CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <title>The Political Graveyard: Politicians in Trouble or Disgrace</title> <meta name="description" content="A database of political history and cemeteries, with brief biographical entries for 320,919 U.S. political figures, living and dead, from the 1700s to the present."> <meta name="keywords" content="political biography history genealogy cemeteries politics candidates congress senators legislators governors politicians biographies ancestors mayors birthplace geography elections"> <meta name="author" content="Lawrence Kestenbaum"> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-7383562-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'https://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/css/ftabmenu.js"> </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/css/ftabmenu.css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> ftabmenu.definemenu("ftabs",1) </script> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFDD" text="#000000" link="#cc0000" alink="#ff0000" vlink="#760000"> <style type="text/css"> p {font-family:georgia,garamond,serif} td {font-family:georgia,garamond,serif} A:link {text-decoration: none} A:visited {text-decoration: none} A:active {text-decoration: none} A:hover {text-decoration: underline} </style> <p align=center style="font-size:28pt; font-family:garamond,serif"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">PoliticalGraveyard.com</span><br> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html" border=0> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgmain6.gif" width=450 height=216 border=0 alt="The Political Graveyard: A Database of American History"></a><br> Politicians in Trouble or Disgrace</p> <table width=100%> <td align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></table> <p align="center" style="font-size:30pt; font-family:garamond,serif;">Politicians in Trouble or Disgrace<br><span style="font-size:12pt;">Very incomplete!</span></p> <table width=100%><tr><td valign="top"> <p>Originally this section was a single page titled "Politicians who Died in Disgrace", but it became difficult to define that. Did Richard Nixon die in disgrace, when the President and other leaders praised him at his funeral? So I broadened the scope to "trouble and disgrace," and to include still-living figures.</p> <p>In general, to qualify for listing here, mere rumor of lawbreaking is not enough. What's required is a public scandal, or some kind of formal action, such as censure, disbarment, impeachment, recall or expulsion from office, including resignation under fire; or some kind of brush with the criminal justice system, including arrest, indictment, conviction, or imprisonment. In a few cases uncontested evidence of wrongdoing emerged after death.</p> <p>Note that not all of these people <i>deserved</i> the trouble they were in; sometimes charges were brought for purely political reasons, or they were prosecuted for simply acting on their principles. Robert Morris, signer of the Declaration of Independence, ended up in debtor's prison because he went broke financing the American Revolution, for example, and George Crockett was jailed for doing what most lawyers would consider his ordinary job defending an unpopular client. Some were found not guilty or otherwise exonerated. Many other cases are not so clear; I just list them here and let history decide.</p> <p>For your convenience, the list is provided alphabatically, chronologically, in offense categories, and state-by-state. Note that the same individual may appear in more than one offense category, state, or decade.</p> <h4>By Category of Offense:</h4> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/bribery.html">Bribery</a>: offering or accepting gratuities to influence policy (199)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/sex-crimes-scandals.html">Sex</a>: sex and marriage crimes and scandals (99)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/murder-mayhem.html">Murder and mayhem</a>: also attempted murder, manslaughter (83)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/sedition.html">Sedition</a>: treason, disloyalty, rebellion (except U.S. Civil War) (82)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/embezzlement.html">Embezzlement</a>: misappropriating entrusted funds or assets (80)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/civil-war-slavery.html">Civil War</a>: slavery, disloyalty to North or South, and Reconstruction (69)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/protest.html">Protests and demonstrations</a>: anti-war, civil rights, picketing, strikes, draft resistance (68)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/misfeasance.html">Misfeasance</a>: malfeasance, misconduct, neglect of duty or responsibility (56)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/perjury.html">Perjury</a>: and subornation of perjury (49)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/tax-evasion.html">Tax evasion</a>: failing to pay what is owed to the government (48)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/fraud.html">Fraud</a>: cheating through deception (45)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/flight-escape.html">Flight/escape</a>: escape from incarceration or flight to avoid prosecution (41)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/obstruction.html">Obstruction of justice</a>: interfering in the judicial process (40)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/extortion.html">Extortion and Intimidation</a>: blackmail, threats, intimidation (39)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/intoxication.html">Intoxication</a>: drunkenness and drug-induced bad behavior (38)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/campaign-finance.html">Campaign finance</a>: falsifying, concealing, or misappropriating campaign money (34)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/contempt.html">Contempt</a>: contempt of court or of Congress; probation and parole violations (34)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/traffic.html">Automobiles</a>: traffic and driving offenses (33)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/assault.html">Assault and battery</a>: usually involving fists (30)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/hatred.html">Hatred</a>: trouble caused by racial, ethnic, or religious bigotry (28)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/diplomatic-offenses.html">Diplomatic offenses</a>: persona non grata; violation of neutrality (26)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/vice.html">Protecting vice</a>: tolerating or profiting from gambling or prostitution (25)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/military.html">Military Crimes</a>: offenses specific to military service (24)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/bank-fraud.html">Bank fraud</a>: unjustly obtaining money from or through a bank (22)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/organized-crime.html">Organized crime</a>: involvement with gangsters or the Mafia (20)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/theft.html">Theft and Robbery</a>: stealing the property of another (18)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/kickbacks.html">Kickbacks</a>: payment back of a portion of price or wages to the decionmaker (17)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/forgery.html">Forgery</a>: and counterfeiting (17)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/disclosure.html">Disclosure requirements</a>: legally required revelation of financial data (16)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/conflict-of-interest.html">Conflict of interest</a>: decisonmaking clouded by undisclosed stakeholding (16)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/vote-fraud.html">Vote fraud</a>: and other election offenses (15)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/obscenity.html">Obscenity</a>: profane language, indecent publications (13)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/weapons.html">Weapons</a>: offenses involving firearms regulations (13)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/abuse-authority.html">Abuse of authority</a>: improper use of power (13)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/lobbyists.html">Lobbyists</a>: offenses involving lobbyists (13)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/alcohol-crimes.html">Alcohol</a>: alcohol offenses except intoxication (12)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/illegal-drugs.html">Illegal drugs</a>: possession or trafficking in illegal substances (12)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/nepotism.html">Nepotism</a>: hiring or appointing relatives (11)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/gambling.html">Gambling</a>: illegal gaming for money (10)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/libel-slander.html">Libel or slander</a>: as criminal offense or scandal (8)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/arson.html">Arson and Bombing</a>: starting fires or explosions (8)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/attire.html">Attire</a>: offenses and scandals involving clothing (8)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/money-laundering.html">Money laundering</a>: illegal manipulation to turn dirty money "clean" (8)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/debt.html">Debt</a>: imprisoned for debt (8)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/govt-for-sale.html">Government for sale</a>: selling public services, decisions, licenses, or assets (8)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/smuggling.html">Smuggling and Immigration offenses</a>: illegal border-crossing (8)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/spill-secrets.html">Revealing secrets</a>: breaches of confidentiality (7)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/spying.html">Spying</a>: spying and espionage (5)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/burglary.html">Burglary</a>: breaking in to steal things (4)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/environmental.html">Environmental</a>: polluting or despoiling contrary to law (3)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/usury.html">Usury</a>: charging illegally high interest rates on loans (1)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/plagiarism.html">Plagiarism</a>: passing off another's work as one's own (1)</li> <li><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/other-crimes.html">All other crimes</a>: not elsewhere classified (115)</li> <h4>Chronological by Decade:</h4> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1799-earlier.html">1799 and earlier</a> (21) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1800-1849.html">1800 to 1849</a> (48) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1850-1859.html">1850 to 1859</a> (15) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1860-1869.html">1860 to 1869</a> (90) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1870-1879.html">1870 to 1879</a> (33) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1880-1889.html">1880 to 1889</a> (28) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1890-1899.html">1890 to 1899</a> (32) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1900-1909.html">1900 to 1909</a> (60) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1910-1919.html">1910 to 1919</a> (71) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1920-1929.html">1920 to 1929</a> (76) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1930-1939.html">1930 to 1939</a> (81) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1940-1949.html">1940 to 1949</a> (89) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1950-1959.html">1950 to 1959</a> (57) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1960-1969.html">1960 to 1969</a> (41) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1970-1979.html">1970 to 1979</a> (87) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1980-1989.html">1980 to 1989</a> (109) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/1990-1999.html">1990 to 1999</a> (77) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/2000-later.html">2000 and later</a> (118) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/2010-2019.html">2010 to 2019</a> (36) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/2020-2029.html">2020 to 2029</a> (6) <h4>By State or Outlying Area:</h4> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/AA/trouble.html">National</a> (429) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/AL/trouble.html">Alabama</a> (15) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/AK/trouble.html">Alaska</a> (9) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/AZ/trouble.html">Arizona</a> (6) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/AR/trouble.html">Arkansas</a> (20) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/trouble.html">California</a> (67) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CO/trouble.html">Colorado</a> (8) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CT/trouble.html">Connecticut</a> (22) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/DE/trouble.html">Delaware</a> (2) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/trouble.html">Florida</a> (25) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/trouble.html">Georgia</a> (16) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/HI/trouble.html">Hawaii</a> (2) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ID/trouble.html">Idaho</a> (6) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/IL/trouble.html">Illinois</a> (52) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/IN/trouble.html">Indiana</a> (13) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/IA/trouble.html">Iowa</a> (7) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/KS/trouble.html">Kansas</a> (16) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/KY/trouble.html">Kentucky</a> (40) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/LA/trouble.html">Louisiana</a> (18) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ME/trouble.html">Maine</a> (1) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MD/trouble.html">Maryland</a> (27) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/trouble.html">Massachusetts</a> (19) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/trouble.html">Michigan</a> (95) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MN/trouble.html">Minnesota</a> (19) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MS/trouble.html">Mississippi</a> (14) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MO/trouble.html">Missouri</a> (22) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MT/trouble.html">Montana</a> (6) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NE/trouble.html">Nebraska</a> (6) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NV/trouble.html">Nevada</a> (3) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NH/trouble.html">New Hampshire</a> (7) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/trouble.html">New Jersey</a> (60) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NM/trouble.html">New Mexico</a> (2) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/trouble.html">New York</a> (197) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NC/trouble.html">North Carolina</a> (17) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ND/trouble.html">North Dakota</a> (1) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OH/trouble.html">Ohio</a> (33) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OK/trouble.html">Oklahoma</a> (10) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OR/trouble.html">Oregon</a> (7) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/trouble.html">Pennsylvania</a> (35) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/RI/trouble.html">Rhode Island</a> (4) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/SC/trouble.html">South Carolina</a> (29) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/SD/trouble.html">South Dakota</a> (7) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TN/trouble.html">Tennessee</a> (15) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/trouble.html">Texas</a> (31) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/UT/trouble.html">Utah</a> (12) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VT/trouble.html">Vermont</a> (2) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/trouble.html">Virginia</a> (26) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WA/trouble.html">Washington</a> (11) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WV/trouble.html">West Virginia</a> (11) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WI/trouble.html">Wisconsin</a> (5) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/AS/trouble.html">American Samoa</a> (4) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/DC/trouble.html">District of Columbia</a> (32) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GU/trouble.html">Guam</a> (2) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MP/trouble.html">Northern Mariana ISL</a> (1) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PR/trouble.html">Puerto Rico</a> (1) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VI/trouble.html">Virgin Islands</a> (2) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/trouble.html">Outside U.S.</a> (58) <h4>Alphabetical order:</h4> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/a.html">A</a> (55) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/b.html">B</a> (121) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/c.html">C</a> (80) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/d.html">D</a> (59) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/e.html">E</a> (17) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/f.html">F</a> (45) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/g.html">G</a> (42) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/h.html">H</a> (85) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/i.html">I</a> (7) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/j.html">J</a> (26) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/k.html">K</a> (39) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/l.html">L</a> (45) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/m.html">M</a> (113) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/n.html">N</a> (15) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/o.html">O</a> (13) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/p.html">P</a> (44) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/q.html">Q</a> (1) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/r.html">R</a> (43) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/s.html">S</a> (113) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/t.html">T</a> (38) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/u.html">U</a> (3) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/v.html">V</a> (11) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/w.html">W</a> (68) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/y.html">Y</a> (5) <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/z.html">Z</a> (3) </td> <td width=180 align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></tr></table> <table width=100%> <td align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></table> <table width=100%> <tr><td align="center"><span style="font-size:20pt;"> <span style="font-family:garamond,serif"> <i>"Enjoy the hospitable entertainment of a political graveyard."</i></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:8pt;">Henry L. Clinton, Apollo Hall, New York City, February 3, 1872</span></td> <td><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/"> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgsub.gif" width=450 height=71 align="right" border=0 alt="The Political Graveyard"></a></td></tr></table> <br clear="all"> <table width=100% cellpadding=2> <tr><td colspan=3><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html">The Political Graveyard</a></b> is a web site about U.S. political history and cemeteries. Founded in 1996, it is the Internet's most comprehensive free source for American political biography, listing 320,919 politicians, living and dead.</span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3><span style="font-size:8pt;"> </span></td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The coverage of this site includes (1) the President, Vice President, members of Congress, elected state and territorial officeholders in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories; and the chief elected official, typically the mayor, of qualifying municipalities; (2) candidates at election, including primaries, for any of the above; (3) all federal judges and all state appellate judges; (4) certain federal officials, including the federal cabinet, diplomatic chiefs of mission, consuls, U.S. district attorneys, collectors of customs and internal revenue, members of major federal commissions; and political appointee (pre-1969) postmasters of qualifying communities; (5) state and national political party officials, including delegates, alternate delegates, and other participants in national party nominating conventions; (6) Americans who served as "honorary" consuls for other nations before 1950. Note: municipalities or communities "qualify", for Political Graveyard purposes, if they have at least half a million person-years of history, inclusive of predecessor, successor, and merged entities.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The listings are <b>incomplete</b>; development of the database is a continually ongoing project.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> Information on this page — and on all other pages of this site — is believed to be accurate, but is <b>not</b> guaranteed. Users are advised to check with other sources before relying on any information here.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The official URL for this page is: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html</a>.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> Links to this or any other Political Graveyard page are welcome, but specific page addresses may sometimes change as the site develops.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> If you are searching for a specific named individual, try the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/alpha/index.html">alphabetical index of politicians</a>.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3 align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b>Copyright notices:</b> (1) Facts are not subject to copyright; see <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/499_US_340.htm">Feist v. Rural Telephone</a>. (2) Politician portraits displayed on this site are 70-pixel-wide monochrome thumbnail images, which I believe to constitute <b>fair use</b> under applicable copyright law. Where possible, each image is linked to its online source. However, requests from owners of copyrighted images to delete them from this site are honored. (3) Original material, programming, selection and arrangement are © 1996-2023 Lawrence Kestenbaum. (4) This work is also licensed for free non-commercial re-use, with attribution, under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons License</a>.</span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3 align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b>Site information:</b> The Political Graveyard is created and maintained by <b>Lawrence Kestenbaum</b>, who is solely responsible for its structure and content. — The mailing address is <b>The Political Graveyard, P.O. Box 2563, Ann Arbor MI 48106.</b> — This site is hosted by <b><a href="https://www.hdl.com">HDL</a></b>. — The Political Graveyard opened on <b>July 1, 1996</b>; the last full revision was done on <b>March 8, 2023</b>. </span></td></tr> </table> <hr> <table align="center" cellpadding=5><tr> <td align="center" valign="center"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" border="0" src="https://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights.gif" width=88 height=31></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/politicalgraveyard" target="_TOP" title="The Political Graveyard"><img src="https://badge.facebook.com/badge/40475596932.4982.1015512377.png" width="120" height="84" style="border: 0px;" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.twitter.com/polgraveyard"> <img src="https://twitter-badges.s3.amazonaws.com/follow_us-a.png" border=0 alt="Follow polgraveyard on Twitter"/></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=thepoliticalg-20&path=subst/home/home.html"> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/a150X70b.gif" border=0 alt="[Amazon.com]" align="center"></a></td> </tr></table> </body> </html>