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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stated goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stated_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jenin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Jenin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nablus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nablus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nablus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nablus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bethlehem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bethlehem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bethlehem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bethlehem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramallah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramallah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ramallah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramallah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tulkarm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tulkarm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Tulkarm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tulkarm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Hebron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>European Union reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Strategic outcome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fact-finding_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fact-finding_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fact-finding and criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fact-finding_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fact-finding and criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fact-finding_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UN_fact-finding_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_fact-finding_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>UN fact-finding mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_fact-finding_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EU_on_Hamas_Human_Shields_Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU_on_Hamas_Human_Shields_Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>EU on Hamas Human Shields Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU_on_Hamas_Human_Shields_Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Human rights groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_infrastructure_and_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_infrastructure_and_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Destruction of infrastructure and property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_infrastructure_and_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_Palestinian_Authority_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_Palestinian_Authority_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Destruction of Palestinian Authority property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_Palestinian_Authority_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_non-governmental_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_non-governmental_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Destruction of non-governmental property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_non-governmental_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenin_massacre_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenin_massacre_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Jenin massacre allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenin_massacre_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reported_first-hand_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reported_first-hand_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Reported first-hand allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reported_first-hand_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A" title="عملية الدرع الواقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملية الدرع الواقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Отбранителен щит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отбранителен щит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3_Escut_Defensiu" title="Operació Escut Defensiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Operació Escut Defensiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operace_Obrann%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%ADt" title="Operace Obranný štít – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Operace Obranný štít" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Schutzschild" title="Operation Schutzschild – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation Schutzschild" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Escudo_Defensivo" title="Operación Escudo Defensivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Operación Escudo Defensivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="عملیات دیوار دفاعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عملیات دیوار دفاعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Rempart" title="Opération Rempart – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opération Rempart" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasi_Tameng_Pertahanan" title="Operasi Tameng Pertahanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Operasi Tameng Pertahanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Scudo_difensivo" title="Operazione Scudo difensivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Operazione Scudo difensivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F" title="מבצע חומת מגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבצע חומת מגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasjon_Forsvarsskjold" title="Operasjon Forsvarsskjold – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Operasjon Forsvarsskjold" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_Ochronna_Tarcza" title="Operacja Ochronna Tarcza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja Ochronna Tarcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Escudo_Defensivo" title="Operação Escudo Defensivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Operação Escudo Defensivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%C2%BB" title="Операция «Защитная стена» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Операция «Защитная стена»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Defensive_Shield" title="Operation Defensive Shield – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Operation Defensive Shield" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2002 Israeli military operation</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Defensive Shield</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_18.jpg/220px-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_18.jpg/330px-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_18.jpg/440px-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="3179" /></a></span><br />Israeli soldiers taking cover behind an <a href="/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier" title="M113 armored personnel carrier">M113 APC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qalqilya" title="Qalqilya">Qalqilya</a>, April 2002</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>March 29 – May 10, 2002</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Inconclusive </p> <ul><li>IDF withdraws from the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a> in the West Bank</li> <li>Temporary drop in Palestinian attacks</li> <li>Second Intifada continues until 2005</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="plainlinks"></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg/23px-Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg/35px-Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg/46px-Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="716" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/InfoboxPIJ.svg/23px-InfoboxPIJ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/InfoboxPIJ.svg/35px-InfoboxPIJ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/InfoboxPIJ.svg/45px-InfoboxPIJ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shaul_Mofaz" title="Shaul Mofaz">Shaul Mofaz</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yitzhak_Eitan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yitzhak Eitan (page does not exist)">Yitzhak Eitan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Tawalbe" title="Mahmoud Tawalbe">Mahmoud Tawalbe</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="1649" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_Israeli_Army_%28Land_Arm%29_Gray.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Israeli_Army_%28Land_Arm%29_Gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_Israeli_Army_%28Land_Arm%29_Gray.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Israeli_Army_%28Land_Arm%29_Gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_Israeli_Army_%28Land_Arm%29_Gray.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Israeli_Army_%28Land_Arm%29_Gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Ground_Forces" title="Israeli Ground Forces">Israeli Ground Forces</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Palestinian_National_Security_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Emblem_of_the_Palestinian_National_Security_Forces.svg/16px-Emblem_of_the_Palestinian_National_Security_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Emblem_of_the_Palestinian_National_Security_Forces.svg/24px-Emblem_of_the_Palestinian_National_Security_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Emblem_of_the_Palestinian_National_Security_Forces.svg/32px-Emblem_of_the_Palestinian_National_Security_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="656" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestinian National Security Forces</a><br /> <span class="plainlinks"></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah"><img alt="Fatah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg/23px-Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg/35px-Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg/46px-Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades</a><br /> <span class="plainlinks"></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah"><img alt="Fatah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg/23px-Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg/35px-Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg/46px-Simplified_Fatah_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tanzim" title="Tanzim">Tanzim</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Al-Qassam_Brigades" title="Al-Qassam Brigades">al-Qassam Brigades</a><br /> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/InfoboxPIJ.svg/23px-InfoboxPIJ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/InfoboxPIJ.svg/35px-InfoboxPIJ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/InfoboxPIJ.svg/46px-InfoboxPIJ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_Brigades" title="Al-Quds Brigades">Al-Quds Brigades</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 20,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 10,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 30 killed<br />127 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 497 killed (per <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> reports)<sup id="cite_ref-jenin_report_press_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenin_report_press-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1,447 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Ynet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ynet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_Report_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />7,000 detained<sup id="cite_ref-jenin_report_press_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenin_report_press-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Bank_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Operation Defensive Shield is located in the West Bank"><img alt="Operation Defensive Shield is located in the West Bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/West_Bank_location_map.svg/240px-West_Bank_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/West_Bank_location_map.svg/360px-West_Bank_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/West_Bank_location_map.svg/480px-West_Bank_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="736" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.598%;left:66.89%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ramallah"><img alt="Ramallah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.884%;left:57.414%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tulkarm"><img alt="Tulkarm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tulkarm" title="Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.532%;left:54.069%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Qalqilya"><img alt="Qalqilya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Qalqilya" title="Qalqilya">Qalqilya</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.679%;left:66.89%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bethlehem"><img alt="Bethlehem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:13.573%;left:72.464%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jenin"><img alt="Jenin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.87%;left:70.234%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nablus"><img alt="Nablus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.097%;left:61.037%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hebron"><img alt="Hebron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Bank_location_map.svg" title="File:West Bank location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Cities in the West Bank that saw major combat during Operation Defensive Shield</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada"><span class="wrap">Second Intifada</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2000_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2000 riots">October 2000 events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santorini_affair" title="Santorini affair">MV <i>Santorini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karine_A_affair" title="Karine A affair">MV <i>Karine A</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Defensive Shield</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002)" title="Battle of Jenin (2002)">Jenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Church_of_the_Nativity_in_Bethlehem" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nablus" title="Battle of Nablus">Nablus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Determined_Path" title="Operation Determined Path"><i>Determined Path</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Hebron_ambush" title="2002 Hebron ambush">Wadi an-Nasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_Rafah" title="2004 Israeli operation in Rafah"><i>Rainbow</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_the_northern_Gaza_Strip" title="2004 Israeli operation in the northern Gaza Strip"><i>Days of Penitence</i></a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Lists</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">Suicide attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Rocket attacks</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Operation Defensive Shield</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִבְצָע חוֹמַת מָגֵן</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mīvtzāh Ḥōmat Māgēn</i></span>) was a 2002 Israeli military operation in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>. Lasting for just over a month, it was the largest combat operation in the West Bank since the start of Israel's occupation in <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a>. </p><p>The operation began with an Israeli incursion into <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> was placed under siege at <a href="/wiki/Mukataa#Arafat's_compound" title="Mukataa">his compound</a>. This was followed by successive incursions into the six largest cities in the West Bank and their surrounding localities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel's military moved into <a href="/wiki/Tulkarm" title="Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qalqilya" title="Qalqilya">Qalqilya</a> on April 1, into <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> on April 2, and into <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002)" title="Battle of Jenin (2002)">Jenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> on April 3. From April 3–21, Israeli forces enforced strict curfews on the civilian Palestinian populations in the West Bank, and restricted movements of international personnel, including, prohibition of entry to humanitarian and medical personnel as well as human rights monitors and journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-UNMay7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNMay7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2002, Israeli troops withdrew from Palestinian cities in the West Bank while maintaining cordons of troops around certain towns and villages, and also continued carrying out raids on Palestinian-populated areas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' report on the subject states: "Combatants on both sides conducted themselves in ways that, at times, placed civilians in harm's way. Much of the fighting during Operation Defensive Shield occurred in areas heavily populated by civilians and in many cases heavy weaponry was used."<sup id="cite_ref-UNMay7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNMay7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> escalated during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNreport_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNreport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January and February 2002, 71 people were killed on all sides during attacks from Palestinian terrorists and the Israeli army. March and April 2002 saw a dramatic increase in attacks against Israelis by Palestinian militants such as <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a>-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNreport_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNreport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to numerous shooting and grenade attacks, fifteen <a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">suicide bombings</a> were carried out in March, an average of one suicide bombing every two days. March 2002 became known in Israel as "Black March".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large number of attacks severely disrupted daily life in Israel. </p><p>The first wave of Israeli incursions took place between 27 February and 14 March.<sup id="cite_ref-UNreport_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNreport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following nine attacks by Palestinian militants between March 2–5, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">Israeli cabinet</a> decided to massively expand its military activity against these groups. On March 5, while talking with reporters in the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> cafeteria, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, pointing to the bloodiest week against Israelis since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>, explained the cabinet's decision: "The Palestinians must be hit, and it must be very painful. ... We must cause them losses, victims, so that they feel a heavy price."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TIME1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palestinian attacks continued, with suicide bombings on 9 March (see <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Moment_bombing" title="Café Moment bombing">Café Moment bombing</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20 March,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 21 March. Shooting and grenade attacks also continued to occur in Israel and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>. On 27 March, a suicide attack occurred in <a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a>, where 30 people were killed in the Park Hotel while celebrating <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>. The event became known as the <a href="/wiki/Passover_massacre" title="Passover massacre">Passover massacre</a>. The following day, a Palestinian gunman infiltrated the Israeli settlement of <a href="/wiki/Elon_Moreh" title="Elon Moreh">Elon Moreh</a> and killed four members of the same family. </p><p>On March 29, the Israeli government announced Operation Defensive Shield, terming it a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorist</a> offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-UNreport_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNreport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MajZiv_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MajZiv-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMnDM_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMnDM-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF) issued emergency call-up notices for 30,000 reserve soldiers, the largest call-up since the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day, two Israelis were stabbed in the Gaza settlement of <a href="/wiki/Netzarim_(settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Netzarim (settlement)">Netzarim</a>. Two suicide bombings occurred the next day, and another one took place the day after that.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Overall, in March 2002, some 130 Israelis including approximately 100 noncombatants were killed in Palestinian attacks, while a total of 238 Palestinians including at least 83 noncombatants were killed in the same month by the IDF.<sup id="cite_ref-MajZiv_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MajZiv-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stated_goals">Stated goals</h2></div><p> The stated goals of the operation (as conveyed to the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> on April 8, 2002) were: </p><blockquote><p>to catch and arrest terrorists and, primarily, their dispatchers and those who finance and support them; to confiscate weapons intended to be used against Israeli citizens; to expose and destroy facilities and explosives, laboratories, weapons production factories and secret installations. The orders are clear: target and paralyze anyone who takes up weapons and tries to oppose our troops, resists them or endangers them—and to avoid harming the civilian population. </p></blockquote><p>IDF officers also noted that incursions would force Palestinian militants "to exert their energy by defending their homes in the camps instead of by plotting attacks on Israelis."<sup id="cite_ref-TIME1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Palestinian attachment to the UN report on Operation Defensive Shield challenged the validity of the Israeli claim that it was targeting "terrorists," noting that,<sup id="cite_ref-UNreport_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNreport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>[...] the record shows clearly that the nature of the actions taken, the amount of harm inflicted on the population and the practical results prove completely different political goals [...] the Israeli occupying forces have consistently targeted the Palestinian police and security forces, instead of "terrorists", and have consistently tried to destroy the Palestinian Authority and declared it an "enemy", instead of groups hostile to peace in the Middle East.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Operation_Defensive_Shield" title="Special:EditPage/Operation Defensive Shield">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Operation+Defensive+Shield%22">"Operation Defensive Shield"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Operation+Defensive+Shield%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Operation+Defensive+Shield%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Operation+Defensive+Shield%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Operation+Defensive+Shield%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Operation+Defensive+Shield%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Operation Defensive Shield was announced on March 29, but it is widely assumed preparations began nearly a month before. In early April, the IDF was conducting major military operations inside all Palestinian cities, but the majority of the fighting centered on <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>. Over 20,000 Israeli reservists were activated during the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jenin">Jenin</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002)" title="Battle of Jenin (2002)">Battle of Jenin (2002)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_29.jpg/220px-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_29.jpg/330px-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_29.jpg/440px-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption>Israeli soldiers in Jenin</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Israeli authorities, Jenin became a central base for terror groups and terror attacks mounted by several organizations, including <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs_Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades">Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>. The IDF spokesman attributed 23 of the 60 suicide bombers that attacked Israel in 2002 to Palestinians from Jenin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 2, more than 1,000 IDF soldiers entered the camp, calling civilians and non-combatants to leave. An estimated 13,000 Palestinians were housed in Jenin prior to the operation. </p><p>The operation was led by the 5th Infantry Brigade, which had not yet been trained in <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close combat">close-quarters combat</a>. During a series of sweeps, the Israeli military claimed the entire camp was booby-trapped. At least 2,000 bombs and booby traps were planted throughout the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the discovery, the Israelis dispatched <a href="/wiki/IDF_Caterpillar_D9" title="IDF Caterpillar D9">combat bulldozers</a> to detonate any bombs that were placed in the streets. </p><p>Israeli commanders were still not confident that soldiers would be safe from booby traps and <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a> (IEDs). A rapid ground attack would clearly be costly in IDF lives, but political pressure from the United States and elsewhere required a rapid end to the fighting. Former defense minister <a href="/wiki/Shaul_Mofaz" title="Shaul Mofaz">Shaul Mofaz</a> promised combat-operations would be over by April 6, but that was clearly impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-hare_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hare-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IDF slowly advanced into the city, encountering fierce resistance. Most of the fighting was conducted by infantry fighting house-to-house, while armored bulldozers were used to clear away booby traps and IEDs. Air support was limited to helicopter gunships firing wire-guided missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palestinian commander <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Tawalbe" title="Mahmoud Tawalbe">Mahmoud Tawalbe</a> was killed during the battle. According to a British military expert, he was killed by an Israeli bulldozer, while the Palestinians claimed that blew himself up to collapse a house on Israeli soldiers. </p><p>On the third day of operations, an IDF unit wandered into a Palestinian ambush. Thirteen Israeli soldiers were killed and three of the bodies were captured before a <a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a> naval commando unit could retrieve them. </p><p>After the ambush, the Israeli military developed a tactic that allowed units to advance farther and more safely into the camps. Israeli commanders would send an armored bulldozer to ram the corner of a house, creating a hole.<sup id="cite_ref-hare_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hare-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/IDF_Achzarit" title="IDF Achzarit">IDF Achzarit</a> would then enter the hole, allowing troops to clear the house without going through booby-trapped doors. Palestinian resistance was halted following the adoption of the bulldozer method, and most residents of the Hawashin neighborhood surrendered before it was leveled. Palestinian commander Hazem Qabha refused to surrender and was killed. </p><p>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002)" title="Battle of Jenin (2002)">Battle of Jenin</a>, and for a few days afterwards, the city and its refugee camp were under total closure. There was much concern at the time about possible human rights violations occurring in the camp. Allegations of a massacre in Jenin were spread by Palestinians in order to create pressure on Israel to halt the operation. Claims of complete destruction of the Jenin refugee camp, a massacre of 500 civilians, and mass graves being dug by Israeli soldiers were proven false after a United Nations investigation. Reports of a large-scale massacre were found to be untrue, a result of confusion resulting from the Israeli refusal to allow entry to outside observers, and/or Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">media manipulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, the Jenin incursion resulted in the deaths of 52 Palestinians. According to Israel, five were civilians and the rest were militants. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that 27 militants and 22 civilians, as well as three unidentified persons, had been killed, based mostly on witness interviews.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli losses totalled 23 soldiers killed and 75 wounded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nablus">Nablus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nablus" title="Battle of Nablus">Battle of Nablus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>Israeli soldiers in Nablus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Paratrooper_Brigade_Serving_During_Defensive_Shield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Paratrooper_Brigade_Serving_During_Defensive_Shield.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Paratrooper_Brigade_Serving_During_Defensive_Shield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Paratrooper_Brigade_Serving_During_Defensive_Shield.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Paratrooper_Brigade_Serving_During_Defensive_Shield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Paratrooper_Brigade_Serving_During_Defensive_Shield.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Paratrooper_Brigade_Serving_During_Defensive_Shield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Israeli paratroopers serving in Nablus as part of Operation Defensive Shield</figcaption></figure> <p>The IDF launched an incursion into <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> with two regular infantry brigades and one reserve armored brigade. The city was estimated to have held over 8,000 Palestinian militants, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestinian security forces</a>. Israeli forces quickly occupied most of the city. Clashes took place around refugee camps, and Israeli attack helicopters fired rockets at Palestinian positions in the main square and neighboring streets. The main attack focused on the Nablus Casbah. The <a href="/wiki/Golani_Brigade" title="Golani Brigade">Golani Brigade</a> entered the Casbah, engaging the Palestinians in heavy street combat and using <a href="/wiki/Armored_bulldozer" title="Armored bulldozer">armored bulldozers</a> and <a href="/wiki/IDF_Achzarit" title="IDF Achzarit">Achzarit</a> APCs to clear away barricades. Many militants withdrew to the western part of the city, where they were attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratroopers Brigade">Paratroopers Brigade</a>. Troops gradually moved into the city by destroying walls within houses to get into the next house (known as <a href="/wiki/Mouse-holing" title="Mouse-holing">mouse-holing</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rhizome_Manoeuvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizome Manoeuvre">Rhizome Manoeuvre</a>), in order to avoid booby-trapped doors and road-side bombs. The paratroopers advanced by sending several small units to take over houses at the same time and confuse the Palestinians, and relied heavily on <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniper</a> units. Palestinian militants often exposed their positions by firing at Israeli forces in another direction. During the battle over 70 Palestinian militants were killed, while the IDF lost one officer to friendly fire.<sup id="cite_ref-hare_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hare-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Palestinians surrendered on April 8. </p><p>Nablus was placed under curfew on April 4, as the battle was beginning. The city remained under curfew until April 22. During the operation, the IDF arrested over 100 Palestinians and discovered several explosives laboratories. High-ranking wanted persons fled east to <a href="/wiki/Tubas_(city)" title="Tubas (city)">Tubas</a>, and were arrested a week later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Church_of_the_Nativity_in_Bethlehem" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem">Siege of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem</a></div> <p>IDF forces including the Jerusalemite Reserve Infantry Brigade entered Jerusalem with infantry, warplanes, and tanks while a special forces <a href="/wiki/Shaldag_Unit" title="Shaldag Unit">Shaldag Unit</a> targeted the Church of the Nativity to deny it to the people of Bethlehem as a place of refuge as it had been in the past. In response to the IDF offensive hundreds of Bethelemites including Bethlehem's Governor sought refuge in the church, the helicopters of the Shaldag unit arriving half an hour too late.<sup id="cite_ref-archives.cnn.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives.cnn.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fox_News_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox_News-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 3 the IDF laid siege to the church surrounding it with an elite paratrooper brigade specializing in sniper operations who used tactics including carrying out simulated attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-bbctsob_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbctsob-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vatican's top foreign policy expert Archbishop Jean-Louis Taura stated that while the Palestinians have joined the Vatican in bilateral agreements where they have undertaken to respect and maintain the status quo regarding Christian holy places and the rights of Christian communities, "to explain the gravity of the current situation, let me begin with the fact that the occupation of the holy places by armed men is a violation of a long tradition of law that dates back to the Ottoman era. Never before have they been occupied – for such a lengthy time – by armed men."<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersVat_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersVat-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For five weeks the Israelis held the city and church under curfew, with periodic breaks, continuing the siege on the church. Israeli snipers were given orders to shoot anyone in the church carrying a gun on sight,<sup id="cite_ref-bbctsob_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbctsob-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seriously wounding an Armenian monk who the IDF said looked armed,<sup id="cite_ref-bbctime_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbctime-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and killing the mentally impaired church bell-ringer<sup id="cite_ref-chicagtrib_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicagtrib-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was shot as he left to ring the bells as he had done for three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-csmon0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csmon0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pbscron_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbscron-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was left to die, bleeding in the square for hours. Six other men were killed by the IDF during the siege. On March 10 the siege ended, with a deal seeing some militants deported to the Gaza Strip, and the rest exiled to Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-archives.cnn.com_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives.cnn.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fox_News_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox_News-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramallah">Ramallah</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arafat%27s_Compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Arafat's Compound">Arafat's Compound</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_5.jpg/220px-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_5.jpg/330px-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_5.jpg/440px-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3011" data-file-height="2090" /></a><figcaption>Israeli soldiers in Ramallah</figcaption></figure> <p>IDF infantry and armor entered <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a> on March 29 and entered the <a href="/wiki/Mukataa" title="Mukataa">Mukataa</a>, Yasser Arafat's presidential compound. The Israelis forced their way through the compound's perimeter and quickly occupied it. Arafat was given refuge in a few of the compound's rooms, along with assorted advisors, security personnel and journalists. In an effort to isolate Arafat physically and diplomatically, access to the compound was restricted, and Arafat was not allowed to leave. The IDF occupied the city after several hours of street fighting in which some 30 Palestinians were killed. Ramallah was then placed under a tight curfew as soldiers conducted searches and made arrests. The IDF arrested more than 700 people, among them <a href="/wiki/Marwan_Barghouti" title="Marwan Barghouti">Marwan Barghouti</a>, a top Palestinian militant leader suspected of directing numerous suicide bombings and other attacks against Israelis. Barghouti was later tried in Israel and sentenced to life imprisonment. The day after Marwan Barghouti's arrest, Taleb Barghouti was arrested. </p><p>On April 2, Israeli tanks and <a href="/wiki/Armored_personnel_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored personnel carrier">APCs</a> surrounded the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Preventive_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive Security Force">Preventive Security Force</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Beitunia" title="Beitunia">Beitunia</a> as Israeli helicopter gunships flew overhead. Hundreds of heavily armed police officers and prisoners wanted by Israel were inside. Israeli troops used loudspeakers to announce that the compound's four buildings were to be destroyed and demand that everyone inside step out. Hundreds of police officers and fugitives emerged from the compound and surrendered to the Israeli army, and the facility was damaged by rockets. The Israelis extensively searched the facility and uncovered numerous incriminating documents, including a plan to recruit female Israeli soldiers as spies.<sup id="cite_ref-zionism-israel_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zionism-israel-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weapons stolen from the IDF were also discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Israelis forced the hundreds of policemen and fugitives who surrendered to strip naked, fearing that some were armed or packed with explosives. They were then given jumpsuits, loaded onto buses and taken to <a href="/wiki/Ofer_Prison" title="Ofer Prison">Ofer Prison</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a> asked <a href="/wiki/Jibril_Rajoub" title="Jibril Rajoub">Jibril Rajoub</a>, head of the Preventive Security Force, to point out which men were police officers and which were fugitives. Rajoub instead identified his policemen as fugitives and the fugitives as policemen, and the fugitives were all released. Shin Bet retaliated by releasing an official account that branded Rajoub as a traitor for turning over the fugitives in a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>-brokered deal, costing Rajoub his job.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UN report on the subject noted: "It was not only the Palestinian people whose movement was restricted during Operation Defensive Shield. In many instances, humanitarian workers were not able to reach people in need to assess conditions and deliver necessary assistance because of the sealing of cities, refugee camps and villages during the operation. There were also cases of Israeli forces not respecting the neutrality of medical and humanitarian workers and attacking ambulances."<sup id="cite_ref-UNMay7_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNMay7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In reply to these complaints, the IDF stated that the curfew was placed in order to prevent civilians from being caught in gunfights and getting hurt. Palestinian ambulances were stopped for checks following the discovery of an <a href="/wiki/Explosive_belt" title="Explosive belt">explosive belt</a> in a <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Crescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tulkarm">Tulkarm</h3></div> <p>IDF Reserve Paratroop Battalion 55 entered <a href="/wiki/Tulkarm" title="Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a> with armored support. Palestinian militants abandoned their weapons and melted into the local population, and nine were killed by the IDF. A <a href="/wiki/Tegart_fort" title="Tegart fort">Tegart fort</a> that had served as their headquarters was destroyed by an Israeli airstrike. The IDF also raided nearby villages, arresting hundreds of wanted men.<sup id="cite_ref-zionism-israel_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zionism-israel-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebron">Hebron</h3></div> <p>On April 4, gendarmes from an <a href="/wiki/Israel_Border_Police" title="Israel Border Police">Israel Border Police</a> undercover unit surrounded a house in <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> where a member of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades</a> who supplied weapons to militants was holed up, along with his brother. The gendarmes demanded that the two men surrender. Shots were fired at the troops, killing one of the gendarmes. After a gun battle lasting several hours, troops stormed the house, discovering the suspect's wounded brother. The arms merchant was found to have fled.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union_reaction">European Union reaction</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Josep_Piqu%C3%A9" title="Josep Piqué">Josep Piqué</a>, whose country held the EU Presidency, said that "sanctions against Israel are a possible scenario", and that EU states were discussing the possibility, with some reluctant and others wanting to impose sanctions. <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_Michel" title="Louis Michel">Louis Michel</a> also said that the EU could rethink its trade relations with Israel. The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> passed a non-binding resolution calling for economic sanctions on Israel, an arms embargo on both parties, and for the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> to "suspend immediately" its trade and cooperation agreement with Israel. It condemned the "military escalation pursued by the Sharon government" and the "oppression of the Palestinian civilian population by the Israeli army", while also condemning suicide bombings. According to <a href="/wiki/Yediot_Aharonot" class="mw-redirect" title="Yediot Aharonot">Yediot Aharonot</a>, Israel's refusal to allow Spanish EU officials <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a> and Josep Piqué into the <a href="/wiki/Mukataa" title="Mukataa">Mukataa</a> to meet with <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>, while allowing American envoy <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Zinni" title="Anthony Zinni">Anthony Zinni</a> to enter, was the "straw that broke the camel's back". The resolution was passed by a vote of 269 to 208, with 22 abstentions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_casualties_of_war" title="Israeli casualties of war">Israeli casualties of war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_casualties_of_war" title="Palestinian casualties of war">Palestinian casualties of war</a></div> <p>During the fighting, 497 Palestinians were killed and 1,447 were wounded, according to a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> investigation, while 30 Israeli soldiers were killed and 127 were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-UNreport_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNreport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the human rights group <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a> only registered 240 Palestinians killed by Israeli security forces in the West Bank during the period in which the operation took place.<sup id="cite_ref-btselem.org_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btselem.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Surely there have been more resolute reports on casualty figures since this time, would be great if someone could please check and amend accordingly! The current framing here—of UN vs. Israeli group info—seems potentially a biased way to frame this information. (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Approximately 7,000 Palestinians were detained by Israel<sup id="cite_ref-UNreport_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNreport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 396 wanted suspects.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_Report_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimated that over $361 million worth of damage was caused to Palestinian infrastructure and institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-UNreport_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNreport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> $158 million of which came from the aerial bombardment and destruction of houses in <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNMay7_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNMay7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategic_outcome">Strategic outcome</h2></div> <p>The effects of Operation Defensive Shield, as recorded by the Israeli Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, were an initial drop in half (46 percent) in the number of suicide bombings – from 22 in February–March to 12 in April–May – and a 70 percent drop in executed attacks between the first half of 2002 and the second half (43 January–June, 13 July–December). While 2003 had a total of 25 executed suicide bombings in comparison to 56 in 2002, the main difference was the number of attacks which did not come to realization (184) either due to Israeli interception or problems in the execution. 2003 also saw a 35 percent drop in the number of fatalities from 220 deaths in 2002 to 142 deaths resulting from suicide bombings.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beverly Milton-Edwards, Professor of Politics at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University in Belfast</a>, writes that while aspects of Palestinian terrorism were reduced after the operation, Israel's objective of ending the Al-Aqsa Intifada remained unmet. Israeli destruction of institutions belonging to the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the "emasculation" of the PA and its President, <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>, opened a vacuum in the social and welfare system that was rapidly filled by the <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, whose popularity grew. Milton-Edwards concludes that, "The unequivocal victory [sought by Israel] eventually remained elusive and the Israelis and Palestinians resumed a variety of forms of low intensity warfare with each other."<sup id="cite_ref-Edwardsp159_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwardsp159-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fact-finding_and_criticism">Fact-finding and criticism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_fact-finding_mission">UN fact-finding mission</h3></div> <p>A UN fact-finding mission was established under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1405" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1405">UN Security Council Resolution 1405</a> (April 19, 2002) into Operation Defensive Shield following Palestinian charges that a massacre had occurred in Jenin, which later proved to be false.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In its attachment to the UN report the Palestinian Authority decried Israel's "culture of impunity" and called for "an international presence to monitor compliance with international humanitarian law, to help in providing protection to Palestinian civilians and to help the parties to implement agreements reached."<sup id="cite_ref-UNMay7_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNMay7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report of the European Union attached in the report stated, "The massive destruction, especially at the centre of the refugee camp, to which all heads of mission in Jerusalem and Ramallah can testify, shows that the site had undergone an indiscriminate use of force, that goes well beyond that of a battlefield."<sup id="cite_ref-UNMay7_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNMay7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report states that there were numerous reports of the IDF using Palestinians as <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shields</a>. Israel denied the allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-jenin_report_press_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenin_report_press-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU_on_Hamas_Human_Shields_Usage">EU on Hamas Human Shields Usage</h3></div> <p>The European Union condemned <a href="/wiki/Use_of_human_shields_by_Hamas" title="Use of human shields by Hamas">the usage of human shields by Hamas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ejpress.org_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ejpress.org-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-European_Union_2014_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Union_2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EU also condemned calls calling for Gazan civilian populations to provide themselves as human shields.<sup id="cite_ref-ejpress.org_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ejpress.org-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-European_Union_2014_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Union_2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_groups">Human rights groups</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> determined that "Israeli forces committed serious violations of international humanitarian law, some amounting prima facie to war crimes."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reported that war crimes occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a> refugee camp and in <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, including: unlawful killings; a failure to ensure medical or humanitarian relief; demolition of houses and property occurred (sometime with civilians still inside); water and electricity supplies to civilians were cut; torture or other cruel, <a href="/wiki/Inhuman_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman or degrading treatment">inhuman or degrading treatment</a> in arbitrary detention occurred; and Palestinians civilians were used for military operations or as "human shields." According to Amnesty, "the IDF acted as though the main aim was to punish all Palestinians."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_infrastructure_and_property">Destruction of infrastructure and property</h3></div> <p>Scholars have noted "the Israeli military systematically destroy[ing] West Bank infrastructure, including roads, water-treatment and power-generating plants, and telecommunications facilities, as well as official database and documents" during the Operation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destruction_of_Palestinian_Authority_property">Destruction of Palestinian Authority property</h4></div> <p>The UN report noted that "United Nations agencies and other international agencies, when allowed into Ramallah and other Palestinian cities, documented extensive physical damage to Palestinian Authority civilian property. That damage included the destruction of office equipment, such as computers and photocopying machines, that did not appear to be related to military objectives. While denying that such destruction was systematic, the Israeli Defence Forces have admitted that their personnel engaged in some acts of vandalism, and are carrying out some related prosecutions."<sup id="cite_ref-jenin_report_press_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenin_report_press-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNreport_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNreport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Rubenberg" title="Cheryl Rubenberg">Cheryl Rubenberg</a> writes that data and records held by Palestinian civilian institutions were systematically destroyed by the IDF; among the institutions affected were the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics">Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (PCBS), the Palestinian Authority's Ministries of Culture, Education and Health, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestine_International_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palestine International Bank (page does not exist)">Palestine International Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubenbergp351_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubenbergp351-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pitt.edu_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitt.edu-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amira_Hass" title="Amira Hass">Amira Hass</a>, an Israeli reporter for <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>, criticized the IDF for targeting computer files and printed records, dubbing the offensive "Operation Destroy the Data". She wrote that "this was not a mission to search and destroy the terrorist infrastructure. ... There was a decision made to vandalize the civic, administrative, cultural infrastructure developed by Palestinian society".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destruction_of_non-governmental_property">Destruction of non-governmental property</h4></div> <p>Large-scale destruction was reported of properties of NGOs, media, universities, cultural centers, and other institutions. Complete libraries and archives, including video and music archives, as well as equipment were looted, vandalized and destroyed. Also demolition of shops and a religious compound were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-pitt.edu_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitt.edu-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jenin_massacre_allegations">Jenin massacre allegations</h3></div> <p>A great deal of the media attention to Operation Defensive Shield centered around Palestinians claims of a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002)" title="Battle of Jenin (2002)">massacre in Jenin</a>. Palestinian cabinet minister Saeb Erekat was widely quoted by the press as saying there were 500 massacred Palestinians in the Israeli assault on Jenin.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human Rights Watch found no evidence to sustain claims of massacres or large-scale extrajudicial executions by the IDF in Jenin refugee camp. However, many of the civilian deaths documented amounted to unlawful or willful killings by the IDF according to Human Rights Watch. Many others could have been avoided if the IDF had taken proper precautions to protect civilian life during its military operation, as required by international humanitarian law. Among the civilian deaths were those of Kamal Zgheir, a 57-year-old man who was shot and run over by a tank on a major road outside the camp on April 10, even though he had a white flag attached to his wheelchair; 58-year-old Mariam Wishahi, killed by a missile in her home on April 6 just hours after her unarmed son was shot in the street; Jamal Fayid, a 37-year-old paralyzed man who was crushed in the rubble of his home on April 7 despite his family's pleas to be allowed to remove him; and fourteen-year-old Faris Zaiban, who was killed by fire from an IDF armored car as he went to buy groceries when the IDF-imposed curfew was temporarily lifted on April 11.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human Rights Watch stated that of at least 52 Palestinians were killed, at least 27 were suspected to have been armed Palestinian militants. </p><p>Multiple deaths were also caused by refusal (whether enforced by militia groups or voluntary is disputed) of Palestinian families to leave their houses, of which specific bulldozers, clearing the way for operations, were not alerted of on a house-to-house basis (See <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Israel–Gaza war 2008–2009</a> for similar issues; where IDF warnings were continually issued that specific houses carrying munitions were to be targeted, with Hamas response of forcing families to remain inside their houses.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Initially Israel welcomed an investigation, announcing that it would cooperate fully with the Secretary General's fact-finding effort. According to the United Jewish Communities, Israel made a number of points regarding the team's methodology, in order to "safeguard the impartiality of its work."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Israeli government receptivity to cooperating with the UN fact-finding mission decreased when the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, did not appoint a predominantly technical team with specialized military and forensic expertise, but rather political-administrative figures without such specialized skills (including <a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Sommaruga" title="Cornelio Sommaruga">Cornelio Sommaruga</a>, controversial for previous "Red Swastika" remarks),<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after Palestinian officials reduced the casualty toll in Jenin on May 1, 2002<sup id="cite_ref-WashTimes0501_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashTimes0501-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be between 50 and 60 deaths while Israel maintained there were only seven or eight civilian casualties. The charges of a massacre which had sparked demands for a U.N. investigation, had now been dropped. Kofi Annan disbanded the UN fact-finding team in Jenin supposed to determine whether a massacre had taken place with the comment that "[c]learly the full cooperation of both sides was a precondition for this, as was a visit to the area itself to see the Jenin refugee camp at first hand and to gather information. This is why the Secretariat engaged in a thorough clarification process with the Israeli delegation."<sup id="cite_ref-UNMay7_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNMay7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Bakri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Bakri">Mohammed Bakri</a>, a prominent Arab actor and Israeli citizen, directed and produced a documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Jenin,_Jenin" title="Jenin, Jenin">Jenin, Jenin</a></i>, to portray "the Palestinian truth" about the Battle of Jenin. In the documentary Bakri propagates that indeed a massacre of civilians occurred in Jenin. A French Jewish film maker, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rehov" title="Pierre Rehov">Pierre Rehov</a>, also directed a documentary on what happened in Jenin during Defensive Shield. His film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Jenin" title="The Road to Jenin">The Road to Jenin</a></i>, was produced to counter the claims of a massacre, and to counter the narrative of Mohammed Bakri. <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Accuracy_in_Middle_East_Reporting_in_America" title="Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America">CAMERA</a> made a review of the two documentary films. According to the review, Bakri has admitted to shortening his film by 25 min in the wake of criticism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reported_first-hand_allegations">Reported first-hand allegations</h4></div> <p>David Rohde of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> on the April 16 reported: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Saed Dabayeh, who said he stayed in the camp through the fighting, led a group of reporters to a pile of rubble where he said he watched from his bedroom window as Israeli soldiers buried 10 bodies. "There was a hole here where they buried bodies," he said. "And then they collapsed a house on top of it." The Palestinian accounts could not be verified. "The smell of decomposing bodies hung over at least six heaps of rubble today, and weeks of excavation may be needed before an accurate death toll can be made."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Stewart Bell of the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i> on the April 15 reported that <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Tibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Tibi">Ahmed Tibi</a>, an Arab member of the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, said he had met hundreds of Palestinians displaced by what he termed the "massacre" in Jenin. According to Tibi, "Everyone has a tragedy, about executions they saw, about their whole family that was killed, about the most tangible concern—where is my family?" Bell reported that Jenin's population recounted "vivid accounts" of fighting and homes being demolished but first-hand accounts of massacres was scarce. One such rumor was a grocery store owner near Jenin who spoke of seeing Israeli troops using a refrigerated truck to hold the bodies of massacred Palestinians, which he said was still parked on a nearby hill. He refused to elaborate out of fear from "collaborators." Bell reported that a National Post reporter inspected the truck and found that it contained apples and other food for the Israeli soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-NPost_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPost-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_invasions_in_the_21st_century" title="List of invasions in the 21st century">List of invasions in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_military_operation_in_the_West_Bank" title="2024 Israeli military operation in the West Bank">2024 Israeli military operation in the West Bank</a>, the largest one since Operation Defense Shield</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/3/Operation%20Defensive%20Shield">Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> See <i>Soldiers who fell in action in Operation Defensive Shield</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenin_report_press-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenin_report_press_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenin_report_press_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenin_report_press_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenin_report_press_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2002/SG2077.doc.htm"><i>Report of Secretary-General on recent events in Jenin, other Palestinian cities</i></a>, Press Release. UN, 1 August 2002 (doc.nr. SG2077)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ynet-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2002/SG2077.doc.html">"Operation Defensive Shield (2002)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Defensive+Shield+%282002%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2002%2FSG2077.doc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_Report-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Report_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Report_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/defensiveshield.html">"Operation Defensive Shield"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Defensive+Shield&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHistory%2Fdefensiveshield.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor & Francis Group (2004). <i>Europa World Year Book 2: Kazakhstan-Zimbabwe</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-255-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-255-X">1-85743-255-X</a> p. 3314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNMay7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNMay7_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNMay7_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNMay7_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNMay7_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNMay7_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNMay7_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNMay7_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/israel/report-secretary-general-prepared-pursuant-ga-resolution-es-1010-report-jenin-aes"><i>Report of the Secretary-General prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution ES-10/10 (Report on Jenin)</i>.</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, 30 July 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/06/04/mideast/index.html">"Arafat asks Tenet to pressure Israel, aide says". 4 June 2002.</a> CNN. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNreport-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNreport_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNreport_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNreport_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNreport_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNreport_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNreport_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNreport_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNreport_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNreport_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020806174944/http://www.un.org/peace/jenin/index.html"><i>Report of the Secretary-General prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution ES-10/10</i>. August 1, 2002.</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3243071.stm">"Palestinian Authority funds go to militants". November 7, 2003.</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmw.org.il/Latest%20bulletin.html#july12">"Arafat Blames Israel for Tel Aviv Bombing".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315091334/http://www.pmw.org.il/Latest%20bulletin.html#july12">Archived</a> March 15, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Media_Watch" title="Palestinian Media Watch">Palestinian Media Watch</a>, July 12, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Falk, Ophir and Henry Morgenstein: <i>Suicide Terror: Understanding and Confronting the Threat</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040826040541/http://www.nyjtimes.com/Heritage/News/Mar402.htm">"Weekend of terror leaves 23 Israelis dead"</a>. <i>www.nyjtimes.com</i>. March 4, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyjtimes.com/Heritage/News/Mar402.htm">the original</a> on August 26, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nyjtimes.com&rft.atitle=Weekend+of+terror+leaves+23+Israelis+dead&rft.date=2002-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyjtimes.com%2FHeritage%2FNews%2FMar402.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span><br /> - On March 4, the first <a href="/wiki/Qassam_rocket" title="Qassam rocket">Qassam rocket</a> attack of March 2002 was made into Israel; there were no casualties. (Source: IDF Spokesperson Statistics).<br /> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/22/191379"><bdi lang="he">הלילה: 3 הרוגים בפיגוע בתל אביב — מחבל ירה לעבר המסעדות "מפגש הסטייק" ו"סי פוד מרקט"; 31 נפצעו - 4 קשה; ההרוגים: אלי דהן, יוסף היבי והשוטר סלים ברכאת; הפתח: נקמה על הרג הילדים ברמאללה; כתבת וידאו מצורפת</bdi></a> (in Hebrew). March 5, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%3A+3+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A2+%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91+%E2%80%94+%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%91%D7%9C+%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%22%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A9+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%22+%D7%95%22%D7%A1%D7%99+%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%22%3B+31+%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%95+-+4+%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%94%3B+%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D%3A+%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99+%D7%93%D7%94%D7%9F%2C+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8+%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%AA%3B+%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97%3A+%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%92+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%94%3B+%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95+%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA&rft.date=2002-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.walla.co.il%2F%3Fw%3D%2F22%2F191379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span><br /> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.walla.co.il/?w=%2F%2F191728"><bdi lang="he">הרוג בפיגוע התאבדות באוטובוס בעפולה — מחבל מתאבד, לבוש מעיל דובון, פוצץ עצמו באוטובוס בקו 823 מנצרת עילית לתל אביב; עוד 11 בני אדם נפצעו; הג'יהאד האיסלאמי נטל אחריות; כתבת וידאו מצורפת</bdi></a> (in Hebrew). March 5, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92+%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A2+%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1+%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94+%E2%80%94+%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%91%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%91%D7%93%2C+%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C+%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F%2C+%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A5+%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%95+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1+%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95+823+%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%AA+%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%3B+%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93+11+%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D+%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%95%3B+%D7%94%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA%3B+%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95+%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA&rft.date=2002-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.walla.co.il%2F%3Fw%3D%252F%252F191728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span><br /> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213412/http://www.nfc.co.il/Archive/001-D-6138-00.html?tag=23"><bdi lang="he">הסלמה: 3 הרוגים במפגש הסטייק בת"א; הרוג באוטובוס בעפולה; הרוגה בירושלים</bdi></a>. <i>News 1</i> (in Hebrew). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfc.co.il/Archive/001-D-6138-00.html?tag=23">the original</a> on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+1&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94%3A+3+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A9+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7+%D7%91%D7%AA%22%D7%90%3B+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1+%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94%3B+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfc.co.il%2FArchive%2F001-D-6138-00.html%3Ftag%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span><br /> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020616215625/http://www.gamla.org.il/english/memorial/e310.htm">"Devorah Friedman"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamla.org.il/english/memorial/e310.htm">the original</a> on June 16, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devorah+Friedman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamla.org.il%2Fenglish%2Fmemorial%2Fe310.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span><br /> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEli_Bohadana2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eli Bohadana (June 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrg.co.il/online/archive/ART/258/091.html"><bdi lang="he">הפעם הקסאם פגע בעיר — אתמול לפנות ערב, אחרי יממה של טרור נורו שתי רקטות קסאם 2 אל שדרות</bdi></a> (in Hebrew).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9D+%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A2+%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8+%E2%80%94+%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%2C+%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95+%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99+%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9D+2+%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.date=2002-06-03&rft.au=Eli+Bohadana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrg.co.il%2Fonline%2Farchive%2FART%2F258%2F091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span><br /> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218034505/http://sderotmedia.com/?p=54">"Qassam rocket attack on Sderot injured a 16-month-old baby"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sderotmedia.com/?p=54">the original</a> on February 18, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qassam+rocket+attack+on+Sderot+injured+a+16-month-old+baby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsderotmedia.com%2F%3Fp%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIME1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIME1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIME1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Rees2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Matt Rees (March 18, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101022134525/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002012,00.html">"Streets Red With Blood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002012,00.html">the original</a></span> on October 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Streets+Red+With+Blood&rft.date=2002-03-18&rft.au=Matt+Rees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1002012%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215184351/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/3/Suicide%20bombing%20at%20Cafe%20Moment%20in%20Jerusalem%20-%209-Ma">"Suicide bombing at Cafe Moment in Jerusalem"</a>. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. March 9, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/3/Suicide%20bombing%20at%20Cafe%20Moment%20in%20Jerusalem%20-%209-Ma">the original</a> on December 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suicide+bombing+at+Cafe+Moment+in+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Israeli+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2002-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FMFAArchive%2F2000_2009%2F2002%2F3%2FSuicide%2520bombing%2520at%2520Cafe%2520Moment%2520in%2520Jerusalem%2520-%25209-Ma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2006" class="citation book cs1">Bar-On, Mordechai (2006). <i>Never-Ending Conflict: Israeli Military History</i>. Stackpole Books. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-3345-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-3345-9"><bdi>0-8117-3345-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never-Ending+Conflict%3A+Israeli+Military+History&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8117-3345-9&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MajZiv-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MajZiv_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MajZiv_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFרבינובסקי2006" class="citation news cs1">רבינובסקי, טל (September 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3303440,00.html">"ynet האלוף זיו: גל חדש של פיגועים בדרך - חדשות"</a>. <i>ynet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ynet&rft.atitle=ynet+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A3+%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%3A+%D7%92%D7%9C+%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9A+-+%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.date=2006-09-13&rft.aulast=%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99&rft.aufirst=%D7%98%D7%9C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3303440%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMnDM-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMnDM_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches%20by%20Israeli%20leaders/2002/Statements%20by%20PM%20Sharon%20and%20DM%20Ben-Eliezer%20at%20pres">"Statements by PM Sharon and DM Ben-Eliezer at press conference following Cabinet meeting-29-Mar-2002"</a>. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. March 29, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statements+by+PM+Sharon+and+DM+Ben-Eliezer+at+press+conference+following+Cabinet+meeting-29-Mar-2002&rft.pub=Israeli+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2002-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FGovernment%2FSpeeches%2520by%2520Israeli%2520leaders%2F2002%2FStatements%2520by%2520PM%2520Sharon%2520and%2520DM%2520Ben-Eliezer%2520at%2520pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Guardia2003" class="citation book cs1">La Guardia, Anton (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warwithoutendisr00lagu/page/348"><i>War Without End: Israelis, Palestinians, and the Struggle for a Promised Land</i></a></span>. St. Martin's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warwithoutendisr00lagu/page/348">348</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-31633-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-31633-X"><bdi>0-312-31633-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Without+End%3A+Israelis%2C+Palestinians%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+a+Promised+Land&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-312-31633-X&rft.aulast=La+Guardia&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarwithoutendisr00lagu%2Fpage%2F348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees,_Matt2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Rees, Matt (May 13, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406171450/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002406-1,00.html">"Untangling Jenin's Tale"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002406-1,00.html">the original</a></span> on April 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Untangling+Jenin%27s+Tale&rft.date=2002-05-13&rft.au=Rees%2C+Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1002406-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Victims+of+Palestinian+Violence+and+Terrorism+sinc.htm">Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403024612/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace/Palestinian%2Bterror%2Bsince%2B2000/Victims%2Bof%2BPalestinian%2BViolence%2Band%2BTerrorism%2Bsinc.htm">Archived</a> 2007-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/english/Statistics/Casualties_Data.asp?Category=1&region=TER">Btselem casualty statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091013054058/http://www.btselem.org/English/Statistics/Casualties_Data.asp?Category=1&region=TER">Archived</a> 2009-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Note that the combatant status of many of the Palestinian dead is unknown. It is only known that they were killed during IDF operations in Palestinian population centres. B'Tselem however has determined that at least 83 of the Palestinians killed during March 2002 were noncombatants.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarelAvi_Isacharoff2004" class="citation book cs1">Harel, Amos; Avi Isacharoff (2004). <i>The Seventh War</i>. Tel-Aviv: Yedioth Aharonoth Books and Chemed Books. pp. 274–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-511-767-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-511-767-7"><bdi>978-965-511-767-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seventh+War&rft.place=Tel-Aviv&rft.pages=274-275&rft.pub=Yedioth+Aharonoth+Books+and+Chemed+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-965-511-767-7&rft.aulast=Harel&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft.au=Avi+Isacharoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705043647/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/7/Suicide%20Bombers%20from%20Jenin">"Suicide Bombers from Jenin"</a>. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. July 2, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/7/Suicide%20Bombers%20from%20Jenin">the original</a> on July 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suicide+Bombers+from+Jenin&rft.pub=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2002-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FMFAArchive%2F2000_2009%2F2002%2F7%2FSuicide%2520Bombers%2520from%2520Jenin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109035330/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/22/jenin.fighter/index.html">"Palestinian fighter describes 'hard fight' in Jenin"</a>. April 23, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/22/jenin.fighter/index.html">the original</a> on January 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palestinian+fighter+describes+%27hard+fight%27+in+Jenin&rft.date=2002-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cnn.com%2F2002%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F04%2F22%2Fjenin.fighter%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hare-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hare_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hare_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hare_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarelAvi_Isacharoff2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harel, Amos; Avi Isacharoff (2004). <i>The Seventh War</i> (in Hebrew). Tel-Aviv: Yedioth Aharonoth Books and Chemed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-511-767-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-511-767-7"><bdi>978-965-511-767-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seventh+War&rft.place=Tel-Aviv&rft.pub=Yedioth+Aharonoth+Books+and+Chemed+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-965-511-767-7&rft.aulast=Harel&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft.au=Avi+Isacharoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dershowitz, Alan (2002): <i>The Case for Israel</i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1965471.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'No Jenin massacre' says rights group"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. May 3, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27No+Jenin+massacre%27+says+rights+group&rft.date=2002-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F1965471.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-08-01-unreport-jenin_x.htm">"U.N. report: No massacre in Jenin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. August 1, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=U.N.+report%3A+No+massacre+in+Jenin&rft.date=2002-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2002-08-01-unreport-jenin_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archives.cnn.com-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archives.cnn.com_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archives.cnn.com_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417145336/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/24/mideast.bethlehem/">"Children to be released from Church of the Nativity"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. April 24, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/24/mideast.bethlehem/">the original</a> on April 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Children+to+be+released+from+Church+of+the+Nativity&rft.date=2002-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cnn.com%2F2002%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F04%2F24%2Fmideast.bethlehem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox_News-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_News_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_News_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/church-of-nativity-a-mess-but-suffers-little-permanent-damage">"Church of Nativity a Mess, but Suffers Little Permanent Damage"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. May 10, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205153321/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,52445,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Church+of+Nativity+a+Mess%2C+but+Suffers+Little+Permanent+Damage&rft.date=2002-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fchurch-of-nativity-a-mess-but-suffers-little-permanent-damage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbctsob-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbctsob_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbctsob_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/2029661.stm">"The siege of Bethlehem"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. June 7, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+siege+of+Bethlehem&rft.date=2002-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fcorrespondent%2F2029661.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReutersVat-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReutersVat_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701011301/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2012/06/29/palestinians-seek-un-funds-heritage-status-for-bethlehem-nativity-church/">"Palestinians seek UN funds, heritage status for Bethlehem Nativity Church"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. June 29, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2012/06/29/palestinians-seek-un-funds-heritage-status-for-bethlehem-nativity-church/">the original</a> on July 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Palestinians+seek+UN+funds%2C+heritage+status+for+Bethlehem+Nativity+Church&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.reuters.com%2Ffaithworld%2F2012%2F06%2F29%2Fpalestinians-seek-un-funds-heritage-status-for-bethlehem-nativity-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbctime-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbctime_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1950331.stm">"Timeline: Bethlehem siege"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. May 10, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Bethlehem+siege&rft.date=2002-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F1950331.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chicagtrib-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chicagtrib_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2002/04/05/bullet-quiets-churchs-bell/">"Bullet quiets church's bell"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. April 5, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Bullet+quiets+church%27s+bell&rft.date=2002-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2002%2F04%2F05%2Fbullet-quiets-churchs-bell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csmon0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-csmon0_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Christian_Science_Monitor2002" class="citation journal cs1">The Christian Science Monitor (May 13, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0513/p12s01-wome.html/%28page%29/2">"Church of Nativity opens its doors"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Church+of+Nativity+opens+its+doors&rft.date=2002-05-13&rft.au=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2002%2F0513%2Fp12s01-wome.html%2F%2528page%2529%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbscron-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbscron_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/siege/etc/cron.html">"Chronology Of The Siege - The Siege Of Bethlehem - FRONTLINE - PBS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jewish Virtual Library. June 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Aqsa+Intifada%3A+IDF+Checkpoints+%26+Palestinian+Ambulances&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FPeace%2Fambulances.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117094828/http://mfa.gov.il/">"Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs"</a>. <i>GxMSDev</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/html/final/sp/pa_t/det_8feb_05.htm">the original</a> on May 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D+%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9A+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%97%D7%99+%D7%A2%D7%9D+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%A2%D7%93+%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9D+%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97%27+%2828+%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8+2000+-+8+%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8+2005%29&rft.pub=www.terrorism-info.org.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrorism-info.org.il%2Fmalam_multimedia%2Fhtml%2Ffinal%2Fsp%2Fpa_t%2Fdet_8feb_05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwardsp159-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwardsp159_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milton-Edwards, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-32KcEWVo8C&dq=operation+defensive+shield+march&pg=PA156">p. 157-158</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ejpress.org-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ejpress.org_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ejpress.org_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejpress.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49892">"EU strongly condemns indiscriminate Hamas rockets on Israel and use of Palestinian population as human shields, 'terrorist groups in Gaza must disarm', calls for 'immediate ceasefire<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231235450/http://ejpress.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49892">Archived</a> 31 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Jewish_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Jewish Press (page does not exist)">European Jewish Press</a></i>, 22 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-European_Union_2014-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-European_Union_2014_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-European_Union_2014_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.606703">"European Union: Hamas, other Gaza terror groups must disarm"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405055122/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.606703">Archived</a> 5 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>, 22 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, May 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-01.htm#P49_1774">Jenin: IDF Military Operations: Summary</a>, <i>Israel, the Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, and Palestinian Authority Territories</i>, Vol 14, No. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810122713/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE151432002?open&of=ENG-PSE">"Israel and the Occupied Territories Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Occupied+Territories+Shielded+from+scrutiny%3A+IDF+violations+in+Jenin+and+Nablus&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.amnesty.org%2Flibrary%2FIndex%2FENGMDE151432002%3Fopen%26of%3DENG-PSE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2004" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Gay (2004). Kimmerling, Baruch (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3593985">"Supporting Israel: A Traitorous Stance"</a>. <i>Contemporary Sociology</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 410–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009430610403300406">10.1177/009430610403300406</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-3061">0094-3061</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3593985">3593985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Sociology&rft.atitle=Supporting+Israel%3A+A+Traitorous+Stance&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=410-413&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0094-3061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3593985%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009430610403300406&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3593985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubenbergp351-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubenbergp351_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheryl Rubenberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube/page/352"><i>The Palestinians–In Search of a Just Peace</i></a>, pp. 351–352. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030323112115/http://www.pna.gov.ps/new/repintrod02.pdf">"Report on the Destruction to Palestinian Governmental Institutions in Ramallah Caused by IDF Forces Between March 29 and April 21, 2002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on March 23, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Destruction+to+Palestinian+Governmental+Institutions+in+Ramallah+Caused+by+IDF+Forces+Between+March+29+and+April+21%2C+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ps%2Fnew%2Frepintrod02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>. Palestinian NGO Emergency Initiative in Jerusalem (PNEIJ), 22 April 2002. The report is also published on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seruv.org.il/testimonies/destruction_april_ram.htm">this website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930114712/http://www.seruv.org.il/testimonies/destruction_april_ram.htm">Archived</a> September 30, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pitt.edu-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pitt.edu_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pitt.edu_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pitt.edu/~ttwiss/irtf/palestinlibsdmg.html"><i>Damage to Palestinian Libraries and Archives during the Spring of 2002</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224156/http://www.pitt.edu/~ttwiss/irtf/palestinlibsdmg.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Perhaps 500 Palestinians murdered in that massacre, you suggested. But now all of the evidence suggests that perhaps 53 or 56 Palestinians died in that fighting in Jenin.<br />ERAKAT: It depends—first of all, on the number 500, I said 500 but I said at the same time I cannot confirm them because I didn't have the chance to go and pull the rubble out and to clean the rubble out, and I don't know exactly, and I said I cannot confirm it.<br />But what defines a massacre? Israel called, when they had this bombing in the Netanya restaurant, 26 people, they called it a massacre. So what's a massacre?<br />"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/">"Jenin: IDF Military Operations"</a>. Human Rights Watch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jenin%3A+IDF+Military+Operations&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2002%2Fisrael3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Jewish_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Jewish Communities">United Jewish Communities</a>, 1 May 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=39626">The Israeli Cabinet Decision Regarding the UN Fact Finding Team</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104033900/http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=39626">Archived</a> 2005-11-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i>, 10 May 2002 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/krauthammer051002.asp">"Kofi's Choice: The U.N. secretary general gets entangled in l'Affaire Sommaruga".</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashTimes0501-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WashTimes0501_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_Paul2002" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Paul (May 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051933/http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/jenin.htm">"Jenin 'massacre' reduced to death toll of 56"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>. p. 01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/jenin.htm">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Reprint)</span> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Jenin+%27massacre%27+reduced+to+death+toll+of+56&rft.pages=01&rft.date=2002-05-01&rft.au=Martin%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papillonsartpalace.com%2Fjenin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span><br />Archived from Washington Times site; as retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1637/is_200205/ai_n6883602">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://osdir.com/ml/politics.communism.environmental/2002-05/msg00004.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024242/http://osdir.com/ml/politics.communism.environmental/2002-05/msg00004.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://nucnews.net/nucnews/2002nn/0205nn/020501nn.htm#331">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613015348/http://nucnews.net/nucnews/2002nn/0205nn/020501nn.htm#331">Archived</a> June 13, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Rohde, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 16 April 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E6DA113CF935A25757C0A9649C8B63">MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE AFTERMATH; The Dead and the Angry Amid Jenin's Rubble</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPost-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPost_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2002" class="citation news cs1">Bell, Stewart (April 15, 2002). "What happened at Jenin?". <i>National Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=What+happened+at+Jenin%3F&rft.date=2002-04-15&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton-Edwards2008" class="citation book cs1">Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2008). <i>The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A People's War</i> (Illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41043-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41043-4"><bdi>978-0-415-41043-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict%3A+A+People%27s+War&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41043-4&rft.aulast=Milton-Edwards&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenberg2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Rubenberg" title="Cheryl Rubenberg">Rubenberg, Cheryl</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube"><i>The Palestinians: in search of a just peace</i></a></span> (Illustrated ed.). Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-225-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-225-7"><bdi>978-1-58826-225-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinians%3A+in+search+of+a+just+peace&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-225-7&rft.aulast=Rubenberg&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestiniansinse0000rube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Defensive+Shield" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0le00">Passover suicide bombing at Park Hotel in Netanya</a></li> <li>Goldenberg, Doron: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelbooks.com/bookDetails.asp?book=36"><i>State of Siege</i> (israelbooks.com)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061222131428/http://www.israelbooks.com/bookDetails.asp?book=36">Archived</a> December 22, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Gefen Publishing House, 2003.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israeli–Palestinian_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Template:Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Template talk:Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israeli–Palestinian_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Participants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Participants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Israel Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shabak (Shin Bet)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Principals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">al-Aqsa Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">DFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenin_Brigades" title="Jenin Brigades">Jenin Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Den_(militant_group)" title="Lions' Den (militant group)">Lions' Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">PIJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Front" title="Palestinian Liberation Front">PLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">PPSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees" title="Popular Resistance Committees">PRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabireen_Movement" title="Sabireen Movement">Sabireen Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Zouari" title="Sons of Zouari">Sons of Zouari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third-party groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Individuals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Arens" title="Moshe Arens">Moshe Arens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ami_Ayalon" title="Ami Ayalon">Ami Ayalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftali_Bennett" title="Naftali Bennett">Naftali Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Dagan" title="Meir Dagan">Meir Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Dichter" title="Avi Dichter">Avi Dichter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Diskin" title="Yuval Diskin">Yuval Diskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Gantz" title="Benny Gantz">Benny Gantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Halevy" title="Efraim Halevy">Efraim Halevy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Halutz" title="Dan Halutz">Dan Halutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzipi_Livni" title="Tzipi Livni">Tzipi Livni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaul_Mofaz" title="Shaul Mofaz">Shaul Mofaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Mordechai" title="Yitzhak Mordechai">Yitzhak Mordechai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Peri" title="Yaakov Peri">Yaakov Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Lipkin-Shahak" title="Amnon Lipkin-Shahak">Amnon Lipkin-Shahak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabtai_Shavit" title="Shabtai Shavit">Shabtai Shavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Ya%27alon" title="Moshe Ya'alon">Moshe Ya'alon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Yatom" title="Danny Yatom">Danny Yatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Zamir" title="Zvi Zamir">Zvi Zamir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zaidan" title="Muhammad Zaidan">Abu Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Arafat" title="Moussa Arafat">Moussa Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Ayyash" title="Yahya Ayyash">Yahya Ayyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Barghouti" title="Marwan Barghouti">Marwan Barghouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Dahlan" title="Mohammed Dahlan">Mohammed Dahlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Deif" title="Mohammed Deif">Mohammed Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadie_Haddad" title="Wadie Haddad">Wadie Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayef_Hawatmeh" title="Nayef Hawatmeh">Nayef Hawatmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_al-Jabali" title="Ghazi al-Jabali">Ghazi Jabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Jibril" title="Ahmed Jibril">Ahmed Jibril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir" title="Khalil al-Wazir">Abu Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Khalaf" title="Salah Khalaf">Salah Khalaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Khaled" title="Leila Khaled">Leila Khaled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_El-Deen_Sheikh_Khalil" title="Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil">Sheikh Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuheir_Mohsen" title="Zuheir Mohsen">Zuheir Mohsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Mustafa" title="Abu Ali Mustafa">Abu Ali Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal" title="Abu Nidal">Abu Nidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">Izz ad-Din al-Qassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibril_Rajoub" title="Jibril Rajoub">Jibril Rajoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Aziz_al-Rantisi" title="Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi">Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_Salameh" title="Ali Hassan Salameh">Ali Hassan Salameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Shehade" title="Salah Shehade">Salah Shehade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Shalah" title="Ramadan Shalah">Ramadan Shalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Shaqaqi" title="Fathi Shaqaqi">Fathi Shaqaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_Tamimi" title="Ahlam Tamimi">Ahlam Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Timeline_**_military_operations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">military operations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1920–1948" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1920–1948</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1920 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">Nebi Musa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">Battle of Tel Hai</a></li></ul></li> <li>1921 <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a></li> <li>1929 <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">Palestine riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li>1936–1939 <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt</a></li> <li>1944–1947 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency</a></li> <li>1947–1948 <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1948–1970" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1948–1970</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1948 <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Arab–Israeli War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killings_and_massacres_during_the_1948_Palestine_war" title="Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine war">massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li>1948–present <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen" title="Palestinian fedayeen">Fedayeen insurgency</a> <ul><li>1951–1967 <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_Israeli_civilians_before_1967" title="List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967">Attacks against Israeli civilians</a></li> <li>1950s–1960s <a href="/wiki/Reprisal_operations" title="Reprisal operations">Reprisal operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>1953 <a href="/wiki/Qibya_massacre" title="Qibya massacre">Qibya massacre</a></li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim_massacre" title="Kafr Qasim massacre">Kafr Qasim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis_massacre" title="Khan Yunis massacre">Khan Yunis</a> / <a href="/wiki/1956_Rafah_massacre" title="1956 Rafah massacre">Rafah massacres</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li>1967–1970 <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> <ul><li>1968 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian<br />insurgency</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1968–1982" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1968–1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Avivim_school_bus_bombing" title="Avivim school bus bombing">Avivim school bus bombing</a></li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/Sabena_Flight_571" title="Sabena Flight 571">Sabena Flight 571</a> / <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mossad_assassinations_following_the_Munich_massacre" title="Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre">"Bayonet"</a> (1973 <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer_affair" title="Lillehammer affair">Lillehammer affair</a>)</li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona_massacre" title="Kiryat Shmona massacre">Kiryat Shmona massacre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel_attack" title="Savoy Hotel attack">Savoy Hotel attack</a></li> <li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Entebbe_raid" title="Entebbe raid">Entebbe raid</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/Coastal_road_massacre" title="Coastal road massacre">Coastal road massacre</a> / <a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/Misgav_Am_hostage_crisis" title="Misgav Am hostage crisis">Misgav Am hostage crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1973–1987" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1973–1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings#1975" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Zion Square bombing</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Beirut" title="Siege of Beirut">Siege of Beirut</a></li></ul></li> <li>1983 <a href="/wiki/1983_West_Bank_fainting_epidemic" title="1983 West Bank fainting epidemic">1983 West Bank fainting epidemic</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Bus_300_affair" title="Bus 300 affair">Bus 300 affair</a></li> <li>1985 <a href="/wiki/Achille_Lauro_hijacking" title="Achille Lauro hijacking"><i>Achille Lauro</i> hijacking</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wooden_Leg" title="Operation Wooden Leg">"Wooden Leg"</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Gliders" title="Night of the Gliders">Night of the Gliders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1987–1991" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1987–1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir#Assassination" title="Khalil al-Wazir">Tunis raid</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/1989_Tel_Aviv%E2%80%93Jerusalem_bus_attack" title="1989 Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus attack">Bus 405 attack</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/1990_Temple_Mount_killings" title="1990 Temple Mount killings">Temple Mount killings</a></li> <li>1990s <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks#1990s" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">list</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre" title="Cave of the Patriarchs massacre">Cave of the Patriarchs massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2000–2005" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">2000–2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks#2000s" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_assassinations#2000s" title="List of Israeli assassinations">Israeli assassinations</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/October_2000_protests_in_Israel" title="October 2000 protests in Israel">October events</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Santorini_affair" title="Santorini affair"><i>Santorini</i></a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Karine_A_affair" title="Karine A affair"><i>Karine A</i></a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">"Defensive Shield"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002)" title="Battle of Jenin (2002)">Battle of Jenin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nablus" title="Battle of Nablus">Battle of Nablus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Determined_Path" title="Operation Determined Path">"Determined Path"</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Ain_es_Saheb_airstrike" title="Ain es Saheb airstrike">Ain es Saheb airstrike</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_Rafah" title="2004 Israeli operation in Rafah">"Rainbow"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2004_Beit_Hanoun_raid" title="2004 Beit Hanoun raid">Beit Hanoun raid</a> / <a href="/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_the_northern_Gaza_Strip" title="2004 Israeli operation in the northern Gaza Strip">"Days of Penitence"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Palestinian dissident<br />campaigns</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2006–present" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">2006–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bringing_Home_the_Goods" title="Operation Bringing Home the Goods">"Bringing Home the Goods"</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_yeshiva_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack">Jerusalem yeshiva attack</a> / <a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_bulldozer_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem bulldozer attack">Jerusalem bulldozer attack</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2009 Al-Aqsa clashes">Al-Aqsa clashes</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_Palestinian_militancy_campaign" title="2010 Palestinian militancy campaign">Palestinian militancy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">2015–2016 violence</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_crisis" title="2017 Temple Mount crisis">Temple Mount crisis</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel–Palestine crisis</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/2022_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2022 Al-Aqsa clashes">Al-Aqsa clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel<br />conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2006–present" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">2006–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza_beach_explosion" title="2006 Gaza beach explosion">Gaza beach explosion</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza_cross-border_raid" title="2006 Gaza cross-border raid">Gaza cross-border raid</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2006 Gaza–Israel conflict">"Summer Rains"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_Israeli_operation_in_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun">"Autumn Clouds"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_shelling_of_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 shelling of Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun shelling</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/2008_breach_of_the_Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border" title="2008 breach of the Egypt–Gaza border">Egypt–Gaza border breach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter" title="Operation Hot Winter">"Hot Winter"</a></li> <li>2008–2009 <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/March_2012_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Returning Echo"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2012_Gaza_War" title="2012 Gaza War">"Pillar of Defense"</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">"Protective Edge"</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flotilla_III" title="Freedom Flotilla III">Freedom Flotilla III</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Gaza_border_protests" title="2018–2019 Gaza border protests">Gaza border protests</a> / <a href="/wiki/November_2018_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashes">November clashes</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">May clashes</a> / <a href="/wiki/November_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Black Belt"</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">"Guardian of the Walls"</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/2022_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="2022 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Breaking Dawn"</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/May_2023_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Shield and Arrow"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy/law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy/law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Timeline" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1948–1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1948 <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" title="List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war">depopulated towns and villages</a></li></ul></li> <li>1949 <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1949" title="Lausanne Conference of 1949">Lausanne Conference</a></li> <li>1967–present <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">settler violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">international law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981–1982 <a href="/wiki/Fahd_Plan" title="Fahd Plan">Fahd Plan</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference</a></li> <li>1993–1995 <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Economic_Relations" title="Protocol on Economic Relations">Paris Protocol</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Jericho_Agreement" title="Gaza–Jericho Agreement">Gaza–Jericho Agreement</a></li> <li>1994–present <a href="/wiki/United_States_security_assistance_to_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority">US security assistance to the PA</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Concerning_the_Redeployment_in_Hebron" title="Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron">Hebron Agreement</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Memorandum" title="Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum">Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">Camp David Summit</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Clinton_Parameters" title="The Clinton Parameters">Clinton Parameters</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East" title="Quartet on the Middle East">Quartet established</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">Road Map</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Israeli disengagement from Gaza</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Movement_and_Access" title="Agreement on Movement and Access">Agreement on Movement and Access</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Peace_initiative" title="Valley of Peace initiative">Valley of Peace initiative</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Conference" title="Annapolis Conference">Annapolis Conference</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Aftonbladet_Israel_controversy" title="2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy"><i>Aftonbladet</i> Israel controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010–11 <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Papers" title="Palestine Papers">Palestine Papers</a></li> <li>2013–2014 <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2023–present <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_United_Nations" title="Israel and the United Nations">Israel and the UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_and_the_United_Nations" title="Palestine and the United Nations">Palestine and the UN</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Resolution 181</a></li> <li>1948 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">UN Resolution 194</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 242">UN Resolution 242</a></li> <li>ICJ cases <ul><li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Legal_Consequences_of_the_Construction_of_a_Wall_in_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" title="Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory">Wall construction</a></li> <li>2023–present <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South African allegation of genocide</a></li> <li>2024 <i><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a></i></li> <li>2023–2024 <a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">Israeli occupation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Analysis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Analysis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Anti-Palestinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Israel_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany">Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany</a></li> <li>Criticism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hamas" title="Criticism of Hamas">Criticism of Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">Criticism of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_criticism_of_the_occupation_of_Palestine" title="Israeli criticism of the occupation of Palestine">Israeli criticism of the occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Racism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Racism in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_anti-Zionism" title="Timeline of anti-Zionism">Timeline of anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">There was no such thing as Palestinians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Defensive_Shield&oldid=1252626113">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Defensive_Shield&oldid=1252626113</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operation_Defensive_Shield" title="Category:Operation Defensive Shield">Operation Defensive 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