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<button aria-controls="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Crystal structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hardness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetics_used_in_garnet_series_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetics_used_in_garnet_series_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Magnetics used in garnet series identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetics_used_in_garnet_series_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garnet_group_end_member_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garnet_group_end_member_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Garnet group end member species</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Garnet_group_end_member_species-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Garnet group end member species subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Garnet_group_end_member_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pyralspite_garnets_–_aluminium_in_Y_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyralspite_garnets_–_aluminium_in_Y_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pyralspite garnets – aluminium in <i>Y</i> site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyralspite_garnets_–_aluminium_in_Y_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Almandine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almandine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Almandine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almandine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyrope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyrope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Pyrope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyrope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spessartine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spessartine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Spessartine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spessartine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyrope–spessartine_(blue_garnet_or_color-change_garnet)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyrope–spessartine_(blue_garnet_or_color-change_garnet)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Pyrope–spessartine (blue garnet or color-change garnet)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyrope–spessartine_(blue_garnet_or_color-change_garnet)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ugrandite_group_–_calcium_in_X_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugrandite_group_–_calcium_in_X_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ugrandite group – calcium in <i>X</i> site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugrandite_group_–_calcium_in_X_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Andradite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andradite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Andradite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andradite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grossular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grossular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Grossular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grossular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uvarovite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uvarovite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Uvarovite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uvarovite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Less_common_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Less_common_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Less common species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Less_common_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Knorringite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knorringite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Knorringite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knorringite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garnet_structural_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garnet_structural_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Garnet structural group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garnet_structural_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_garnets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_garnets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Synthetic garnets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_garnets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geological importance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geological_importance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geological importance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geological_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_garnet_crystal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_garnet_crystal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Largest garnet crystal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_garnet_crystal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gemstones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemstones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Gemstones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemstones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Industrial uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Garnet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granaatsteen" title="Granaatsteen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Granaatsteen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="بجادي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بجادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat_(mineral)" title="Granat (mineral) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Granat (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granate" title="Granate – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Granate" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qranat" title="Qranat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qranat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="গারনেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গারনেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Гранат (мінерал) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гранат (мінерал)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Гранат (мінэрал) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гранат (мінэрал)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гранат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гранат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat_(mineral)" title="Granat (mineral) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Granat (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran%C3%A1t_(miner%C3%A1l)" title="Granát (minerál) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Granát (minerál)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat_(mineral)" title="Granat (mineral) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Granat (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granatgruppe" title="Granatgruppe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Granatgruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granaadid" title="Granaadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Granaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Γρανάτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γρανάτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granate_(mineral)" title="Granate (mineral) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Granate (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenato" title="Grenato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grenato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granate_(minerala)" title="Granate (minerala) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Granate (minerala)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نارسنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نارسنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenat" title="Grenat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grenat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairn%C3%A9ad" title="Gairnéad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gairnéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granate_(mineral)" title="Granate (mineral) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Granate (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EB%A5%98%EC%84%9D" title="석류석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석류석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նռնաքարեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նռնաքարեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granati" title="Granati – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Granati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granato" title="Granato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Granato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biduri_delima" title="Biduri delima – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biduri delima" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat" title="Granat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Granat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granato" title="Granato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Granato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98" title="גארנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גארנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_(%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C)" title="ಗಾರ್ನೆಟ್ (ಖನಿಜ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾರ್ನೆಟ್ (ಖನಿಜ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გრანატები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრანატები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Анартастар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Анартастар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гранаттар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гранаттар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granatum_(lapis)" title="Granatum (lapis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Granatum (lapis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran%C4%81ti" title="Granāti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Granāti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granatas" title="Granatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Granatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1n%C3%A1tcsoport" title="Gránátcsoport – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gránátcsoport" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gren%C3%A0" title="Grenà – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Grenà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90" title="ဂေါမုတ္တ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂေါမုတ္တ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granaat_(mineraal)" title="Granaat (mineraal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Granaat (mineraal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%98%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="柘榴石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="柘榴石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat_(mineral)" title="Granat (mineral) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Granat (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat_i_geologi" title="Granat i geologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Granat i geologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granatlar" title="Granatlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Granatlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84" title="لعل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لعل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat_(minera%C5%82)" title="Granat (minerał) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Granat (minerał)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_(mineralogia)" title="Granada (mineralogia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Granada (mineralogia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat" title="Granat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Granat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Гранат (минерал) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гранат (минерал)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гранаат – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гранаат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Garnet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_gran%C3%A1tu" title="Skupina granátu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skupina granátu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat" title="Granat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Granat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granati" title="Granati – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Granati" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granaatti" title="Granaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Granaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granater" title="Granater – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Granater" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கோமேதகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோமேதகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" title="โกเมน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โกเมน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Беҷода – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Беҷода" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Garnet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гранати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гранати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84" title="لعل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لعل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat" title="Granat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Granat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="石榴石 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="石榴石" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="石榴石 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="石榴石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105368#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Garnet" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Garnet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Garnet (disambiguation)">Garnet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:white; background-color: #733635">Garnet</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Garnet_Andradite20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Garnet_Andradite20.jpg/220px-Garnet_Andradite20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Garnet_Andradite20.jpg/330px-Garnet_Andradite20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Garnet_Andradite20.jpg/440px-Garnet_Andradite20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="809" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color: #733635">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nesosilicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesosilicate">Nesosilicate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The general formula <i>X</i><sub>3</sub><i>Y</i><sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Grt<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cubic_(crystal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic (crystal system)">Isometric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4/m{\bar {3}}2/m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>4</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4/m{\bar {3}}2/m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4401116c301ebe6872948aa9e3b4e1578ef0c325" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.893ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4/m{\bar {3}}2/m}"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ia3d</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color: #733635">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">virtually all colors, blue is rare</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rhombic_dodecahedron" title="Rhombic dodecahedron">Rhombic dodecahedron</a> or cubic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Indistinct</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">conchoidal to uneven</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">6.5–7.5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">vitreous to resinous</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Can form with any diaphaneity, translucent is common</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.1–4.3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Polish luster</th><td class="infobox-data">vitreous to subadamantine<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Single refractive, often anomalous double refractive<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.72–1.94</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pleochroism" title="Pleochroism">Pleochroism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">variable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other characteristics</th><td class="infobox-data">variable magnetic attraction</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color: #733635">Major varieties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pyrope</th><td class="infobox-data">Mg<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Almandine</th><td class="infobox-data">Fe<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spessartine</th><td class="infobox-data">Mn<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Andradite</th><td class="infobox-data">Ca<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grossular</th><td class="infobox-data">Ca<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Uvarovite</th><td class="infobox-data">Ca<sub>3</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Garnets</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"> </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>) are a group of <a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">silicate minerals</a> that have been used since the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> as <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasives</a>. </p><p>All species of garnet possess similar physical properties and crystal forms but differ in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_composition" title="Chemical composition">chemical composition</a>. The different species are <a href="/wiki/Pyrope" title="Pyrope">pyrope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">almandine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spessartine" title="Spessartine">spessartine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grossular" title="Grossular">grossular</a> (varieties of which are <a href="/wiki/Hessonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessonite">hessonite</a> or cinnamon-stone and <a href="/wiki/Tsavorite" title="Tsavorite">tsavorite</a>), <a href="/wiki/Uvarovite" title="Uvarovite">uvarovite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andradite" title="Andradite">andradite</a>. The garnets make up two <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solution</a> series: pyrope-almandine-spessartine (pyralspite), with the composition range <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">[Mg,Fe,Mn]<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>; and uvarovite-grossular-andradite (ugrandite), with the composition range <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>[Cr,Al,Fe]<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>garnet</i> comes from the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> word <i>gernet</i>, meaning 'dark red'. It is borrowed from Old French <i>grenate</i> from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>granatus,</i> from <i>granum</i> ('grain, seed').<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is possibly a reference to <i>mela granatum</i> or even <i>pomum granatum</i> ('<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a>',<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Punica granatum</i>), a plant whose fruits contain abundant and vivid red seed covers (<a href="/wiki/Aril" title="Aril">arils</a>), which are similar in shape, size, and color to some garnet crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hessonite garnet is also named 'gomed' in Indian literature and is one of the nine jewels in Vedic astrology that comprise the <a href="/wiki/Navaratna" title="Navaratna">Navaratna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Properties">Properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garnet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Garnet.JPG/220px-Garnet.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Garnet.JPG/330px-Garnet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Garnet.JPG/440px-Garnet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>A sample showing the deep red color garnet can exhibit.</figcaption></figure> <p>Garnet species are found in every colour, with reddish shades most common. Blue garnets are the rarest and were first reported in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993600_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993600-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blue_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garnet species' light transmission properties can range from the gemstone-quality transparent specimens to the opaque varieties used for industrial purposes as abrasives. The mineral's <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">lustre</a> is categorized as <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_lustre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitreous lustre">vitreous</a> (glass-like) or resinous (amber-like).<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystal_structure">Crystal structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crystal structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garnets are <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals#Nesosilicates_or_Isosilicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">nesosilicates</a> having the general formula <i>X</i><sub>3</sub><i>Y</i><sub>2</sub>(<span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>)<sub>3</sub>. The <i>X</i> site is usually occupied by divalent cations (<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>)<sup>2+</sup> and the <i>Y</i> site by trivalent cations (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a><sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a><sup>3+</sup>) in an <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedral</a> framework with [SiO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>4−</sup> occupying the tetrahedra.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garnets are most often found in the <a href="/wiki/Dodecahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecahedral">dodecahedral</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">crystal habit</a>, but are also commonly found in the <a href="/wiki/Trapezohedron" title="Trapezohedron">trapezohedron</a> habit as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hexoctahedron" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexoctahedron">hexoctahedral</a> habit.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They crystallize in the <a href="/wiki/Cubic_(crystal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic (crystal system)">cubic</a> system, having three axes that are all of equal length and perpendicular to one another but are never actually cubic because, despite being isometric, the {100} and {111} families of planes are depleted.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garnets do not have any <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">cleavage</a> planes, so, when they fracture under stress, sharp, irregular (<a href="/wiki/Conchoidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Conchoidal">conchoidal</a>) pieces are formed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrope_cp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crystal structure of pyrope garnet. White spheres are oxygen; black, silicon; blue, aluminium; and red, magnesium."><img alt="Crystal structure of pyrope garnet. White spheres are oxygen; black, silicon; blue, aluminium; and red, magnesium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pyrope_cp.jpg/120px-Pyrope_cp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pyrope_cp.jpg/180px-Pyrope_cp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pyrope_cp.jpg/240px-Pyrope_cp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5792" data-file-height="4832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crystal structure of pyrope garnet. White spheres are oxygen; black, silicon; blue, aluminium; and red, magnesium.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrope_crystal_structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Same view, with ion sizes reduced to better show all ions"><img alt="Same view, with ion sizes reduced to better show all ions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pyrope_crystal_structure.jpg/120px-Pyrope_crystal_structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pyrope_crystal_structure.jpg/180px-Pyrope_crystal_structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pyrope_crystal_structure.jpg/240px-Pyrope_crystal_structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5232" data-file-height="4832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Same view, with ion sizes reduced to better show all ions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrope_si.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silicon ion size exaggerated to emphasize silica tetrahedra"><img alt="Silicon ion size exaggerated to emphasize silica tetrahedra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pyrope_si.jpg/120px-Pyrope_si.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pyrope_si.jpg/180px-Pyrope_si.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pyrope_si.jpg/240px-Pyrope_si.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="4736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silicon ion size exaggerated to emphasize silica tetrahedra</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardness">Hardness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hardness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the chemical composition of garnet varies, the atomic bonds in some species are stronger than in others. As a result, this mineral group shows a range of hardness on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> of about 6.0 to 7.5.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harder species like <a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">almandine</a> are often used for abrasive purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetics_used_in_garnet_series_identification">Magnetics used in garnet series identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Magnetics used in garnet series identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For gem identification purposes, a pick-up response to a strong <a href="/wiki/Neodymium_magnet" title="Neodymium magnet">neodymium magnet</a> separates garnet from all other natural transparent gemstones commonly used in the jewelry trade. <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> measurements in conjunction with refractive index can be used to distinguish garnet species and varieties, and determine the composition of garnets in terms of percentages of end-member species within an individual gem.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garnet_group_end_member_species">Garnet group end member species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Garnet group end member species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyralspite_garnets_–_aluminium_in_Y_site"><span id="Pyralspite_garnets_.E2.80.93_aluminium_in_Y_site"></span>Pyralspite garnets – aluminium in <i>Y</i> site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pyralspite garnets – aluminium in Y site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">Almandine</a>: Fe<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrope" title="Pyrope">Pyrope</a>: Mg<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spessartine" title="Spessartine">Spessartine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a><sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Almandine">Almandine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Almandine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almandine.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Almandine.jpeg/220px-Almandine.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Almandine.jpeg/330px-Almandine.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Almandine.jpeg/440px-Almandine.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Almandine in metamorphic rock</figcaption></figure> <p>Almandine, sometimes incorrectly called almandite, is the modern gem known as <a href="/wiki/Carbuncle_(gemstone)" title="Carbuncle (gemstone)">carbuncle</a> (though originally almost any red gemstone was known by this name).<sup id="cite_ref-lytvynov_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lytvynov-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "carbuncle" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> meaning "live coal" or burning charcoal. The name <i>Almandine</i> is a corruption of <a href="/wiki/Alabanda" title="Alabanda">Alabanda</a>, a region in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> where these stones were cut in ancient times. Chemically, almandine is an iron-aluminium garnet with the formula Fe<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>; the deep red transparent stones are often called precious garnet and are used as gemstones (being the most common of the gem garnets).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almandine occurs in <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a> like <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schists</a>, associated with minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Staurolite" title="Staurolite">staurolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">kyanite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusite" title="Andalusite">andalusite</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000312,_320_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesse2000312,_320-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almandine has nicknames of Oriental garnet,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> almandine ruby, and carbuncle.<sup id="cite_ref-lytvynov_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lytvynov-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pyrope">Pyrope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pyrope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pyrope (from the Greek <i>pyrōpós</i> meaning "firelike")<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is red in color and chemically an aluminium <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> with the formula Mg<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, though the magnesium can be replaced in part by calcium and ferrous iron. The color of pyrope varies from deep red to black. Pyrope and spessartine gemstones have been recovered from the Sloan diamondiferous <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, from the Bishop Conglomerate and in a <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary age</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">lamprophyre</a> at Cedar Mountain in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of pyrope from <a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_North_Carolina" title="Macon County, North Carolina">Macon County</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> is a violet-red shade and has been called <i>rhodolite</i>, Greek for "rose". In chemical composition it may be considered as essentially an isomorphous mixture of pyrope and almandine, in the proportion of two parts pyrope to one part almandine.<sup id="cite_ref-schlegel_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schlegel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pyrope has tradenames some of which are <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomers</a>; <i>Cape ruby</i>, <i>Arizona ruby</i>, <i>California ruby</i>, <i>Rocky Mountain ruby</i>, and <i>Bohemian ruby</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lytvynov_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lytvynov-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pyrope" title="Pyrope">Pyrope</a> is an indicator mineral for high-pressure rocks. <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Mantle</a>-derived rocks (<a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">eclogites</a>) commonly contain a pyrope variety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993453,_587–588_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993453,_587–588-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spessartine">Spessartine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spessartine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espessartita.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Espessartita.jpeg/220px-Espessartita.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Espessartita.jpeg/330px-Espessartita.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Espessartita.jpeg/440px-Espessartita.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Spessartine (the reddish mineral)</figcaption></figure> <p>Spessartine or spessartite is manganese aluminium garnet, Mn<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. Its name is derived from <a href="/wiki/Spessart" title="Spessart">Spessart</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs most often in <a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">skarns</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> <a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatite</a> and allied rock types,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000312_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesse2000312-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in certain low grade metamorphic <a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">phyllites</a>. Spessartine of an <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>-yellow is found in Madagascar.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violet-red spessartines are found in <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a><sup id="cite_ref-schlegel_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schlegel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">and <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pyrope–spessartine_(blue_garnet_or_color-change_garnet)"><span id="Pyrope.E2.80.93spessartine_.28blue_garnet_or_color-change_garnet.29"></span>Pyrope–spessartine (blue garnet or color-change garnet)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pyrope–spessartine (blue garnet or color-change garnet)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blue pyrope–spessartine garnets were discovered in the late 1990s in Bekily, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. This type has also been found in parts of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. It changes color from blue-green to purple depending on the <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">color temperature</a> of viewing light, as a result of the relatively high amounts of <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> (about 1 wt.% V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-blue_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other varieties of color-changing garnets exist. In daylight, their color ranges from shades of green, beige, brown, gray, and blue, but in incandescent light, they appear a reddish or purplish/pink color.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is the rarest type of garnet. Because of its color-changing quality, this kind of garnet resembles <a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl#Alexandrite" title="Chrysoberyl">alexandrite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ugrandite_group_–_calcium_in_X_site"><span id="Ugrandite_group_.E2.80.93_calcium_in_X_site"></span>Ugrandite group – calcium in <i>X</i> site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ugrandite group – calcium in X site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andradite" title="Andradite">Andradite</a>: Ca<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossular" title="Grossular">Grossular</a>: Ca<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvarovite" title="Uvarovite">Uvarovite</a>: Ca<sub>3</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Andradite">Andradite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Andradite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andradite is a calcium-iron garnet, Ca<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, is of variable composition and may be red, yellow, brown, green or black.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recognized varieties are <a href="/wiki/Demantoid" title="Demantoid">demantoid</a> (green), <a href="/wiki/Melanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanite">melanite</a> (black),<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and topazolite (yellow or green). The red-brown translucent variety of <a href="/wiki/Colophonite" title="Colophonite">colophonite</a> is recognized as a partially obsolete name.<sup id="cite_ref-mindat_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andradite is found in <a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">skarns</a><sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in deep-seated <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> like <a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">syenite</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as serpentines<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">greenschists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demantoid is one of the most prized of garnet varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grossular">Grossular</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grossular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grossular_garnet_from_Quebec,_collected_by_Dr_John_Hunter_in_the_18th_century,_Hunterian_Museum,_Glasgow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Grossular_garnet_from_Quebec%2C_collected_by_Dr_John_Hunter_in_the_18th_century%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/220px-Grossular_garnet_from_Quebec%2C_collected_by_Dr_John_Hunter_in_the_18th_century%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Grossular_garnet_from_Quebec%2C_collected_by_Dr_John_Hunter_in_the_18th_century%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/330px-Grossular_garnet_from_Quebec%2C_collected_by_Dr_John_Hunter_in_the_18th_century%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Grossular_garnet_from_Quebec%2C_collected_by_Dr_John_Hunter_in_the_18th_century%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/440px-Grossular_garnet_from_Quebec%2C_collected_by_Dr_John_Hunter_in_the_18th_century%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Grossular garnet from Quebec, collected by Dr John Hunter in the 18th century, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrossularShades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GrossularShades.jpg/220px-GrossularShades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GrossularShades.jpg/330px-GrossularShades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GrossularShades.jpg/440px-GrossularShades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Grossular garnets on display at the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a>. The green gem at right is a type of grossular known as <a href="/wiki/Tsavorite" title="Tsavorite">tsavorite</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Grossular is a calcium-aluminium garnet with the formula Ca<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, though the calcium may in part be replaced by ferrous iron and the aluminium by ferric iron. The name grossular is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanical</a> name for the <a href="/wiki/Gooseberry" title="Gooseberry">gooseberry</a>, <i>grossularia</i>, in reference to the green garnet of this composition that is found in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Other shades include cinnamon brown (cinnamon stone variety), red, and yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its inferior hardness to <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, which the yellow crystals resemble, they have also been called <i>hessonite</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> meaning inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grossular is found in skarns,<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contact metamorphosed <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vesuvianite" title="Vesuvianite">vesuvianite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">diopside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wollastonite" title="Wollastonite">wollastonite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wernerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wernerite">wernerite</a>. </p><p>Grossular garnet from <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> has been called tsavorite. Tsavorite was first described in the 1960s in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Tsavo_National_Park" title="Category:Tsavo National Park">Tsavo</a> area of Kenya, from which the gem takes its name.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uvarovite">Uvarovite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Uvarovite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uvarovite is a calcium chromium garnet with the formula Ca<sub>3</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. This is a rather rare garnet, bright green in color, usually found as small crystals associated with <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinite</a>, and kimberlites. It is found in crystalline <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marbles</a> and schists in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> of Russia and <a href="/wiki/Outokumpu,_Finland" title="Outokumpu, Finland">Outokumpu, Finland</a>. Uvarovite is named for <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Count Uvaro</a>, a Russian imperial statesman.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Less_common_species">Less common species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Less common species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Calcium in <i>X</i> site <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldmanite" title="Goldmanite">Goldmanite</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(V<sup class="template-chem2-sup">3+</sup>,Al,Fe<sup class="template-chem2-sup">3+</sup>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></li> <li>Kimzeyite: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(<a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>[(Si,Al,Fe<sup class="template-chem2-sup">3+</sup>)O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></li> <li>Morimotoite: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>Ti<sup class="template-chem2-sup">4+</sup>Fe<sup class="template-chem2-sup">2+</sup>(SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></li> <li>Schorlomite: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>Ti<sup class="template-chem2-sup">4+</sup><sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)(Fe<sup class="template-chem2-sup">3+</sup>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></li></ul></li> <li>Hydroxide bearing – calcium in <i>X</i> site <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogrossular" title="Hydrogrossular">Hydrogrossular</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3−x</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4x</sub></span> <ul><li>Hibschite: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3−x</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4x</sub></span> (where x is between 0.2 and 1.5)</li> <li>Katoite: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3−x</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4x</sub></span> (where x is greater than 1.5)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Magnesium or manganese in <i>X</i> site <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knorringite" title="Knorringite">Knorringite</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mg<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>Cr<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorite" title="Majorite">Majorite</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mg<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(Fe<sup class="template-chem2-sup">2+</sup>Si)(SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderite" title="Calderite">Calderite</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mn<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>Fe<sup class="template-chem2-sup">3+</sup><sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Knorringite">Knorringite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Knorringite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knorringite is a magnesium-chromium garnet species with the formula Mg<sub>3</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. Pure <a href="/wiki/Endmember" title="Endmember">endmember</a> knorringite never occurs in nature. Pyrope rich in the knorringite component is only formed under high pressure and is often found in <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlites</a>. It is used as an indicator mineral in the search for <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garnet_structural_group">Garnet structural group</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Garnet structural group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Formula: X<sub>3</sub>Z<sub>2</sub>(TO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (X = Ca, Fe, etc., Z = Al, Cr, etc., T = Si, As, V, Fe, Al) <ul><li>All are cubic or strongly pseudocubic.</li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>IMA/CNMNC <br />Nickel-Strunz <br />Mineral class</th> <th>Mineral name</th> <th>Formula</th> <th>Crystal system</th> <th>Point group</th> <th>Space group </th></tr> <tr> <td>04 Oxide</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitikleite-(SnAl)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitikleite-(SnAl) (page does not exist)">Bitikleite-(SnAl)</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>SnSb(AlO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td>04 Oxide</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitikleite-(SnFe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitikleite-(SnFe) (page does not exist)">Bitikleite-(SnFe)</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>(SnSb<sup>5+</sup>)(Fe<sup>3+</sup>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td>04 Oxide</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitikleite-(ZrFe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitikleite-(ZrFe) (page does not exist)">Bitikleite-(ZrFe)</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>SbZr(Fe<sup>3+</sup>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td>04 Tellurate</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yafsoanite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yafsoanite (page does not exist)">Yafsoanite</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>Zn<sub>3</sub>(Te<sup>6+</sup>O<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m <br />or 432</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d <br /> or I4<sub>1</sub>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>08 Arsenate</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berzeliite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berzeliite (page does not exist)">Berzeliite</a></td> <td>NaCa<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>2</sub>(AsO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td>08 Vanadate</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palenzonaite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palenzonaite (page does not exist)">Palenzonaite</a></td> <td>NaCa<sub>2</sub>Mn<sup>2+</sup><sub>2</sub>(VO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td>08 Vanadate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%A4ferite" title="Schäferite">Schäferite</a></td> <td>NaCa<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>2</sub>(VO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>IMA/CNMNC – Nickel-Strunz – Mineral subclass: 09.A Nesosilicate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strunz_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Strunz classification">Nickel-Strunz classification</a>: 09.AD.25</li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mineral name</th> <th>Formula</th> <th>Crystal system</th> <th>Point group</th> <th>Space group </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">Almandine</a></td> <td>Fe<sup>2+</sup><sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andradite" title="Andradite">Andradite</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calderite" title="Calderite">Calderite</a></td> <td>Mn<sup>+2</sup><sub>3</sub>Fe<sup>+3</sup><sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goldmanite" title="Goldmanite">Goldmanite</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>V<sup>3+</sup><sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grossular" title="Grossular">Grossular</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henritermierite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henritermierite (page does not exist)">Henritermierite</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>Mn<sup>3+</sup><sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub></td> <td>tetragonal</td> <td>4/mmm</td> <td>I4<sub>1</sub>/acd </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hibschite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hibschite (page does not exist)">Hibschite</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>(3−x)</sub>(OH)<sub>4x</sub> (x= 0.2–1.5)</td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katoite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katoite (page does not exist)">Katoite</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>(3−x)</sub>(OH)<sub>4x</sub> (x= 1.5–3)</td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerimasite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerimasite (page does not exist)">Kerimasite</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>(Fe<sup>+3</sup>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)</td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimzeyite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimzeyite (page does not exist)">Kimzeyite</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>(Al<sup>+3</sup>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)</td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Knorringite" title="Knorringite">Knorringite</a></td> <td>Mg<sub>3</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Majorite" title="Majorite">Majorite</a></td> <td>Mg<sub>3</sub>(Fe<sup>2+</sup>Si)(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>tetragonal</td> <td>4/m <br />or 4/mmm</td> <td>I4<sub>1</sub>/a <br />or I4<sub>1</sub>/acd </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menzerite-(Y)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menzerite-(Y) (page does not exist)">Menzerite-(Y)</a></td> <td>Y<sub>2</sub>CaMg<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Momoiite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Momoiite (page does not exist)">Momoiite</a></td> <td>Mn<sup>2+</sup><sub>3</sub>V<sup>3+</sup><sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morimotoite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morimotoite (page does not exist)">Morimotoite</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>(Fe<sup>2+</sup>Ti<sup>4+</sup>)(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrope" title="Pyrope">Pyrope</a></td> <td>Mg<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schorlomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Schorlomite">Schorlomite</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>Ti<sup>4+</sup><sub>2</sub>(Fe<sup>3+</sup>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)</td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spessartine" title="Spessartine">Spessartine</a></td> <td>Mn<sup>2+</sup><sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toturite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toturite (page does not exist)">Toturite</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>2</sub>(Fe<sup>3+</sup>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)</td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uvarovite" title="Uvarovite">Uvarovite</a></td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td>isometric</td> <td>m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</td> <td>Ia<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>d </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>References: <a href="/wiki/Mindat.org" title="Mindat.org">Mindat.org</a>; mineral name, chemical formula and space group (American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database) of the IMA Database of Mineral Properties/ RRUFF Project, Univ. of Arizona, was preferred most of the time. Minor components in formulae have been left out to highlight the dominant chemical endmember that defines each species.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthetic_garnets">Synthetic garnets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Synthetic garnets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as rare-earth garnets. </p><p>The crystallographic structure of garnets has been expanded from the prototype to include chemicals with the general formula <i>A</i><sub>3</sub><i>B</i><sub>2</sub>(<i>C</i>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. Besides silicon, a large number of elements have been put on the <i>C</i> site, including <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_aluminium_garnet" title="Yttrium aluminium garnet">Yttrium aluminium garnet</a> (YAG), Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(AlO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, is used for <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthetic</a> gemstones. Due to its fairly high refractive index, YAG was used as a diamond simulant in the 1970s until the methods of producing the more advanced simulant <a href="/wiki/Cubic_zirconia" title="Cubic zirconia">cubic zirconia</a> in commercial quantities were developed. When doped with <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> (Nd<sup>3+</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a> YAG may be used as the <a href="/wiki/Lasing_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasing medium">lasing medium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG lasers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Er:YAG_laser" title="Er:YAG laser">Er:YAG lasers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium_yttrium_garnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadolinium yttrium garnet">Gd:YAG lasers</a> respectively. These doped YAG lasers are used in medical procedures including <a href="/wiki/Laser_skin_resurfacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser skin resurfacing">laser skin resurfacing</a>, dentistry, and ophthalmology.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interesting magnetic properties arise when the appropriate elements are used. In <a href="/wiki/Yttrium_iron_garnet" title="Yttrium iron garnet">yttrium iron garnet</a> (YIG), Y<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>(FeO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, the five iron(III) ions occupy two <a href="/wiki/Octahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Octahedral">octahedral</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahedral">tetrahedral</a> sites, with the yttrium(III) ions coordinated by eight oxygen ions in an irregular cube. The iron ions in the two coordination sites exhibit different <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spins</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Magnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic">magnetic</a> behavior. YIG is a <a href="/wiki/Ferrimagnetism" title="Ferrimagnetism">ferrimagnetic</a> material having a <a href="/wiki/Curie_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie point">Curie temperature</a> of 550 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>. Yttrium iron garnet can be made into <a href="/wiki/YIG_sphere" title="YIG sphere">YIG spheres</a>, which serve as magnetically tunable <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">filters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resonators" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonators">resonators</a> for <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lutetium_aluminium_garnet" title="Lutetium aluminium garnet">Lutetium aluminium garnet</a> (LuAG), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub></span>, is an inorganic compound with a unique crystal structure primarily known for its use in high-efficiency laser devices. LuAG is also useful in the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Transparent_ceramics" title="Transparent ceramics">transparent ceramics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LuAG is particularly favored over other crystals for its high density and thermal conductivity; it has a relatively small <a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">lattice constant</a> in comparison to the other <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth</a> garnets, which results in a higher density producing a crystal field with narrower linewidths and greater energy level splitting in absorption and emission.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terbium_gallium_garnet" title="Terbium gallium garnet">Terbium gallium garnet (TGG)</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a>Ga<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub></span>, is a <a href="/wiki/Faraday_rotator" title="Faraday rotator">Faraday rotator</a> material with excellent transparency properties and is very resistant to laser damage. TGG can be used in <a href="/wiki/Optical_isolator" title="Optical isolator">optical isolators</a> for laser systems, in <a href="/wiki/Optical_circulator" title="Optical circulator">optical circulators</a> for fiber optic systems, in <a href="/wiki/Optical_modulator" title="Optical modulator">optical modulators</a>, and in current and <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetic field</a> sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example is <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium_gallium_garnet" title="Gadolinium gallium garnet">gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG)</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a>Ga<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(GaO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> which is synthesized for use as a substrate for liquid-phase epitaxy of magnetic garnet films for <a href="/wiki/Bubble_memory" title="Bubble memory">bubble memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photomagnetism" title="Photomagnetism">magneto-optical</a> applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geological_importance">Geological importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Geological importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grenat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Grenat.jpg/330px-Grenat.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Grenat.jpg/495px-Grenat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Grenat.jpg/660px-Grenat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption>Main garnet producing countries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garnet_var._Spessartine,_Putian_City,_Putian_Prefecture,_Fujian_Province,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Garnet_var._Spessartine%2C_Putian_City%2C_Putian_Prefecture%2C_Fujian_Province%2C_China.jpg/220px-Garnet_var._Spessartine%2C_Putian_City%2C_Putian_Prefecture%2C_Fujian_Province%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Garnet_var._Spessartine%2C_Putian_City%2C_Putian_Prefecture%2C_Fujian_Province%2C_China.jpg/330px-Garnet_var._Spessartine%2C_Putian_City%2C_Putian_Prefecture%2C_Fujian_Province%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Garnet_var._Spessartine%2C_Putian_City%2C_Putian_Prefecture%2C_Fujian_Province%2C_China.jpg/440px-Garnet_var._Spessartine%2C_Putian_City%2C_Putian_Prefecture%2C_Fujian_Province%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption>Garnet var. Spessartine, Putian City, Putian Prefecture, Fujian Province, China</figcaption></figure> <p>The mineral garnet is commonly found in metamorphic and to a lesser extent, igneous rocks. Most natural garnets are compositionally zoned and contain inclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its crystal lattice structure is stable at high pressures and temperatures and is thus found in green-schist facies metamorphic rocks including <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, hornblende <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, and mica schist.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1985_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1985-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composition that is stable at the pressure and temperature conditions of Earth's mantle is pyrope, which is often found in <a href="/wiki/Peridotites" class="mw-redirect" title="Peridotites">peridotites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlites</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_subgroup" title="Serpentine subgroup">serpentines</a> that form from them.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1985_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1985-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garnets are unique in that they can record the pressures and temperatures of peak metamorphism and are used as geobarometers and geothermometers in the study of <a href="/wiki/Geothermobarometry" title="Geothermobarometry">geothermobarometry</a> which determines "P-T Paths", Pressure-Temperature Paths. Garnets are used as an index mineral in the delineation of <a href="/wiki/Isograd" title="Isograd">isograds</a> in metamorphic rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1985_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1985-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compositional zoning and inclusions can mark the change from growth of the crystals at low temperatures to higher temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Teaching_Phase_Equilibria_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teaching_Phase_Equilibria-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garnets that are not compositionally zoned more than likely experienced ultra high temperatures (above 700 °C) that led to diffusion of major elements within the crystal lattice, effectively homogenizing the crystal<sup id="cite_ref-Teaching_Phase_Equilibria_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teaching_Phase_Equilibria-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or they were never zoned. Garnets can also form metamorphic textures that can help interpret structural histories.<sup id="cite_ref-Teaching_Phase_Equilibria_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teaching_Phase_Equilibria-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to being used to devolve conditions of metamorphism, garnets can be used to date certain geologic events. Garnet has been developed as a U-Pb <a href="/wiki/Geochronometry" title="Geochronometry">geochronometer</a>, to date the age of crystallization<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Thermochronology" title="Thermochronology">thermochronometer</a> in the (U-Th)/He system<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to date timing of cooling below a <a href="/wiki/Closure_temperature" title="Closure temperature">closure temperature</a>. </p><p>Garnets can be chemically altered and most often alter to serpentine, <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1985_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1985-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_garnet_crystal">Largest garnet crystal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Largest garnet crystal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The open-pit Barton Garnet Mine, located at <a href="/wiki/Gore_Mountain_(New_York)" title="Gore Mountain (New York)">Gore Mountain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a>, yields the world's largest single crystals of garnet; diameters range from 5 to 35 cm and commonly average 10–18 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-Geophere_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geophere-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gore_Mountain_Garnet" title="Gore Mountain Garnet">Gore Mountain garnets</a> are unique in many respects, and considerable effort has been made to determine the timing of garnet growth. The first dating was that of Basu et al. (1989), who used plagioclase-hornblende-garnet to produce a Sm/Nd isochron that yielded an age of 1059 ± 19 Ma. Mezger et al. (1992) conducted their own Sm/Nd investigation using hornblende and the drilled core of a 50 cm garnet to produce an isochron age of 1051 ± 4 Ma. Connelly (2006) utilized seven different fractions of a Gore Mountain garnet to obtain a Lu-Hf isochron age of 1046.6 ± 6 Ma. It is therefore concluded with confidence that the garnets formed at 1049 ± 5 Ma, the average of the three determinations. This is also the local age of peak metamorphism in the 1090–1040 Ma Ottawan phase of the <a href="/wiki/Grenville_orogeny" title="Grenville orogeny">Grenvillian orogeny</a> and serves as a critical data point in ascertaining the evolution of the megacrystic garnet deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-Geophere_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geophere-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_portableantiquities_-_Hilt_Fitting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flickr_-_portableantiquities_-_Hilt_Fitting.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_portableantiquities_-_Hilt_Fitting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flickr_-_portableantiquities_-_Hilt_Fitting.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_portableantiquities_-_Hilt_Fitting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flickr_-_portableantiquities_-_Hilt_Fitting.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_portableantiquities_-_Hilt_Fitting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="1783" /></a><figcaption>c. 7th century AD, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Seax" title="Seax">seax</a> hilt fitting – gold with gemstone inlay of <a href="/wiki/Garnet_cloisonn%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnet cloisonné">garnet cloisonné</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Hoard" title="Staffordshire Hoard">Staffordshire Hoard</a>, found in 2009, and not fully cleaned</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garnet.uvarovite.500pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Garnet.uvarovite.500pix.jpg/170px-Garnet.uvarovite.500pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Garnet.uvarovite.500pix.jpg/255px-Garnet.uvarovite.500pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Garnet.uvarovite.500pix.jpg/340px-Garnet.uvarovite.500pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Pendant in <a href="/wiki/Uvarovite" title="Uvarovite">uvarovite</a>, a rare bright-green garnet</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gemstones">Gemstones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gemstones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red garnets were the most commonly used gemstones in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique">Late Antique</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> world, and the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period art</a> of the "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>" peoples who took over the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. They were especially used inlaid in gold cells in the <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a> technique, a style often just called garnet cloisonné, found from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> England, as at <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Thousands of Tamraparniyan gold, silver and red garnet shipments were made in the <a href="/wiki/Old_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Old world">old world</a>, including to Rome, Greece, the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Serica" title="Serica">Serica</a> and Anglo Saxons; recent findings such as the <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Hoard" title="Staffordshire Hoard">Staffordshire Hoard</a> and the pendant of the <a href="/wiki/Winfarthing" title="Winfarthing">Winfarthing</a> Woman skeleton of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> confirm an established gem trade route with <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamraparni" title="Tamraparni">Tamraparni</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>), known from antiquity for its production of gemstones.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pure crystals of garnet are still used as gemstones. The gemstone varieties occur in shades of green, red, yellow, and orange.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States it is known as the <a href="/wiki/Birthstone" title="Birthstone">birthstone</a> for January.<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the birthstone of <a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)" title="Aquarius (astrology)">Aquarius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical astrology">tropical astrology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The garnet family is one of the most complex in the gem world. It is not a single species, but is composed of multiple species and varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">Almandine</a> garnet is the state mineral of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> star garnet is the state gemstone of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> garnet is the state gemstone of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Minerals_of_New_York_State_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minerals_of_New_York_State-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Grossular" title="Grossular">grossular</a> garnet is the state gemstone of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_uses">Industrial uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Industrial uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garnet sand is a good <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasive</a>, and a common replacement for silica sand in sand blasting. Alluvial garnet grains which are rounder are more suitable for such blasting treatments. Mixed with very high pressure water, garnet is used to cut <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and other materials in <a href="/wiki/Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">water jets</a>. For water jet cutting, garnet extracted from hard rock is suitable since it is more angular in form, therefore more efficient in cutting.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garnet paper is favored by cabinetmakers for finishing bare wood.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garnet sand is also used for <a href="/wiki/Water_filtration" class="mw-redirect" title="Water filtration">water filtration</a> media. </p><p>As an abrasive, garnet can be broadly divided into two categories; blasting grade and water jet grade. The garnet, as it is mined and collected, is crushed to finer grains; all pieces which are larger than 60 mesh (250 micrometers) are normally used for sand blasting. The pieces between 60 mesh (250 micrometers) and 200 mesh (74 micrometers) are normally used for water jet cutting. The remaining garnet pieces that are finer than 200 mesh (74 micrometers) are used for glass polishing and lapping. Regardless of the application, the larger grain sizes are used for faster work and the smaller ones are used for finer finishes.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different kinds of abrasive garnets which can be divided based on their origin. The largest source of abrasive garnet today is garnet-rich beach sand which is quite abundant on <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> coasts and the main producers today are Australia and India.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This material is particularly popular due to its consistent supplies, huge quantities and clean material. The common problems with this material are the presence of ilmenite and chloride compounds. Since the material has been naturally crushed and ground on the beaches for past centuries, the material is normally available in fine sizes only. Most of the garnet at the <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Tuticorin</a> beach in south India is 80 mesh, and ranges from 56 mesh to 100 mesh size.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>River garnet</i> is particularly abundant in Australia. The river sand garnet occurs as a <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposit" title="Placer deposit">placer deposit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Rock garnet</i> is perhaps the garnet type used for the longest period of time. This type of garnet is produced in America, China and western India. These crystals are crushed in mills and then purified by wind blowing, magnetic separation, sieving and, if required, washing. Being freshly crushed, this garnet has the sharpest edges and therefore performs far better than other kinds of garnet. Both the river and the beach garnet suffer from the tumbling effect of hundreds of thousands of years which rounds off the edges. <a href="/wiki/Gore_Mountain_Garnet" title="Gore Mountain Garnet">Gore Mountain Garnet</a> from <a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_New_York" title="Warren County, New York">Warren County, New York</a>, USA, is a significant source of rock garnet for use as an industrial abrasive.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive blasting">Abrasive blasting</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L. N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"</a>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>85</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=IMA%E2%80%93CNMNC+approved+mineral+symbols&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..291W&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=L.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRG-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gemological_Institute_of_America" title="Gemological Institute of America">Gemological Institute of America</a>, <i>GIA Gem Reference Guide</i> 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87311-019-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87311-019-6">0-87311-019-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein-1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein-1993_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinHurlbut1993" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993). <i>Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana)</i> (21st ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">451–</span>454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/047157452X" title="Special:BookSources/047157452X"><bdi>047157452X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+mineralogy+%3A+%28after+James+D.+Dana%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E454&rft.edition=21st&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=047157452X&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft.au=Hurlbut%2C+Cornelius+S.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pomegranate">pomegranate</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2011-12-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=garnet">garnet</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2011-12-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1995" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Richard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientastrologi0000brow/page/47/mode/2up"><i>Ancient astrological gemstones & talismans : the complete science of planetary gemology</i></a>. Bangkok: A.G.T. Co. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-89022-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/974-89022-4-2"><bdi>974-89022-4-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33190408">33190408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+astrological+gemstones+%26+talismans+%3A+the+complete+science+of+planetary+gemology&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=A.G.T.+Co&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33190408&rft.isbn=974-89022-4-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientastrologi0000brow%2Fpage%2F47%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993600-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993600_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinHurlbut1993">Klein & Hurlbut 1993</a>, p. 600.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaloisy2013" class="citation journal cs1">Galoisy, L. (1 December 2013). "Garnet: From Stone to Star". <i>Elements</i>. <b>9</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">453–</span>456. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Eleme...9..453G">2013Eleme...9..453G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgselements.9.6.453">10.2113/gselements.9.6.453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elements&rft.atitle=Garnet%3A+From+Stone+to+Star&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E456&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgselements.9.6.453&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Eleme...9..453G&rft.aulast=Galoisy&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blue-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blue_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blue_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmetzerBernhardt1999" class="citation journal cs1">Schmetzer, Karl; Bernhardt, Heinz-Jürgen (Winter 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gia.edu/doc/WN99A4.pdf">"Garnets from Madagascar with a color change from blue-green to purple"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gems & Gemology</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">196–</span>201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5741%2FGEMS.35.4.196">10.5741/GEMS.35.4.196</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.gia.edu/doc/WN99A4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gems+%26+Gemology&rft.atitle=Garnets+from+Madagascar+with+a+color+change+from+blue-green+to+purple&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5741%2FGEMS.35.4.196&rft.aulast=Schmetzer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Bernhardt%2C+Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gia.edu%2Fdoc%2FWN99A4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxterCaddickAgue2013" class="citation journal cs1">Baxter, Ethan F.; Caddick, Mark J.; Ague, Jay J. (1 December 2013). "Garnet: Common Mineral, Uncommonly Useful". <i>Elements</i>. <b>9</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">415–</span>419. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Eleme...9..415B">2013Eleme...9..415B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgselements.9.6.415">10.2113/gselements.9.6.415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elements&rft.atitle=Garnet%3A+Common+Mineral%2C+Uncommonly+Useful&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E415-%3C%2Fspan%3E419&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgselements.9.6.415&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Eleme...9..415B&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Ethan+F.&rft.au=Caddick%2C+Mark+J.&rft.au=Ague%2C+Jay+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth" class="citation web cs1">Smyth, Joe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070116233247/http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/min/garnet.html">"Mineral Structure Data"</a>. <i>Garnet</i>. University of Colorado. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/min/garnet.html">the original</a> on 2007-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Garnet&rft.atitle=Mineral+Structure+Data&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fruby.colorado.edu%2F~smyth%2Fmin%2Fgarnet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesse2000" class="citation book cs1">Nesse, William D. (2000). <i>Introduction to mineralogy</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195106916" title="Special:BookSources/9780195106916"><bdi>9780195106916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+mineralogy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780195106916&rft.aulast=Nesse&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeerHowieZussman2013" class="citation book cs1">Deer, W. A.; Howie, R. A.; Zussman, J. (2013). "Garnet Group". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/952/An-Introduction-to-the-Rock-Forming-Minerals"><i>An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals</i></a>. Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780903056434" title="Special:BookSources/9780903056434"><bdi>9780903056434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Garnet+Group&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Rock-Forming+Minerals&rft.pub=Mineralogical+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780903056434&rft.aulast=Deer&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rft.au=Howie%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Zussman%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2F952%2FAn-Introduction-to-the-Rock-Forming-Minerals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerec2017" class="citation journal cs1">Perec, Andrzej (1 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15446%2Fdyna.v84n203.62592">"Disintegration and recycling possibility of selected abrasives for water jet cutting"</a>. <i>DYNA</i>. <b>84</b> (203): <span class="nowrap">249–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15446%2Fdyna.v84n203.62592">10.15446/dyna.v84n203.62592</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DYNA&rft.atitle=Disintegration+and+recycling+possibility+of+selected+abrasives+for+water+jet+cutting&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=203&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15446%2Fdyna.v84n203.62592&rft.aulast=Perec&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15446%252Fdyna.v84n203.62592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. 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Mitchell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stonegrouplabs.com/magnetics_garnetchemistry.pdf">Magnetic susceptibility, a better approach to defining garnets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005095124/http://www.stonegrouplabs.com/magnetics_garnetchemistry.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Journal of Gemmology, 2008, Volume 31, No. 3/4 pp. 91–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lytvynov-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lytvynov_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lytvynov_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lytvynov_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLytvynov2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lytvynov, L. A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/135445/21-Lytvynov.pdf?sequence=1">"On the words used as names for ruby and sapphire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Functional Materials</i>. <b>18</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">274–</span>277<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Functional+Materials&rft.atitle=On+the+words+used+as+names+for+ruby+and+sapphire&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lytvynov&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nbuv.gov.ua%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F135445%2F21-Lytvynov.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1975" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, David E. (November 1975). "The Garnet Group". <i>Rocks & Minerals</i>. <b>50</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">584–</span>587. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975RoMin..50..584J">1975RoMin..50..584J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00357529.1975.11767172">10.1080/00357529.1975.11767172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rocks+%26+Minerals&rft.atitle=The+Garnet+Group&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E584-%3C%2Fspan%3E587&rft.date=1975-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00357529.1975.11767172&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975RoMin..50..584J&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENesse2000312,_320-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000312,_320_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNesse2000">Nesse 2000</a>, pp. 312, 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Almandine". <i>Dictionary of Gems and Gemology</i>. 2009. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-72816-0_532">10.1007/978-3-540-72816-0_532</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-72795-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-72795-8"><bdi>978-3-540-72795-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Almandine&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Gems+and+Gemology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-72816-0_532&rft.isbn=978-3-540-72795-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHausel2000" class="citation book cs1">Hausel, W. 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(1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fb1042G">"Gem stones of the United States"</a>. <i>U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin</i>. 1042-G: 203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957usgs.rept....3S">1957usgs.rept....3S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fb1042G">10.3133/b1042G</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Gem+stones+of+the+United+States&rft.volume=1042-G&rft.pages=203&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Fb1042G&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957usgs.rept....3S&rft.aulast=Schlegel&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3133%252Fb1042G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993453,_587–588-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993453,_587–588_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinHurlbut1993">Klein & Hurlbut 1993</a>, pp. 453, 587–588.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENesse2000312-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000312_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNesse2000">Nesse 2000</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmetzerBernhardt2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schmetzer, Karl; Bernhardt, Heinz-Jürgen (2002). "Gem-quality spessartine-grossular garnet of intermediate composition from Madagascar". <i>Journal of Gemmology</i>. <b>28</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15506%2FJoG.2002.28.4.235">10.15506/JoG.2002.28.4.235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gemmology&rft.atitle=Gem-quality+spessartine-grossular+garnet+of+intermediate+composition+from+Madagascar&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15506%2FJoG.2002.28.4.235&rft.aulast=Schmetzer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Bernhardt%2C+Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemsociety.org/article/color-change-garnet/">"Color Change Garnet Value, Price, and Jewelry Information - Gem Society"</a>. <i>International Gem Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Gem+Society&rft.atitle=Color+Change+Garnet+Value%2C+Price%2C+and+Jewelry+Information+-+Gem+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemsociety.org%2Farticle%2Fcolor-change-garnet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrambrockGuimarãesPinheiroPaniago2013" class="citation journal cs1">Krambrock, K.; Guimarães, F. S.; Pinheiro, M. V. B.; Paniago, R.; Righi, A.; Persiano, A. I. C.; Karfunkel, J.; Hoover, D. B. (July 2013). "Purplish-red almandine garnets with alexandrite-like effect: causes of colors and color-enhancing treatments". <i>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals</i>. <b>40</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">555–</span>562. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PCM....40..555K">2013PCM....40..555K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00269-013-0592-6">10.1007/s00269-013-0592-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95448333">95448333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+and+Chemistry+of+Minerals&rft.atitle=Purplish-red+almandine+garnets+with+alexandrite-like+effect%3A+causes+of+colors+and+color-enhancing+treatments&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E555-%3C%2Fspan%3E562&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95448333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00269-013-0592-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PCM....40..555K&rft.aulast=Krambrock&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Guimar%C3%A3es%2C+F.+S.&rft.au=Pinheiro%2C+M.+V.+B.&rft.au=Paniago%2C+R.&rft.au=Righi%2C+A.&rft.au=Persiano%2C+A.+I.+C.&rft.au=Karfunkel%2C+J.&rft.au=Hoover%2C+D.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mindat-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mindat_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/min-10078.html">Colophonite</a> (a variety of Andradite): information about the mineral <i>colophonite</i> in the Mindat database.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahaRayGangulyChatterjee2011" class="citation journal cs1">Saha, Abhishek; Ray, Jyotisankar; Ganguly, Sohini; Chatterjee, Nilanjan (10 July 2011). 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State of Vermont. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.vermont.gov/general/emblems">the original</a> on 2009-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vermont+Emblems&rft.pub=State+of+Vermont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibraries.vermont.gov%2Fgeneral%2Femblems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapple" class="citation web cs1">Rapple, R. Randolph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefabricator.com/thefabricator/article/waterjetcutting/selecting-the-right-waterjet-abrasive">"Selecting the right waterjet abrasive"</a>. <i>The Fabricator</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/071344407X" title="Special:BookSources/071344407X"><bdi>071344407X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Technique+of+Furniture+Making&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=071344407X&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlphaVariable" class="citation news cs1">AlphaVariable. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alphavariable.com/blogs/news/garnet">"Garnet"</a>. <i>AlphaVariable</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resourcesandenergy.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/237845/Garnet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrial+Mineral+Opportunities+in+New+South+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resourcesandenergy.nsw.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0011%2F237845%2FGarnet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, <i>Manual of Mineralogy</i>, 20th ed., Wiley, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-80580-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-80580-7">0-471-80580-7</a></li> <li><i>Color Encyclopedia of Gemstones</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-20333-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-20333-0">0-442-20333-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnet&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Garnet" class="extiw" title="commons:Garnet"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Garnet</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Garnet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Garnet">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gemstonemagnetism.com">http://www.gemstonemagnetism.com</a> contains a comprehensive section about garnets and garnet magnetism.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gemstones/sp14-95/garnet.html">USGS Garnet locations – USA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://gemstone.org/education/gem-by-gem/154-garnet">http://gemstone.org/education/gem-by-gem/154-garnet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-10272.html">http://www.mindat.org/min-10272.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.loc.gov/law/2012/01/garnets/">Blog post on garnets</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a>'s blog</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.birthstone.guide/garnet-birthstone-meaning">https://www.birthstone.guide/garnet-birthstone-meaning</a> Garnet birthstone stories</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Gemstones" title="Template:Gemstones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gemstones" title="Template talk:Gemstones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gemstones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gemstones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gemstones420" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gemstones</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_gem" title="Cardinal gem">1st order</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Blue_sapphire" title="Sapphire">Blue Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl#Alexandrite" title="Chrysoberyl">Alexandrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl#Natural_pearls" title="Pearl">Natural marine pearls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>2nd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Pink_sapphires" title="Sapphire">Pink sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demantoid" title="Demantoid">Demantoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsavorite" title="Tsavorite">Tsavorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal#Precious_opal" title="Opal">Precious Black Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>3rd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Sapphires_of_other_colors" title="Sapphire">Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(gem)" title="Aquamarine (gem)">Aquamarine</a></li> <li>Orange <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a> (Imperial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbaite" title="Elbaite">Elbaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal#Other_varieties_of_opal" title="Opal">Precious White and Fire Opal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>4th order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a> – Verdelite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicolite">Indicolite</a>, polychromous</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heliodor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodor">Heliodor</a>, pink, yellow-green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a> yellow, blue, pink</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garnets</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spessartine" title="Spessartine">Spessartine</a> (malaya), <a href="/wiki/Rhodolite" title="Rhodolite">Rhodolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">Almandine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrope" title="Pyrope">Pyrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_quartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrine quartz">Citrine</a></li> <li>Blue <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewelry-Industrial<br />stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>1st order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazurite" title="Lazurite">Lazurite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeite" title="Jadeite">Jadeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">Nephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoprase" title="Chrysoprase">Chrysoprase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charoite" title="Charoite">Charoite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>2nd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodonite" title="Rhodonite">Rhodonite</a></li> <li>Colorless, <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Smoky_quartz" title="Quartz">smoky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Rose_quartz" title="Quartz">pink</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Hematite</a></li> <li>Common <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a></li> <li>Opaque iridescent <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_texture" title="Graphic texture">Graphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrified_wood" title="Petrified wood">Petrified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacholong" title="Cacholong">Cacholong</a> (Porouse <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>)</li> <li>Marble <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listwanite" title="Listwanite">Listwanite</a> (green mica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet (lignite)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)" title="Selenite (mineral)">Selenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verd_antique" title="Verd antique">Ophicalcite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagodite" title="Pagodite">Pagodite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_gemstones" title="List of individual gemstones">List of individual gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diamonds" title="List of diamonds">List of diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emeralds_by_size" title="List of emeralds by size">List of emeralds by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sapphires_by_size" title="List of sapphires by size">List of sapphires by size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species" title="List of gemstones by species">List of gemstones by species</a> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_chain" title="Jewellery chain">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelry_model" title="Jewelry model">Jewelry model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_(quartz)" title="Citrine (quartz)">Citrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105368#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1492" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105368#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1492" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105368#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4158023-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Garnet"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85053184">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grenat"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050469j">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grenat"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050469j">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574571">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007557906905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637270">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=26815">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garnet&oldid=1275742303">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garnet&oldid=1275742303</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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