinese produced cash crops such as pepper and vegetables and Chinese merchants purchased surplus rice, peddled commodities, and bestowed loans to Khmer peasants who were in need of credit.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese entrepreneurs were also able to secure contracts from the Khmer royal family, where they were granted access to vast kinship networks to marshal investment capital and shore up credit and loans as well as given privileges to operate gambling dens, opium farms, pawn brokerage houses, and fisheries throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Verver_2019_5_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verver_2019_5-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cantonese held extensive control on the rice, pepper, and salt trade and the Teochew dominated the wholesale and retail trade, exerted an enormous clout on the Cambodian economy during the post-colonial era.<sup id="cite_ref-Verver_2019_5_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verver_2019_5-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1995, Cambodians of Chinese ancestry have reestablished themselves as the nation's dominant economic power players since the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge#Fall" title="Khmer Rouge">fall of the Khmer Rouge</a> by controlling Cambodia's entire import-export shipping, banking, hotel, gold and rice trading, garment, industrial manufacturing, and real estate industries.<sup id="cite_ref-factsanddetails.com_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsanddetails.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Market reforms during the mid-1980s has attracted a large contingent of wealthy Overseas Chinese entrepreneurs and investors looking to exploit opportunities in Cambodian property development and general trading sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-Richter_1999_199_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter_1999_199-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cambodians of Chinese ancestry are responsible for pioneering the development of Cambodia's entire <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">small, medium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">large enterprise</a> sector as the Chinese community were the key masterminds behind the establishment of all of Cambodia's trading cooperatives, production houses, restaurants, and retailers, in addition to being at the forefront of virtually all of the country's politically well-connected business groups.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utilizing the <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_network" title="Bamboo network">bamboo network</a> business model, Chinese-owned businesses operating in Cambodia are structured as <a href="/wiki/Family_business" title="Family business">family businesses</a>, trust-based networks, and <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> arrangements with a centralized bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, social mechanisms that underpin these entrepreneurial trajectories largely derive from family, ethnic, cultural, and patron-client ties based on personalized and informal trust. In addition, Confucian Chinese business practices are employed along with societal discourses that stereotypically link “Chineseness” with socioeconomic success which is omnipresent in contemporary Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Phnom Penh's small and medium business community, potential incoming clientele amongst newly acclimated Chinese migrants, raw materials, machinery, consumer goods, and investment capital from Greater China have served as indispensable means for many of the owners who are of Chinese ancestry saw an unprecedented expansion of their business activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Verver_2019_23_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verver_2019_23-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the export of Cambodian timber, cash crops, alongside the inflow of Chinese investment have created auspicious conditions ripe with business opportunities manifesting in the form of real estate, energy, and construction ventures for budding Cambodian entrepreneurs and investors of Chinese ancestry to capitalize on.<sup id="cite_ref-Verver_2019_23_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verver_2019_23-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cambodian entrepreneurs and investors of Chinese ancestry continue to remain the driving impetus behind the modern Cambodian economy with many of them having extended family members and relatives working in the Cambodian government through political connections and business networks in the Cambodia Chamber of Commerce, which is predominantly comprised up of people entirely of Chinese ancestry themselves. Entrepreneurial networks, <a href="/wiki/Kongsi" title="Kongsi">Chinese family clan associations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chambers_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers of Commerce">Chambers of Commerce</a> with business resources are found across the country to assist budding Cambodian entrepreneurs of Chinese ancestry. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">opening up of China's global prominence in the world economy</a> has induced the resurrection of ties between Cambodians of Chinese ancestry and their ancestral homeland in mainland China.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hun_Sen_at_12th_ASEM_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hun_Sen_at_12th_ASEM_%28cropped%29.jpg/230px-Hun_Sen_at_12th_ASEM_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Hun_Sen_at_12th_ASEM_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Hun_Sen" title="Hun Sen">Hun Sen</a>, who is of Chinese ancestry himself, has instituted a pragmatic, capitalist-oriented vision of rebuilding Cambodia with an impetus for attracting an influx of foreign capital investment, particularly from mainland China.</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, Cambodians of Chinese ancestry are now at the forefront of opening up the country's economy as an international Overseas Chinese economic outpost. Much of the foreign investment now entering Cambodia is being channeled through Overseas Chinese bamboo networks. Many members of the Chinese Cambodian business community often act as agents for expatriate Mainland and Overseas Chinese financiers and investors outside of Cambodia. Of particular note is mainland China's economic role in the country, which has emerged to become a dominant foreign economic power player in Cambodia. China's source of external influence in the Cambodian economy has encouraged Cambodian businessmen of Chinese ancestry to reestablish and regain their past businesses and regain their lost property which was once confiscated by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-factsanddetails.com_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsanddetails.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern Cambodian business sector is highly dependent on Chinese-owned companies who control virtually the country's entire economy with their augmented patronage being enhanced by the larger presence of lawmakers and politicians who are of at least part-Chinese ancestry themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-atimes1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atimes1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-infzm1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infzm1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atimes2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atimes2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cambodia's lack of an indigenous Khmer commercial culture in the private sector that is dominated entirely by Cambodians of Chinese ancestry, has encouraged a plethora of mainland Chinese foreign investment capital into the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1994 to July 2011, mainland China invested more than US$8.8 billion across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cambodian government has made efforts to attract hundreds of millions of dollars in investments from mainland China and Overseas Chinese financiers and investors as well as marketing the nation's tourism industry to potential mainland Chinese clientele.<sup id="cite_ref-factsanddetails.com_61-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsanddetails.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, mainland Chinese expatriate entrepreneurs and investors have been coming to Cambodia in droves to acquire Cambodian assets and have invested substantial amounts of capital in numerous industries across the Cambodian economy, channelling their financial capital through the bamboo network.<sup id="cite_ref-The_China_Beat_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_China_Beat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cambodian Chinese business community has been backed by the Cambodian political elite as much of the country's economic vitality depends on Overseas Chinese entrepreneurs and investors and the pouring of mainland Chinese investment capital for job creation, which has also added to the globalized aggregate value-added investment chain in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">CPP</a> itself has incorporated many members of Chinese ancestry themselves who provide financial support to the party with many high government officials and other major political decision-makers being of partial Chinese ancestry themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of the Chinese minority in Cambodia has undergone a dramatic turn for the better and the Chinese seem to have regained much of their previous economic clout prior to the establishment of the Khmer Rouge. The influx of Chinese capital into Cambodia's economy has also led to a resurgence of Chinese cultural pride among the Chinese Cambodian community while concurrently creating new jobs and fostering new economic niches.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the transition of Cambodia from socialism to market-driven state-owned capitalist principles, Cambodia's Chinese community began to reassert their cultural identity and economic clout. This reassertion of Chinese identity has blossomed into confident displays of Han Chinese ethnic pride following the influx of mainland Chinese investment into Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1990, Cambodia has witnessed a rebirth of Han Chinese identity, cultural expression, and business boom across the country. Regional trade networks were restored and small and medium-sized businesses have flourished since the introduction of market-driven state-owned capitalist principles.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growing economic collaboration between China and Cambodia and the huge investments being made by the Chinese Cambodian business community, Overseas Chinese, and mainland Chinese companies in the country have led the Chinese Cambodian community to see its numbers expand dramatically since the turn of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-factsanddetails.com_61-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsanddetails.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 21st-century Chinese Cambodian community remains a modern well established commercial middle and upper-class group.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese community remains an insular and tight-knit group that has integrated well into domestic Cambodian society, yet continue to remain a major driving force behind much of the significant clout and influence that they exert contemporary Cambodia's economic and political life, with stereotypical tropes cropping up adumbrating socioeconomic success and extreme wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Chinese economic might in the country grew, Cambodian hill tribes and Khmer aborigines were gradually driven out into poorer land on the hills, and onto the rural outskirts of major Cambodian cities or into the mountains. The increased resurgence of Chinese cultural and economic activity in 21st-century Cambodia has triggered distrust, resentment, and anti-Chinese sentiment among the poorer indigenous Khmer majority, many of whom eke out a rudimentary daily living engaging in rural agrarian rice peasantry or fishing in stark socioeconomic contrast to their modern, wealthier, and cosmopolitan middle-class Chinese counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Chinese_Cambodians_or_Cambodians_of_Chinese_descent">Notable Chinese Cambodians or Cambodians of Chinese descent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable Chinese Cambodians or Cambodians of Chinese descent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Of at least partial Chinese descent</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>President <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Heng" title="Cheng Heng">Cheng Heng</a>: 1st President of Cambodia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Khun" title="So Khun">So Khun</a>: Minister of Posts and Telecommunication</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Sarun" title="Chan Sarun">Chan Sarun</a>: Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hok_Lundy" title="Hok Lundy">Hok Lundy</a>: Governor of Phnom Penh, Governor of Svay Rieng</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sok_An" title="Sok An">Sok An</a>: Deputy Prime Minister, Minister in Charge of the Office of the Council of Ministers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Prasidh" title="Cham Prasidh">Cham Prasidh</a>: Minister of Commerce, Ministry of Industry, Mines, and Energy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun_Sen" title="Hun Sen">Hun Sen</a>: Prime Minister of Cambodia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun_Manet" title="Hun Manet">Hun Manet</a>: Prime Minister of Cambodia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng_Pov" title="Heng Pov">Heng Pov</a>: police commissioner of Phnom Penh</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teng_Bunma" title="Teng Bunma">Teng Bunma</a>: one of the wealthiest Businessmen of Cambodia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pung_Kheav_Se" title="Pung Kheav Se">Pung Kheav Se</a>: Banker founded <a href="/wiki/Canadia_Bank" title="Canadia Bank">Canadia Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kith_Meng" title="Kith Meng">Kith Meng</a>: CEO of <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Group" title="The Royal Group">The Royal Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Khaou" title="Hong Khaou">Hong Khaou</a>: British film director</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keo_Sokngon" title="Keo Sokngon">Keo Sokngon</a>: manager of the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Premier_League" title="Cambodian Premier League">Cambodian Premier League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keo_Sokpheng" title="Keo Sokpheng">Keo Sokpheng</a>: footballer and winger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Meng" title="Cheng Meng">Cheng Meng</a>: footballer for the Visakha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eh_Phouthong" title="Eh Phouthong">Eh Phouthong</a>: professional pradal serey kickboxer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Wong" title="Ellen Wong">Ellen Wong</a> - actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haing_S._Ngor" title="Haing S. Ngor">Haing S. Ngor</a> - actor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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relations</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/45.htm">"Cambodia - the Chinese"</a>.</cite><span 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National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of Cambodia. July 2014. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final%20Report%20CSES%202013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Translated by Peter Harris. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9749511244" title="Special:BookSources/978-9749511244"><bdi>978-9749511244</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Record+of+Cambodia&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9749511244&rft.au=Zhou+Daguan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drs4IBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-research.vu.nl-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-research.vu.nl_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-research.vu.nl_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-research.vu.nl_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816021339/https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1589314">"Templates of "Chineseness" and Trajectories of Cambodian Chinese Entrepreneurship in Phnom Penh*"</a>. <i>Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>75. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vrije+Universiteit+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Templates+of+%22Chineseness%22+and+Trajectories+of+Cambodian+Chinese+Entrepreneurship+in+Phnom+Penh%2A&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.vu.nl%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F1589314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atimes1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atimes1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atimes1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atimes1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031018185605/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/EI16Ae03.html">China-Cambodia: More than just friends?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_China_Beat-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_China_Beat_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_China_Beat_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_China_Beat_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_China_Beat_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_China_Beat2008" class="citation web cs1">The China Beat (2008-07-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thechinabeat.org/?p=188">"The China Beat · Chinese in Cambodia"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vrije+Universiteit+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Templates+of+%22Chineseness%22+and+Trajectories+of+Cambodian+Chinese+Entrepreneurship+in+Phnom+Penh%2A&rft.pages=78+%26+90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.vu.nl%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F1589314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infzm1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-infzm1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infzm1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infzm1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804022819/http://www.infzm.com/content/trs/raw/42950">"华人在柬埔寨几度沉浮"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%A8%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E5%87%A0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%89%E6%B5%AE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infzm.com%2Fcontent%2Ftrs%2Fraw%2F42950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atimes2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atimes2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atimes2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atimes2_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070904150337/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/II01Ae01.html">The rise and rise of a Cambodian capitalist</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816021339/https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1589314">"Templates of "Chineseness" and Trajectories of Cambodian Chinese Entrepreneurship in Phnom Penh*"</a>. <i>Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</i>. pp. 74, 78 & 90. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1589314">the original</a> on 2017-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1589314">the original</a> on 2017-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vrije+Universiteit+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Templates+of+%22Chineseness%22+and+Trajectories+of+Cambodian+Chinese+Entrepreneurship+in+Phnom+Penh%2A&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.vu.nl%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F1589314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verver_2019_23-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verver_2019_23_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verver_2019_23_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerver2019" class="citation book cs1">Verver, Michael (2019). <i>"Old" and "New" Chinese Business in Cambodia's Capital</i>. 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Eurasia Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sino-Cambodian+Relations%3A+Recent+Economic+And+Military+Cooperation+%E2%80%93+Analysis&rft.pub=Eurasia+Review&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816021339/https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1589314">"Templates of "Chineseness" and Trajectories of Cambodian Chinese Entrepreneurship in Phnom Penh*"</a>. <i>Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</i>. pp. 75, 87. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1589314">the original</a> on 2017-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vrije+Universiteit+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Templates+of+%22Chineseness%22+and+Trajectories+of+Cambodian+Chinese+Entrepreneurship+in+Phnom+Penh%2A&rft.pages=75%2C+87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.vu.nl%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F1589314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYing2017" class="citation web cs1">Ying, Tan (July 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aseantoday.com/2017/07/why-do-southeast-asian-citizens-dislike-china/">"Why do Southeast Asian citizens dislike China"</a>. <i>ASEAN Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASEAN+Today&rft.atitle=Why+do+Southeast+Asian+citizens+dislike+China&rft.date=2017-07-02&rft.aulast=Ying&rft.aufirst=Tan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aseantoday.com%2F2017%2F07%2Fwhy-do-southeast-asian-citizens-dislike-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChua2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Chua" title="Amy Chua">Chua</a>, Amy (2003). <a href="/wiki/World_on_Fire:_How_Exporting_Free_Market_Democracy_Breeds_Ethnic_Hatred_and_Global_Instability" class="mw-redirect" title="World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability"><i>World On Fire</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Knopf Doubleday Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385721868" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385721868"><bdi>978-0385721868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+On+Fire&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0385721868&rft.aulast=Chua&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller,_Gregor2006" class="citation book cs1">Muller, Gregor (2006). <i>Colonial Cambodia's 'Bad Frenchmen'– The rise of French rule and the life of Thomas Caraman, 1840-87</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415355629" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415355629"><bdi>978-0415355629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Cambodia%27s+%27Bad+Frenchmen%27%E2%80%93+The+rise+of+French+rule+and+the+life+of+Thomas+Caraman%2C+1840-87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0415355629&rft.au=Muller%2C+Gregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPál_NyíriIgorʹ_Rostislavovich_Savelʹev2002" class="citation book cs1">Pál Nyíri; Igorʹ Rostislavovich Savelʹev (2002). <i>Globalizing Chinese Migration</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">255–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-1793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-1793-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-1793-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalizing+Chinese+Migration&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-1793-8&rft.au=P%C3%A1l+Ny%C3%ADri&rft.au=Igor%CA%B9+Rostislavovich+Savel%CA%B9ev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2016" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Danielle (2016). <i>Chinese Encounters in Southeast Asia: How People, Money, and Ideas from China Are Changing a Region</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295999319" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295999319"><bdi>978-0295999319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Encounters+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+How+People%2C+Money%2C+and+Ideas+from+China+Are+Changing+a+Region&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0295999319&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott,_William_E.1967" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, William E. (1967). <i>The Chinese in Cambodia</i>. Publications Centre: <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Press" title="University of British Columbia Press">University of British Columbia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774844413" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774844413"><bdi>978-0774844413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+in+Cambodia&rft.place=Publications+Centre&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0774844413&rft.au=Willmott%2C+William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu,_MingwenShen,_Jianhua2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Xu, Mingwen; Shen, Jianhua (2005). <i>The Teochews in Cambodia （潮人在柬埔寨 - 潮汕文库。海外潮人系列之五）</i> (in Chinese). 公元出版有限公司. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-98421-8-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-98421-8-5"><bdi>978-988-98421-8-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teochews+in+Cambodia+%EF%BC%88%E6%BD%AE%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%A8%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8+-+%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%95%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%E3%80%82%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E6%BD%AE%E4%BA%BA%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-988-98421-8-5&rft.au=Xu%2C+Mingwen&rft.au=Shen%2C+Jianhua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/"><i>Country Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Cambodians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Cambodians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20040828053823/http://www.worldchinese.net/KH/">WorldChinese: Cambodia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312070411/http://www.faoa.org/journal/cambod07.html">The Growing Cambodian-Chinese Alliance</a> (with information on the Chinese community in Cambodia)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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id="Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia_by_language_family223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia" title="Ethnic groups in Cambodia">Ethnic groups in Cambodia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cambodia#Languages" title="Demographics of Cambodia">language family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khmer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Central Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_people" title="Northern Khmer people">Khmer Surin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kula_people_(Asia)" title="Kula people (Asia)">Bamar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_people" title="Jarai people">Jarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_people" title="Rade people">Rade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahnaric language">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kachok_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kachok people (page does not exist)">Kachok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampuan_people" title="Tampuan people">Tampuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel-Khaonh_language" title="Mel-Khaonh language">Khaonh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraol_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraol people (page does not exist)">Kraol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel-Khaonh_language" title="Mel-Khaonh language">Mel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunong_people" title="Bunong people">Bunong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%27ong_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ra'ong people (page does not exist)">Ra'ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_people" title="Stieng people">Stieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thmon_language" title="Thmon language">Thmaun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brao_people" title="Brao people">Brao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavet_people" title="Kavet people">Kavet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klueng_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Klueng language">Klueng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreung">Kreung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lun_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lun people (page does not exist)">Lun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Katuic language">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_people" title="Kuy people">Kuy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearic language">Pearic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_people" title="Pear people">Por</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somray_language" title="Somray language">Samrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samre_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samre language">Samre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearic_peoples" title="Pearic peoples">Sa'och</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearic_peoples" title="Pearic peoples">Suoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kchruk_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kchruk people (page does not exist)">Kchruk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietic language">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Cambodians" title="Vietnamese Cambodians">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai–Kadai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kula_people_(Asia)" title="Kula people (Asia)">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Lao_people" title="Khmer Lao people">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_people" title="Phuan people">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaw_people" title="Nyaw people">Tai Nyaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expatriate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Cambodia" title="Indians in Cambodia">Indians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Overseas_Chinese213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_Chinese" title="Template:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_Chinese" title="Template talk:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_Chinese213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Algeria" title="Chinese people in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Egypt" title="Chinese people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Libya" title="Chinese people in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Morocco" title="Chinese people in Morocco">Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cape_Verde" title="Chinese people in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ghana" title="Chinese people in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Mali" title="Chinese people in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Nigeria" title="Chinese people in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Senegal" title="Chinese people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ethiopia" title="Chinese people in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kenya" title="Chinese people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Tanzania" title="Chinese people in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Uganda" title="Chinese people in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cameroon" title="Chinese people in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_DRC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in the DRC">Democratic Republic of Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Republic_of_Congo" title="Chinese people in the Republic of Congo">Republic of Congo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Angola" title="Chinese people in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Botswana" title="Chinese people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Lesotho" title="Chinese people in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Madagascar" title="Chinese people in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Malawi" title="Chinese people in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin" title="Mauritians of Chinese origin">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Mozambique" title="Ethnic Chinese in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Namibia" title="Chinese people in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinois_(R%C3%A9union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinois (Réunion)">Réunion</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Seychellois" title="Sino-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Zambia" title="Chinese people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Zimbabwe" title="Chinese people in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Belize" title="Ethnic Chinese in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Ethnic Chinese in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Haitians" title="Chinese Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaicans" title="Chinese Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">from Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">from Taiwan</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_British_Columbia" title="Chinese Canadians in British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">from Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">from Taiwan</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Americans_by_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Chinese Americans by location">by city and state</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Costa_Rica" title="Chinese people in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nicaraguans" title="Chinese Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Panama" title="Ethnic Chinese in Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Argentines" title="Chinese Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Brazilians" title="Chinese Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Chile" title="Chinese people in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peruvians" title="Chinese Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Venezuelans" title="Chinese Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kazakhstan" title="Chinese people in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Chinese people in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Japan" title="Chinese people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Korea" title="Chinese people in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Mongolia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Cambodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Timor-Leste" title="Chinese people in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Bangka-Belitung_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in Bangka-Belitung Islands">Bangka-Belitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Chinese" title="Laotian Chinese">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Myanmar" title="Chinese people in Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokang people">Kokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthay">Panthay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Pashu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Singapore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationals_in_Singapore" title="Chinese nationals in Singapore">Chinese nationals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Straits-Born Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Phuket Baba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_Chinese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoa Chinese people">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minh_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Minh Hương">Minh Hương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A1i_people" title="Ngái people">Ngái</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_N%C3%B9ng" title="Chinese Nùng">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diu_people" title="San Diu people">San Diu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bangladesh" title="Chinese people in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese community in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Pakistan" title="Chinese people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Chinese people in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Iran" title="Chinese people in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Israel" title="Chinese people in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Turkey" title="Chinese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Chinese people in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Denmark" title="Chinese people in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Finland" title="Chinese people in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Norway" title="Chinese people in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sweden" title="Chinese people in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Belgium" title="Chinese people in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_diaspora_in_France" title="Chinese diaspora in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_Paris" title="Chinese community in Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Germany" title="Chinese people in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Chinese people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">from Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_London" title="Chinese community in London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Italy" title="Chinese people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Portugal" title="Chinese people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Spain" title="Chinese people in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Chinese people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chinese people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_of_Romania" title="Chinese of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Russia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Serbia" title="Chinese people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Turkey" title="Chinese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Australia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Australians" title="Hong Kong Australians">from Hong Kong</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Fiji" title="Chinese in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Chinese immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Palau" title="Chinese in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Zealanders" title="Chinese New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Chinese people in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Samoa" title="Chinese in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Tonga" title="Chinese in Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">overseas department</a> of France in the western Indian Ocean. <i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Template:Hongkong_Disapora" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Hongkong Disapora">Hong Kong Diaspora</a><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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