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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1870s_to_1910s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1870s_to_1910s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1870s to 1910s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1870s_to_1910s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_dominance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_dominance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Electoral dominance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_dominance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1920s onwards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oklahoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oklahoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Oklahoma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oklahoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Border states </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Border_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Border states subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Border_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 West Virginia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kentucky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kentucky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Kentucky </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kentucky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maryland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maryland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Maryland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maryland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delaware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delaware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Delaware </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delaware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missouri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missouri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Missouri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missouri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Presidential voting </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidential_voting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidential voting subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidential_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 After World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Southern strategy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Southern_strategy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Southern strategy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Southern_strategy-sublist" 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 2010 to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Virginia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid_South_in_presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid_South_in_presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Solid South in presidential elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid_South_in_presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid_South_in_gubernatorial_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid_South_in_gubernatorial_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Solid South in gubernatorial elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid_South_in_gubernatorial_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the play titled Solid South, see <a href="/wiki/Lawton_Campbell" title="Lawton Campbell">Lawton Campbell</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #1860db; border-bottom:2px solid #1860db; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Solid South</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern Republicans</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative democrats</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionism</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">Segregation</a> <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">Southerner</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">interests</a> <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confederatism">Neo-Confederatism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1924_Electoral_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1924_Electoral_Map.png/300px-1924_Electoral_Map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1924_Electoral_Map.png/450px-1924_Electoral_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1924_Electoral_Map.png/600px-1924_Electoral_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 presidential election</a>, a Republican <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide victory</a>, all 11 former Confederate states and Oklahoma voted Democratic.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png/300px-DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png/450px-DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Arkansas voted Democratic in all 23 presidential elections from 1876 through 1964; other states were not quite as solid but generally supported Democrats for president.</figcaption></figure> The Solid South was the electoral voting bloc for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> between the end of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> in 1877 and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Regional_Variations_in_the_Realignment_of_American_Politics,_1944–2004-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> controlled southern state legislatures and most local, state and federal officeholders in the South were Democrats. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchised nearly all blacks</a> in all the former Confederate states. This resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">one-party system</a>, in which a candidate's victory in Democratic <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary elections</a> was <a href="/wiki/Tantamount_to_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantamount to election">tantamount to election</a> to the office itself. <a href="/wiki/White_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="White primaries">White primaries</a> were another means that the Democrats used to consolidate their political power, excluding blacks from voting.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The "Solid South" included all 11 former Confederate states: <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. It also included to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, which remained electorally competitive during the Jim Crow era.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> were rarely identified with the Solid South after the <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 United States presidential election</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Missouri_bellwether" title="Missouri bellwether">bellwether state</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> The Solid South can also refer to the "<a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a>" that has been employed by <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> since the 1960s to increase their electoral power in the South. Republicans have been the dominant party in most political offices within the South since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-The_long_goodbye-7">[6]</a> The main exception to this trend has been the state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_Dominion-8">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png/350px-USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png/525px-USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png/700px-USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>A map of the United States during the Civil War. Blue represents <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">free</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> states, including those admitted during the war. Light blue represents southern <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a>, though West Virginia, Missouri and Kentucky had dual Confederate and Unionist governments. Red represents <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> states. Unshaded areas were not states before or during the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> </figcaption></figure> At the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, there were 34 states in the United States, 15 of which were <a href="/wiki/Slave_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave state">slave states</a>. Slavery was also legal in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> until <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">1862</a>. Eleven of these slave states seceded from the United States to form the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>: <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tikkanen-2020-11">[9]</a> The southern slave states that stayed in the Union were <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and they were referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a>. Kentucky and Missouri both had dual competing Confederate governments, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">Confederate government of Kentucky</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">Confederate government of Missouri</a>. The Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war but largely lost control in both states after 1862.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, created in 1863 from Unionist and Confederate counties of Virginia, was represented in both Union and Confederate legislatures, and was the only border state to have civilian voting in the 1863 Confederate elections.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> By the time the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> was made in 1863, Tennessee was already under Union control. Accordingly, the Proclamation applied only to the 10 remaining Confederate states. Some of the border states abolished slavery before the end of the Civil War—Maryland in <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Constitution_of_1864" title="Maryland Constitution of 1864">1864</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> Missouri in 1865,<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> one of the Confederate states, Tennessee in 1865,<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> West Virginia in 1865,<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> and the District of Columbia in 1862. However, slavery persisted in Delaware,<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> Kentucky,<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> and 10 of the 11 former Confederate states, until the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> abolished slavery throughout the United States on December 18, 1865.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[20]</a> Democratic dominance of the South originated in the struggle of white Southerners during and after <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> (1865–1877) to reestablish <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> and disenfranchise black people. The U.S. government under the Republican Party had defeated the Confederacy, abolished slavery, and enfranchised black people. In several states, black voters were a majority or close to it. Republicans supported by black people controlled state governments in these states. Thus the Democratic Party became the vehicle for the white supremacist "Redeemers".<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, as well as other insurgent <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a> from 1874, acted as "the military arm of the Democratic party" to disrupt Republican organizing, and intimidate and suppress black voters.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1870s_to_1910s">1870s to 1910s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1870s to 1910s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era</a></div> By 1876, "<a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemer</a>" Democrats had taken control of all state governments in the South. From then until the 1960s, state and local government in the South was almost entirely monopolized by Democrats. The Democrats elected all but a handful of U.S. Representatives and Senators, and Democratic presidential candidates regularly swept the region – from 1880 through 1944, winning a cumulative total of 182 of 187 states. The Democrats reinforced the loyalty of white voters by emphasizing the suffering of the South during the war at the hands of "Yankee invaders" under Republican leadership, and the noble service of their white forefathers in "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">the Lost Cause".</a> This rhetoric was effective with many Southerners. However, this propaganda was totally ineffective in areas that had been loyal to the Union during the war, such as eastern Tennessee. Most of <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a> welcomed U.S. troops as liberators, and voted Republican even in the Solid South period.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_South_1880_to_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Solid_South_1880_to_1912.jpg/300px-Solid_South_1880_to_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Solid_South_1880_to_1912.jpg/450px-Solid_South_1880_to_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Solid_South_1880_to_1912.jpg/600px-Solid_South_1880_to_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>The "Solid South" from 1880–1912.</figcaption></figure> Even after white Democrats regained control of state legislatures, some black candidates were elected to local offices and state legislatures in the South. Black U.S. Representatives were elected from the South as late as the 1890s, usually from overwhelmingly black areas. Also in the 1890s, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populists</a> developed a following in the South, among <a href="/wiki/Poor_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor white">poor white</a> people who resented the Democratic Party establishment. Populists formed alliances with Republicans (including black Republicans) and challenged the Democratic <a href="/wiki/Political_boss" title="Political boss">bosses</a>, even defeating them in some cases such as in North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> To prevent such coalitions in the future and to end the violence associated with suppressing the black vote during elections, Southern Democrats acted to disfranchise both black people and poor white people.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> From 1890 to 1910, beginning with Mississippi, Southern states adopted new constitutions and other laws including various devices to restrict voter registration, disfranchising virtually all black and many poor white residents.<a href="#cite_note-valelly146-147-29">[26]</a> These devices applied to all citizens; in practice they disfranchised most black citizens and also "would remove [from voter registration rolls] the less educated, less organized, more impoverished whites as well – and that would ensure one-party Democratic rules through most of the 20th century in the South".<a href="#cite_note-p10-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glenn_Feldman_2004,_pp._135–136-31">[28]</a> All the Southern states adopted provisions that restricted voter registration and suffrage, including new requirements for <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a>, longer residency, and subjective <a href="/wiki/Literacy_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy tests">literacy tests</a>. Some also used the device of <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfather clauses</a>, exempting voters who had a grandfather voting by a particular year (usually before the Civil War, when black people could not vote.)<a href="#cite_note-Michael_Perman_2001-32">[29]</a> U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Benjamin Tillman</a> explained how African Americans were disenfranchised in his state of South Carolina in a white supremacist speech: <blockquote>In my State there were 135,000 negro voters, or negroes of voting age, and some 90,000 or 95,000 white voters.... Now, I want to ask you, with a free vote and a fair count, how are you going to beat 135,000 by 95,000? How are you going to do it? You had set us an impossible task. We did not disfranchise the negroes until 1895. Then we had a constitutional convention convened which took the matter up calmly, deliberately, and avowedly with the purpose of disfranchising as many of them as we could under the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. We adopted the educational qualification as the only means left to us, and the negro is as contented and as prosperous and as well protected in South Carolina to-day as in any State of the Union south of the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac</a>. He is not meddling with politics, for he found that the more he meddled with them the worse off he got. As to his "rights"—I will not discuss them now. We of the South have never recognized the right of the negro to govern white men, and we never will.... I would to God the last one of them was in Africa and that none of them had ever been brought to our shores.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a></blockquote> White Democrats also opposed Republican economic policies such as the high tariff and the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, both of which were seen as benefiting Northern industrial interests at the expense of the agrarian South in the 19th century. Nevertheless, holding all political power was at the heart of their resistance. From 1876 through 1944, the national Democratic party opposed any calls for civil rights for black people. In Congress Southern Democrats blocked such efforts whenever Republicans targeted the issue.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paths_Out_of_Dixie-35">[32]</a> White Democrats passed "<a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a>" laws which reinforced <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> through <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> provided for apportionment of representation in Congress to be reduced if a state disenfranchised part of its population. However, this clause was never applied to Southern states that disenfranchised black residents. No black candidate was elected to any office in the South for decades after the turn of the century; and they were also excluded from juries and other participation in civil life.<a href="#cite_note-valelly146-147-29">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_dominance">Electoral dominance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electoral dominance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_South.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_USA_South.svg/250px-Map_of_USA_South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_USA_South.svg/375px-Map_of_USA_South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_USA_South.svg/500px-Map_of_USA_South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Map of the states considered part of the Southern United States by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1916_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg/250px-1916_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1916_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg/375px-1916_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1916_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg/500px-1916_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>In the close <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916 presidential election</a>, Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> won almost every single county in the Deep South.</figcaption></figure> Democratic candidates won by large margins in a majority of Southern states in every presidential election from <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a> to <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>, when the Democratic candidate was <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, a Catholic New Yorker. Even in that election, the divided South provided Smith with nearly three-fourths of his electoral votes. Scholar Richard Valelly credited <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s 1912 election to the disfranchisement of black people in the South, and also noted far-reaching effects in Congress, where the Democratic South gained "about 25 extra seats in Congress for each decade between 1903 and 1953".<a href="#cite_note-37">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-valelly146-147-29">[26]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Yglesias" title="Matthew Yglesias">Matthew Yglesias</a> argues: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The weird thing about Jim Crow politics is that white southerners with conservative views on taxes, moral values, and national security would vote for Democratic presidential candidates who didn't share their views. They did that as part of a strategy for maintaining white supremacy in the South.<a href="#cite_note-Why-38">[34]</a></blockquote> In the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> (South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana), Democratic dominance was overwhelming, with Democrats routinely receiving 80%–90% of the vote, and only a tiny number of Republicans holding state legislative seats or local offices.<a href="#cite_note-Paths_Out_of_Dixie-35">[32]</a> Mississippi and South Carolina were the most extreme cases – between <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a> and <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, only in 1928, when the three subcoastal Mississippi counties of <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_County,_Mississippi" title="Pearl River County, Mississippi">Pearl River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_County,_Mississippi" title="Stone County, Mississippi">Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_County,_Mississippi" title="George County, Mississippi">George</a> went for Hoover, did the Democrats lose even one of these two states' counties in any presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/German-American" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American">German-American</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Texas counties">Texas counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gillespie_County,_Texas" title="Gillespie County, Texas">Gillespie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kendall_County,_Texas" title="Kendall County, Texas">Kendall</a>, Arkansas <a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a> counties of <a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Arkansas" title="Newton County, Arkansas">Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Searcy_County,_Arkansas" title="Searcy County, Arkansas">Searcy</a>, and a number of counties in <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachian</a> parts of Alabama and Georgia would vote Republican in presidential elections through this period.<a href="#cite_note-How-40">[36]</a> Arkansas consistently voted Democratic from 1876 to 1964, though Democratic margins were lower than in the Deep South.<a href="#cite_note-How-40">[36]</a> Even in 1939, Florida was described as "still very largely an empty State," with only <a href="/wiki/North_Florida" title="North Florida">North Florida</a> largely settled until after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> In <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_North_Carolina" title="Western North Carolina">Western North Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Virginia" title="Southwest Virginia">Southwest Virginia</a>, Republicans retained a significant presence in these remote Appalachian regions which supported the Union during the Civil War and had few African Americans, winning occasional U.S. House seats and often drawing over 40% in presidential votes statewide.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> In particular, Tennessee's <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 1st congressional district">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 2nd congressional district">2nd</a> congressional districts have been continuously held by Republicans since 1881 and 1867, respectively, to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> In 1900, as the <a href="/wiki/56th_United_States_Congress" title="56th United States Congress">56th Congress</a> considered proposals for <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">apportioning</a> its seats among the 45 states following the <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1900 United States Census">1900 Federal Census</a>, Representative <a href="/wiki/Edgar_D._Crumpacker" title="Edgar D. Crumpacker">Edgar D. Crumpacker</a> (R-IN) filed an independent report urging that the Southern states be stripped of seats due to the large numbers of voters they had disfranchised. He noted this was provided for in Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>, which provided for stripping representation from states that reduced suffrage due to race. From 1896 until 1900, the House of Representatives with a Republican majority had acted in more than thirty cases to set aside election results from Southern states where the House Elections Committee had concluded that "[B]lack voters had been excluded due to fraud, violence, or intimidation".<a href="#cite_note-sherman-44">[40]</a> However, in the early 1900s, it began to back off, after Democrats won a majority, which included Southern delegations that were solidly in Democratic hands. However, concerted opposition by the Southern Democratic bloc was aroused, and the effort failed.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s_onwards">1920s onwards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1920s onwards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1920_Electoral_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1920_Electoral_Map.png/350px-1920_Electoral_Map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1920_Electoral_Map.png/525px-1920_Electoral_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1920_Electoral_Map.png/700px-1920_Electoral_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 presidential election</a>, all the former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> states except Tennessee voted for the Democratic Party, and all other states except Kentucky voted for the Republican Party.</figcaption></figure> By the 1920s, as memories of the Civil War faded, the Solid South cracked slightly. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Wurzbach" title="Harry M. Wurzbach">a Republican</a> was elected U.S. Representative from Texas in 1920, serving until 1932. The Republican national landslides in 1920 and 1928 had some effects.<a href="#cite_note-The_Presidential_Vote-46">[42]</a> In the 1920 elections, Tennessee elected <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Taylor" title="Alfred A. Taylor">a Republican governor</a> and five out of 10 Republican U.S. Representatives, and became the first former Confederate state to vote for a Republican candidate for U.S. President since Reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> North Carolina abolished its poll tax in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> received serious backlash as a Catholic in the largely Protestant South in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-farris-50">[46]</a> Southern Baptist churches ordered their followers to vote against Smith, claiming that he would close down Protestant churches, end freedom of worship, and prohibit reading the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-farris-50">[46]</a> However, it was widely believed that Republican <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> supported integration or at least was not committed to maintaining racial segregation, overcoming opposition to Smith's campaign in areas with large nonvoting black populations.<a href="#cite_note-farris-50">[46]</a> Smith only managed to carry Arkansas (the home state of his running mate <a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Joseph T. Robinson</a>) and the 5 states of the Deep South, and nearly lost Alabama by less than 3%.<a href="#cite_note-The_Presidential_Vote-46">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">boll weevil</a>, a species of <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a> that feeds on cotton buds and flowers, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> near <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>, to enter the United States from Mexico in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> It reached southeastern Alabama in 1909, and by the mid-1920s had entered all cotton-growing regions in the U.S., traveling 40 to 160 miles per year. The boll weevil contributed to Southern farmers' economic woes during the 1920s, a situation exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-msstate-52">[48]</a> The boll weevil infestation has been credited with bringing about economic diversification in the Southern US, including the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanut</a> cropping. The citizens of <a href="/wiki/Enterprise,_Alabama" title="Enterprise, Alabama">Enterprise, Alabama</a>, erected the <a href="/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Monument" title="Boll Weevil Monument">Boll Weevil Monument</a> in 1919, perceiving that their economy had been overly dependent on cotton, and that mixed farming and manufacturing were better alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> By 1922, it was taking 8% of the cotton in the country annually. A 2020 NBER paper found that the boll weevil spread contributed to fewer lynchings, less Confederate monument construction, less KKK activity, and higher non-white voter registration.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> Southern demography also began to change.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> From 1910 through 1970, about 6.5 million black Southerners moved to urban areas in other parts of the country in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>, and demographics began to change Southern states in other ways. The failures of the South's cotton crop due to the boll weevil was a major impetus for the Great Migration, although not the only one.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> However, with the Democratic national landslide of 1932, the South again became solidly Democratic.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> A number of conservative Southern Democrats felt chagrin at the national party's growing friendliness to organized labor during the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> administration, forming the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">conservative coalition</a> with conservative Republicans in 1937 to stymie further New Deal legislation.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> Roosevelt was unsuccessful in attempting to purge some of these conservative <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> in white primaries in the <a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_elections" title="1938 United States elections">1938 elections</a>, such as Senator <a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">Walter George</a> of Georgia and Senator <a href="/wiki/Ellison_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellison Smith">Ellison Smith</a> of South Carolina, in contrast to successfully ousting representative and chair of the <a href="/wiki/House_Rules_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Rules Committee">House Rules Committee</a> <a href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(New_York_representative)" title="John J. O'Connor (New York representative)">John J. O'Connor</a> of New York.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> In the 1930s, black voters outside the South largely switched to the Democrats,<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> and other groups with an interest in civil rights (notably Jews, Catholics, and academic intellectuals) became more powerful in the party.<a href="#cite_note-Transformations-61">[57]</a> Louisiana abolished its poll tax in 1934,<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> as did Florida in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> The Republican Party began to make gains in the South after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, as the South industrialized and urbanized.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paths_Out_of_Dixie-35">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">World War II</a> marked a time of dramatic change within the South from an economic standpoint, as new industries and military bases were developed by the federal government, providing much-needed capital and infrastructure in the former Confederate states.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> Per capita income jumped 140% from 1940 to 1945, compared to 100% elsewhere in the United States. Dewey Grantham said the war "brought an abrupt departure from the South's economic backwardness, poverty, and distinctive rural life, as the region moved perceptively closer to the mainstream of national economic and social life."<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> Florida began to expand rapidly after World War II, with retirees and other migrants in <a href="/wiki/Central_Florida" title="Central Florida">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a> becoming a majority of the state's population. Many of these new residents brought their Republican voting habits with them, diluting traditional Southern hostility to the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Liberal-70">[66]</a> In 1944, the Supreme Court ruled 8-1 in <a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Allwright" title="Smith v. Allwright">Smith v. Allwright</a> against <a href="/wiki/White_primary" title="White primary">white primary</a> systems, and most Southern states ended their racially discriminatory primary elections.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> They retained other techniques of disenfranchisement, such as <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literacy_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy tests">literacy tests</a>, which in theory applied to all potential voters, but in practice were administered in a discriminatory manner by white officials.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oklahoma">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Oklahoma" title="United States congressional delegations from Oklahoma">United States congressional delegations from Oklahoma</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oklahoma_Presidential_Election_Results_1920.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Oklahoma_Presidential_Election_Results_1920.svg/250px-Oklahoma_Presidential_Election_Results_1920.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Oklahoma_Presidential_Election_Results_1920.svg/375px-Oklahoma_Presidential_Election_Results_1920.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Oklahoma_Presidential_Election_Results_1920.svg/500px-Oklahoma_Presidential_Election_Results_1920.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Republican <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> won Oklahoma in the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 presidential election</a>, while losing all the former Confederate states except Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> was considered part of the Solid South, but did not <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">become a state until 1907</a>, and shared characteristics of both the border states and the former Confederate states in the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upper South</a>. Oklahoma disenfranchised its African American population, which <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">comprised less than 10% of the state's population</a> from 1870 to 1960.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> However, Oklahoma did not enact a poll tax and remained electorally competitive at the state and federal levels during the Jim Crow era.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Nation-75">[71]</a> Oklahoma elected three Republican U.S. Senators before 1964: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Harreld" title="John W. Harreld">John W. Harreld</a> (1921-1927), <a href="/wiki/William_B._Pine" title="William B. Pine">William B. Pine</a> (1925-1931), and <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Moore" title="Edward H. Moore">Edward H. Moore</a> (1943-1949).<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Nation-75">[71]</a> Oklahoma had a strong Republican presence in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Oklahoma" title="Northwestern Oklahoma">Northwestern Oklahoma</a>, which had close ties to neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, a Republican stronghold.<a href="#cite_note-Gaddie-76">[72]</a> During the Civil War, most of present-day Oklahoma was designated as <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Oklahoma" title="History of slavery in Oklahoma">permitted slavery</a>, with most tribal leaders aligning with the Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Guard" title="Indian Home Guard">some tribes and bands sided with the Union</a>, resulting in bloody conflict in the territory, with severe hardships for all residents.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a> was settled through a series of <a href="/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">land runs</a> from 1889 to 1895, which included significant numbers of Republican settlers from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> Oklahoma did not have <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Oklahoma" title="List of governors of Oklahoma">a Republican governor</a> until <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bellmon" title="Henry Bellmon">Henry Bellmon</a> was elected in <a href="/wiki/1962_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">1962</a>, though Republicans were still able to draw over 40% of the vote statewide during the Jim Crow era.<a href="#cite_note-OKResults-81">[77]</a> Democrats were strongest in Southeast Oklahoma, known as <a href="/wiki/Little_Dixie_(Oklahoma)" title="Little Dixie (Oklahoma)">"Little Dixie"</a>, whose white settlers were Southerners seeking a start in new lands following the American Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Guinn_v._United_States" title="Guinn v. United States">Guinn v. United States</a> (1915), the Supreme Court invalidated the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Constitution">Constitution</a>'s "old soldier" and "grandfather clause" exemptions from literacy tests. Oklahoma and other states quickly reacted by passing laws that created other rules for voter registration that worked against blacks and minorities.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> However, Oklahoma did not enact a <a href="/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Poll taxes in the United States">poll tax</a>, unlike the former Confederate states.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> As a result, Oklahoma was still competitive at the presidential level, voting for <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> in <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="1920 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">1920</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="1928 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">1928</a>. Oklahoma shifted earlier to supporting Republican presidential candidates, with the state voting for every Republican ticket since <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="1952 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">1952</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in his <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="1964 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">1964</a> landslide. Oklahoma is the only Southern state to have never voted for a Democratic presidential candidate after 1964. It was one of only two Southern states, the other being Virginia, to be carried by Republican <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Border_states">Border states</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Border states">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1896.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElectoralCollege1896.svg/350px-ElectoralCollege1896.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElectoralCollege1896.svg/525px-ElectoralCollege1896.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElectoralCollege1896.svg/700px-ElectoralCollege1896.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 presidential election</a>, Republican <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> won Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, and Kentucky (except for 1 electoral vote in the latter).</figcaption></figure> In contrast to the 11 former Confederate states, where almost all blacks were <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchised during the first half to two-thirds of the twentieth century</a>, for varying reasons blacks remained enfranchised in the border states despite movements for disfranchisement during the 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> Note that <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> state by the Census bureau, and also did not disenfranchise its African American population.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> The border states, being the northern region of the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upper South</a>, had close ties to the industrializing and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_the_United_States" title="Urbanization in the United States">urbanizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, experiencing a realignment in the <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> African Americans generally comprised a <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">significantly lower percentage of the populations</a> of the Border States than the percentages in the former Confederate states from 1870 to 1960. Less than 10% of the populations of West Virginia and Missouri were African American. In Kentucky, 5-20% of the state's population was African American. In Delaware, 10-20% of the state's population was African American. In Maryland, 15-25% of the state's population was African American.<a href="#cite_note-rutgers1-90">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Virginia">West Virginia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: West Virginia">edit</a>]</div> For <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">reconstruction</a>, in a sense, began in 1861".<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> Unlike the other <a href="/wiki/Border_States_(American_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Border States (American Civil War)">border states</a>, West Virginia did not send the majority of its soldiers to the Union.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> The prospect of those returning ex-Confederates prompted the Wheeling state government to implement laws that restricted their right of suffrage, practicing law and teaching, access to the legal system, and subjected them to "war trespass" lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> The lifting of these restrictions in 1871 resulted in the election of <a href="/wiki/John_J._Jacob_(West_Virginia_politician)" title="John J. Jacob (West Virginia politician)">John J. Jacob</a>, a Democrat, to the governorship. It also led to the rejection of the war-time constitution by public vote and a new constitution written under the leadership of ex-Confederates such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Price" title="Samuel Price">Samuel Price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_T._Caperton" title="Allen T. Caperton">Allen T. Caperton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Faulkner" title="Charles James Faulkner">Charles James Faulkner</a>. In 1876 the state Democratic ticket of eight candidates were all elected, seven of whom were Confederate veterans.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> For nearly a generation West Virginia was part of the Solid South.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> However, Republicans returned to power in 1896, controlling the governorship for eight of the next nine terms, and electing 82 of 106 U.S. Representatives until 1932.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> In 1932, as the nation swung to the Democrats, West Virginia again became solidly Democratic. It was perhaps the most reliably Democratic state in the nation between 1932 and 1996, being one of just two states (along with Minnesota) to vote for a Republican president as few as three times in that interval. Moreover, unlike Minnesota (or other nearly as reliably Democratic states like Massachusetts and Rhode Island), it usually had a unanimous (or nearly unanimous) <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_West_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from West Virginia">congressional delegation</a> and only elected two Republicans as governor (albeit for a combined 20 years between them).<a href="#cite_note-RoadtoRed-97">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kentucky">Kentucky</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kentucky">edit</a>]</div> Kentucky did usually vote for the Democratic Party in presidential elections from 1877 to 1964, but was still a competitive state at both the state and federal levels.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> The Democratic Party in the state was heavily divided over <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a> and the role of corporations in the middle 1890s, and lost the governorship for the first time in forty years in <a href="/wiki/1895_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1895 Kentucky gubernatorial election">1895</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roots-99">[95]</a> In contrast to the former Confederate States, Kentucky was part of the Upper South and bordered the industrial <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, and had a significant urban working class who supported Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="1896 United States presidential election in Kentucky">1896 presidential election</a>, the state was exceedingly close, with McKinley becoming the first Republican presidential candidate to carry Kentucky, by a mere 277 votes, or 0.06352%. McKinley's victory was, by percentage margin, the seventh-closest popular results for presidential electors on record.<a href="#cite_note-101">[e]</a> Republicans won Kentucky in the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="1924 United States presidential election in Kentucky">1924</a> and <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="1928 United States presidential election in Kentucky">1928</a> presidential elections, the former of which was the only state that <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> lost in the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 presidential election</a>, but Coolidge won in the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> Kentucky also elected some Republican governors during this period, such as <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Connell_Bradley" title="William O'Connell Bradley">William O'Connell Bradley</a> (1895-1899), <a href="/wiki/Augustus_E._Willson" title="Augustus E. Willson">Augustus E. Willson</a> (1907-1911), <a href="/wiki/Edwin_P._Morrow" title="Edwin P. Morrow">Edwin P. Morrow</a> (1919-1923), <a href="/wiki/Flem_D._Sampson" title="Flem D. Sampson">Flem D. Sampson</a> (1927-1931), and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Willis" title="Simeon Willis">Simeon Willis</a> (1943-1947).<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maryland">Maryland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maryland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">History of Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland" title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">United States presidential elections in Maryland</a></div> Maryland very narrowly, by a vote of 30,174 to 28,380 (52% to 48%), abolished slavery in <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Constitution_of_1864" title="Maryland Constitution of 1864">1864</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wsm-105">[100]</a> Maryland voted for the Democratic Party presidential candidate from 1868 to 1892, but the 1896 presidential election was a realignment in the state, similar to West Virginia. Maryland voted for the Republican Party presidential candidate from 1896 to 1928, except for Democrat <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> in 1912 and 1916.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> In contrast to the former Confederate states, nearly half the African American population was free before the Civil War, and some had accumulated property. Literacy was high among African Americans and, as Democrats crafted means to exclude them, suffrage campaigns helped reach blacks and teach them how to resist.<a href="#cite_note-tuck-107">[102]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1895_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1895 Maryland gubernatorial election">1895</a>, a biracial Republican coalition enabled the election of <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Lowndes,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd Lowndes, Jr.">Lloyd Lowndes, Jr.</a> as governor (1896 to 1900).<a href="#cite_note-tuck-107">[102]</a> The Democrat-dominated state legislature tried to pass disfranchising bills in 1905, 1907, and 1911, but was rebuffed on each occasion, in large part because of black opposition and strength. Black men comprised 20% of the electorate and had established themselves in several cities, where they had comparative security. In addition, immigrant men comprised 15% of the voting population and opposed these measures. The legislature had difficulty devising requirements against blacks that did not also disadvantage immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> In 1910, the legislature proposed the <a href="/wiki/Digges_Amendment" title="Digges Amendment">Digges Amendment</a> to the state constitution. It would have used property requirements to effectively disenfranchise many African American men as well as many poor white men (including new immigrants). The <a href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">Maryland General Assembly</a> passed the bill, which <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Austin_Lane_Crothers" title="Austin Lane Crothers">Austin Lane Crothers</a> supported. Before the measure went to popular vote, a bill was proposed that would have effectively passed the requirements of the Digges Amendment into law. Due to widespread public opposition, that measure failed, and the amendment was also rejected by the voters of Maryland with 46,220 votes for and 83,920 votes against the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> Nationally Maryland citizens achieved the most notable rejection of a black-disfranchising amendment. The power of black men at the ballot box and economically helped them resist these bills and disfranchising effort. In <a href="/wiki/1911_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1911 Maryland gubernatorial election">1911</a>, Republican <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Lee_Goldsborough" title="Phillips Lee Goldsborough">Phillips Lee Goldsborough</a> (1912 to 1916) was elected governor, succeeding Crothers. Maryland elected two more Republican governors from 1877 to 1964, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nice" title="Harry Nice">Harry Nice</a> (1935 to 1939) and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_McKeldin" title="Theodore McKeldin">Theodore McKeldin</a> (1951 to 1959).<a href="#cite_note-archives2-110">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delaware">Delaware</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Delaware">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">United States presidential elections in Delaware</a></div> Despite Delaware not abolishing slavery until the ratification of the 13th amendment, due its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and not bordering any of the former Confederate States, Delaware voted for the Republican Party in <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">a majority of presidential elections</a> from 1876 to 1964 (12 out of 23).<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> For a generation bitter memories of Republican actions during the Civil War had kept the Democrats firmly in control of the government throughout Delaware. However, during this period gas executive <a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Addicks" title="J. Edward Addicks">J. Edward Addicks</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> millionaire, established residence in Delaware, and began pouring money into the Republican Party, especially in <a href="/wiki/Kent_County,_Delaware" title="Kent County, Delaware">Kent</a> and Sussex County.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> He succeeded in reigniting the Republican Party, which would soon become the dominant party in the state. In <a href="/wiki/1894_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1894 Delaware gubernatorial election">1894</a>, Republican <a href="/wiki/Joshua_H._Marvil" title="Joshua H. Marvil">Joshua H. Marvil</a> was elected as the first Republican <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Delaware" title="List of governors of Delaware">governor of Delaware</a> since Reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> The allegiance of industries with the Republican party allowed them to gain control of <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Delaware" title="List of governors of Delaware">Delaware's governorship</a> throughout most of the twentieth century. The Republican Party ensured Black people could vote because of their general support for Republicans and thus undid restrictions on Black suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> Delaware voted for the Democratic Party presidential candidate from 1876 to 1892, but then consistently voted for the Republican Party presidential candidate from 1896 to 1932, except in 1912 for Woodrow Wilson when the Republican Party split. Delaware voted for Republican <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>, despite Democrat <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> winning in a landslide.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missouri">Missouri</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Missouri">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Missouri" title="United States presidential elections in Missouri">United States presidential elections in Missouri</a></div> Although a border state during the Civil War, Missouri <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Missouri" title="History of slavery in Missouri">abolished slavery in January 1865</a>, before the Civil War ended.<a href="#cite_note-TN-MO-116">[111]</a> Missouri enacted racial segregation, but did not disenfranchise African Americans, who comprised less than 10% of the state's population from 1870 to 1960. Between the Civil War and the end of World War II, Missouri transitioned from a rural economy to a hybrid industrial-service-agricultural economy as the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> rapidly industrialized.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> Missouri voted for the Republican presidential candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1904 United States presidential election in Missouri">1904 presidential election</a> for the first time since 1872, repositioning itself from being associated with the Solid South to being seen as a <a href="/wiki/Missouri_bellwether" title="Missouri bellwether">bellwether state</a> throughout the twentieth century. From 1904 until 2004, Missouri only backed a losing presidential candidate once, in <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1956 United States presidential election in Missouri">1956</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> Missouri also elected some <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Missouri" title="List of governors of Missouri">Republican governors</a> before 1964, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Hadley" title="Herbert S. Hadley">Herbert S. Hadley</a> (1909-1913).<a href="#cite_note-MO_Biography-119">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_voting">Presidential voting</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Presidential voting">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McCutcheonMysteriousStrange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/McCutcheonMysteriousStrange.jpg/200px-McCutcheonMysteriousStrange.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/McCutcheonMysteriousStrange.jpg/300px-McCutcheonMysteriousStrange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/McCutcheonMysteriousStrange.jpg/400px-McCutcheonMysteriousStrange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Missouri goes for Republican <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904 election</a>. (Cartoon by <a href="/wiki/John_T._McCutcheon" title="John T. McCutcheon">John T. McCutcheon</a>.)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 election</a> resulted in the first break in the Solid South. Florida politician Marion L. Dawson, writing in the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a>, observed: "The victorious party not only held in line those States which are usually relied upon to give Republican majorities ... More significant still, it invaded the Solid South, and bore off West Virginia, Maryland, and Kentucky; caused North Carolina to tremble in the balance and reduced Democratic majorities in the following States: Alabama, 39,000; Arkansas, 29,000; Florida, 6,000; Georgia, 49,000; Louisiana, 33,000; South Carolina, 6,000; and Texas, 29,000. These facts, taken together with <a href="/wiki/1894_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1894 United States House of Representatives elections">the great landslide of 1894</a> and 1895, which swept Missouri and Tennessee, Maryland and Kentucky over into the country of the enemy, have caused Southern statesmen to seriously consider whether the so-called Solid South is not now a thing of past history".<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> The former Confederate states stayed mostly a single bloc until the 1960s, with a brief break in the 1920s, however. In the <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904 election</a>, Missouri supported Republican Theodore Roosevelt, while Maryland awarded its electors to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton Parker</a>, despite Roosevelt's winning by 51 votes.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> Missouri <a href="/wiki/Missouri_bellwether" title="Missouri bellwether">was a bellwether state</a> from 1904 to 2004, voting for the winner of every presidential election except in <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1956 United States presidential election in Missouri">1956</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916 election</a>, disfranchisement of blacks and many poor whites was complete, and voter rolls had dropped dramatically in the South. Closing out Republican supporters gave a bump to <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, who took all the electors across the South (apart from Delaware and West Virginia), as the Republican Party was stifled without support by African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-valelly146-147-29">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 presidential election</a> was a referendum on President Wilson's League of Nations. Pro-isolation sentiment in the South benefited Republican <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, who won Tennessee, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Maryland. In <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>, Republican <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> won Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1928_Electoral_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1928_Electoral_Map.png/300px-1928_Electoral_Map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1928_Electoral_Map.png/450px-1928_Electoral_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1928_Electoral_Map.png/600px-1928_Electoral_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 presidential election</a>, Al Smith carried the Deep South, but lost all the other Southern states except Arkansas.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, benefiting from bias against his Democratic opponent <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (who was a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Roman Catholic</a> and opposed <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>),<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> won not only those Southern states that had been carried by either Harding or Coolidge (Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Maryland), but also won Florida, North Carolina, Texas, and Virginia, none of which had voted Republican since Reconstruction. He furthermore came within 3% of carrying the Deep South state of Alabama. Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover all carried the two Southern states that had supported Hughes in 1916, West Virginia and Delaware. Al Smith received serious backlash as a Catholic in <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">the largely Protestant South</a> in 1928, carrying only his running mate <a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Joseph T. Robinson</a>'s home state of <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas" title="1928 United States presidential election in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> and the 5 states of the Deep South.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> Smith nearly lost <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1928 United States presidential election in Alabama">Alabama</a>, which he held by 3%, which had Hoover won, would have physically split the Solid South.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> The South appeared "solid" again during the period of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s political dominance, as his <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> welfare programs and military buildup invested considerable money in the South, benefiting many of its citizens, including during the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a>. Roosevelt carried all the 11 former Confederate states and Oklahoma in each of his four presidential elections.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: After World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1948_Electoral_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1948_Electoral_Map.png/300px-1948_Electoral_Map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1948_Electoral_Map.png/450px-1948_Electoral_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1948_Electoral_Map.png/600px-1948_Electoral_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 presidential election</a>, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> won in an upset despite Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond winning 39 electoral votes.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg/300px-Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg/450px-Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg/600px-Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Map showing school segregation laws before the Supreme Court case of <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954).</figcaption></figure> Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, who grew up in the border state of Missouri where segregation was practiced and largely accepted, issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a> in July 1948, prohibiting racial segregation in the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> Truman's support of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civil Rights Movement">civil rights movement</a>, combined with the adoption of a civil rights plank in the 1948 Democratic platform proposed by future Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> prompted many Southerners to walk out of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> and form the <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrat Party">Dixiecrat Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dixiecrat_Revolt-130">[125]</a> This splinter party played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 election</a>; the Dixiecrat candidate, <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>, carried Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, his native South Carolina, and one electoral vote from Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-Paths_Out_of_Dixie-35">[32]</a> Despite this, in one of the greatest election <a href="/wiki/Upset_(competition)" title="Upset (competition)">upsets</a> in American history,<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> incumbent Democratic <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> defeated heavily favored Republican <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">New York Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>. Truman vote every electoral vote in the former Confederate states not won by Thurmond.<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> Three former Confederate states repealed their poll taxes after World War II, specifically Georgia (1945), South Carolina (1951), and Tennessee (1953).<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-jstor3069935-135">[130]</a> In the elections of <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> and <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>, the popular Republican <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, commander of the Allied armed forces during World War II, carried several Southern states, with especially strong showings in the new suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-Presidential_General-136">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> Most of the Southern states he carried had voted for at least one of the Republican winners in the 1920s, but in 1956, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1956 United States presidential election in Louisiana">Eisenhower carried Louisiana</a>, becoming the first Republican to win the state since <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> in <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a>. The rest of the Deep South voted for his Democratic opponent, <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 election</a>, the Democratic nominee, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, continued his party's tradition of selecting a Southerner as the vice presidential candidate (in this case, Senator <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> of Texas).<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> Kennedy and Johnson, however, both supported civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> In October 1960, when <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> was arrested at a peaceful <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, Kennedy placed a sympathetic phone call to King's wife, <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a>, and Kennedy's brother <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> helped secure King's release. King expressed his appreciation for these calls. Although King made no endorsement, his father, who had previously endorsed Republican <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, switched his support to Kennedy.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> By the mid-1960s, changes had come in many Southern states. Former Dixiecrat Senator <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> of South Carolina changed parties in 1964; Texas elected a Republican Senator in <a href="/wiki/1961_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Texas" title="1961 United States Senate special election in Texas">1961</a>;<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> Florida and Arkansas elected Republican governors in <a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1966 United States gubernatorial elections">1966</a>, as did Virginia in <a href="/wiki/1969_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1969 Virginia gubernatorial election">1969</a>. In the Upper South, where Republicans had always been a small presence, Republicans gained a few seats in the House and Senate.<a href="#cite_note-Transformations-61">[57]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_(HR_7152).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_%28HR_7152%29.png/275px-Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_%28HR_7152%29.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_%28HR_7152%29.png/413px-Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_%28HR_7152%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_%28HR_7152%29.png/550px-Senate_vote_on_final_passage_of_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_%28HR_7152%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Senate vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Ralph Yarborough</a> of Texas was the only Senator from the 11 former Confederate states to vote in favor.</figcaption></figure> Because of these and other events, the Democrats lost ground with white voters in the South, as those same voters increasingly lost control over what was once a whites-only Democratic Party in much of the South.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> The 1960 election was the first in which a Republican presidential candidate received electoral votes from the former Confederacy while losing nationally. Nixon carried Virginia, Tennessee, and Florida. Though the Democrats also won <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1960 United States presidential election in Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi" title="1960 United States presidential election in Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, slates of <a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">unpledged electors</a>, representing Democratic segregationists, awarded those states' electoral votes to <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry Byrd</a>, rather than Kennedy.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> The parties' positions on civil rights continued to evolve in the run up to the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 election</a>. The Democratic candidate, Johnson, who had become president after Kennedy's assassination, spared no effort to win passage of a strong <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. After signing the landmark legislation, Johnson said to his aide, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers</a>: "I think we just delivered the South to the Republican Party for a long time to come."<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> In contrast, Johnson's Republican opponent, Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, voted against the Civil Rights Act, believing it enhanced the federal government and infringed on the <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> rights of businessmen.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> Goldwater did support civil rights in general and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, and voted for the <a href="/wiki/1957_Civil_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1957 Civil Rights Act">1957 Civil Rights Act</a> (though casting no vote on the <a href="/wiki/1960_Civil_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 Civil Rights Act">1960 Civil Rights Act</a>), as well as voting for the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which banned <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a> as a requirement for voting. This was one of the devices that states used to disfranchise African Americans and the poor.<a href="#cite_note-1957_Civil_Rights_Act_-_8-7-1957_Senate_vote-147">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-1957_Civil_Rights_Act_-_8-29-1957_Senate_vote-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-24th_Amendment_-_3-27-1962_Senate_vote-149">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1964_Electoral_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1964_Electoral_Map.png/275px-1964_Electoral_Map.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1964_Electoral_Map.png/413px-1964_Electoral_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1964_Electoral_Map.png/550px-1964_Electoral_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 presidential election</a>, Republican <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> won the 5 Deep South states, all but Louisiana for the first time since Reconstruction. The only other state he carried was his home state of Arizona.</figcaption></figure> In November 1964, Johnson won a landslide electoral victory, and the Republicans suffered significant losses in Congress. Goldwater, however, besides carrying his home state of Arizona, carried the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>: voters in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina had switched parties for the first time since Reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> Goldwater notably won only in Southern states that had voted against Republican Richard Nixon in 1960, while not winning a single Southern state which Nixon had carried. Previous Republican inroads in the South had been concentrated on high-growth suburban areas, often with many transplants, as well as on the periphery of the South.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Regional_Variations_in_the_Realignment_of_American_Politics,_1944–2004-1">[1]</a> Harold D, Woodman summarizes the explanation that external forces caused the disintegration of the Jim Crow South from the 1920s to the 1970s: <dl><dd>When a significant change finally occurred, its impetus came from outside the South. Depression-bred New Deal reforms, war-induced demand for labor in the North, perfection of cotton-picking machinery, and civil rights legislation and court decisions finally... destroyed the plantation system, undermined landlord or merchant hegemony, diversified agriculture and transformed it from a labor- to a capital-intensive industry, and ended the legal and extra-legal support for racism. The discontinuity that war, invasion, military occupation, the confiscation of slave property, and state and national legislation failed to bring in the mid-19th century, finally arrived in the second third of the 20th century. A "second reconstruction" created a real New South.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southern_strategy">Southern strategy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Southern strategy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lily-white_movement" title="Lily-white movement">Lily-white movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrat</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg/200px-Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg/300px-Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg/400px-Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Percent of self-identified conservatives by state in 2018, according to a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll:<a href="#cite_note-Jones_2019-153">[148]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  45% and above</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  40–44%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  35–39%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  30–34%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  25–29%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  24% and under</div> </figcaption></figure> The "Southern strategy" was the long-term <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> electoral strategy to increase political support among white voters in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> since the 1960s. According to a quantitative analysis done by <a href="/wiki/Ilyana_Kuziemko" title="Ilyana Kuziemko">Ilyana Kuziemko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebonya_Washington" title="Ebonya Washington">Ebonya Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_backlash" title="White backlash">racial backlash</a> played a central role in the decline in relative white Southern Democratic identification.<a href="#cite_note-New_Data-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Activists_and_Partisan_Realignment-156">[151]</a> Support for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the 1960s by Democratic presidents <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> solidified the Democrats' support within the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> community. African Americans have consistently voted between 85% and 95% Democratic since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Blacks_and_the_Democratic_Party-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-pewresearch.org-159">[154]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> carried 49 states in <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>, including every Southern state, the Republican Party remained quite weak at the local and state levels across the entire South for decades. Glenn Feldman argues that "the South did not become Republican so much as the Republican Party <a href="/wiki/Southernization" title="Southernization">became southern.</a>"<a href="#cite_note-Feldman-160">[155]</a> Republicans first won a majority of U.S. House seats in the South in the <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_elections" title="1994 United States elections">1994</a> "<a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a>", and only began to dominate the South after the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_elections" title="2010 United States elections">2010 elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_long_goodbye-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Long_Southern_Strategy-161">[156]</a> Many analysts believe the Southern Strategy that has been employed by Republicans since the 1960s is now virtually complete, with Republicans in dominant, almost total, control of political offices in the South since the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-Dogs-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-End-163">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> Scholars have debated the extent to which <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> "divisions over the size of government (including taxes, social programs, and regulation), national security, and moral issues such as abortion and gay rights, with racial issues only one of numerous areas about which liberals and conservatives disagree," were responsible for the realignment.<a href="#cite_note-valentino-sears-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_County-167">[162]</a> When looked at broadly, studies have shown that <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> tend to be more <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">socially</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lamis1999-168">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Why-38">[34]</a> than most non-Southerners and African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_A_2010-170">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tom_W._Rice_2000-171">[166]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> were generally <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">more conservative</a> than non-Southern Democrats, joining factions such as the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">conservative coalition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Comfort-173">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1965_to_1980">1965 to 1980</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1965 to 1980">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1968_Electoral_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1968_Electoral_Map.png/300px-1968_Electoral_Map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1968_Electoral_Map.png/450px-1968_Electoral_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1968_Electoral_Map.png/600px-1968_Electoral_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1976.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ElectoralCollege1976.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1976.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ElectoralCollege1976.svg/450px-ElectoralCollege1976.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ElectoralCollege1976.svg/600px-ElectoralCollege1976.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a>, former Governor of Georgia <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> won every former Confederate state except Virginia.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 election</a>, Richard Nixon saw the cracks in the Solid South as an opportunity to tap into a group of voters who had historically been beyond the reach of the Republican Party. With the aid of Harry Dent and South Carolina Senator Strom Thurmond, who had switched to the Republican Party in 1964, Nixon ran his <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">1968 campaign</a> on <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> and "law and order". As a key component of this strategy, he selected as his running mate Maryland Governor <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> Liberal Northern Democrats accused Nixon of pandering to Southern whites, especially with regard to his "states' rights" and "law and order" positions, which were widely understood by black leaders to legitimize the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> of Southern states' discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-175">[170]</a> This tactic was described in 2007 by David Greenberg in <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Dog-whistle_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog-whistle politics">dog-whistle politics</a>".<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> According to an article in The American Conservative, Nixon adviser and speechwriter <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> disputed this characterization.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> The independent candidacy of George Wallace, former Democratic governor of Alabama, partially negated Nixon's Southern Strategy.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> With a much more explicit attack on integration and black civil rights, Wallace won all but two of Goldwater's states (the exceptions being <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> and one of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>'s electoral votes. Nixon picked up <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>. The Democrat, Hubert Humphrey, won <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, heavily unionized <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and heavily urbanized <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. Writer <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Jeffrey Hart</a>, who worked on the Nixon campaign as a <a href="/wiki/Speechwriter" title="Speechwriter">speechwriter</a>, said in 2006 that Nixon did not have a "Southern Strategy", but "Border State Strategy" as he said that the 1968 campaign ceded the Deep South to George Wallace. Hart suggested that the press called it a "Southern Strategy" as they are "very lazy".<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> The 1968 election had been the first election in which both the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upper South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> bolted from the Democratic party simultaneously. The Upper South had backed Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956, as well as Nixon in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> The Deep South had backed Goldwater just four years prior. Despite the two regions of the South still backing different candidates, Wallace in the Deep South and Nixon in the Upper South, only Texas, Maryland, and West Virginia had held up against the majority Nixon-Wallace vote for Humphrey.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> By 1972, Nixon had swept the South altogether, Upper and Deep South alike, marking the first time in American history a Republican won every Southern state.<a href="#cite_note-Black_and_Black-183">[178]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 election</a>, former Georgia governor <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> gave Democrats a short-lived comeback in the South, winning every state in the old Confederacy except for <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, which was narrowly lost.<a href="#cite_note-1976_Presidential_Election_Data-184">[179]</a> However, in his unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 re-election bid</a>, the only Southern states he won were his native state of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. The year 1976 was the last year a Democratic presidential candidate won a majority of Southern electoral votes, or won Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina in a presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-The_Long_Southern_Strategy-161">[156]</a> The Republicans took all the region's electoral votes in the <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 election</a> and every state except <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> in <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980_to_1999">1980 to 1999</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1980 to 1999">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1994.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections%2C_1994.png/300px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections%2C_1994.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections%2C_1994.png/450px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections%2C_1994.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections%2C_1994.png/600px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections%2C_1994.png 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_elections" title="1994 United States elections">1994 general election</a> marked the beginning of the end for commanding Democratic Party presence in the South (Republican gains are marked in dark red).</figcaption></figure> Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the South was still overwhelmingly Democratic at the state level, with majorities in all state legislatures and most U.S. House delegations. Many conservative Southern white voters <a href="/wiki/Split-ticket_voting" title="Split-ticket voting">split their tickets</a>, supporting conservative Democrats for local and statewide office while simultaneously voting for Republican presidential candidates.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Comfort-173">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black_and_Black-183">[178]</a> Republicans held 10 of the 22 US Senate seats and 39 seats in the US House of Representatives from the South after the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_elections" title="1980 United States elections">1980 elections</a>. Republican president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> was able to form a governing majority due to a coalition between Republicans and conservative Southern Democrats, known as the <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">boll weevils</a>, named after the species of beetle destructive to cotton crops.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> Over the next 30 years, this gradually changed. Veteran Democratic officeholders retired or died, and older voters who were still <a href="/wiki/Yellow_dog_Democrat" title="Yellow dog Democrat">rigidly Democratic</a> died off.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman-160">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dogs-162">[157]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1994 United States House of Representatives elections">1994 elections</a>, Republicans captured a majority of the U.S. House's southern seats for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> There were also increasing numbers of migrants from other areas, especially in Florida, Georgia, Texas, North Carolina, and Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> Some former <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> became Republicans, such as <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hance" title="Kent Hance">Kent Hance</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> (1989), and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hall" title="Ralph Hall">Ralph Hall</a> (2004) from Texas; <a href="/wiki/Billy_Tauzin" title="Billy Tauzin">Billy Tauzin</a> (1995) and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Hayes" title="Jimmy Hayes">Jimmy Hayes</a> (1995) from Louisiana; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard Shelby</a> (1994) and <a href="/wiki/Kay_Ivey" title="Kay Ivey">Kay Ivey</a> (2002) from Alabama; and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">Nathan Deal</a> (1995) and <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Sonny Perdue</a> (1998) from Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Activists_and_Partisan_Realignment-156">[151]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> and <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 elections</a>, when the Democratic ticket consisted of two Southerners (<a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>), the Democrats and Republicans split the region.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> In both elections, Clinton won <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, while the Republican won <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> Bill Clinton won Georgia in 1992, but lost it in 1996 to <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>. Conversely, Clinton lost <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> in 1992 to George H.W. Bush, but won it in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> The year 1996 was the last year a Democratic presidential candidate won Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, Kentucky, and West Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-The_Long_Southern_Strategy-161">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northeast_realignment">Northeast realignment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Northeast realignment">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Self-identified_liberals_2018_Gallup.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Self-identified_liberals_2018_Gallup.svg/200px-Self-identified_liberals_2018_Gallup.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Self-identified_liberals_2018_Gallup.svg/300px-Self-identified_liberals_2018_Gallup.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Self-identified_liberals_2018_Gallup.svg/400px-Self-identified_liberals_2018_Gallup.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Percent of self-identified liberals by state in 2018, according to a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_2019-153">[148]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  32% and above</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  28–31%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  24–27%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  20–23%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  16–19%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  15% and under</div></figcaption></figure> While the South was shifting from the Democrats to the Republicans, the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a> went the other way. The Northeastern United States is defined by the US Census Bureau as <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> States. Maryland and Delaware also are included in some definitions of the Northeast, being located in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-McIlwraith-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shelley-196">[191]</a> The argument that the South shifted to the Republicans in part by having higher ideological support for conservatism gains support from the Northeast having higher ideological support for <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberalism</a> and shifting to the Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> In the 1980s, the term <a href="/wiki/Republican_in_name_only#Gypsy_moth_Republican" title="Republican in name only">gypsy moth Republican</a> described Republicans from the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> who voted against the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan administration</a>'s proposed cuts in aid to economically distressed people, contrasting with boll weevil Southern Democrats who voted for these cuts.<a href="#cite_note-Bangor-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goddard-199">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy moth">gypsy moth</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> destructive to trees in the Northeastern United States.<a href="#cite_note-Goddard-199">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wisconsin-200">[195]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> upset victory, he only won the Northeastern states of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> Truman won every Southern electoral vote not won by Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond<a href="#cite_note-Dixiecrat_Revolt-130">[125]</a> except for the border states of <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland" title="1948 United States presidential election in Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware" title="1948 United States presidential election in Delaware">Delaware</a>, which he narrowly lost to Republican <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> In his close <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a> victory, former <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Georgia" title="List of governors of Georgia">governor of Georgia</a> Jimmy Carter lost the Northeastern states of New Jersey, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> while winning every former Confederate state except Virginia. Well into the 1980s, much of the Northeast – in particular the heavily suburbanized states of New Jersey and Connecticut, and the rural states of northern New England – were strongholds of the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> The Democratic Party made steady gains there, however, and from 1992 through 2012, <a href="/wiki/Blue_wall_(U.S._politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue wall (U.S. politics)">all nine Northeastern states plus Maryland and Delaware voted Democratic</a>, with the exception of New Hampshire's plurality for George W. Bush in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Blue_wall-204">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a>, Al Gore received no electoral votes from the South, even from his home state of Tennessee, apart from heavily urbanized and uncontested Maryland and Delaware. The popular vote in Florida was <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election in Florida">extraordinarily close</a> in awarding the state's electoral votes to <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> This pattern continued in the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 election</a>; the Democratic ticket of <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> received no electoral votes from the South apart from Maryland and Delaware, even though Edwards was from <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina" title="2004 United States presidential election in North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, and was born in South Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> The border states of the Upper South have split in the 21st century, with Maryland and Delaware being Democratic strongholds while Missouri, Kentucky, and West Virginia are Republican strongholds.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 election</a>, as some areas in the South became more urbanized, liberal, and demographically diverse,<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> won the former Republican strongholds of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> Obama narrowly lost <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="2008 United States presidential election in Missouri">Missouri in 2008</a>, ending its bellwether status, as the state has not supported a Democratic presidential candidate since 1996.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/450px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/600px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 presidential election</a>, Republican <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> won every former Confederate state while losing every Northeastern state.</figcaption></figure> West Virginia was perhaps the most reliably Democratic state in the nation between 1932 and 1996, being one of just two states (along with Minnesota) to vote for a Republican president as few as three times in that interval. Moreover, unlike Minnesota (or other nearly as reliably Democratic states like Massachusetts and Rhode Island), it usually had a unanimous (or nearly unanimous) <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_West_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from West Virginia">congressional delegation</a> and only elected two Republicans as governor (albeit for a combined 20 years between them).<a href="#cite_note-slate.com-211">[206]</a> West Virginian voters shifted toward the Republican Party from 2000 onward, as the Democratic Party became more strongly identified with <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental policies</a> anathema to the state's <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> industry and with <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">socially liberal policies</a>, and it can now be called a solidly red state.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> After the 2010 elections, West Virginia had a majority-Republican <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_West_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from West Virginia">U.S. House delegation</a> for the first time since 1949.<a href="#cite_note-RoadtoRed-97">[93]</a> The tendency of many Southern Whites to <a href="/wiki/Split-ticket_voting" title="Split-ticket voting">split their tickets</a>, voting for Republican presidential candidates but Democrats for state offices, lasted until the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_elections" title="2010 United States elections">2010 United States elections</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2008 United States House of Representatives elections">November 2008 elections</a>, Democrats won 3 out of 4 U.S. House seats from Mississippi, 3 out of 4 in Arkansas, 5 out of 9 in Tennessee, and achieved near parity in the Georgia and Alabama delegations.<a href="#cite_note-House_statistics-213">[208]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="2016 United States presidential election in Kentucky">2016</a>, Republican <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> won <a href="/wiki/Elliott_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott County">Elliott County</a> in Kentucky, which had previously never voted for a Republican presidential candidate since its creation in 1869.<a href="#cite_note-Elliott_County-167">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-EndedStreak-214">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_to_present">2010 to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2010 to present">edit</a>]</div> Although Republicans gradually began doing better in presidential elections in the South starting in 1952, Republicans did not finish taking over Southern politics at the nonpresidential level until the elections of November 2010.<a href="#cite_note-The_long_goodbye-7">[6]</a> On the eve of the 2010 elections, Democrats had a majority in the Alabama, North Carolina, Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana Legislatures, a majority in the Kentucky House of Representatives and Virginia Senate, a near majority of the Tennessee House of Representatives,<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> and a majority of the U.S. House delegations from Arkansas, North Carolina, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, as well as near-even splits of the Georgia and Alabama U.S. House delegations.<a href="#cite_note-Balz-216">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_House_elections.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2010_House_elections.svg/300px-2010_House_elections.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2010_House_elections.svg/450px-2010_House_elections.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2010_House_elections.svg/600px-2010_House_elections.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="1557" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections">2010 U.S. House elections</a> (Republican gains in dark red) marked the beginning of Republican dominance of the South at the state and federal levels.</figcaption></figure> However, during the 2010 midterm elections, Republicans swept the South, successfully reelecting every Senate incumbent, electing freshmen <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> in Florida and <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> in Kentucky, and defeating Democratic incumbent <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Lincoln" title="Blanche Lincoln">Blanche Lincoln</a> in Arkansas for a seat now held by <a href="/wiki/John_Boozman" title="John Boozman">John Boozman</a>. In the House, Republicans reelected every incumbent except for <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cao" title="Joseph Cao">Joseph Cao</a> of New Orleans, defeated several Democratic incumbents, and gained a number of Democratic-held open seats. They won the majority in the congressional delegations of every Southern state.<a href="#cite_note-The_long_goodbye-7">[6]</a> Most Solid South states, with the exceptions of Arkansas, Kentucky, North Carolina, and West Virginia, also elected or reelected Republicans governors. Most significantly, Republicans took control of both houses of the Alabama and North Carolina State Legislatures for the first time since Reconstruction,<a href="#cite_note-NCSL-217">[212]</a> with Mississippi and Louisiana flipping a year later during their off-year elections.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> Even in Arkansas, the GOP <a href="/wiki/2010_Arkansas_elections" title="2010 Arkansas elections">won three of six statewide</a> <a href="/wiki/Down-ballot_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Down-ballot effect">down-ballot positions</a> for which they had often not fielded candidates. They also went from eight to 15 out of 35 seats in the state senate and from 28 to 45 out of 100 in the State House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-NCSL-217">[212]</a> In 2012, the Republicans finally took control of the Arkansas State Legislature and the North Carolina Governorship.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> In 2014, both houses of the West Virginia legislature were finally taken by the GOP, and most other legislative chambers in the South up for election that year saw increased GOP gains.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Shelley Moore Capito</a> also became the first Republican Senator from West Virginia in <a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_election_in_West_Virginia" title="2014 United States Senate election in West Virginia">2014</a> for the first time since <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_West_Virginia,_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate special election in West Virginia, 1956">1956</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> Arkansas' governorship finally flipped GOP in 2014 when incumbent <a href="/wiki/Mike_Beebe" title="Mike Beebe">Mike Beebe</a> was term-limited, as did every other statewide office not previously held by the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> Georgia Representative <a href="/wiki/John_Barrow_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Barrow (U.S. politician)">John Barrow</a> was defeated in 2014, being the last white Democratic Representative in a state that George Wallace won in 1968 (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia).<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> Following the 2016 elections, when Republicans won the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_House_of_Representatives" title="Kentucky House of Representatives">Kentucky House of Representatives</a>, every state legislative chamber in the South had a Republican majority for the first time ever.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> Republicans would control every state legislature in the former Confederate states until Democrats regained both Houses of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Legislature">Virginia Legislature</a> in <a href="/wiki/2019_Virginia_elections" title="2019 Virginia elections">2019</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> Even after 2010, Democrats have still been competitive in some Southern <a href="/wiki/Swing_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing states">swing states</a> in presidential elections. Obama won Virginia and Florida again in <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> and lost North Carolina by only 2.04 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FEC_2013-227">[222]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> won only Virginia while narrowly losing Florida and North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-FEC_2017-228">[223]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> won Virginia, a growing stronghold for Democrats, and narrowly won Georgia, in large part due to the rapidly growing <a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlanta" title="Metro Atlanta">Atlanta metropolitan area</a>, while narrowly losing Florida and North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-FEC_2021-229">[224]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> won only Virginia while narrowly losing Georgia and North Carolina. Today, the South is considered a Republican stronghold at the state and federal levels.<a href="#cite_note-Dogs-162">[157]</a> As of 2024, Republicans account for a majority of every Southern state's House delegation apart from Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware.<a href="#cite_note-House_statistics-213">[208]</a> Republicans also control 10 of the 11 state legislatures in the former Confederacy, the sole exception being the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sweep_Virginia-230">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Virginia">Virginia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Virginia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">United States presidential elections in Virginia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_House_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/US_House_2022.svg/300px-US_House_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/US_House_2022.svg/450px-US_House_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/US_House_2022.svg/600px-US_House_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections">2022 House elections</a> (Democrats in blue and dark blue) showcased Republican political domination in the South, with most of the few Democratic districts in the South being demographically <a href="/wiki/Majority_minority_in_the_United_States" title="Majority minority in the United States">majority-minority</a>.</figcaption></figure> The biggest exception to Republican gains in the former Confederate states has been the commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. It got an earlier start in the trend towards the Republican Party than the rest of the region. It voted Republican for president in 13 of the 14 elections between 1952 and 2004, the exception being Lyndon B. Johnson's <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a> landslide, while no other former Confederate state did so more than 9 times (that state being <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida" title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</a>).<a href="#cite_note-how-231">[226]</a> Moreover, it had a <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">Republican Governor</a> more often than not between 1970 and 2002, and Republicans held at least half the seats in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from Virginia">Virginia congressional delegation</a> from 1968 to 1990 (although the Democrats had a narrow minority throughout the 1990s),<a href="#cite_note-The_New_Dominion-8">[7]</a> while with single-term exceptions (Alabama from 1965 to 1967, Tennessee from 1973 to 1975, and South Carolina from 1981 to 1983) and the exception of Florida (which had its delegation turn majority Republican in 1989), Democrats held at least half the seats in the delegations of the rest of the Southern states until the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a> of 1994.<a href="#cite_note-House_statistics-213">[208]</a> This is largely due to massive population growth in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>, part of the strongly Democratic <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington metropolitan area</a>, which is politically oriented towards the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> The Democratic Party has won most statewide races in Virginia since 2005, including consistently at the presidential level since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> Virginia was the only former Confederate state to vote for the Democrats in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia" title="2016 United States presidential election in Virginia">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia" title="2024 United States presidential election in Virginia">2024</a> presidential elections. As of 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a> is the only state legislature Democrats control in the former Confederate States.<a href="#cite_note-Sweep_Virginia-230">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solid_South_in_presidential_elections">Solid South in presidential elections</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Solid South in presidential elections">edit</a>]</div> While Republicans occasionally won southern states in elections in which they won the presidency in the Solid South, it was not until 1960 that a Republican carried any of the 11 former Confederate states, Kentucky, or Oklahoma, while losing the election.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> This table includes data for all 16 states considered part of the Southern United States by the Census Bureau. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"> <caption>Presidential votes in southern states since 1876<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama" title="United States presidential elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas" title="United States presidential elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida" title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia" title="United States presidential elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky" title="United States presidential elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana" title="United States presidential elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi" title="United States presidential elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland" title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="United States presidential elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee" title="United States presidential elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas" title="United States presidential elections in Texas">Texas</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a><a href="#cite_note-award-236">[f]</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a><a href="#cite_note-award-236">[f]</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></td> <td>No election<a href="#cite_note-237">[g]</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a><a href="#cite_note-award-236">[f]</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td>No election</td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Hancock</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td>No election</td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td>No election</td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td>No election</td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td>No election</td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td>No election</td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></td> <td>No election</td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Smith</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Smith</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Smith</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Smith</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Smith</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Smith</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a></td> <td bgcolor="orange"><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Truman</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E_Dewey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas E Dewey">Dewey</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Truman</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Truman</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Truman</a></td> <td bgcolor="orange"><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></td> <td bgcolor="orange"><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E_Dewey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas E Dewey">Dewey</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Truman</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Truman</a></td> <td bgcolor="orange"><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Truman</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[h]</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Truman</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Truman</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Truman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[i]</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></td> <td bgcolor="orange"><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a><a href="#cite_note-misselector-240">[j]</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></td> <td bgcolor="orange"><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[k]</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></td> <td bgcolor="orange"><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></td> <td bgcolor="orange"><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td bgcolor="orange"><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td bgcolor="orange"><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></td> <td bgcolor="orange"><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert H. Humphrey">Humphrey</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[l]</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert H. Humphrey">Humphrey</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert H. Humphrey">Humphrey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[m]</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[n]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[231]</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[o]</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama" title="United States presidential elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas" title="United States presidential elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida" title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia" title="United States presidential elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky" title="United States presidential elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana" title="United States presidential elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi" title="United States presidential elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland" title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="United States presidential elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee" title="United States presidential elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas" title="United States presidential elections in Texas">Texas</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"> <caption>Key </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> nominee </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> nominee </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:orange">Third-party nominee or write-in candidate </td></tr></tbody></table> Bold denotes candidates elected as president <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solid_South_in_gubernatorial_elections">Solid South in gubernatorial elections</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Solid South in gubernatorial elections">edit</a>]</div> Officials who acted as governor for less than ninety days are excluded from this chart. This chart is intended to be a visual exposition of party strength in the solid south and the dates listed are not exactly precise. Governors not elected in their own right are listed in italics.<a href="#cite_note-247">[232]</a> The parties are as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (D), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Alliance" title="Farmers' Alliance">Farmers' Alliance</a> (FA), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> (P), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a> (RA), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (R). <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"> <caption>Governors of southern states since 1877 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Alabama">Alabama</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Florida">Florida</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Georgia">Georgia</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kentucky" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Maryland">Maryland</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Texas">Texas</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Virginia">Virginia</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1877 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">George S. Houston</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Read_Miller" title="William Read Miller">William Read Miller</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Drew" class="mw-redirect" title="George F. Drew">George F. Drew</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_H._Colquitt" title="Alfred H. Colquitt">Alfred H. Colquitt</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_B._McCreary" title="James B. McCreary">James B. McCreary</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Francis_T._Nicholls" title="Francis T. Nicholls">Francis T. Nicholls</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Carroll" title="John Lee Carroll">John Lee Carroll</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Stone">John M. Stone</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-248">[p]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Baird_Vance" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebulon Baird Vance">Zebulon Baird Vance</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="13">Unorganized territory </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton III</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Porter" title="James D. Porter">James D. Porter</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Hubbard" title="Richard B. Hubbard">Richard B. Hubbard</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.filled-249">[q]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">James L. Kemper</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Mathews" title="Henry M. Mathews">Henry M. Mathews</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1878 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._M._Holliday" title="Frederick W. M. Holliday">Frederick W. M. Holliday</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1879 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Cobb" title="Rufus W. Cobb">Rufus W. Cobb</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jordan_Jarvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Jordan Jarvis">Thomas Jordan Jarvis</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Dunlap_Simpson" title="William Dunlap Simpson">William Dunlap Simpson</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.filled-249">[q]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Marks" title="Albert S. Marks">Albert S. Marks</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Oran_M._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Oran M. Roberts">Oran M. Roberts</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1880 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Luke_P._Blackburn" title="Luke P. Blackburn">Luke P. Blackburn</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Wiltz" title="Louis A. Wiltz">Louis A. Wiltz</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-died-250">[r]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Hamilton">William Thomas Hamilton</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bothwell_Jeter" title="Thomas Bothwell Jeter">Thomas Bothwell Jeter</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1881 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_Churchill" title="Thomas James Churchill">Thomas James Churchill</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Bloxham" title="William D. Bloxham">William D. Bloxham</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="7" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._McEnery" title="Samuel D. McEnery">Samuel D. McEnery</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Hagood_(governor)" title="Johnson Hagood (governor)">Johnson Hagood</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hawkins" title="Alvin Hawkins">Alvin Hawkins</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_B._Jackson" title="Jacob B. Jackson">Jacob B. Jackson</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1882 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowry_(governor)" title="Robert Lowry (governor)">Robert Lowry</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Smith_Thompson" title="Hugh Smith Thompson">Hugh Smith Thompson</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-251">[s]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:Black"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Cameron" title="William E. Cameron">William E. Cameron</a> (RA) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1883 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._O%27Neal" title="Edward A. O'Neal">Edward A. O'Neal</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_Henderson_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="James Henderson Berry">James Henderson Berry</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dickerson_McDaniel" title="Henry Dickerson McDaniel">Henry Dickerson McDaniel</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bate" title="William B. Bate">William B. Bate</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Ireland_(politician)" title="John Ireland (politician)">John Ireland</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1884 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/J._Proctor_Knott" title="J. Proctor Knott">J. Proctor Knott</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">Robert Milligan McLane</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1885 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Pollard_Hughes,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Pollard Hughes, Jr.">Simon Pollard Hughes, Jr.</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Perry" title="Edward A. Perry">Edward A. Perry</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lloyd_(governor)" title="Henry Lloyd (governor)">Henry Lloyd</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore_Scales" title="Alfred Moore Scales">Alfred Moore Scales</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="82" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">(D) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Willis_Wilson" title="Emanuel Willis Wilson">Emanuel Willis Wilson</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-252">[t]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1886 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">Fitzhugh Lee</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1887 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Seay" title="Thomas Seay">Thomas Seay</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">John B. Gordon</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love_Taylor" title="Robert Love Taylor">Robert Love Taylor</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Sullivan_Ross" title="Lawrence Sullivan Ross">Lawrence Sullivan Ross</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1888 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Bolivar Buckner, Sr.">Simon Bolivar Buckner, Sr.</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Francis_T._Nicholls" title="Francis T. Nicholls">Francis T. Nicholls</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Emory_Jackson" title="Elihu Emory Jackson">Elihu Emory Jackson</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1889 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_Philip_Eagle" title="James Philip Eagle">James Philip Eagle</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Fleming" title="Francis P. Fleming">Francis P. Fleming</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gould_Fowle" title="Daniel Gould Fowle">Daniel Gould Fowle</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1890 </th> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Stone">John M. Stone</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="19">Governors of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a> (appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> with the consent of the Senate) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._McKinney" title="Philip W. McKinney">Philip W. McKinney</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Aretas_B._Fleming" title="Aretas B. Fleming">Aretas B. Fleming</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-253">[u]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1891 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Jones" title="Thomas G. Jones">Thomas G. Jones</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Northen" title="William J. Northen">William J. Northen</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Michael_Holt" title="Thomas Michael Holt">Thomas Michael Holt</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#CCFF00"><a href="/wiki/John_P._Buchanan" title="John P. Buchanan">John P. Buchanan</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hogg" title="Jim Hogg">Jim Hogg</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1892 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Brown_(1835%E2%80%931904)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Y. Brown (1835–1904)">John Y. Brown</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Murphy_J._Foster" title="Murphy J. Foster">Murphy J. Foster</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Brown_(governor)" title="Frank Brown (governor)">Frank Brown</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1893 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Meade_Fishback" title="William Meade Fishback">William Meade Fishback</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Mitchell" title="Henry L. Mitchell">Henry L. Mitchell</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Carr" title="Elias Carr">Elias Carr</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Turney" title="Peter Turney">Peter Turney</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_A._MacCorkle" title="William A. MacCorkle">William A. MacCorkle</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1894 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Triplett_O%27Ferrall" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Triplett O'Ferrall">Charles Triplett O'Ferrall</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1895 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Oates" title="William C. Oates">William C. Oates</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_Paul_Clarke" class="mw-redirect" title="James Paul Clarke">James Paul Clarke</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Yates_Atkinson" title="William Yates Atkinson">William Yates Atkinson</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">Charles A. Culberson</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1896 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_O._Bradley" class="mw-redirect" title="William O. Bradley">William O. Bradley</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Lowndes_Jr." title="Lloyd Lowndes Jr.">Lloyd Lowndes Jr.</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Anselm_J._McLaurin" title="Anselm J. McLaurin">Anselm J. McLaurin</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1897 </th> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Johnston" title="Joseph F. Johnston">Joseph F. Johnston</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Jones_(governor)" title="Daniel Webster Jones (governor)">Daniel Webster Jones</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Bloxham" title="William D. Bloxham">William D. Bloxham</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lindsay_Russell" title="Daniel Lindsay Russell">Daniel Lindsay Russell</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love_Taylor" title="Robert Love Taylor">Robert Love Taylor</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Atkinson" title="George W. Atkinson">George W. Atkinson</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1898 </th> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_Hoge_Tyler" title="James Hoge Tyler">James Hoge Tyler</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1899 </th> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Allen_D._Candler" title="Allen D. Candler">Allen D. Candler</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Benton_McMillin" title="Benton McMillin">Benton McMillin</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Sayers" title="Joseph D. Sayers">Joseph D. Sayers</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1900 </th> <td><a href="#cite_note-254">[v]</a> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Wright_Heard" title="William Wright Heard">William Wright Heard</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Smith" title="John Walter Smith">John Walter Smith</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_H._Longino" title="Andrew H. Longino">Andrew H. Longino</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/J._C._W._Beckham" title="J. C. W. Beckham">J. C. W. Beckham</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1901 </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Samford" title="William J. Samford">William J. Samford</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-died-250">[r]</a> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Davis_(Arkansas_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Davis (Arkansas governor)">Jeff Davis</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_S._Jennings" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Jennings">William S. Jennings</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Brantley_Aycock" title="Charles Brantley Aycock">Charles Brantley Aycock</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._White" title="Albert B. White">Albert B. White</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Jelks" title="William D. Jelks">William D. Jelks</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-256">[x]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[y]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1902 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Montague" title="Andrew Jackson Montague">Andrew Jackson Montague</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1903 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Terrell" title="Joseph M. Terrell">Joseph M. Terrell</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Frazier" title="James B. Frazier">James B. Frazier</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-258">[z]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/S._W._T._Lanham" title="S. W. T. Lanham">S. W. T. Lanham</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1904 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Newton_C._Blanchard" title="Newton C. Blanchard">Newton C. Blanchard</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Warfield" title="Edwin Warfield">Edwin Warfield</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Vardaman" title="James K. Vardaman">James K. Vardaman</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1905 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_B._Broward" title="Napoleon B. Broward">Napoleon B. Broward</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Broadnax_Glenn" title="Robert Broadnax Glenn">Robert Broadnax Glenn</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_I._Cox" title="John I. Cox">John I. Cox</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-259">[aa]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_M._O._Dawson" title="William M. O. Dawson">William M. O. Dawson</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1906 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Claude A. Swanson</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1907 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/B._B._Comer" title="B. B. Comer">B. B. Comer</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">(D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/M._Hoke_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Hoke Smith">M. Hoke Smith</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Haskell" title="Charles N. Haskell">Charles N. Haskell</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_R._Patterson" title="Malcolm R. Patterson">Malcolm R. Patterson</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mitchell_Campbell" title="Thomas Mitchell Campbell">Thomas Mitchell Campbell</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1908 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_E._Willson" title="Augustus E. Willson">Augustus E. Willson</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Y._Sanders,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Jared Y. Sanders, Sr.">Jared Y. Sanders, Sr.</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Lane_Crothers" title="Austin Lane Crothers">Austin Lane Crothers</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Noel" title="Edmond Noel">Edmond Noel</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1909 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Gilchrist" title="Albert W. Gilchrist">Albert W. Gilchrist</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Donaghey" title="George Washington Donaghey">George Washington Donaghey</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph M. Brown">Joseph M. Brown</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Walton_Kitchin" title="William Walton Kitchin">William Walton Kitchin</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Glasscock" title="William E. Glasscock">William E. Glasscock</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1910 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Hodges_Mann" title="William Hodges Mann">William Hodges Mann</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1911 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Emmet_O%27Neal" title="Emmet O'Neal">Emmet O'Neal</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="#cite_note-260">[ab]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Cruce" title="Lee Cruce">Lee Cruce</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ben_W._Hooper" title="Ben W. Hooper">Ben W. Hooper</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Branch_Colquitt" title="Oscar Branch Colquitt">Oscar Branch Colquitt</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1912 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_B._McCreary" title="James B. McCreary">James B. McCreary</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Luther_E._Hall" title="Luther E. Hall">Luther E. Hall</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Lee_Goldsborough" title="Phillips Lee Goldsborough">Phillips Lee Goldsborough</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Earl_L._Brewer" title="Earl L. Brewer">Earl L. Brewer</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1913 </th> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">(D)<a href="#cite_note-261">[ac]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Park_Trammell" title="Park Trammell">Park Trammell</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Slaton" title="John M. Slaton">John M. Slaton</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Locke_Craig" title="Locke Craig">Locke Craig</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Hatfield" title="Henry D. Hatfield">Henry D. Hatfield</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1914 </th> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Hays" title="George Washington Hays">George Washington Hays</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-262">[ad]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Stuart" title="Henry Carter Stuart">Henry Carter Stuart</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1915 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henderson_(Alabama_politician)" title="Charles Henderson (Alabama politician)">Charles Henderson</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_E._Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel E. Harris">Nathaniel E. Harris</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/R._L._Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="R. L. Williams">R. L. Williams</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Rye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom C. Rye">Tom C. Rye</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Ferguson" title="James E. Ferguson">James E. Ferguson</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-263">[ae]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1916 </th> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_O._Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus O. Stanley">Augustus O. Stanley</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-us.senate-264">[af]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ruffin_G._Pleasant" title="Ruffin G. Pleasant">Ruffin G. Pleasant</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Emerson_Harrington" title="Emerson Harrington">Emerson Harrington</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo" title="Theodore G. Bilbo">Theodore G. Bilbo</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1917 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hillman_Brough" title="Charles Hillman Brough">Charles Hillman Brough</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#ffa6ff"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Johnston_Catts" title="Sidney Johnston Catts">Sidney Johnston Catts</a> (P) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_M._Dorsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh M. Dorsey">Hugh M. Dorsey</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walter_Bickett" title="Thomas Walter Bickett">Thomas Walter Bickett</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby" title="William P. Hobby">William P. Hobby</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Cornwell" title="John J. Cornwell">John J. Cornwell</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1918 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Davis" title="Westmoreland Davis">Westmoreland Davis</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1919 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kilby" title="Thomas Kilby">Thomas Kilby</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Black" title="James D. Black">James D. Black</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.filled-249">[q]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_B._A._Robertson" title="James B. A. Robertson">James B. A. Robertson</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/A._H._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="A. H. Roberts">A. H. Roberts</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1920 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_P._Morrow" title="Edwin P. Morrow">Edwin P. Morrow</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Parker" title="John M. Parker">John M. Parker</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="15" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ritchie" title="Albert Ritchie">Albert Ritchie</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lee_M._Russell" title="Lee M. Russell">Lee M. Russell</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1921 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chipman_McRae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Chipman McRae">Thomas Chipman McRae</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Cary_A._Hardee" title="Cary A. Hardee">Cary A. Hardee</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Hardwick" title="Thomas W. Hardwick">Thomas W. Hardwick</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Morrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameron Morrison">Cameron Morrison</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Taylor" title="Alfred A. Taylor">Alfred A. Taylor</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Morris_Neff" title="Pat Morris Neff">Pat Morris Neff</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_F._Morgan" title="Ephraim F. Morgan">Ephraim F. Morgan</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1922 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Lee_Trinkle" title="Elbert Lee Trinkle">Elbert Lee Trinkle</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1923 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Brandon" title="William W. Brandon">William W. Brandon</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Walker" title="Clifford Walker">Clifford Walker</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jack_C._Walton" title="Jack C. Walton">Jack C. Walton</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[ag]</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Peay" title="Austin Peay">Austin Peay</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-266">[ah]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1924 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Fields" title="William J. Fields">William J. Fields</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Fuqua" title="Henry L. Fuqua">Henry L. Fuqua</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-died-250">[r]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Whitfield" title="Henry L. Whitfield">Henry L. Whitfield</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-died-250">[r]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Trapp" title="Martin E. Trapp">Martin E. Trapp</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.filled-249">[q]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1925 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Jefferson_Terral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Jefferson Terral">Tom Jefferson Terral</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Martin" title="John W. Martin">John W. Martin</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Wilton_McLean" title="Angus Wilton McLean">Angus Wilton McLean</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Miriam_A._Ferguson" title="Miriam A. Ferguson">Miriam A. Ferguson</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Howard_M._Gore" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard M. Gore">Howard M. Gore</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1926 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Oramel_H._Simpson" title="Oramel H. Simpson">Oramel H. Simpson</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.filled-249">[q]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1927 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bibb_Graves" title="Bibb Graves">Bibb Graves</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_Martineau" title="John Ellis Martineau">John Ellis Martineau</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-267">[ai]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lamartine_G._Hardman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamartine G. Hardman">Lamartine G. Hardman</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Murphree" title="Dennis Murphree">Dennis Murphree</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.filled-249">[q]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Johnston" title="Henry S. Johnston">Henry S. Johnston</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-268">[aj]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Moody" title="Dan Moody">Dan Moody</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1928 </th> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Parnell" title="Harvey Parnell">Harvey Parnell</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Flem_D._Sampson" title="Flem D. Sampson">Flem D. Sampson</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo" title="Theodore G. Bilbo">Theodore G. Bilbo</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hollis_Horton" title="Henry Hollis Horton">Henry Hollis Horton</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-269">[ak]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1929 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Doyle_E._Carlton" title="Doyle E. Carlton">Doyle E. Carlton</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Max_Gardner" title="Oliver Max Gardner">Oliver Max Gardner</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Holloway" title="William J. Holloway">William J. Holloway</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.filled-249">[q]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Conley" title="William G. Conley">William G. Conley</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1930 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard" title="John Garland Pollard">John Garland Pollard</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1931 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_M._Miller" title="Benjamin M. Miller">Benjamin M. Miller</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Russell, Jr.">Richard Russell, Jr.</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Murray" title="William H. Murray">William H. Murray</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ross_S._Sterling" title="Ross S. Sterling">Ross S. Sterling</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1932 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Laffoon" title="Ruby Laffoon">Ruby Laffoon</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Olin_King" title="Alvin Olin King">Alvin Olin King</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-270">[al]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sennett_Conner" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Sennett Conner">Martin Sennett Conner</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1933 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Junius_Marion_Futrell" title="Junius Marion Futrell">Junius Marion Futrell</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/David_Sholtz" title="David Sholtz">David Sholtz</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Talmadge" title="Eugene Talmadge">Eugene Talmadge</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_K._Allen" title="Oscar K. Allen">Oscar K. Allen</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-died-250">[r]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_C.B._Ehringhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="John C.B. Ehringhaus">John C.B. Ehringhaus</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hill_McAlister" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Hill McAlister">Harry Hill McAlister</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Miriam_A._Ferguson" title="Miriam A. Ferguson">Miriam A. Ferguson</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Herman_G._Kump" title="Herman G. Kump">Herman G. Kump</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1934 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Peery" title="George C. Peery">George C. Peery</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1935 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bibb_Graves" title="Bibb Graves">Bibb Graves</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nice" title="Harry Nice">Harry Nice</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Marland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest W. Marland">Ernest W. Marland</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_V._Allred" title="James V. Allred">James V. Allred</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1936 </th> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Happy_Chandler" title="Happy Chandler">Happy Chandler</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-271">[am]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Noe" title="James A. Noe">James A. Noe</a>(D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._White" title="Hugh L. White">Hugh L. White</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1937 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Edward_Bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Edward Bailey">Carl Edward Bailey</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Fred_P._Cone" title="Fred P. Cone">Fred P. Cone</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Eurith_D._Rivers" title="Eurith D. Rivers">Eurith D. Rivers</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Clyde_R._Hoey" title="Clyde R. Hoey">Clyde R. Hoey</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Browning" title="Gordon Browning">Gordon Browning</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Homer_A._Holt" title="Homer A. Holt">Homer A. Holt</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1938 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_Hubert_Price" title="James Hubert Price">James H. Price</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1939 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Frank_M._Dixon" title="Frank M. Dixon">Frank M. Dixon</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Keen_Johnson" title="Keen Johnson">Keen Johnson</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_O%27Conor" title="Herbert O'Conor">Herbert O'Conor</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Leon_C._Phillips" title="Leon C. Phillips">Leon C. Phillips</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Prentice_Cooper" title="Prentice Cooper">Prentice Cooper</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/W._Lee_O%27Daniel" title="W. Lee O'Daniel">W. Lee O'Daniel</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-272">[an]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1940 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Sam_H._Jones" title="Sam H. Jones">Sam H. Jones</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Johnson,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Paul B. Johnson, Sr.">Paul B. Johnson, Sr.</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-died-250">[r]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1941 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Homer_Martin_Adkins" title="Homer Martin Adkins">Homer Martin Adkins</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland">Spessard Holland</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Eugene Talmadge (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/J._Melville_Broughton" title="J. Melville Broughton">J. Melville Broughton</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_M._Neely" title="Matthew M. Neely">Matthew M. Neely</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1942 </th> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Coke_R._Stevenson" title="Coke R. Stevenson">Coke R. Stevenson</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Darden" title="Colgate Darden">Colgate Darden</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1943 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Sparks" title="Chauncey Sparks">Chauncey Sparks</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Arnall" title="Ellis Arnall">Ellis Arnall</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Murphree" title="Dennis Murphree">Dennis Murphree</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.filled-249">[q]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Kerr" title="Robert S. Kerr">Robert S. Kerr</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1944 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Simeon_S._Willis" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon S. Willis">Simeon S. Willis</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Davis" title="Jimmie Davis">Jimmie Davis</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Bailey" title="Thomas L. Bailey">Thomas L. Bailey</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-died-250">[r]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1945 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Travis_Laney" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Travis Laney">Benjamin Travis Laney</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Millard_F._Caldwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Millard F. Caldwell">Millard F. Caldwell</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/R._Gregg_Cherry" title="R. Gregg Cherry">R. Gregg Cherry</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nance_McCord" title="Jim Nance McCord">Jim Nance McCord</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_W._Meadows" title="Clarence W. Meadows">Clarence W. Meadows</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1946 </th> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Tuck" title="William M. Tuck">William M. Tuck</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1947 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Folsom" title="Jim Folsom">Jim Folsom</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_E._Thompson" title="Melvin E. Thompson">Melvin E. Thompson</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_Lane_Jr." title="William Preston Lane Jr.">William Preston Lane Jr.</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Turner" title="Roy J. Turner">Roy J. Turner</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Beauford_H._Jester" title="Beauford H. Jester">Beauford H. Jester</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-273">[ao]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1948 </th> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Earle_C._Clements" class="mw-redirect" title="Earle C. Clements">Earle C. Clements</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-us.senate-264">[af]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Long" title="Earl Long">Earl Long</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1949 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Sid_McMath" title="Sid McMath">Sid McMath</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Warren" title="Fuller Warren">Fuller Warren</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Talmadge" title="Herman Talmadge">Herman Talmadge</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/W._Kerr_Scott" title="W. Kerr Scott">W. Kerr Scott</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Browning" title="Gordon Browning">Gordon Browning</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Shivers" title="Allan Shivers">Allan Shivers</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Okey_L._Patteson" class="mw-redirect" title="Okey L. Patteson">Okey L. Patteson</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1950 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Battle" title="John S. Battle">John S. Battle</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1951 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Persons" title="Gordon Persons">Gordon Persons</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_W._Wetherby" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence W. Wetherby">Lawrence W. Wetherby</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_McKeldin" title="Theodore McKeldin">Theodore McKeldin</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Murray" title="Johnston Murray">Johnston Murray</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1952 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennon" title="Robert F. Kennon">Robert F. Kennon</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._White" title="Hugh L. White">Hugh L. White</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1953 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cherry_(governor)" title="Francis Cherry (governor)">Francis Cherry</a> (D) </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._McCarty" title="Daniel T. McCarty">Daniel T. McCarty</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-died-250">[r]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Umstead" title="William B. Umstead">William B. Umstead</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-died-250">[r]</a> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Clement" title="Frank G. Clement">Frank G. Clement</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Marland" title="William C. Marland">William C. Marland</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1954 </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Charley_Eugene_Johns" title="Charley Eugene Johns">Charley Eugene Johns</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-274">[ap]</a> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Hodges" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther Hodges">Luther Hodges</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bahnson_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bahnson Stanley">Thomas Bahnson Stanley</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1955 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Folsom" title="Jim Folsom">Jim Folsom</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="12" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Orval_Faubus" title="Orval Faubus">Orval Faubus</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Collins" title="LeRoy Collins">LeRoy Collins</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Griffin" title="Marvin Griffin">Marvin Griffin</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Gary" title="Raymond D. Gary">Raymond D. Gary</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1956 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Happy_Chandler" title="Happy Chandler">Happy Chandler</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Long" title="Earl Long">Earl Long</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Coleman" title="James P. Coleman">James P. Coleman</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1957 </th> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Price_Daniel" title="Price Daniel">Price Daniel</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_H._Underwood" title="Cecil H. Underwood">Cecil H. Underwood</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1958 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/J._Lindsay_Almond" title="J. Lindsay Almond">J. Lindsay Almond</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1959 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm_Patterson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Malcolm Patterson">John Malcolm Patterson</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Vandiver" title="Ernest Vandiver">Ernest Vandiver</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/J._Millard_Tawes" title="J. Millard Tawes">J. Millard Tawes</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Edmondson" title="J. Howard Edmondson">J. Howard Edmondson</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Buford_Ellington" title="Buford Ellington">Buford Ellington</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1960 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bert_T._Combs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bert T. Combs">Bert T. Combs</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Davis" title="Jimmie Davis">Jimmie Davis</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett">Ross Barnett</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1961 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/C._Farris_Bryant" title="C. Farris Bryant">C. Farris Bryant</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Terry Sanford</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Barron" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wallace Barron">William Wallace Barron</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1962 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Albertis_S._Harrison,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Albertis S. Harrison, Jr.">Albertis S. Harrison, Jr.</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1963 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sanders" title="Carl Sanders">Carl Sanders</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bellmon" title="Henry Bellmon">Henry Bellmon</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Clement" title="Frank G. Clement">Frank G. Clement</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1964 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Edward_T._Breathitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward T. Breathitt">Edward T. Breathitt</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_McKeithen" title="John McKeithen">John McKeithen</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Johnson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Paul B. Johnson, Jr.">Paul B. Johnson, Jr.</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1965 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/W._Haydon_Burns" title="W. Haydon Burns">W. Haydon Burns</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Dan_K._Moore" title="Dan K. Moore">Dan K. Moore</a> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Evander_McNair" title="Robert Evander McNair">Robert Evander McNair</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hulett_C._Smith" title="Hulett C. Smith">Hulett C. Smith</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1966 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Mills_E._Godwin,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Mills E. Godwin, Jr.">Mills E. Godwin, Jr.</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1967 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">Lurleen Wallace</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-died-250">[r]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Rockefeller" title="Winthrop Rockefeller">Winthrop Rockefeller</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Kirk,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Claude R. Kirk, Jr.">Claude R. Kirk, Jr.</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Lester Maddox</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_F._Bartlett" title="Dewey F. Bartlett">Dewey F. Bartlett</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Buford_Ellington" title="Buford Ellington">Buford Ellington</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1968 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Louie_B._Nunn" class="mw-redirect" title="Louie B. Nunn">Louie B. Nunn</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Williams" title="John Bell Williams">John Bell Williams</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1969 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brewer" title="Albert Brewer">Albert Brewer</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.filled-249">[q]</a> </td> <td rowspan="10" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Mandel" title="Marvin Mandel">Marvin Mandel</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Scott" title="Robert W. Scott">Robert W. Scott</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)" title="Preston Smith (governor)">Preston Smith</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Arch_A._Moore,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arch A. Moore, Jr.">Arch A. Moore, Jr.</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1970 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/A._Linwood_Holton,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="A. Linwood Holton, Jr.">A. Linwood Holton, Jr.</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1971 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Bumpers" title="Dale Bumpers">Dale Bumpers</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Reubin Askew</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/David_Hall_(Oklahoma_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hall (Oklahoma governor)">David Hall</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_C._West" title="John C. West">John C. West</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Dunn" title="Winfield Dunn">Winfield Dunn</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1972 </th> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Wendell_H._Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendell H. Ford">Wendell H. Ford</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-us.senate-264">[af]</a> </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Edwards" title="Edwin Edwards">Edwin Edwards</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Waller" title="Bill Waller">Bill Waller</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1973 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/James_Holshouser" title="James Holshouser">James Holshouser</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Dolph_Briscoe" title="Dolph Briscoe">Dolph Briscoe</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1974 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mills_E._Godwin,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Mills E. Godwin, Jr.">Mills E. Godwin, Jr.</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1975 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/David_Pryor" title="David Pryor">David Pryor</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/George_Busbee" title="George Busbee">George Busbee</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Carroll" title="Julian Carroll">Julian Carroll</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/David_L._Boren" class="mw-redirect" title="David L. Boren">David L. Boren</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Edwards" title="James B. Edwards">James B. Edwards</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Blanton" title="Ray Blanton">Ray Blanton</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1976 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Finch" title="Cliff Finch">Cliff Finch</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1977 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Hunt,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Hunt, Jr.">James B. Hunt, Jr.</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1978 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Dalton" title="John N. Dalton">John N. Dalton</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1979 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Fob_James" title="Fob James">Fob James</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hughes" title="Harry Hughes">Harry Hughes</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/George_Nigh" title="George Nigh">George Nigh</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Riley" title="Richard Riley">Richard Riley</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clements" title="Bill Clements">Bill Clements</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1980 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Brown,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Y. Brown, Jr.">John Y. Brown, Jr.</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Treen" title="Dave Treen">Dave Treen</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Winter_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Winter (politician)">William Winter</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1981 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._White" title="Frank D. White">Frank D. White</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1982 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Chuck Robb</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1983 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="10" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-PresidentElect-275">[aq]</a> </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Frank_Harris" title="Joe Frank Harris">Joe Frank Harris</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Mark_White_(Texas_politician)" title="Mark White (Texas politician)">Mark White</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1984 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Layne_Collins" title="Martha Layne Collins">Martha Layne Collins</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Edwards" title="Edwin Edwards">Edwin Edwards</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Allain" title="William Allain">William Allain</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1985 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Martin" title="James G. Martin">James G. Martin</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Arch_A._Moore,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arch A. Moore, Jr.">Arch A. Moore, Jr.</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1986 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._Baliles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald L. Baliles">Gerald L. Baliles</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1987 </th> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/H._Guy_Hunt" title="H. Guy Hunt">H. Guy Hunt</a> (R)<a href="#cite_note-276">[ar]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Bob Martinez</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Schaefer" title="William Donald Schaefer">William Donald Schaefer</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bellmon" title="Henry Bellmon">Henry Bellmon</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Carroll A. Campbell, Jr.">Carroll A. Campbell, Jr.</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ned_McWherter" title="Ned McWherter">Ned McWherter</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clements" title="Bill Clements">Bill Clements</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1988 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_G._Wilkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace G. Wilkinson">Wallace G. Wilkinson</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a> (D/R)<a href="#cite_note-277">[as]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Mabus" title="Ray Mabus">Ray Mabus</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1989 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Caperton" title="Gaston Caperton">Gaston Caperton</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1990 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1991 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Zell_Miller" title="Zell Miller">Zell Miller</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/David_Walters" title="David Walters">David Walters</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Ann Richards</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1992 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Brereton_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Brereton Jones">Brereton Jones</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Edwards" title="Edwin Edwards">Edwin Edwards</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Fordice" title="Kirk Fordice">Kirk Fordice</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1993 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Folsom,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Folsom, Jr.">Jim Folsom, Jr.</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.filled-249">[q]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Guy_Tucker" title="Jim Guy Tucker">Jim Guy Tucker</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[at]</a> </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Hunt,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Hunt, Jr.">James B. Hunt, Jr.</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1994 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen (U.S. politician)">George Allen</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1995 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Fob_James" title="Fob James">Fob James</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Parris_Glendening" title="Parris Glendening">Parris Glendening</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Keating" title="Frank Keating">Frank Keating</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/David_Beasley" title="David Beasley">David Beasley</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Don_Sundquist" title="Don Sundquist">Don Sundquist</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (R)<a href="#cite_note-PresidentElect-275">[aq]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1996 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Patton" title="Paul E. Patton">Paul E. Patton</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Murphy_J._Foster,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Murphy J. Foster, Jr.">Murphy J. Foster, Jr.</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1997 </th> <td rowspan="10" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> (R)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_H._Underwood" title="Cecil H. Underwood">Cecil H. Underwood</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1998 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1999 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Don_Siegelman" title="Don Siegelman">Don Siegelman</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Barnes" title="Roy Barnes">Roy Barnes</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hodges" title="Jim Hodges">Jim Hodges</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Musgrove" title="Ronnie Musgrove">Ronnie Musgrove</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2001 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Easley" title="Mike Easley">Mike Easley</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="14" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> (R)<a href="#cite_note-lt.elected-255">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Wise" title="Bob Wise">Bob Wise</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2002 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2003 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Riley" title="Bob Riley">Bob Riley</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Sonny Perdue</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ehrlich" title="Bob Ehrlich">Bob Ehrlich</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Brad_Henry" title="Brad Henry">Brad Henry</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">Mark Sanford</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Phil_Bredesen" title="Phil Bredesen">Phil Bredesen</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2004 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ernie_Fletcher" title="Ernie Fletcher">Ernie Fletcher</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Blanco" title="Kathleen Blanco">Kathleen Blanco</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Haley Barbour</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2005 </th> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-279">[au]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2006 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2007 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Beebe" title="Mike Beebe">Mike Beebe</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Charlie Crist</a> (R/I)<a href="#cite_note-280">[av]</a> </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley" title="Martin O'Malley">Martin O'Malley</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2008 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Beshear" title="Steve Beshear">Steve Beshear</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2009 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Perdue" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Perdue">Beverly Perdue</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2010 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonnell" title="Bob McDonnell">Bob McDonnell</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2011 </th> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Bentley" title="Robert J. Bentley">Robert Bentley</a> (R) <a href="#cite_note-281">[aw]</a> </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Rick Scott</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">Nathan Deal</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fallin" title="Mary Fallin">Mary Fallin</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Nikki Haley</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haslam" title="Bill Haslam">Bill Haslam</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Ray_Tomblin" title="Earl Ray Tomblin">Earl Ray Tomblin</a> (D)<a href="#cite_note-282">[ax]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2012 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Phil_Bryant" title="Phil Bryant">Phil Bryant</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2013 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Pat_McCrory" title="Pat McCrory">Pat McCrory</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2014 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">Terry McAuliffe</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2015 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Asa_Hutchinson" title="Asa Hutchinson">Asa Hutchinson</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hogan" title="Larry Hogan">Larry Hogan</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="11" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Greg Abbott</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bevin" title="Matt Bevin">Matt Bevin</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_Bel_Edwards" title="John Bel Edwards">John Bel Edwards</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2017 </th> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Kay_Ivey" title="Kay Ivey">Kay Ivey</a> (R) <a href="#cite_note-283">[ay]</a> </td> <td rowspan="8" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cooper" title="Roy Cooper">Roy Cooper</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Henry_McMaster" title="Henry McMaster">Henry McMaster</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="10" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Justice" title="Jim Justice">Jim Justice</a> (D/R)<a href="#cite_note-284">[az]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2018 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Ralph Northam</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2019 </th> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">Ron DeSantis</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Kemp" title="Brian Kemp">Brian Kemp</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Stitt" title="Kevin Stitt">Kevin Stitt</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Lee_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)">Bill Lee</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020 </th> <td rowspan="6" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Beshear" title="Andy Beshear">Andy Beshear</a> (D) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Tate_Reeves" title="Tate Reeves">Tate Reeves</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2021 </th></tr> <tr> <th>2022 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin" title="Glenn Youngkin">Glenn Youngkin</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2023 </th> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sarah Huckabee Sanders</a> (R) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Wes_Moore" title="Wes Moore">Wes Moore</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2024 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Landry" title="Jeff Landry">Jeff Landry</a> (R) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2025 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Josh_Stein" title="Josh Stein">Josh Stein</a> (D) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wall_(U.S._politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue wall (U.S. politics)">Blue wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture of the Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrat_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Democrat in Name Only">Democrat in Name Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History of the Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Coast" title="Left Coast">Left Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamount_to_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantamount to election">Tantamount to election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_dog_Democrat" title="Yellow dog Democrat">Yellow dog Democrat</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Oklahoma <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">became a state in 1907</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> This map during the Civil War does not reflect the exact state boundaries today. For example, Nevada was not as large.<a href="#cite_note-usstat|14|43-9">[8]</a> For further reading, <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution of the United States</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Missouri is considered a <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> state by the Census Bureau.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Despite the South's excessive representation relative to voting population, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> did cause <a href="/wiki/Mississippi%27s_congressional_districts" title="Mississippi's congressional districts">Mississippi</a> to lose Congressional districts following the <a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 United States Census">1930</a> and <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1950 United States Census">1950 Censuses</a>, whilst <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_congressional_districts" title="South Carolina's congressional districts">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama%27s_congressional_districts" title="Alabama's congressional districts">Alabama</a> also lost Congressional seats after the former Census and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas%27s_congressional_districts" title="Arkansas's congressional districts">Arkansas</a> following the latter. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> The closer ones, beginning with the closest, are <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election in Florida">Florida in 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland" title="1832 United States presidential election in Maryland">Maryland in 1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland" title="1904 United States presidential election in Maryland">Maryland in 1904</a>, <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1912 United States presidential election in California">California in 1912</a>, <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1892 United States presidential election in California">California in 1892</a> and <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Hawaii" title="1960 United States presidential election in Hawaii">Hawaii in 1960</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-award-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-award_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-award_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-award_236-2">c</a> Electoral votes awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Oklahoma was not a state until 1907 and did not vote in presidential elections until 1908 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> One of Tennessee's electoral votes went to <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> One of Alabama's electoral votes went to <a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter B. Jones">Walter B. Jones</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-misselector-240"><a href="#cite_ref-misselector_240-0">^</a> Five of Alabama's electoral votes went to <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> One of Oklahoma's electoral votes went to <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> One North Carolina Republican elector switched his vote to Wallace. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> One Virginia Republican elector switched his vote to <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> One West Virginia Democratic elector switched her vote to <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> One Texas Republican elector switched their vote to <a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a>, and another cast his vote for <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Since both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor had been impeached, the former resigning and the latter being removed from office, Stone, as president of the Senate, was next in line for the governorship. He filled the unexpired term and was later elected in his own right. </li> <li id="cite_note-lt.filled-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lt.filled_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.filled_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.filled_249-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.filled_249-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.filled_249-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.filled_249-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.filled_249-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.filled_249-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.filled_249-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.filled_249-9">j</a> As lieutenant governor, filled unexpired term. </li> <li id="cite_note-died-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-died_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_250-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_250-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_250-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_250-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_250-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_250-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_250-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_250-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_250-9">j</a> Died in office. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Resigned upon appointment as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Did not run for re-election in 1888, but due to the election's being disputed, remained in office until February 6, 1890. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Elected in 1888 for a term beginning in 1891, an election dispute prevented Fleming from taking office until February 6, 1890 </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_S._Taylor_(Kentucky_politician)" title="William S. Taylor (Kentucky politician)">William S. Taylor</a> (R) was sworn in and assumed office, but the state legislature challenged the validity of his election, claiming ballot fraud. <a href="/wiki/William_Goebel" title="William Goebel">William Goebel</a> (D), his challenger in the election, was shot on January 30, 1900. The next day, the legislature named Goebel governor. However, Goebel died from his wounds three days later. </li> <li id="cite_note-lt.elected-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lt.elected_255-13">n</a> As lieutenant governor, he acted as governor for unexpired term and was subsequently elected in his own right. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> As President of the state Senate, he filled the unexpired term and was subsequently elected in his own right. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Gubernatorial terms were increased from two to four years during Jelks' governorship; his first term was filling out Samford's two-year term, and he was elected in 1902 for a four-year term. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. March 21, 1905 </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> As Speaker of the Senate, ascended to the governorship. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> The elected governor, Hoke Smith, resigned to take his elected seat in the United States Senate. John M. Slaton, president of the senate, served as acting governor until Joseph M. Brown was elected governor in a special election. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> The elected Governor, Joseph Taylor Robinson, resigned on March 8, 1913 to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. President of the state Senate William Kavanaugh Oldham acted as governor for six days before a new Senate President was elected. Junius Marion Futrell, as the new president of the senate, acted as governor until a special election. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Elected in a special election. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Resigned on the initiation of impeachment proceedings. Aug. 25, 1917. </li> <li id="cite_note-us.senate-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-us.senate_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-us.senate_264-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-us.senate_264-2">c</a> Resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Impeached and removed from office. November 19, 1923 </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Died in his third term of office. October 2, 1927. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Resigned to be a judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Impeached and removed from office. March 21, 1929 </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> As Speaker of the Senate, ascended to the governorship. Subsequently elected for two full terms. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_N._Cyr" title="Paul N. Cyr">Paul N. Cyr</a> was lieutenant governor under Huey Long and stated that he would succeed Long when Long left for the Senate, but Long demanded Cyr forfeit his office. King, as president of the state Senate, was elevated to lieutenant governor and later governor. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Resigned to take an appointed seat in the United States Senate. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Resigned upon victory in the Democratic primary for the United States Senate, August 4, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Died in office. July 11, 1949 </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> As President of the state Senate, filled unexpired term. </li> <li id="cite_note-PresidentElect-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PresidentElect_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PresidentElect_275-1">b</a> Resigned upon election to the Presidency of the United States. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Removed from office upon being convicted of illegally using campaign and inaugural funds to pay personal debts; he was later pardoned by the state parole board based on innocence. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Elected as a Democrat in 1987 but switched to Republican in 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Resigned after being convicted of mail fraud in the Whitewater scandal. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Resigned to take an elected seat in the U.S. Senate. November 15, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Elected as a Republican, Crist switched his registration to independent in April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Resigned April 10, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> As president of the Senate, served as acting governor until he won a special election in 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> As Lieutenant Governor, succeeded to governorship upon resignation of Robert Bentley on April 10, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Elected as a Democrat, Justice switched his registration to Republican in August 2017. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Regional_Variations_in_the_Realignment_of_American_Politics,_1944–2004-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Regional_Variations_in_the_Realignment_of_American_Politics,_1944–2004_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regional_Variations_in_the_Realignment_of_American_Politics,_1944–2004_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBullockHoffmanGaddie2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bullock, Charles S.; Hoffman, Donna R.; Gaddie, Ronald Keith (2006). "Regional Variations in the Realignment of American Politics, 1944–2004". Social Science Quarterly. 87 (3): 494–518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6237.2006.00393.x">10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00393.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-4941">0038-4941</a>. <q>The events of 1964 laid open the divisions between the South and national Democrats and elicited distinctly different voter behavior in the two regions. The agitation for civil rights by southern blacks continued white violence toward the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson's aggressive leadership all facilitated passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. ... In the South, 1964 should be associated with GOP growth while in the Northeast this election contributed to the eradication of Republicans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Regional+Variations+in+the+Realignment+of+American+Politics%2C+1944%E2%80%932004&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=494-518&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6237.2006.00393.x&rft.issn=0038-4941&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Donna+R.&rft.au=Gaddie%2C+Ronald+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1988" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, Harold W. (1988). "Southern Partisan Changes: Dealignment, Realignment or Both?". The Journal of Politics. 50 (1): 64–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2131041">10.2307/2131041</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3816">0022-3816</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2131041">2131041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154860857">154860857</a>. <q>Events surrounding the presidential election of 1964 marked a watershed in terms of the parties and the South (Pomper, 1972). The Solid South was built around the identification of the Democratic party with the cause of white supremacy. Events before 1964 gave white southerners pause about the linkage between the Democratic Party and white supremacy, but the 1964 election, passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 altered in the minds of most the positions of the national parties on racial issues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Southern+Partisan+Changes%3A+Dealignment%2C+Realignment+or+Both%3F&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-88&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0022-3816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154860857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2131041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2131041&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Harold+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Dewey W. Grantham, The Life and Death of the Solid South: A Political History (1992). </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf">"US Census Region Map"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Census+Region+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fpdfs%2Fmaps-data%2Fmaps%2Freference%2Fus_regdiv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Herbert, Herbert, Hilary A., Why The Solid South?, or, Reconstruction and Its Results, R.H. Woodward and Company, Baltimore, 1890, pgs. 258-284 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_long_goodbye-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_long_goodbye_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_long_goodbye_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_long_goodbye_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_long_goodbye_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/united-states/2010/11/11/the-long-goodbye">"The long goodbye"</a>. The Economist. November 11, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2023. <q>In 1981 Republicans took control of the Senate for the first time since 1953, but most Southern elected officials remained white Democrats. When Republicans took control of the House in 1995, white Democrats still comprised one-third of the South's tally. ... white Southern Democrats have met their Appomattox: they will account for just 24 of the South's 155 senators and congressmen in the 112th United States Congress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+long+goodbye&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Funited-states%2F2010%2F11%2F11%2Fthe-long-goodbye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_Dominion-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Dominion_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Dominion_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkelley2017" class="citation news cs1">Skelley, Geoffrey (July 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/political_commentary/commentary_by_geoffrey_skelley/the_new_dominion_virginia_s_ever_changing_electoral_map">"The New Dominion: Virginia's Ever-Changing Electoral Map"</a>. Rasmussen Reports. Retrieved July 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rasmussen+Reports&rft.atitle=The+New+Dominion%3A+Virginia%27s+Ever-Changing+Electoral+Map&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft.aulast=Skelley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rasmussenreports.com%2Fpublic_content%2Fpolitical_commentary%2Fcommentary_by_geoffrey_skelley%2Fthe_new_dominion_virginia_s_ever_changing_electoral_map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usstat|14|43-9"><a href="#cite_ref-usstat|14|43_9-0">^</a> 14 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-14-43">43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tikkanen-2020-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Tikkanen-2020_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikkanen2020" class="citation web cs1">Tikkanen, Amy (June 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/American-Civil-War">"American Civil War"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=American+Civil+War&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.aulast=Tikkanen&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FAmerican-Civil-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/programs/geography/regions_and_divisions.html">"History: Regions and Divisions"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=History%3A+Regions+and+Divisions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhistory%2Fwww%2Fprograms%2Fgeography%2Fregions_and_divisions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilfred_Buck_Yearns2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilfred Buck Yearns (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rV-XNj4eJ3wC&pg=PA43">The Confederate Congress</a>. University of Georgia Press. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0820334769" title="Special:BookSources/978-0820334769"><bdi>978-0820334769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Congress&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0820334769&rft.au=Wilfred+Buck+Yearns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrV-XNj4eJ3wC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Foner, Eric, Reconstruction, America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, Harper Collins, 2011, pg. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Dubin, Michael J., United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1861–1911: The Official Results by State and County, McFarland, 2014, pgs. 585, 600 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc2600/sc2685/html/conv1864.html">"Archives of Maryland Historical List: Constitutional Convention, 1864"</a>. November 1, 1864. Retrieved 2012-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archives+of+Maryland+Historical+List%3A+Constitutional+Convention%2C+1864&rft.date=1864-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msa.md.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2600%2Fsc2685%2Fhtml%2Fconv1864.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425132518/http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/event/missouri-abolishes-slavery">"Missouri abolishes slavery"</a>. January 11, 1865. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/event/missouri-abolishes-slavery">the original</a> on April 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missouri+abolishes+slavery&rft.date=1865-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwaronthewesternborder.org%2Fevent%2Fmissouri-abolishes-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1865/01/15/news/tennessee-state-convention-slavery-declared-forever-abolished-parson-brownlow.html">"Tennessee State Convention: Slavery Declared Forever Abolished"</a>. NY Times. January 14, 1865. Retrieved 2012-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tennessee+State+Convention%3A+Slavery+Declared+Forever+Abolished&rft.date=1865-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1865%2F01%2F15%2Fnews%2Ftennessee-state-convention-slavery-declared-forever-abolished-parson-brownlow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/thisdayinwvhistory/february.html">"On this day: 1865-FEB-03"</a>. Retrieved 2012-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+this+day%3A+1865-FEB-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Fthisdayinwvhistory%2Ffebruary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slavenorth.com/delaware.htm">"Slavery in Delaware"</a>. Retrieved 2012-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Delaware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slavenorth.com%2Fdelaware.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowell_Hayes_Harrison_and_James_C._Klotter1997" class="citation book cs1">Lowell Hayes Harrison and James C. Klotter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FdTIIEZ1k2QC&pg=PA174">A new history of Kentucky</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813126210" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813126210"><bdi>978-0813126210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+history+of+Kentucky&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0813126210&rft.au=Lowell+Hayes+Harrison+and+James+C.+Klotter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFdTIIEZ1k2QC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> In 1866, Kentucky refused to ratify the 13th Amendment. It did ratify it in 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/13th-amendment-constitution-united-states#:~:text=On%20December%2018%2C%201865%2C%20Secretary,13th%20Amendment%20had%20been%20ratified.">"National Museum of African American History & Culture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015211624/https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/13th-amendment-constitution-united-states#:~:text=On%20December%2018%2C%201865%2C%20Secretary,13th%20Amendment%20had%20been%20ratified.">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-15. Retrieved 2023-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Museum+of+African+American+History+%26+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmaahc.si.edu%2Fexplore%2Fstories%2F13th-amendment-constitution-united-states%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOn%2520December%252018%252C%25201865%252C%2520Secretary%2C13th%2520Amendment%2520had%2520been%2520ratified.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemann2007" class="citation book cs1">Lemann, Nicholas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.apple.com/us/book/redemption/id434811915">Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redemption%3A+The+Last+Battle+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lemann&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.apple.com%2Fus%2Fbook%2Fredemption%2Fid434811915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction (1984), p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Gordon B. McKinney, Southern Mountain Republicans, 1865–1900: Politics and the Appalachian Community (1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> C. Van Woodward, The Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 (1951) pp 235–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> 6 J. Morgan Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Rise of the One-Party South, 1880–1910 (Yale UP, 1974). </li> <li id="cite_note-valelly146-147-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valelly146-147_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valelly146-147_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valelly146-147_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valelly146-147_29-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValelly2009" class="citation book cs1">Valelly, Richard M. (October 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4__EYITWk4C&pg=PA128">The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226845272" title="Special:BookSources/9780226845272"><bdi>9780226845272</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Reconstructions%3A+The+Struggle+for+Black+Enfranchisement&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft.isbn=9780226845272&rft.aulast=Valelly&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4__EYITWk4C%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p10-30"><a href="#cite_ref-p10_30-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=224731">Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon"</a>, Constitutional Commentary, Vol.17, 2000, p.10, Accessed 10 Mar 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenn_Feldman_2004,_pp._135–136-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_Feldman_2004,_pp._135–136_31-0">^</a> Glenn Feldman, The Disenfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004, pp. 135–136 </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Perman_2001-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Perman_2001_32-0">^</a> Michael Perman. Struggle for Mastery: Disenfranchisement (sic) in the South, 1888–1908 (2001), Introduction </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillman1900" class="citation news cs1">Tillman, Benjamin (March 23, 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/55/">"Speech of Senator Benjamin R. Tillman"</a>. Congressional Record, 56th Congress, 1st Session. (Reprinted in Richard Purday, ed., Document Sets for the South in U. S. History [Lexington, MA.: D.C. Heath and Company, 1991], p. 147.). pp. 3223–3224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record%2C+56th+Congress%2C+1st+Session&rft.atitle=Speech+of+Senator+Benjamin+R.+Tillman&rft.pages=3223-3224&rft.date=1900-03-23&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorymatters.gmu.edu%2Fd%2F55%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Jeffery A. Jenkins, Justin Peck, and Vesla M. Weaver. "Between Reconstructions: Congressional Action on Civil Rights, 1891–1940." Studies in American Political Development 24#1 (2010): 57–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.virginia.edu/jajenkins/race_SAPD.pdf">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paths_Out_of_Dixie-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paths_Out_of_Dixie_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paths_Out_of_Dixie_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paths_Out_of_Dixie_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paths_Out_of_Dixie_35-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMickey2015" class="citation book cs1">Mickey, Robert (February 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Paths-Out-Dixie-Democratization-Authoritarian-ebook/dp/B007BOK3A0/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=">Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944–1972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+Out+of+Dixie%3A+The+Democratization+of+Authoritarian+Enclaves+in+America%27s+Deep+South%2C+1944%E2%80%931972&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.aulast=Mickey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FPaths-Out-Dixie-Democratization-Authoritarian-ebook%2Fdp%2FB007BOK3A0%2Fref%3Dtmm_kin_swatch_0%3F_encoding%3DUTF8%26qid%3D%26sr%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4172453">Connie Rice: Top 10 Election Myths to Get Rid Of : NPR</a> The situation in Louisiana was an example—see <a href="/wiki/Murphy_J._Foster#John_N._Pharr" title="Murphy J. Foster">John N. Pharr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regular_Democratic_Organization#Reconstruction_and_aftermath" title="Regular Democratic Organization">Regular Democratic Organization#Reconstruction and aftermath</a>, and the note to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana#Resumption_of_U.S._Statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Louisiana">Murphy J. Foster</a> (who served as <a href="/wiki/Governor_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor (Louisiana)">governor of Louisiana</a> from 1892 to 1900). </li> <li id="cite_note-Why-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Why_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Why_38-1">b</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2007/08/why-did-the-south-turn-republican/45956/">Matthew Yglesias, "Why did the South turn Republican?"</a>, The Atlantic August 24, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1900.htm">Presidential election of 1900 – Map by Counties</a> (and subsequent years) </li> <li id="cite_note-How-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-How_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_40-1">b</a> Sullivan, Robert David; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americamagazine.org/content/unconventional-wisdom/how-red-and-blue-map-evolved-over-past-century">‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’</a>; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project1939" class="citation book cs1">Federal Writers' Project (1939). Florida. A Guide to the Southernmost State. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florida.+A+Guide+to+the+Southernmost+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenendez2005" class="citation book cs1">Menendez, Albert J. (2005). The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina" title="Jefferson, North Carolina">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. pp. 149–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786422173" title="Special:BookSources/0786422173"><bdi>0786422173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Presidential+Elections+in+the+United+States%2C+1868-2004&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=149-153&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0786422173&rft.aulast=Menendez&rft.aufirst=Albert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190846/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=S044">"Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture: Slavery"</a>. tennesseeencyclopedia.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=S044">the original</a> on 2007-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tennesseeencyclopedia.net&rft.atitle=Tennessee+Encyclopedia+of+History+and+Culture%3A+Slavery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftennesseeencyclopedia.net%2Fimagegallery.php%3FEntryID%3DS044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sherman-44"><a href="#cite_ref-sherman_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1973" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, Richard B. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanparty00rich/page/18/mode/1up">The Republican Party and Black America from McKinley to Hoover, 1896-1933</a>. Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-0467-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-0467-2"><bdi>978-0-8139-0467-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Party+and+Black+America+from+McKinley+to+Hoover%2C+1896-1933&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Charlottesville%2C+University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-0467-2&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicanparty00rich%2Fpage%2F18%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValelly2009" class="citation book cs1">Valelly, Richard M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4__EYITWk4C&pg=PA128">The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 146–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-84527-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-84527-2"><bdi>978-0-226-84527-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Reconstructions%3A+The+Struggle+for+Black+Enfranchisement&rft.pages=146-14&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-84527-2&rft.aulast=Valelly&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4__EYITWk4C%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Presidential_Vote-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Presidential_Vote_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Presidential_Vote_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9WaaAAAAIAAJ">The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932 – Google Books</a>. Stanford University Press. 1934. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804716963" title="Special:BookSources/9780804716963"><bdi>9780804716963</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidential+Vote%2C+1896%E2%80%931932+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=9780804716963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9WaaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrantham1995" class="citation journal cs1">Grantham, Dewey W. (Fall 1995). "Tennessee and Twentieth-Century American Politics". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 54 (3): 210–229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Tennessee+and+Twentieth-Century+American+Politics&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=210-229&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=Dewey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> ‘Vote for Constitutional Amendments by Counties’, in North Carolina Manual (1920), pp. 324-328 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuyler" class="citation book cs1">Schuyler, Lorraine Gates. The Weight of Their Votes: Southern Women and Political Leverage in the 1920s. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807857762" title="Special:BookSources/9780807857762"><bdi>9780807857762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weight+of+Their+Votes%3A+Southern+Women+and+Political+Leverage+in+the+1920s&rft.pages=190&rft.isbn=9780807857762&rft.aulast=Schuyler&rft.aufirst=Lorraine+Gates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-farris-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farris_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-farris_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-farris_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarris2012" class="citation book cs1">Farris, Scott (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4j1OBwAAQBAJ">Almost President: The Men Who Lost The Race But Changed The Nation</a>. Ottawa: Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762763788" title="Special:BookSources/9780762763788"><bdi>9780762763788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almost+President%3A+The+Men+Who+Lost+The+Race+But+Changed+The+Nation&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780762763788&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4j1OBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangeOlmsteadRhode2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lange, Fabian; Olmstead, Alan L.; Rhode, Paul W. (2009-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/div-classtitlethe-impact-of-the-boll-weevil-18921932div/B726479ED1550ECE8F28A7D8115F5A52">"The Impact of the Boll Weevil, 1892–1932"</a>. The Journal of Economic History. 69 (3): 685–718. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050709001090">10.1017/S0022050709001090</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6372">1471-6372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154646873">154646873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Boll+Weevil%2C+1892%E2%80%931932&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=685-718&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154646873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1471-6372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050709001090&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rft.au=Olmstead%2C+Alan+L.&rft.au=Rhode%2C+Paul+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-economic-history%2Farticle%2Fdiv-classtitlethe-impact-of-the-boll-weevil-18921932div%2FB726479ED1550ECE8F28A7D8115F5A52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-msstate-52"><a href="#cite_ref-msstate_52-0">^</a> Economic impacts of the boll weevil: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMississippi_State_University" class="citation web cs1">Mississippi State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bollweevil.ext.msstate.edu/history.html">"History of the Boll Weevil in the United States"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Boll+Weevil+in+the+United+States&rft.au=Mississippi+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bollweevil.ext.msstate.edu%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> "History of Enterprise". City of Enterprise, Alabama. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved December 21, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeigenbaumMazumderSmith2020" class="citation journal cs1">Feigenbaum, James J; Mazumder, Soumyajit; Smith, Cory B (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w27161">"When Coercive Economies Fail: The Political Economy of the US South After the Boll Weevil"</a>. Social Science Research. Working Paper Series. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw27161">10.3386/w27161</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219441177">219441177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research&rft.atitle=When+Coercive+Economies+Fail%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+the+US+South+After+the+Boll+Weevil&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw27161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219441177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Feigenbaum&rft.aufirst=James+J&rft.au=Mazumder%2C+Soumyajit&rft.au=Smith%2C+Cory+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw27161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Harold D, Woodman, "Economic Reconstruction and the Rise of the New South, 1865–1900" in John B. Boles, and Evelyn Thomas Nolen, eds., Interpreting Southern history: Historiographical essays in honor of Sanford W. Higginbotham (LSU Press, 1987) pp. 254–307, quoting pp 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration">"The Great Migration (1910–1970)"</a>. May 20, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927001728/https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Migration+%281910%E2%80%931970%29&rft.date=2021-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fafrican-americans%2Fmigrations%2Fgreat-migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Richard J. Jensen, "The Last Party System: Decay of Consensus, 1932–1980", in The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (Paul Kleppner et al. eds.) (1981) pp. 219–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1967" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, James T. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8MfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR7">Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal</a>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. vii–viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813164045" title="Special:BookSources/9780813164045"><bdi>9780813164045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Conservatism+and+the+New+Deal&rft.pages=vii-viii&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780813164045&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8MfBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Susan Dunn, Roosevelt's Purge: How FDR Fought to Change the Democratic Party (2010) passim, esp. p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopping2008" class="citation book cs1">Topping, Simon (2008). 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Hadley. Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s 2nd ed. (1978). </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSindler1956" class="citation book cs1">Sindler, Allan P. (1956). Huey Long's Louisiana: State politics, 1920-1952. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. 84–85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Huey+Long%27s+Louisiana%3A+State+politics%2C+1920-1952&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Sindler&rft.aufirst=Allan+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Teeples, Ronald K. (1970); The Economics of Voter Turnout, p. 111 Published by University of California Press, Los Angeles </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Ralph C. Hon, "The South in a War Economy" Southern Economic Journal8#3 (1942), pp. 291–308 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1052610">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819011852/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1052610">Archived</a> August 19, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Morton Sosna, and James C. Cobb, Remaking Dixie: The Impact of World War II on the American South (UP of Mississippi, 1997). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Ralph C. Hon, "The South in a War Economy" Southern Economic Journal8#3 (1942), pp. 291–308 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1052610">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819011852/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1052610">Archived</a> August 19, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Grantham, The South in modern America (1994) p 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Dewey W. Grantham, The South in modern America (1994) pp 172–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> George B. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South pp.694–701, quoting p. 701. </li> <li id="cite_note-Liberal-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Liberal_70-0">^</a> Doherty, Herbert J. (junior); 'Liberal and Conservative Politics in Florida'; The Journal of Politics, vol. 14, no. 3 (August 1952), pp. 403-417 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Beyerlein, Kraig and Andrews, Kenneth T.; ‘Black Voting during the Civil Rights Movement: A Micro-Level Analysis’; Social Forces, volume 87, No. 1 (September 2008), pp. 65-93 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=1920&fips=40&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1920 Presidential General Election Results – Oklahoma"</a>. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 2013-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1920+Presidential+General+Election+Results+%E2%80%93+Oklahoma&rft.pub=Dave+Leip%27s+Atlas+of+U.S.+Presidential+Elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fstate.php%3Fyear%3D1920%26fips%3D40%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Finkelman, Paul; African-Americans and the right to vote (Garland Publishing, 1992), pp. 418, 438 </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern_Nation-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Nation_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Nation_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatemanKatznelsonLapinski2018" class="citation book cs1">Bateman, David A.; Katznelson, Ira; Lapinski, John S. (2018). Southern Nation: Congress and White Supremacy After Reconstruction. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691126494" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691126494"><bdi>978-0691126494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Nation%3A+Congress+and+White+Supremacy+After+Reconstruction&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0691126494&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Katznelson%2C+Ira&rft.au=Lapinski%2C+John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaddie-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaddie_76-0">^</a> Gaddie, Ronald Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE030.html">Republican Party</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903125824/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE030.html">Archived</a> 2011-09-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture (accessed February 11, 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2020" class="citation news cs1">Pollard, Bryan (November 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/civil-war-native-american-indian-territory-cherokee-home-guard">"How the US Civil War Divided Indian Nations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History.com</a>. Retrieved August 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=How+the+US+Civil+War+Divided+Indian+Nations&rft.date=2020-11-23&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fcivil-war-native-american-indian-territory-cherokee-home-guard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Annie Heloise Abel, "The Indians in the Civil War", American Historical Review Vol. 15, No. 2 (Jan. 1910), pp. 281–296. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1838335">1838335</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> John Spencer and Adam Hook, The American Civil War in Indian Territory (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Debo, Angie; And Still the Waters Run: The Betrayal of the Five Civilized Tribes, pp. 318-319 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691005782" title="Special:BookSources/9780691005782">9780691005782</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OKResults-81"><a href="#cite_ref-OKResults_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/elections/election-results/results-prior-to-1980/1958-1966-results.pdf">"1958-1966 results"</a> (PDF). Oklahoma State Election Board. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1958-1966+results&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Oklahoma+State+Election+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foklahoma.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fok%2Fen%2Felections%2Felection-results%2Fresults-prior-to-1980%2F1958-1966-results.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatemanKatznelsonLapinski2018" class="citation book cs1">Bateman, David A.; Katznelson, Ira; Lapinski, John S. (2018). Southern Nation: Congress and White Supremacy After Reconstruction. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691126494" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691126494"><bdi>978-0691126494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Nation%3A+Congress+and+White+Supremacy+After+Reconstruction&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0691126494&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Katznelson%2C+Ira&rft.au=Lapinski%2C+John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Richard M. Valelly, The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004, p.141 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Finkelman, Paul; African-Americans and the right to vote (Garland Publishing, 1992), pp. 418, 438 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Sullivan, Robert David; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americamagazine.org/content/unconventional-wisdom/how-red-and-blue-map-evolved-over-past-century">‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’</a>; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Ranney, Joseph A.; In the Wake of Slavery: Civil War, Civil Rights, and the Reconstruction of Southern Law; p. 141 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275989720" title="Special:BookSources/0275989720">0275989720</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Lawrence O. Christensen and Gary R. Kremer, A History of Missouri: Volume IV, 1875 to 1919 (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Diamond, William; ‘Urban and Rural Voting in 1896’; The American Historical Review, vol. 46, no. 2 (January 1941), pp. 281-305 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> R. Hal Williams, Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan and the Remarkable Election of 1896 (U Press of Kansas, 2010), pp. xi, 169–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-rutgers1-90"><a href="#cite_ref-rutgers1_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/REFERENCE/Hist_Pop_stats.pdf">"Population Division Working Paper No. 56"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930174019/http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/REFERENCE/Hist_Pop_stats.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2018-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Division+Working+Paper+No.+56&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmapmaker.rutgers.edu%2FREFERENCE%2FHist_Pop_stats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Foner, Eric, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877, Harper Collins, 2002, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Snell, Mark A., West Virginia and the Civil War. History Press, 2011, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Bastress, Robert M., The West Virginia State Constitution, Oxford Univ. Press, 2011, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Ambler, Charles Henry, A History of West Virginia, Prentice-Hall, 1937, p. 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Herbert, Hilary Abner Why the Solid South? Or, Reconstruction and Its Results, R. H. Woodward, 1890, pp. 258–284 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Williams, John Alexander, West Virginia, a History, W. W. Norton, 1984, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-RoadtoRed-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RoadtoRed_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoadtoRed_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTumulty,_Karen2013" class="citation news cs1">Tumulty, Karen (26 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2013/10/26/a-blue-states-road-to-red/">"A Blue State's Road to Red"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Blue+State%27s+Road+to+Red&rft.date=2013-10-26&rft.au=Tumulty%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fnational%2F2013%2F10%2F26%2Fa-blue-states-road-to-red%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Phillips_(political_commentator)" title="Kevin Phillips (political commentator)">Phillips, Kevin P.</a>; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 350 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16324-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16324-6">978-0-691-16324-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roots-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Roots_99-0">^</a> Brown, Thomas J.; ‘’The Roots of Bluegrass Insurgency: An Analysis of the Populist Movement in Kentucky; The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Vol. 78, No. 3 (Summer 1980), pp. 219-242 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Shannon, Jasper Berry and McQuown, Ruth; Presidential Politics in Kentucky, 1824-1948: A Compilation of Election Statistics and an Analysis of Political Behavior (1950), p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Copeland, James E.; ‘Where Were the Kentucky Unionists and Secessionists’; The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, volume 71, no. 4 (October 1973), pp. 344-363 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> See Bolin, Janes Duane; Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880-1940, pp. 82-83 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813121505" title="Special:BookSources/9780813121505">9780813121505</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Harrison, Lowell Hayes; A New History of Kentucky, p. 352 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813176307" title="Special:BookSources/9780813176307">9780813176307</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsm-105"><a href="#cite_ref-wsm_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1901" class="citation book cs1">Myers, William Starr (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marylandconstitu00myerrich/page/98/mode/2up">The Maryland Constitution of 1864</a>. Johns Hopkins Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maryland+Constitution+of+1864&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=William+Starr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarylandconstitu00myerrich%2Fpage%2F98%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=1916&fips=24&f=0&off=0&elect=0&type=state">"Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Maryland"</a>. Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+General+Election+Results+Comparison+%E2%80%93+Maryland&rft.pub=Dave+Leip%E2%80%99s+U.S.+Election+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fcompare.php%3Fyear%3D1916%26fips%3D24%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0%26type%3Dstate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tuck-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tuck_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tuck_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuck2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tuck" title="Stephen Tuck">Tuck, Stephen</a> (Spring 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223124800/http://www.brandonkendhammer.com/democratization_Spring2013/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Tuck-2007.pdf">"Democratization and the Disfranchisement of African Americans in the US South during the Late 19th Century"</a> (PDF). Reading for "Challenges of Democratization". Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandonkendhammer.com/democratization_Spring2013/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Tuck-2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014 – via Brandon Kendhammer, Ohio University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democratization+and+the+Disfranchisement+of+African+Americans+in+the+US+South+during+the+Late+19th+Century&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Tuck&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandonkendhammer.com%2Fdemocratization_Spring2013%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F11%2FTuck-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Shufelt, Gordeon H.; 'Jim Crow among strangers: The growth of Baltimore's Little Italy and Maryland's disfranchisement campaigns'; Journal of American Ethnic History; vol. 19, issue 4 (Summer 2000), pp. 49-78 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValelly2004" class="citation book cs1">Valelly, Richard (2004). The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 123–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-84530-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-84530-3"><bdi>0-226-84530-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Reconstructions%3A+The+Struggle+for+Black+Enfranchisement&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=123-124&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-226-84530-3&rft.aulast=Valelly&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archives2-110"><a href="#cite_ref-archives2_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_Jr.1970" class="citation book cs1">White, Jr., Frank F. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/001400/001477/html/1477extbio.html">The Governors of Maryland 1777-1970</a>. Annapolis: The Hall of Records Commission. pp. 239–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0942370010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0942370010"><bdi>978-0942370010</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governors+of+Maryland+1777-1970&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pages=239-242&rft.pub=The+Hall+of+Records+Commission&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0942370010&rft.aulast=White%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Frank+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc3500%2Fsc3520%2F001400%2F001477%2Fhtml%2F1477extbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunroe2001" class="citation book cs1">Munroe (2001). 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Algora Publishing. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87586-337-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87586-337-X"><bdi>0-87586-337-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirates+%26+Patriots%2C+Tales+of+the+Delaware+Coast&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-87586-337-X&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/electing-appointing-senators/contested-senate-elections/084Henry_DuPont.htm">"The Election Case of Henry A. Du Pont of Delaware (1897)"</a>. 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Retrieved March 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1956+Presidential+General+Election+Data+-+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fdata.php%3Fyear%3D1956%26datatype%3Dnational%26def%3D1%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1960" class="citation news cs1">Lawrence, W. H. (July 15, 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/600715convention-dem-ra.html">"Johnson is Nominated for Vice President; Kennedy Picks Him to Placate the South"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Johnson+is+Nominated+for+Vice+President%3B+Kennedy+Picks+Him+to+Placate+the+South&rft.date=1960-07-15&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpartners.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fpolitics%2Fcamp%2F600715convention-dem-ra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1962" class="citation journal cs1">Middleton, Russell (March 1962). "The Civil Rights Issue And Presidential Voting Among Southern Negroes And Whites". Social Forces. 40 (3): 209–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2573630">10.2307/2573630</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2573630">2573630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=The+Civil+Rights+Issue+And+Presidential+Voting+Among+Southern+Negroes+And+Whites&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=209-215&rft.date=1962-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2573630&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2573630%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhn, Clifford (1997). ""There's a Footnote to History!" Memory and the History of Martin Luther King's October 1960 Arrest and Its Aftermath". The Journal of American History: 586.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=%22There%27s+a+Footnote+to+History%21%22+Memory+and+the+History+of+Martin+Luther+King%27s+October+1960+Arrest+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pages=586&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=30399">"TX US Senate - Special"</a>. OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved April 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OurCampaigns.com&rft.atitle=TX+US+Senate+-+Special&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D30399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrington2016" class="citation book cs1">Farrington, Joshua D. (September 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig8cDQAAQBAJ&q=%22king+sr%22+nixon+kennedy+republican&pg=PA111">Black Republicans and the Transformation of the GOP</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9326-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-9326-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Republicans+and+the+Transformation+of+the+GOP&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9326-5&rft.aulast=Farrington&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIg8cDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522king%2Bsr%2522%2Bnixon%2Bkennedy%2Brepublican%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1960&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1960 Presidential General Election Data – National"</a>. Retrieved March 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1960+Presidential+General+Election+Data+%E2%80%93+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fdata.php%3Fyear%3D1960%26datatype%3Dnational%26def%3D1%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalnpq.org/archive/1987_winter/second.html">Second Thoughts: Reflections on the Great Society</a> New Perspectives Quarterly, Winter 1987 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centralmaine.com/2014/07/19/goldwaters-vote-against-civil-rights-act-of-1964-unfairly-branded-him-a-racist/">"Goldwater's vote against Civil Rights Act of 1964 unfairly branded him a racist"</a>. July 19, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924043349/https://www.centralmaine.com/2014/07/19/goldwaters-vote-against-civil-rights-act-of-1964-unfairly-branded-him-a-racist/">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goldwater%27s+vote+against+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964+unfairly+branded+him+a+racist&rft.date=2014-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centralmaine.com%2F2014%2F07%2F19%2Fgoldwaters-vote-against-civil-rights-act-of-1964-unfairly-branded-him-a-racist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1957_Civil_Rights_Act_-_8-7-1957_Senate_vote-147"><a href="#cite_ref-1957_Civil_Rights_Act_-_8-7-1957_Senate_vote_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt10/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt10-9-1.pdf">"Senate – August 7, 1957"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>. 103 (10). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 13900. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008164250/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt10/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt10-9-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=Senate+%E2%80%93+August+7%2C+1957&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=13900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1957-pt10%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1957-pt10-9-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1957_Civil_Rights_Act_-_8-29-1957_Senate_vote-148"><a href="#cite_ref-1957_Civil_Rights_Act_-_8-29-1957_Senate_vote_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt12-6-1.pdf">"Senate – August 29, 1957"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>. 103 (12). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 16478. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008164318/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt12-6-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=Senate+%E2%80%93+August+29%2C+1957&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=16478&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1957-pt12%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1957-pt12-6-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24th_Amendment_-_3-27-1962_Senate_vote-149"><a href="#cite_ref-24th_Amendment_-_3-27-1962_Senate_vote_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt4/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt4-9-1.pdf">"Senate – March 27, 1962"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>. 108 (4). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 5105. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131015659/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt4/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt4-9-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=Senate+%E2%80%93+March+27%2C+1962&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=5105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1962-pt4%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1962-pt4-9-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackBlack2003" class="citation book cs1">Black, Earl; Black, Merle (September 30, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674012486">The Rise of Southern Republicans</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674012486" title="Special:BookSources/9780674012486"><bdi>9780674012486</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135934/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674012486">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018. <q>When the Republican party nominated Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater—one of the few senators who had opposed the Civil Rights Act—as their presidential candidate in 1964, the party attracted many southern whites but permanently alienated African-American voters. Beginning with the Goldwater-versus-Johnson campaign more southern whites voted Republican than Democratic, a pattern that has recurred in every subsequent presidential election. ... Before the 1964 presidential election the Republican party had not carried any Deep South state for eighty-eight years. Yet shortly after Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, hundreds of Deep South counties gave Barry Goldwater landslide majorities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Southern+Republicans&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003-09-30&rft.isbn=9780674012486&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft.au=Black%2C+Merle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674012486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1988" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, Harold W. (1988). "Southern Partisan Changes: Dealignment, Realignment or Both?". The Journal of Politics. 50 (1): 64–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2131041">10.2307/2131041</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3816">0022-3816</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2131041">2131041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154860857">154860857</a>. <q>Events surrounding the presidential election of 1964 marked a watershed in terms of the parties and the South (Pomper, 1972). The Solid South was built around the identification of the Democratic party with the cause of white supremacy. Events before 1964 gave white southerners pause about the linkage between the Democratic Party and white supremacy, but the 1964 election, passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 altered in the minds of most the positions of the national parties on racial issues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Southern+Partisan+Changes%3A+Dealignment%2C+Realignment+or+Both%3F&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-88&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0022-3816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154860857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2131041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2131041&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Harold+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Harold D, Woodman, "Economic Reconstruction and the Rise of the New South, 1865–1900" in John B. Boles, and Evelyn Thomas Nolen, eds., Interpreting Southern history: Historiographical essays in honor of Sanford W. Higginbotham (LSU Press, 1987) pp. 254–307, quoting pp 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_2019-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2019_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2019_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2019" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Jeffrey M. (2019-02-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/247016/conservatives-greatly-outnumber-liberals-states.aspx">"Conservatives Greatly Outnumber Liberals in 19 U.S. States"</a>. Gallup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222171445/https://news.gallup.com/poll/247016/conservatives-greatly-outnumber-liberals-states.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved 2021-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Conservatives+Greatly+Outnumber+Liberals+in+19+U.S.+States&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F247016%2Fconservatives-greatly-outnumber-liberals-states.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Data-154"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Data_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuziemkoWashington2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kuziemko, Ilyana; Washington, Ebonya (November 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w21703">"Why did the Democrats Lose the South? Bringing New Data to an Old Debate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>. Working Paper Series. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw21703">10.3386/w21703</a>. Retrieved May 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft.atitle=Why+did+the+Democrats+Lose+the+South%3F+Bringing+New+Data+to+an+Old+Debate&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw21703&rft.aulast=Kuziemko&rft.aufirst=Ilyana&rft.au=Washington%2C+Ebonya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw21703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSchofield2008" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Gary; Schofield, Norman (2008). "The Transformation of the Republican and Democratic Party Coalitions in the U.S.". Perspectives on Politics. 6 (3): 433–450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592708081218">10.1017/S1537592708081218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1541-0986">1541-0986</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145321253">145321253</a>. <q>1964 was the last presidential election in which the Democrats earned more than 50 percent of the white vote in the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+the+Republican+and+Democratic+Party+Coalitions+in+the+U.S.&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=433-450&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145321253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1541-0986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537592708081218&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Activists_and_Partisan_Realignment-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Activists_and_Partisan_Realignment_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Activists_and_Partisan_Realignment_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSchofield2003" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Gary; Schofield, Norman (2003). "Activists and Partisan Realignment in the United States". American Political Science Review. 97 (2): 245–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055403000650">10.1017/S0003055403000650</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5943">1537-5943</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12885628">12885628</a>. <q>By 2000, however, the New Deal party alignment no longer captured patterns of partisan voting. In the intervening 40 years, the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts had triggered an increasingly race-driven distinction between the parties. ... Goldwater won the electoral votes of five states of the Deep South in 1964, four of them states that had voted Democratic for 84 years (Califano 1991, 55). He forged a new identification of the Republican party with racial conservatism, reversing a century-long association of the GOP with racial liberalism. This in turn opened the door for Nixon's "Southern strategy" and the Reagan victories of the eighties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Activists+and+Partisan+Realignment+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-260&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12885628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1537-5943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055403000650&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Blacks_and_the_Democratic_Party-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Blacks_and_the_Democratic_Party_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2008" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Brooks (April 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factcheck.org/2008/04/blacks-and-the-democratic-party/">"Blacks and the Democratic Party"</a>. FactCheck.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103050026/http://www.factcheck.org/2008/04/blacks%2Dand%2Dthe%2Ddemocratic%2Dparty/">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blacks+and+the+Democratic+Party&rft.pub=FactCheck.org&rft.date=2008-04-18&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Brooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2008%2F04%2Fblacks-and-the-democratic-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBositis" class="citation web cs1">Bositis, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jointcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Blacks-and-the-2012-Democratic-National-Convention.pdf">"Blacks and the 2012 Democratic National Convention; page 9, table 1: black votes in presidential elections, 1936 - 2008"</a> (PDF). Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joint+Center+for+Political+and+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Blacks+and+the+2012+Democratic+National+Convention%3B+page+9%2C+table+1%3A+black+votes+in+presidential+elections%2C+1936+-+2008&rft.aulast=Bositis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjointcenter.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F10%2FBlacks-and-the-2012-Democratic-National-Convention.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewresearch.org-159"><a href="#cite_ref-pewresearch.org_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/04/09/partisanship-by-race-ethnicity-and-education/">"Partisanship by race, ethnicity and education"</a>. Pew Research Center. April 9, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Partisanship+by+race%2C+ethnicity+and+education&rft.date=2024-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F04%2F09%2Fpartisanship-by-race-ethnicity-and-education%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feldman_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldman_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2011" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Glenn (2011). Painting Dixie Red: When, Where, Why and How the South Became Republican. University Press of Florida. pp. 5, 16, 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painting+Dixie+Red%3A+When%2C+Where%2C+Why+and+How+the+South+Became+Republican&rft.pages=5%2C+16%2C+80&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Long_Southern_Strategy-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Long_Southern_Strategy_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Long_Southern_Strategy_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Long_Southern_Strategy_161-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwellShields2019" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell, Angie; Shields, Todd (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-long-southern-strategy-9780190265960?cc=us&lang=en&The%20Long%20Southern%20Strategy#">The Long Southern Strategy: How Chasing White Voters in the South Changed American Politics</a>. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190265960" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190265960"><bdi>978-0190265960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Southern+Strategy%3A+How+Chasing+White+Voters+in+the+South+Changed+American+Politics&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0190265960&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Angie&rft.au=Shields%2C+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-long-southern-strategy-9780190265960%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26The%2520Long%2520Southern%2520Strategy%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dogs-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dogs_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dogs_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dogs_162-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilgore2014" class="citation web cs1">Kilgore, Ed (November 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2014/11/10/from-yellow-dogs-to-blue-dogs-to-new-dogs/">"From Yellow Dogs To Blue Dogs To New Dogs"</a>. Washington Monthly. Retrieved December 24, 2016. <q>Even more to the point, once the ancient white Democratic voting habits were broken, there was really no going back. Blue Dogs were a fading echo of the Yellow Dog tradition in the South, in which the Democratic Party was the default vehicle for day-to-day political life, and the dominant presence, regardless of ideology, for state and local politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=From+Yellow+Dogs+To+Blue+Dogs+To+New+Dogs&rft.date=2014-11-10&rft.aulast=Kilgore&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%2F2014%2F11%2F10%2Ffrom-yellow-dogs-to-blue-dogs-to-new-dogs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-End-163"><a href="#cite_ref-End_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParton2014" class="citation web cs1">Parton, Heather Digby (November 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2014/11/12/bye_bye_blue_dog_democrats_what_the_end_of_conservative_dems_means_for_america/">"Bye-bye, blue dog "Democrats": What the end of conservative Dems means for America"</a>. Salon. Retrieved December 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Bye-bye%2C+blue+dog+%22Democrats%22%3A+What+the+end+of+conservative+Dems+means+for+America&rft.date=2014-11-12&rft.aulast=Parton&rft.aufirst=Heather+Digby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2014%2F11%2F12%2Fbye_bye_blue_dog_democrats_what_the_end_of_conservative_dems_means_for_america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2014" class="citation web cs1">Cohn, Nate (April 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/24/upshot/southern-whites-loyalty-to-gop-nearing-that-of-blacks-to-democrats.html">"Southern Whites' Loyalty to GOP Nearing that of Blacks to Democrats"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Southern+Whites%27+Loyalty+to+GOP+Nearing+that+of+Blacks+to+Democrats&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F24%2Fupshot%2Fsouthern-whites-loyalty-to-gop-nearing-that-of-blacks-to-democrats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-valentino-sears-165"><a href="#cite_ref-valentino-sears_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentino_NASears_DO2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Valentino" title="Nicholas Valentino">Valentino NA</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_O._Sears" title="David O. Sears">Sears DO</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905151945/http://web.posc.jmu.edu/seminar/readings/4a-realignment/race+party%20realignment%20in%20the%20south%20old%20times%20not%20forgotten.pdf">"Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South"</a> (PDF). American Journal of Political Science. 49 (3): 672–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2005.00136.x">10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00136.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.posc.jmu.edu/seminar/readings/4a-realignment/race+party%20realignment%20in%20the%20south%20old%20times%20not%20forgotten.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Old+Times+There+Are+Not+Forgotten%3A+Race+and+Partisan+Realignment+in+the+Contemporary+South&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=672-88&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2005.00136.x&rft.au=Valentino+NA&rft.au=Sears+DO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.posc.jmu.edu%2Fseminar%2Freadings%2F4a-realignment%2Frace%2Bparty%2520realignment%2520in%2520the%2520south%2520old%2520times%2520not%2520forgotten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chappell, David (March 2007). "Did Racists Create the Suburban Nation?". Reviews in American History. V 35 (1): 89–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2007.0004">10.1353/rah.2007.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30031671">30031671</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144202527">144202527</a>. <q>In an original analysis of national politics, Lassiter carefully rejects "racereductionist narratives" (pp. 4, 303). Cliches like "white backlash" and "southern strategy" are inadequate to explain the conservative turn in post-1960s politics. ... Racism has not been overcome. One might say rather that it has become redundant. One of Lassiter's many fascinating demonstrations of racism's superfluousness is his recounting of the actual use of the "southern strategy." The strategy obviously failed the Dixiecrats in 1948 and the GOP in 1964. The only time Nixon seriously tried to appeal to southern racism, in the 1970 midterm elections, the South rejected his party and elected Democrats like Jimmy Carter and Dale Bumpers instead (pp. 264–74). To win a nationwide majority, Republicans and Democrats alike had to appeal to the broad middle-class privileges that most people believed they had earned. Lassiter suggests that the first step on the way out of hypersegregation and resegregation is to stop indulging in comforting narratives. The most comforting narratives attribute the whole problem to racists and the Republicans who appease them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Did+Racists+Create+the+Suburban+Nation%3F&rft.volume=V+35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-97&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144202527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30031671%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2007.0004&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott_County-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_County_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_County_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2013" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Ellot (May 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/solid-south-democratic-party-kentucky_n_3151539">"Democratic Party Survives in Rural Elliott County, Kentucky"</a>. Huffington Post. Retrieved June 28, 2019. <q>Elliott remains the last embodiment in the region of the Democratic principles that "Song of the South" highlighted: a belief in the power of government to help people and improve their daily lives. When the county supports a Republican presidential nominee -- and recent election results suggest that time might be soon -- it will mark the final victory of conservative social values over progressive economic interests in the region, and the end of a once-powerful Democratic voting bloc whose roots can be traced back to the Civil War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Democratic+Party+Survives+in+Rural+Elliott+County%2C+Kentucky&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Ellot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fsolid-south-democratic-party-kentucky_n_3151539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamis1999-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Lamis1999_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamis,_Alexander_P.1999" class="citation book cs1">Lamis, Alexander P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNr40qOoXOoC&pg=PA7">Southern Politics in the 1990s</a>. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 7–8, 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2374-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2374-4"><bdi>978-0-8071-2374-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Politics+in+the+1990s&rft.pages=7-8%2C+26&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2374-4&rft.au=Lamis%2C+Alexander+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNr40qOoXOoC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunshine_HillygusShields2014" class="citation book cs1">Sunshine Hillygus, D.; Shields, Todd G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loMDqAdFnAcC&dq=%22All%20you%20have%20to%20do%20to%20keep%20the%20South%20is%20for%20Reagan%22&pg=PA140">The Persuadable Voter</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400831593" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400831593"><bdi>978-1400831593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persuadable+Voter&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1400831593&rft.aulast=Sunshine+Hillygus&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Shields%2C+Todd+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloMDqAdFnAcC%26dq%3D%2522All%2520you%2520have%2520to%2520do%2520to%2520keep%2520the%2520South%2520is%2520for%2520Reagan%2522%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christopher_A_2010-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_A_2010_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperKnotts2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Christopher A.; Knotts, H. Gibbs (2010). "Declining Dixie: Regional Identification in the Modern American South". Social Forces. 88 (3): 1083–1101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsof.0.0284">10.1353/sof.0.0284</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53573849">53573849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Declining+Dixie%3A+Regional+Identification+in+the+Modern+American+South&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1083-1101&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsof.0.0284&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53573849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft.au=Knotts%2C+H.+Gibbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tom_W._Rice_2000-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Tom_W._Rice_2000_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiceMcLeanLarsen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, Tom W.; McLean, William P.; Larsen, Amy J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15763%2Fissn.2374-7781.2002.23.0.193-220">"Southern Distinctiveness over Time: 1972–2000"</a>. American Review of Politics. 23: 193–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15763%2Fissn.2374-7781.2002.23.0.193-220">10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2002.23.0.193-220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Southern+Distinctiveness+over+Time%3A+1972%E2%80%932000&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=193-220&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15763%2Fissn.2374-7781.2002.23.0.193-220&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Tom+W.&rft.au=McLean%2C+William+P.&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Amy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15763%252Fissn.2374-7781.2002.23.0.193-220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Ira Katznelson, Kim Geiger, and Daniel Kryder, Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933–1950. Political Science Quarterly 108 (1993): 283–306 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hist590.pbworks.com/f/Katznelson%2Bet%2Bal%2BLimiting%2BLiberalism.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411013134/http://hist590.pbworks.com/f/Katznelson+et+al+Limiting+Liberalism.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern_Comfort-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Comfort_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Comfort_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartho2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bartho, Jonathan (2020). "Reagan's Southern Comfort: The "Boll Weevil" Democrats in the "Reagan Revolution" of 1981". Journal of Policy History. 32 (2): 214–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898030620000044">10.1017/S0898030620000044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0898-0306">0898-0306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+History&rft.atitle=Reagan%27s+Southern+Comfort%3A+The+%22Boll+Weevil%22+Democrats+in+the+%22Reagan+Revolution%22+of+1981&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=214-238&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898030620000044&rft.issn=0898-0306&rft.aulast=Bartho&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,840345-2,00.html">"Nation: Spiro Agnew: The King's Taster"</a>. Time. 1969-11-14. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Retrieved 2021-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Nation%3A+Spiro+Agnew%3A+The+King%27s+Taster&rft.date=1969-11-14&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C840345-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1968" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Thomas A. (August 13, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/08/13/archives/negro-leaders-see-bias-in-call-of-nixon-for-law-and-order.html">"Negro Leaders See Bias in Call of Nixon for 'Law and Order'"</a>. The New York Times. p. 27. Retrieved 2008-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Negro+Leaders+See+Bias+in+Call+of+Nixon+for+%27Law+and+Order%27&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1968-08-13&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1968%2F08%2F13%2Farchives%2Fnegro-leaders-see-bias-in-call-of-nixon-for-law-and-order.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2007" class="citation news cs1">Greenberg, David (November 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history_lesson/2007/11/dogwhistling_dixie.html">"Dog-Whistling Dixie: When Reagan said 'states' rights', he was talking about race"</a>. Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112144213/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history_lesson/2007/11/dogwhistling_dixie.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Dog-Whistling+Dixie%3A+When+Reagan+said+%27states%27+rights%27%2C+he+was+talking+about+race&rft.date=2007-11-20&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fhistory_lesson%2F2007%2F11%2Fdogwhistling_dixie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/nixon-in-dixie/">"Nixon in Dixie"</a>, The American Conservative magazine </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Ted Van Dyk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121944770970665183">"How the Election of 1968 Reshaped the Democratic Party"</a>, Wall Street Journal, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds1970" class="citation news cs1">Childs, Marquis (June 8, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hy9IAAAAIBAJ&pg=1221,5431957&dq=southern-strategy&hl=en">"Wallace's Victory Weakens Nixon's Southern Strategy"</a>. The Morning Record.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Morning+Record&rft.atitle=Wallace%27s+Victory+Weakens+Nixon%27s+Southern+Strategy&rft.date=1970-06-08&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=Marquis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dhy9IAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1221%2C5431957%26dq%3Dsouthern-strategy%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart, Jeffrey</a> (2006-02-09). The Making of the American Conservative Mind (television). <a href="/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire" title="Hanover, New Hampshire">Hanover, New Hampshire</a>: <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+American+Conservative+Mind&rft.place=Hanover%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=2006-02-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackBlack2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Black_(political_scientist)" title="Earl Black (political scientist)">Black, Earl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Merle_Black" title="Merle Black">Black, Merle</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofsouthernre00earl_0">The Rise of Southern Republicans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/067400728X" title="Special:BookSources/067400728X"><bdi>067400728X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Southern+Republicans&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=067400728X&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft.au=Black%2C+Merle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofsouthernre00earl_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds1970" class="citation news cs1">Childs, Marquis (June 8, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hy9IAAAAIBAJ&pg=1221,5431957&dq=southern-strategy&hl=en">"Wallace's Victory Weakens Nixon's Southern Strategy"</a>. The Morning Record.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Morning+Record&rft.atitle=Wallace%27s+Victory+Weakens+Nixon%27s+Southern+Strategy&rft.date=1970-06-08&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=Marquis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dhy9IAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1221%2C5431957%26dq%3Dsouthern-strategy%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_and_Black-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_and_Black_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_and_Black_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackBlack1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Black_(political_scientist)" title="Earl Black (political scientist)">Black, Earl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Merle_Black" title="Merle Black">Black, Merle</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vitalsouthhowpre0000blac">The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674941306" title="Special:BookSources/0674941306"><bdi>0674941306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vital+South%3A+How+Presidents+Are+Elected&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0674941306&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft.au=Black%2C+Merle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvitalsouthhowpre0000blac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1976_Presidential_Election_Data-184"><a href="#cite_ref-1976_Presidential_Election_Data_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1976&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1976 Presidential General Election Data - National"</a>. Retrieved March 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1976+Presidential+General+Election+Data+-+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fdata.php%3Fyear%3D1976%26datatype%3Dnational%26def%3D1%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAistrup2015" class="citation book cs1">Aistrup, Joseph A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oKMeBgAAQBAJ&q=%22southern%20strategy%22%20%22welfare%20queen%22&pg=PA44">The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4792-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4792-5"><bdi>978-0-8131-4792-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Strategy+Revisited%3A+Republican+Top-Down+Advancement+in+the+South&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-4792-5&rft.aulast=Aistrup&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoKMeBgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522southern%2520strategy%2522%2520%2522welfare%2520queen%2522%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelandSteedBaker1991" class="citation book cs1">Moreland, Laurence; Steed, Robert; Baker, Tod, eds. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1988presidential0000unse">The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275931455" title="Special:BookSources/0275931455"><bdi>0275931455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1988+Presidential+Election+in+the+South%3A+Continuity+Amidst+Change+in+Southern+Party+Politics&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0275931455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1988presidential0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Applebome1994" class="citation news cs1">Peter Applebome (November 11, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/11/us/1994-elections-south-rising-gop-tide-overwhelms-democratic-levees-south.html">"THE 1994 ELECTIONS: THE SOUTH; The Rising G.O.P. Tide Overwhelms the Democratic Levees in the South"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THE+1994+ELECTIONS%3A+THE+SOUTH%3B+The+Rising+G.O.P.+Tide+Overwhelms+the+Democratic+Levees+in+the+South&rft.date=1994-11-11&rft.au=Peter+Applebome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F11%2F11%2Fus%2F1994-elections-south-rising-gop-tide-overwhelms-democratic-levees-south.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Mary E. Odem and Elaine Lacy, eds. Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South (U of Georgia Press, 2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1995/0622/22031.html">"Southern Democrats Coaxed to GOP Dance"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105045813/https://www.csmonitor.com/1995/0622/22031.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-05. Retrieved 2023-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Southern+Democrats+Coaxed+to+GOP+Dance&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1995%2F0622%2F22031.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1992&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1992 Presidential General Election Data – National"</a>. Uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved February 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uselectionatlas.org&rft.atitle=1992+Presidential+General+Election+Data+%E2%80%93+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fdata.php%3Fyear%3D1992%26datatype%3Dnational%26def%3D1%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1996&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0">1996 Presidential General Election Data - National</a>, Uselectionatlas.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipset1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lipset, Seymour Martin (1993). "The Significance of the 1992 Election". PS: Political Science and Politics. 26 (1): 7–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F419496">10.2307/419496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/419496">419496</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227288247">227288247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PS%3A+Political+Science+and+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+the+1992+Election&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-16&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227288247%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F419496%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F419496&rft.aulast=Lipset&rft.aufirst=Seymour+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1996/nov/06/clinton-rides-landslide-first-democrat-to-be-re/">"Clinton Rides Landslide First Democrat To Be Re-Elected Since Roosevelt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review" title="The Spokesman-Review">The Spokesman-Review</a>. November 6, 1996. Retrieved August 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Clinton+Rides+Landslide+First+Democrat+To+Be+Re-Elected+Since+Roosevelt&rft.date=1996-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spokesman.com%2Fstories%2F1996%2Fnov%2F06%2Fclinton-rides-landslide-first-democrat-to-be-re%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Hudson_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Hudson2002" class="citation book cs1">John C. Hudson (2002). Across This Land: A Regional Geography of the United States and Canada. JHU Press. p. 81 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6567-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6567-0"><bdi>0-8018-6567-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+This+Land%3A+A+Regional+Geography+of+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.pages=81+ff&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8018-6567-0&rft.au=John+C.+Hudson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McIlwraith-195"><a href="#cite_ref-McIlwraith_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_F._McIlwraithEdward_K._Muller2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomas F. McIlwraith; Edward K. Muller (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northamericahist00mcil/page/190">North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northamericahist00mcil/page/190">190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-0019-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-0019-5"><bdi>0-7425-0019-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+America%3A+The+Historical+Geography+of+a+Changing+Continent&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7425-0019-5&rft.au=Thomas+F.+McIlwraith&rft.au=Edward+K.+Muller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthamericahist00mcil%2Fpage%2F190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shelley-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Shelley_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley,_Fred_M.1996" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Fred M., ed. (1996). Political Geography of the United States. Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57230-048-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57230-048-5"><bdi>1-57230-048-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Geography+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-57230-048-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiter,_Howard_L.Jeffrey_M._Stonecash2011" class="citation book cs1">Reiter, Howard L. & Jeffrey M. Stonecash (2011). Counter Realignment: Political Change in the Northeastern United States. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49313-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49313-0"><bdi>978-1-139-49313-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counter+Realignment%3A+Political+Change+in+the+Northeastern+United+States&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49313-0&rft.au=Reiter%2C+Howard+L.&rft.au=Jeffrey+M.+Stonecash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bangor-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Bangor_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus1981" class="citation news cs1">McManus, Michael J. (September 21, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19810921&id=4N00AAAAIBAJ&pg=4532,2205035&hl=en">"'Gypsy Moth Republicans'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News" title="Bangor Daily News">Bangor Daily News</a>. Vol. 93, no. 97. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208191839/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19810921&id=4N00AAAAIBAJ&pg=4532%2C2205035&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2016. <q>What was needed was a Northern counterweight to the "Boll Weevil Democrats", some 50 Southerners who consistently voted with [President Reagan] to whack at [aid to economically distressed people] ... some 20 Frostbelt Republicans have decided to defect from their lockstop White House support ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=%27Gypsy+Moth+Republicans%27&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=97&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1981-09-21&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2457%26dat%3D19810921%26id%3D4N00AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4532%2C2205035%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard" class="citation web cs1">Goddard, Taegan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicaldictionary.com/words/gypsy-moth-republican/">"Gypsy moth"</a>. Taegan Goddard's Political Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007090007/http://politicaldictionary.com/words/gypsy-moth-republican/">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taegan+Goddard%27s+Political+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gypsy+moth&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Taegan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticaldictionary.com%2Fwords%2Fgypsy-moth-republican%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wisconsin-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Wisconsin_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831145736/http://datcp.wi.gov/Environment/Gypsy_Moth/index.aspx">"Gypsy Moth"</a>. Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datcp.wi.gov/Environment/Gypsy_Moth/index.aspx">the original</a> on August 31, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gypsy+Moth&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Trade+and+Consumer+Protection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatcp.wi.gov%2FEnvironment%2FGypsy_Moth%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch2012" class="citation book cs1">Busch, Andrew E. (October 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Trumans-Triumphs-Election-Presidential-Elections-ebook/dp/B07C2ZBWQL/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.FZWBs3bGfvpsJTSH-l7NPw.Os81tf348jy8K3_af4kaVYZ_5EM3gwAZzqPG0iY03UI&dib_tag=se&keywords=Truman%27s+Triumphs%3A+The+1948+Election+and+the+Making+of+Postwar+America&qid=1723403199&sr=8-1">Truman's Triumphs: The 1948 Election and the Making of Postwar America</a>. University Press of Kansas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman%27s+Triumphs%3A+The+1948+Election+and+the+Making+of+Postwar+America&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2012-10-23&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FTrumans-Triumphs-Election-Presidential-Elections-ebook%2Fdp%2FB07C2ZBWQL%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fdib%3DeyJ2IjoiMSJ9.FZWBs3bGfvpsJTSH-l7NPw.Os81tf348jy8K3_af4kaVYZ_5EM3gwAZzqPG0iY03UI%26dib_tag%3Dse%26keywords%3DTruman%2527s%2BTriumphs%253A%2BThe%2B1948%2BElection%2Band%2Bthe%2BMaking%2Bof%2BPostwar%2BAmerica%26qid%3D1723403199%26sr%3D8-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1948&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1948 Presidential General Election Data – National"</a>. 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Inside Nova. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Nova&rft.atitle=Without+Northern+Virginia%2C+Trump+would+have+won+the+state&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidenova.com%2Fheadlines%2Fwithout-northern-virginia-trump-would-have-won-the-state%2Farticle_c937d4de-2516-11eb-9178-bbdf2f2c7b16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnswothHanna2012" class="citation news cs1">Farnswoth, Stephen; Hanna, Stephen (16 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-virginias-purple-is-starting-to-look-rather-blue/2012/11/16/d7b9b14c-2ddc-11e2-9ac2-1c61452669c3_story.html">"Why Virginia's purple is starting to look rather blue"</a>. 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Retrieved March 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1960+Presidential+General+Election+Data+%E2%80%93+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fdata.php%3Fyear%3D1960%26datatype%3Dnational%26def%3D1%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/">"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections"</a>. Retrieved July 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dave+Leip%27s+Atlas+of+U.S.+Presidential+Elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=28&year=1996i">"1996 Presidential General Election Results - Mississippi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1996+Presidential+General+Election+Results+-+Mississippi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fstate.php%3Ffips%3D28%26year%3D1996i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.org/former-governors/">"Former Governors"</a>. National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Governors+Association&rft.atitle=Former+Governors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.org%2Fformer-governors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+South" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_South&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Feldman, Glenn (2015). The Great Melding: War, the Dixiecrat Rebellion, and the Southern Model for America's New Conservatism. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.</li> <li>Feldman, Glenn (2013). The Irony of the Solid South: Democrats, Republicans, and Race, 1864-1944. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.</li> <li>Frederickson, Kari A. (2001). The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932–1968. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.</li> <li>Grantham, Dewey W. (1992). The Life and Death of the Solid South. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.</li> <li>Herbert, Hilary A., et al. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whysolidsouth00herb">Why the Solid South? Or, Reconstruction and Its Results.</a> Baltimore, MD: R. H. Woodward & Co.</li> <li>Sabato, Larry (1977). The Democratic Party Primary in Virginia: Tantamount to Election No Longer. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal domestic dependent nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty#Maritime_territory_of_the_United_States" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Maritime territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone" title="Chamorro Time Zone">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Time_Zone" title="Samoa Time Zone">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">Hawaii–Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Time_Zone" title="Alaska Time Zone">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific states">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">E N Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">W N Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Middle Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">S Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">E S Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">W S Central</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Physiographic regions of the United States">Physiographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_Plateaus" title="Intermontane Plateaus">Intermontane Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Interior_Highlands" title="U.S. Interior Highlands">Interior Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Highlands" title="Appalachian Highlands">Appalachian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_coastline" title="List of U.S. states and territories by coastline">Coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Acquisitions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Cession of Tutuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Cession of Manu'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of the Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">The Californias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermountain states">Intermountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_border_states_of_the_United_States" title="International border states of the United States">International border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions 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