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href="#Triborough_Bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Triborough Bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triborough_Bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brooklyn–Battery_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brooklyn–Battery_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Brooklyn–Battery link</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brooklyn–Battery_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_influence_of_urban_development_and_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_influence_of_urban_development_and_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Post-war influence of urban development and projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_influence_of_urban_development_and_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brooklyn_Dodgers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brooklyn_Dodgers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Brooklyn Dodgers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brooklyn_Dodgers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Moses_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Moses_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>End of the Moses era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Moses_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Power_Broker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Power_Broker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span><i>The Power Broker</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Power_Broker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appraisal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appraisal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Appraisal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appraisal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Appraisal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Appraisal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_The_Power_Broker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_The_Power_Broker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Criticism and <i>The Power Broker</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_The_Power_Broker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Racism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reappraisal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reappraisal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Reappraisal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reappraisal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Moses</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B3" title="روبرت موزس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت موزس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="روبرت حضرت موسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روبرت حضرت موسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Moses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Moses" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Moses" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Moses" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Moses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Moses" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robert Moses" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Ռոբերտ Մոզես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Մոզես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Moses" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A1" title="רוברט מוזס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט מוזס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ მოზესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ მოზესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="റോബെർട്ട് മോസെസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോബെർട്ട് മോസെസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89" title="روبرت موسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت موسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Moses" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ロバート・モーゼス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・モーゼス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Moses" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Moses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Moses" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Роберт Мозес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Мозес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF" title="羅伯·摩斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅伯·摩斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1111386#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Robert Moses, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Robert Moses (disambiguation)">Robert Moses (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Robert Moses</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Moses_with_Battery_Bridge_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Robert_Moses_with_Battery_Bridge_model.jpg/220px-Robert_Moses_with_Battery_Bridge_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Robert_Moses_with_Battery_Bridge_model.jpg/330px-Robert_Moses_with_Battery_Bridge_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Robert_Moses_with_Battery_Bridge_model.jpg/440px-Robert_Moses_with_Battery_Bridge_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="2067" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Moses in 1939 with a model of his proposed <a href="/wiki/Battery_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery Bridge">Battery Bridge</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">49th <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_New_York" title="Secretary of State of New York">Secretary of State of New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 17, 1927 – January 1, 1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._S._Knapp" title="Florence E. S. Knapp">Florence E. S. Knapp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Edward J. Flynn</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation#NYS_Council_of_Parks" title="New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation">New York State Council of Parks</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1924–1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laurance_Rockefeller" title="Laurance Rockefeller">Laurance Rockefeller</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation#List_of_Park_Commissioners" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">Commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 18, 1934 – May 23, 1960</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiorello H. La Guardia">Fiorello H. La Guardia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Dwyer" title="William O'Dwyer">William O'Dwyer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_R._Impellitteri" title="Vincent R. Impellitteri">Vincent R. Impellitteri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Robert F. Wagner Jr.</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Newbold_Morris" title="Newbold Morris">Newbold Morris</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-12-18</span>)</span>December 18, 1888<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 29, 1981<span style="display:none">(1981-07-29)</span> (aged 92)<br /><a href="/wiki/West_Islip,_New_York" title="West Islip, New York">West Islip, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)" title="Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)">Woodlawn Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx</a>, New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mary Sims</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1915; died 1966)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Mary Alicia Grady</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1966)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford" title="Wadham College, Oxford">Wadham College, Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Moses</b> (December 18, 1888 – July 29, 1981) was an American <a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">urban planner</a> and public official who worked in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a> during the early to mid-20th century. Moses is regarded as one of the most powerful and influential people in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">history of New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York State</a>. The grand scale of his infrastructure projects and his philosophy of urban development influenced a generation of engineers, architects, and urban planners across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Never elected to any office, Moses held various positions throughout his more-than-40-year career. He held as many as 12 titles at once, including <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Parks_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Parks Commissioner">New York City Parks Commissioner</a> and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_State_Park_Commission" title="Long Island State Park Commission">Long Island State Park Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By working closely with New York governor <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> early in his career, he became expert in writing laws and navigating and manipulating the workings of state government. He created and led numerous semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Public_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Public authority">public authorities</a>, through which he controlled millions of dollars in revenue and directly issued <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> to fund new ventures with little outside input or oversight. </p><p>Moses's projects transformed the New York area and revolutionized the way cities in the U.S. were designed and built. As Long Island State Park Commissioner, Moses oversaw the construction of <a href="/wiki/Jones_Beach_State_Park" title="Jones Beach State Park">Jones Beach State Park</a>, the most-visited public beach in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_Beach_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_Beach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the primary architect of the <a href="/wiki/Parkways_in_New_York" title="Parkways in New York">New York State Parkway System</a>. As head of the <a href="/wiki/MTA_Bridges_and_Tunnels" title="MTA Bridges and Tunnels">Triborough Bridge Authority</a>, Moses had near-complete control over bridges and tunnels in New York City as well as the tolls collected from them; he built, among others, the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge" title="Robert F. Kennedy Bridge">Triborough Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Battery_Tunnel" title="Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel">Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Throgs_Neck_Bridge" title="Throgs Neck Bridge">Throgs Neck Bridge</a>, as well as several major highways. These roadways and bridges, alongside <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> efforts that destroyed huge swaths of tenement housing and replaced them with large <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Housing_Authority" title="New York City Housing Authority">public housing projects</a>, transformed the physical fabric of New York and inspired other cities to undertake similar development endeavors. </p><p>Moses's reputation declined after the publication of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Robert Caro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning biography <i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker</a></i> (1974), which cast doubt on the purported benefits of many of Moses's projects and further cast Moses as racist. In large part because of <i>The Power Broker</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moses is today considered a controversial figure in the history of New York City as well as New York State. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moses was born in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, on December 18, 1888, to parents of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jewish</a> descent, Isabella “Bella” (Cohen) and Emanuel Moses.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro197425_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro197425-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent the first nine years of his life living at 83 Dwight Street in New Haven, two blocks from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. In 1897, the Moses family moved to New York City,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro197429_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro197429-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they lived on East 46th Street off Fifth Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moses's father was a successful department store owner and <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> speculator in New Haven. In order for the family to move to New York City, he sold his real estate holdings and store, then retired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro197429_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro197429-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moses's mother was active in the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">settlement movement</a>, with her own love of building. Robert Moses and his brother Paul attended several schools for their elementary and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dwight_School" title="Dwight School">Dwight School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mohegan_Lake,_New_York#Historic_places" title="Mohegan Lake, New York">Mohegan Lake School</a>, a military academy near <a href="/wiki/Peekskill,_New_York" title="Peekskill, New York">Peekskill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro197435_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro197435-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a> (B.A., 1909) and <a href="/wiki/Wadham_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadham College">Wadham College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> (B.A., Jurisprudence, 1911; M.A., 1913), and earning a Ph.D. in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1914, Moses became attracted to New York City reform politics.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Moses_gubernatorial_election_poster,_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Robert_Moses_gubernatorial_election_poster%2C_1934.jpg/180px-Robert_Moses_gubernatorial_election_poster%2C_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Robert_Moses_gubernatorial_election_poster%2C_1934.jpg/270px-Robert_Moses_gubernatorial_election_poster%2C_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Robert_Moses_gubernatorial_election_poster%2C_1934.jpg/360px-Robert_Moses_gubernatorial_election_poster%2C_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>After losing his <a href="/wiki/1934_New_York_state_election" title="1934 New York state election">campaign for governor in 1934</a>, Moses never again sought elected office</figcaption></figure> <p>At the start a committed <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealist</a>, Moses developed several plans to rid New York of <a href="/wiki/Patronage#Politics" title="Patronage">patronage hiring</a> practices, including authoring a 1919 proposal to reorganize the New York state government, which was ultimately not adopted but drew the attention of <a href="/wiki/Belle_Moskowitz" title="Belle Moskowitz">Belle Moskowitz</a>, a friend and trusted advisor to Governor <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the state <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_New_York" title="Secretary of State of New York">Secretary of State's</a> position became appointive rather than elective, Smith named Moses. He served from 1927 to 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moses rose to power with Smith, who was elected as governor in 1918, and then again in 1922. With Smith's support, Moses set in motion a sweeping consolidation of the New York State government. During that period Moses began his first foray into large-scale public work initiatives, while drawing on Smith's political power to enact legislation. This helped create the new <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_State_Park_Commission" title="Long Island State Park Commission">Long Island State Park Commission</a> and the State Council of Parks.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, Governor Smith appointed Moses chairman of the State Council of Parks and president of the Long Island State Park Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This centralization allowed Smith to run a government later used as a model for Franklin D. Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> federal government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2022)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> Moses also received numerous commissions that he carried out efficiently, such as the development of <a href="/wiki/Jones_Beach_State_Park" title="Jones Beach State Park">Jones Beach State Park</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Displaying a strong command of <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> as well as matters of <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, Moses became known for his skill in drafting legislation, and was called "the best bill drafter in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a time when the public was accustomed to <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> corruption and incompetence, Moses was seen as a savior of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt's</a> <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">inauguration</a> in 1933, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal government">federal government</a> found itself with millions of <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> dollars to spend, yet states and cities had few projects ready. Moses was one of the few local officials who had projects <a href="/wiki/Shovel_ready" title="Shovel ready">shovel ready</a>. For that reason, New York City was able to obtain significant <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> (WPA), <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> (CCC), and other Depression-era funding. One of his most influential and longest-lasting positions was that of Parks Commissioner of New York City, a role he served from January 18, 1934, to May 23, 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offices_held">Offices held</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Offices held"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The many offices and professional titles that Moses held gave him unusually broad power to shape urban development in the New York metropolitan region. These include, according to the New York Preservation Archive Project:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_State_Park_Commission" title="Long Island State Park Commission">Long Island State Park Commission</a> (President, 1924–1963)</li> <li>New York State Council of Parks (Chairman, 1924–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_New_York" title="Secretary of State of New York">New York Secretary of State</a> (1927–1929)</li> <li>Bethpage State Park Authority (President, 1933–1963)</li> <li>Emergency Public Works Commission (Chairman, 1933–1934)</li> <li>Jones Beach Parkway Authority (President, 1933–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">New York City Department of Parks</a> (Commissioner, 1934–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge">Triborough Bridge</a> and Tunnel Authority (Chairman, 1934–1968)</li> <li>New York City Planning Commission (Commissioner, 1942–1960)</li> <li>New York State Power Authority (Chairman, 1954–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">New York's World Fair</a> (President, 1960–1966)</li> <li>Office of the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (Special Advisor on Housing, 1974–1975)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1920s, Moses sparred with <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, then head of the Taconic State Park Commission, who favored the prompt construction of a <a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">parkway</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a>. Moses succeeded in diverting funds to his Long Island parkway projects (the <a href="/wiki/Northern_State_Parkway" title="Northern State Parkway">Northern State Parkway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_State_Parkway" title="Southern State Parkway">Southern State Parkway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wantagh_State_Parkway" title="Wantagh State Parkway">Wantagh State Parkway</a>), although the <a href="/wiki/Taconic_State_Parkway" title="Taconic State Parkway">Taconic State Parkway</a> was later completed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moses helped build Long Island's <a href="/wiki/Meadowbrook_State_Parkway" title="Meadowbrook State Parkway">Meadowbrook State Parkway</a>. It was the first fully divided limited access highway in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1991_339_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard_1991_339-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moses was a highly influential figure in the initiation of many of the reforms that restructured New York state's government during the 1920s. A 'Reconstruction Commission' headed by Moses produced a highly influential report that provided recommendations that would largely be adopted, including the consolidation of 187 existing agencies under 18 departments, a new executive budget system, and the four-year term limit for the governorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974106,_260_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974106,_260-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WPA_swimming_pools">WPA swimming pools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: WPA swimming pools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression</a>, Moses, along with Mayor <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiorello H. La Guardia">Fiorello H. La Guardia</a>, was especially interested in creating new pools and other bathing facilities, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Riis_Park" title="Jacob Riis Park">Jacob Riis Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jones_Beach_State_Park" title="Jones Beach State Park">Jones Beach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orchard_Beach_(Bronx)" title="Orchard Beach (Bronx)">Orchard Beach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NY1930_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY1930-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caro456_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caro456-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He devised a list of 23 pools around the city.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pools would be built using funds from the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> (WPA), a federal agency created as part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> to combat the Depression's negative effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Caro456_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caro456-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nydn19340723_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nydn19340723-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eleven of these pools were to be designed concurrently and open in 1936. These comprised ten pools at <a href="/wiki/Astoria_Park" title="Astoria Park">Astoria Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Head_Park" title="Betsy Head Park">Betsy Head Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crotona_Park" title="Crotona Park">Crotona Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_Park" title="Hamilton Fish Park">Hamilton Fish Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highbridge_Park" title="Highbridge Park">Highbridge Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Park" title="Thomas Jefferson Park">Thomas Jefferson Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCarren_Park" title="McCarren Park">McCarren Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hook_Park" title="Red Hook Park">Red Hook Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Park" title="Jackie Robinson Park">Jackie Robinson Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park_(Brooklyn_park)" title="Sunset Park (Brooklyn park)">Sunset Park</a>, as well as a standalone facility at <a href="/wiki/Tompkinsville_Pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Tompkinsville Pool">Tompkinsville Pool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Parks_Pools_History_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Parks_Pools_History-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moses, along with architects <a href="/wiki/Aymar_Embury_II" title="Aymar Embury II">Aymar Embury II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilmore_David_Clarke" title="Gilmore David Clarke">Gilmore David Clarke</a>, created a common design for these proposed aquatic centers. Each location was to have distinct pools for diving, swimming, and wading; bleachers and viewing areas; and bathhouses with locker rooms that could be used as gymnasiums. The pools were to have several common features, such as a minimum 55-yard (50 m) length, underwater lighting, heating, filtration, and low-cost construction materials. To fit the requirement for cheap materials, each building would be built using elements of the <a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> architectural styles. The buildings would also be near "comfort stations", additional playgrounds, and spruced-up landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Parks_Pools_History_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Parks_Pools_History-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Construction for some of the 11 pools began in October 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-1936, ten of the eleven WPA-funded pools were completed and were being opened at a rate of one per week.<sup id="cite_ref-Caro456_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caro456-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined, the facilities could accommodate 66,000 swimmers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eleven WPA pools were considered for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_designated_landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City designated landmark">New York City landmark</a> status in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten of the pools were designated as New York City landmarks in 2007 and 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moses allegedly fought to keep African American swimmers out of his pools and beaches. One subordinate remembers Moses saying the pools should be kept a few degrees colder, allegedly because Moses believed African Americans did not like cold water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974318–319_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974318–319-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_crossings">Water crossings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Water crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Triborough_Bridge">Triborough Bridge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Triborough Bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg/290px-Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg/435px-Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg/580px-Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Part of the Triborough Bridge (left) with <a href="/wiki/Astoria_Park" title="Astoria Park">Astoria Park</a> and its pool in the center</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Moses had power over the construction of all <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Housing_Authority" title="New York City Housing Authority">New York City Housing Authority</a> public housing projects and headed many other entities, it was his chairmanship of the <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge_and_Tunnel_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority">Triborough Bridge Authority</a> that gave him the most power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Triborough Bridge (later officially renamed the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge" title="Robert F. Kennedy Bridge">Robert F. Kennedy Bridge</a>) opened in 1936, connecting <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> via three separate spans. Language in its Authority's <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bond</a> contracts and multi-year Commissioner appointments made it largely impervious to pressure from mayors and governors. While New York City and New York State were perpetually strapped for money, the bridge's toll revenues amounted to tens of millions of dollars a year. The Authority was thus able to raise hundreds of millions of dollars by selling bonds, a method also used by the <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority of New York and New Jersey</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to fund large public construction projects. Toll revenues rose quickly as traffic on the bridges exceeded all projections. Rather than pay off the bonds, Moses used the revenue to build other toll projects, a cycle that would feed on itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Nexus_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nexus-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brooklyn–Battery_link"><span id="Brooklyn.E2.80.93Battery_link"></span>Brooklyn–Battery link</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brooklyn–Battery link"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1930s a municipal controversy raged over whether an additional vehicular link between Brooklyn and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> should be built as a bridge or a tunnel. Bridges can be wider and cheaper to build, but taller and longer bridges use more ramp space at landfall than tunnels do.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "Brooklyn Battery Bridge" would have decimated <a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Manhattan)" title="The Battery (Manhattan)">Battery Park</a> and physically encroached on the financial district, and for this reason, the bridge was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">Regional Plan Association</a>, historical preservationists, <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> financial interests, property owners, various high society people, <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">unions</a>, the Manhattan <a href="/wiki/Borough_president" title="Borough president">borough president</a>, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_LaGuardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiorello LaGuardia">Fiorello LaGuardia</a>, and governor <a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Herbert H. Lehman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Moses favored a bridge, which could both carry more automobile traffic and serve as a higher visibility monument than a tunnel. LaGuardia and Lehman as usual had little money to spend, in part due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, while the federal government was running low on funds after recently spending $105 million ($1.8 billion in 2016) on the <a href="/wiki/Queens-Midtown_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens-Midtown Tunnel">Queens-Midtown Tunnel</a> and other City projects and refused to provide any additional funds to New York.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Awash in funds from Triborough Bridge tolls, Moses deemed that money could only be spent on a bridge. He also clashed with the chief engineer of the project, <a href="/wiki/Ole_Singstad" title="Ole Singstad">Ole Singstad</a>, who preferred a tunnel instead of a bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only a lack of a key federal approval thwarted the bridge project. President Roosevelt ordered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> to assert that <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">bombing</a> a bridge in that location would block <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> access to the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard" title="Brooklyn Navy Yard">Brooklyn Navy Yard</a> upstream. Thwarted, Moses dismantled the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Aquarium" title="New York Aquarium">New York Aquarium</a> on <a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Clinton</a> and moved it to <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> in Brooklyn, where it grew much bigger. This was in apparent retaliation, based on specious claims that the proposed tunnel would undermine Castle Clinton's foundation. He also attempted to raze Castle Clinton itself, the historic fort surviving only after being transferred to the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moses now had no other option for a trans-river crossing than to build a tunnel. He commissioned the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel (now officially the <a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Carey_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Carey Tunnel">Hugh L. Carey Tunnel</a>), a tunnel connecting Brooklyn to <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>. A 1941 publication from the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority claimed that the government had forced them to build a tunnel at "twice the cost, twice the operating fees, twice the difficulty to engineer, and half the traffic," although engineering studies did not support these conclusions, and a tunnel may have held many of the advantages Moses publicly tried to attach to the bridge option.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This had not been the first time Moses pressed for a bridge over a tunnel. He had tried to upstage the Tunnel Authority when the <a href="/wiki/Queens-Midtown_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens-Midtown Tunnel">Queens-Midtown Tunnel</a> was being planned.<sup id="cite_ref-nycroads.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nycroads.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had raised the same arguments, which failed due to their lack of political support.<sup id="cite_ref-nycroads.com_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nycroads.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_influence_of_urban_development_and_projects">Post-war influence of urban development and projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-war influence of urban development and projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_HQ_-_New_York_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/United_Nations_HQ_-_New_York_City.jpg/290px-United_Nations_HQ_-_New_York_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/United_Nations_HQ_-_New_York_City.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">headquarters of the United Nations</a> in New York City, viewed from the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat_Building" title="United Nations Secretariat Building">Secretariat Building</a> is on the left and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">General Assembly Building</a> is the low structure to the right of the tower. This set of buildings straddles the <a href="/wiki/FDR_Drive" title="FDR Drive">FDR Drive</a>, another of Moses's creations.</figcaption></figure> <p>Moses's power increased after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> after Mayor LaGuardia retired and a series of successors consented to almost all of his proposals. Named city "construction coordinator" in 1946 by Mayor <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Dwyer" title="William O'Dwyer">William O'Dwyer</a>, Moses became New York City's <i>de facto</i> representative in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>. Moses was also given powers over <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Housing_Authority" title="New York City Housing Authority">public housing</a> that had eluded him under LaGuardia. When O'Dwyer was forced to resign in disgrace and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_R._Impellitteri" title="Vincent R. Impellitteri">Vincent R. Impellitteri</a>, Moses was able to assume even greater behind-the-scenes control over <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> projects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Moses's first steps after Impellitteri took office was halting the creation of a citywide Comprehensive Zoning Plan underway since 1938 that would have curtailed his nearly unlimited power to build within the city and removed the Zoning Commissioner from power in the process. Moses was also empowered as the sole authority to negotiate in Washington for New York City projects. By 1959, he had overseen construction of 28,000 apartment units on hundreds of acres of land. In clearing the land for high-rises in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Towers_in_the_park" title="Towers in the park">towers in the park</a> concept, which at that time was seen as innovative and beneficial by leaving more grassy areas between high-rises, Moses sometimes destroyed almost as many housing units as he built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1930s to the 1960s, Robert Moses was responsible for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge">Triborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Parkway%E2%80%93Gil_Hodges_Memorial_Bridge" title="Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge">Marine Parkway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Throgs_Neck_Bridge" title="Throgs Neck Bridge">Throgs Neck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronx-Whitestone_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx-Whitestone Bridge">Bronx-Whitestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Bridge" title="Henry Hudson Bridge">Henry Hudson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verrazzano-Narrows_Bridge" title="Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge">Verrazzano-Narrows Bridges</a>. His other projects included the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn-Queens_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn-Queens Expressway">Brooklyn-Queens Expressway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Staten Island Expressway">Staten Island Expressway</a> (together constituting most of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_278" title="Interstate 278">Interstate 278</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Cross-Bronx_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Bronx Expressway">Cross-Bronx Expressway</a>; many New York State <a href="/wiki/Parkway_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkway (New York)">parkways</a>; and other highways. Federal interest had shifted from parkway to <a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">freeway</a> systems, and the new roads mostly conformed to the new vision, lacking the landscaping or the commercial traffic restrictions of the pre-war highways. He was the mover behind <a href="/wiki/Shea_Stadium" title="Shea Stadium">Shea Stadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Center" title="Lincoln Center">Lincoln Center</a>, and contributed to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations headquarters">United Nations headquarters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 25, 1950, Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> appointed Moses along with former Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Robert P. Patterson</a> and former Justice <a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Lockwood" title="Charles C. Lockwood">Charles C. Lockwood</a> as a member of the Temporary Long Island Railroad Commission, installed after the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Hill_train_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond Hill train crash">Richmond Hill train crash</a> on November 22, 1950, that claimed 79 lives.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt261150_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt261150-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commission recommended the state purchase and operation by non-profit public authority of the railway service.<sup id="cite_ref-gdt080351_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdt080351-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moses had influence outside the New York area as well. Public officials in many smaller American cities hired him to design freeway networks in the 1940s and early 1950s. For example, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a> hired Moses in 1943; his plan included a loop around the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Portland">city center</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Spur_route" title="Spur route">spurs</a> running through neighborhoods. Of this plan, only <a href="/wiki/Interstate_405_(Oregon)" title="Interstate 405 (Oregon)">I-405</a>, its links with <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5_in_Oregon" title="Interstate 5 in Oregon">I-5</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fremont_Bridge_(Portland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fremont Bridge (Portland)">Fremont Bridge</a> were built.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moses himself did not know how to drive an automobile.<sup id="cite_ref-asimov_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asimov-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moses's highways in the first half of the 20th century were parkways—curving, landscaped "ribbon parks" that were intended to be pleasures to travel on, as well as "lungs for the city". However, <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">post–World War II economic expansion</a>, and notion of the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_city" title="Automotive city">automotive city</a>, led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">freeways</a>, most notably in the form of the vast, federally funded <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brooklyn_Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Brooklyn Dodgers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the owner of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Brooklyn_Dodgers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_O%27Malley" title="Walter O'Malley">Walter O'Malley</a>, sought to replace the outdated and dilapidated <a href="/wiki/Ebbets_Field" title="Ebbets Field">Ebbets Field</a>, he proposed building a <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers_proposed_domed_stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Dodgers proposed domed stadium">new stadium</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a> on the corner of Atlantic Avenue and Flatbush Avenue (next to the present-day <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Center" title="Barclays Center">Barclays Center</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Nets" title="Brooklyn Nets">Brooklyn Nets</a>). O'Malley urged Moses to help him secure the property through eminent domain, but Moses refused, having already decided to build a parking garage on the site. Moreover, O'Malley's proposal — to have the city acquire the property for several times as much as he had originally said he was willing to pay — was rejected by both pro- and anti-Moses officials, newspapers, and the public, as an unacceptable government subsidy of a private business enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moses envisioned New York's newest stadium being built in Queens' <a href="/wiki/Flushing_Meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Flushing Meadows">Flushing Meadows</a> on the former (and as it turned out, future) site of the <a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">World's Fair</a>, where it would eventually host all three of the city's major league teams of the day. O'Malley vehemently opposed that plan, citing the team's Brooklyn identity. Moses refused to budge and, after the 1957 season, the Dodgers left for <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and the New York Giants left for <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moses was later able to build the 55,000-seat multi-purpose <a href="/wiki/Shea_Stadium" title="Shea Stadium">Shea Stadium</a> on the site. Construction ran from October 1961 to its delayed completion in April 1964. The stadium attracted an expansion franchise, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a>, who played at Shea until 2008, when the stadium was demolished and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Citi_Field" title="Citi Field">Citi Field</a>. The NFL's <a href="/wiki/New_York_Jets" title="New York Jets">New York Jets</a> also played its home games at Shea from 1964 until 1983, after which the team moved its home games to the <a href="/wiki/Meadowlands_Sports_Complex" title="Meadowlands Sports Complex">Meadowlands Sports Complex</a> in New Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Moses_era">End of the Moses era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: End of the Moses era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unisphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Unisphere.jpg/290px-Unisphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Unisphere.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>View of the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair as seen from the observation towers of the New York State pavilion. The Fair's symbol, the <a href="/wiki/Unisphere" title="Unisphere">Unisphere</a>, is the central image.</figcaption></figure> <p>Moses's reputation began to fade during the 1960s. Around this time, Moses's political acumen began to fail him, as he unwisely picked several controversial political battles he could not possibly win. For example, his campaign against the free <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">Shakespeare in the Park</a> program received much negative publicity, and his effort to destroy a shaded playground in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> to make way for a parking lot for the expensive <a href="/wiki/Tavern_on_the_Green" title="Tavern on the Green">Tavern-on-the-Green</a> restaurant earned him many enemies among the middle-class voters of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:30_years_of_progress,_1934-1964_-_Department_of_Parks_-_300th_anniversary_of_the_City_of_New_York_-_New_York_World%27s_Fair._(1964)_(16478136350).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/30_years_of_progress%2C_1934-1964_-_Department_of_Parks_-_300th_anniversary_of_the_City_of_New_York_-_New_York_World%27s_Fair._%281964%29_%2816478136350%29.jpg/220px-30_years_of_progress%2C_1934-1964_-_Department_of_Parks_-_300th_anniversary_of_the_City_of_New_York_-_New_York_World%27s_Fair._%281964%29_%2816478136350%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/30_years_of_progress%2C_1934-1964_-_Department_of_Parks_-_300th_anniversary_of_the_City_of_New_York_-_New_York_World%27s_Fair._%281964%29_%2816478136350%29.jpg/330px-30_years_of_progress%2C_1934-1964_-_Department_of_Parks_-_300th_anniversary_of_the_City_of_New_York_-_New_York_World%27s_Fair._%281964%29_%2816478136350%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/30_years_of_progress%2C_1934-1964_-_Department_of_Parks_-_300th_anniversary_of_the_City_of_New_York_-_New_York_World%27s_Fair._%281964%29_%2816478136350%29.jpg/440px-30_years_of_progress%2C_1934-1964_-_Department_of_Parks_-_300th_anniversary_of_the_City_of_New_York_-_New_York_World%27s_Fair._%281964%29_%2816478136350%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="3306" /></a><figcaption>A 1964 Parks Department map showing numerous Robert Moses projects, including several highways that went unbuilt or were only partially completed.</figcaption></figure> <p>The opposition reached a climax over the demolition of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(former_building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (former building)">Pennsylvania Station</a>, which many attributed to the "development scheme" mentality cultivated by Moses<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though it was the impoverished <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> that was actually responsible for the demolition.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nation_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nation-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This casual destruction of one of New York's greatest architectural landmarks helped prompt many city residents to turn against Moses's plans to build a <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Manhattan Expressway">Lower Manhattan Expressway</a>, which would have gone through <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> and what is now <a href="/wiki/SoHo" class="mw-redirect" title="SoHo">SoHo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plan and the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Manhattan_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Manhattan Expressway">Mid-Manhattan Expressway</a> both failed politically. One of his most vocal critics during this time was the urban activist <a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a>, whose book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_and_Life_of_Great_American_Cities" title="The Death and Life of Great American Cities">The Death and Life of Great American Cities</a></i> was instrumental in turning opinion against Moses's plans; the city government rejected the expressway in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moses's power was further eroded by his association with the <a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964 New York World's Fair</a>. His projections for attendance of 70 million people for this event proved wildly optimistic, and generous contracts for fair executives and contractors made matters worse economically. Moses's repeated and forceful public denials of the fair's considerable financial difficulties in the face of evidence to the contrary eventually provoked press and governmental investigations, which found accounting irregularities.<sup id="cite_ref-Nexus_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nexus-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his organization of the fair, Moses's reputation was now undermined by the same personal character traits that had worked in his favor in the past: disdain for the opinions of others and high-handed attempts to get his way in moments of conflict by turning to the press. The fact that the fair was not sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Expositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of International Expositions">Bureau of International Expositions</a> (BIE), the worldwide body supervising such events, would be devastating to the success of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moses refused to accept BIE requirements, including a restriction against charging ground rents to exhibitors, and the BIE in turn instructed its member nations not to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-learn.columbia_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-learn.columbia-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States had already staged the sanctioned <a href="/wiki/Century_21_Exposition" title="Century 21 Exposition">Century 21 Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle</a> in 1962. According to the rules of the organization, no one nation could host more than one fair in a decade. The major European democracies, as well as Canada, Australia, and the Soviet Union, were all BIE members and they declined to participate, instead reserving their efforts for <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 67</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge-_The_Beginning_(15097870444).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge-_The_Beginning_%2815097870444%29.jpg/220px-Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge-_The_Beginning_%2815097870444%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge-_The_Beginning_%2815097870444%29.jpg/330px-Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge-_The_Beginning_%2815097870444%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge-_The_Beginning_%2815097870444%29.jpg/440px-Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge-_The_Beginning_%2815097870444%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Robert Moses gives a salute after the ribbon-cutting ceremony to open the <a href="/wiki/Verrazzano-Narrows_Bridge" title="Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge">Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge</a> on November 21, 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>After the World's Fair debacle, New York City mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a>, along with Governor <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, sought to direct toll revenues from the <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge_and_Tunnel_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority">Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority</a>'s (TBTA) bridges and tunnels to cover deficits in the city's then financially ailing agencies, including the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">subway system</a>. Moses opposed this idea and fought to prevent it.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nation_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nation-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lindsay then removed Moses from his post as the city's chief advocate for federal highway money in Washington. </p><p>The legislature's vote to fold the TBTA into the newly created <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a> (MTA) could have led to a lawsuit by the TBTA bondholders. Since the bond contracts were written into state law, it was unconstitutional to impair existing contractual obligations, as the bondholders had the right of approval over such actions. The largest holder of TBTA bonds, and thus agent for all the others, was the <a href="/wiki/Chase_Manhattan_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Manhattan Bank">Chase Manhattan Bank</a>, headed then by <a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a>, the governor's brother. No suit was filed. Moses could have directed TBTA to go to court against the action, but having been promised a role in the merged authority, Moses declined to challenge the merger. On March 1, 1968, the TBTA was folded into the MTA and Moses gave up his post as chairman of the TBTA. He eventually became a consultant to the MTA, but its new chairman and the governor froze him out—the promised role did not materialize, and for all practical purposes Moses was out of power.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moses had thought he had convinced Nelson Rockefeller of the need for one last great bridge project, a span <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Island Crossing">crossing Long Island Sound</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rye_(town),_New_York" title="Rye (town), New York">Rye</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oyster_Bay_(hamlet),_New_York" title="Oyster Bay (hamlet), New York">Oyster Bay</a>. Rockefeller did not press for the project in the late 1960s through 1970, fearing public backlash among suburban Republicans would hinder his re-election prospects. A 1972 study found the bridge was fiscally prudent and could be environmentally manageable (according to the comparatively low environmental impact parameters of that period), but the anti-development sentiment was now insurmountable and in 1973 Rockefeller canceled plans for the bridge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Power_Broker"><i>The Power Broker</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Power Broker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?112640-1/power-broker-robert-moses">Presentation by Robert Caro on Robert Moses and urban development at the Brookings Institution, September 28, 1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker</a></div> <p>Moses's image suffered a further blow in 1974 with the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>–winning biography by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Caro" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Caro">Robert A. Caro</a>. Caro's 1,200-page opus (edited down from 2,000 or so pages) showed Moses generally in a negative light; essayist <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Lopate" title="Phillip Lopate">Phillip Lopate</a> writes that "Moses's satanic reputation with the public can be traced, in the main, to ... Caro's magnificent biography".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Caro describes Moses's lack of sensitivity in the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Cross-Bronx_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Bronx Expressway">Cross-Bronx Expressway</a>, and how he disfavored <a href="/wiki/Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit">public transit</a>. Much of Moses's reputation is attributable to Caro, whose book won both the Pulitzer Prize in Biography in 1975 and the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman_Prize" title="Francis Parkman Prize">Francis Parkman Prize</a> (which is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_American_Historians" title="Society of American Historians">Society of American Historians</a>), and was named one of the 100 greatest non-fiction books of the twentieth century by the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-learn.columbia_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-learn.columbia-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon its publication, Moses denounced the biography in a 23-page statement, to which Caro replied to defend his work's integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-Boeing2017Moses_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeing2017Moses-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caro's depiction of Moses's life gives him full credit for his early achievements, showing, for example, how he conceived and created Jones Beach and the New York State Park system, but also shows how Moses's desire for power came to be more important to him than his earlier dreams. Moses is blamed for having destroyed more than a score of neighborhoods by building 13 expressways across New York City and by building large <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> projects with little regard for the urban fabric or for human scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the author is more neutral in his central premise: the city would have developed much differently without Moses. Other U.S. cities were doing the same thing as New York in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s; <a href="/wiki/Central_Artery" title="Central Artery">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embarcadero_Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Embarcadero Freeway">San Francisco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Way_Viaduct" title="Alaskan Way Viaduct">Seattle</a>, for instance, each built highways straight through their downtown areas just as Moses wished to do in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New York City architectural <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> of the 1940s and 1950s, who largely believed in such proponents of the automobile as <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mies van der Rohe">Mies van der Rohe</a>, had supported Moses. Many other cities, like <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, also built massive, unattractive public housing projects.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caro also points out that Moses <a href="#Racism">demonstrated racist tendencies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974510,_514_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974510,_514-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These allegedly included opposing black World War II veterans to move into a residential complex specifically designed for these veterans,<sup id="cite_ref-nyplmoses_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyplmoses-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> and purportedly trying to make swimming pool water cold in order to drive away potential African American residents in white neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt2cities_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2cities-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People had come to see Moses as a bully who disregarded public input, but until the publication of Caro's book, they had not known many details of his private life—for instance, that his older brother Paul had spent much of his life in poverty. Moses was said to have blocked Paul, an engineer, from being hired for any public service jobs including major infrastructure projects that Moses himself had spearheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul, whom Caro interviewed shortly before the former's death, claimed Robert had exerted undue influence on their mother to change her will in Robert's favor shortly before her death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caro notes that Paul was on bad terms with their mother over a long period and she may have changed the will of her own accord, and implies that Robert's subsequent treatment of Paul may have been legally justifiable but was morally questionable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Moses_Crypt_1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Robert_Moses_Crypt_1024.jpg/220px-Robert_Moses_Crypt_1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Robert_Moses_Crypt_1024.jpg/330px-Robert_Moses_Crypt_1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Robert_Moses_Crypt_1024.jpg/440px-Robert_Moses_Crypt_1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>The crypt of Robert Moses</figcaption></figure> <p>During the last years of his life, Moses concentrated on his lifelong love of <a href="/wiki/Human_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Human swimming">swimming</a> and was an active member of the Colonie Hill Health Club. </p><p>Moses died of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a> on July 29, 1981, at the age of 92 at <a href="/wiki/Good_Samaritan_Hospital_(West_Islip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Samaritan Hospital (West Islip)">Good Samaritan Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Islip,_New_York" title="West Islip, New York">West Islip, New York</a>. </p><p>Moses was of Jewish origin and raised in a <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a> manner inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Ethical_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical Culture">Ethical Culture</a> movement of the late 19th century. He was a convert to Christianity<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was interred in a crypt in an outdoor community mausoleum in <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx">Woodlawn Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx,_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bronx, New York City">The Bronx, New York City</a> following services at St. Peter's by-the-Sea Episcopal Church in <a href="/wiki/Bay_Shore,_New_York" title="Bay Shore, New York">Bay Shore, New York</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various locations and roadways in New York State bear Moses's name. These include two state parks, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses_State_Park_%E2%80%93_Thousand_Islands" title="Robert Moses State Park – Thousand Islands">Robert Moses State Park – Thousand Islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massena_(village),_New_York" title="Massena (village), New York">Massena, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses_State_Park" title="Robert Moses State Park">Robert Moses State Park – Long Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses_Causeway" title="Robert Moses Causeway">Robert Moses Causeway</a> on Long Island, and the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses_Niagara_Power_Plant" title="Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant">Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Scenic_Parkway" title="Niagara Scenic Parkway">Niagara Scenic Parkway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls, New York</a> was originally named the Robert Moses State Parkway in his honor; its name was changed in 2016. The <a href="/wiki/Moses-Saunders_Power_Dam" title="Moses-Saunders Power Dam">Moses-Saunders Power Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massena,_New_York" title="Massena, New York">Massena, New York</a> also bears his name. Moses also has a school named after him in <a href="/wiki/North_Babylon,_New_York" title="North Babylon, New York">North Babylon, New York</a> on Long Island; there is also a <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses_Playground" title="Robert Moses Playground">Robert Moses Playground</a> in New York City. There are other signs of the surviving appreciation held for him by some circles of the public. A statue of Moses was erected next to the <a href="/wiki/Village_hall" title="Village hall">Village Hall</a> in his long-time hometown, <a href="/wiki/Babylon_(village),_New_York" title="Babylon (village), New York">Babylon Village, New York</a>. </p><p>During his tenure as chief of the state park system, the state's inventory of parks grew to nearly 2,600,000 acres (1,100,000 ha). By the time he left office, he had built 658 playgrounds in New York City alone, plus 416 miles (669 km) of parkways and 13 bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportion of <a href="/wiki/New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations" title="New York state public-benefit corporations">public benefit corporations</a> is greater in New York than in any other <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a>, however, making them the prime mode of infrastructure building and maintenance in New York and accounting for 90% of the state's debt.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appraisal">Appraisal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Appraisal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_and_The_Power_Broker">Criticism and <i>The Power Broker</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism and The Power Broker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Power_Broker_book_cover.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Power_Broker_book_cover.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-The_Power_Broker_book_cover.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Power_Broker_book_cover.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-The_Power_Broker_book_cover.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Power_Broker_book_cover.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-The_Power_Broker_book_cover.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2841" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <i>The Power Broker</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Moses's life was most famously characterized in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Robert Caro</a>'s 1974 award-winning biography <i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker</a></i>. </p><p>The book highlighted his practice of starting projects certain to cost more than the initial funding approved by the New York State legislature, knowing the legislature would eventually have to fund the full project to avoid appearing to have provided ineffective oversight (<span style="padding-right:0.15em;"><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fait_accompli" class="extiw" title="wikt:fait accompli">fait accompli</a></i></span>). He was also characterized as using his political power to benefit cronies, including a case in which he secretly shifted the planned route of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_State_Parkway" title="Northern State Parkway">Northern State Parkway</a> large distances to avoid impinging on the estates of the rich, but told owners of the family farms who lost land that it was an unbiased decision based on "engineering considerations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book also charged that Moses <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libeled</a> officials who opposed him, attempting to have them removed from office by calling them <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>. The biography further notes that Moses fought against schools and other public needs in favor of his preference for parks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moses's critics charge that he preferred automobiles over people. They point out that he displaced hundreds of thousands of residents in New York City and destroyed traditional neighborhoods by building multiple expressways through them. The projects contributed to the ruin of the <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement parks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a>, caused the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Brooklyn_Dodgers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_Giants_(NL)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the New York Giants (NL)">New York Giants</a> Major League baseball teams to relocate to Los Angeles and San Francisco respectively, and precipitated the decline of public transport from <a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">disinvestment</a> and neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His building of expressways also hindered the <a href="/wiki/Proposed_expansion_of_the_New_York_City_Subway" title="Proposed expansion of the New York City Subway">proposed expansion of the New York City Subway</a> from the 1930s to well into the 1960s because the parkways and expressways that were built replaced, at least to some extent, the planned subway lines. The 1968 <a href="/wiki/Program_for_Action" title="Program for Action">Program for Action</a> (which was never completed) was hoped to counter that.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other critics charge that he precluded the use of public transit, which would have allowed non-car-owners to enjoy the elaborate recreation facilities he built. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racism">Racism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Racism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caro's <i>The Power Broker</i> also accused Moses of building low bridges across his parkways to make them inaccessible to public transit buses, thereby restricting "the use of state parks by poor and lower-middle-class families" who did not own cars. Caro also wrote that Moses attempted to discourage Black people in particular from visiting Jones Beach, the centerpiece of the Long Island state park system, by such measures as making it difficult for Black groups to get permits to park buses, and assigning Black lifeguards to "distant, less developed beaches".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974318–319_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974318–319-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the exclusion of commercial vehicles and the use of low bridges where appropriate were standard on earlier parkways, where they had been instituted for aesthetic reasons, Moses appears to have made greater use of low bridges, which his aide Sidney Shapiro said was done to make it more difficult for future legislatures to allow access for commercial vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974952_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974952-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campanella_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campanella-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woolgar and Cooper refer to the claim about bridges as an "urban legend".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moses vocally opposed allowing Black war veterans to move into <a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuyvesant Town">Stuyvesant Town</a>, a Manhattan residential development complex created to house World War II veterans.<sup id="cite_ref-nyplmoses_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyplmoses-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the biography, Moses defended his forced displacement of poor and minority communities as an inevitable part of urban revitalization: "I raise my <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stein" class="extiw" title="wikt:stein">stein</a> to the builder who can remove <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a> without moving people as I hail the chef who can make omelets without breaking eggs."<sup id="cite_ref-Boeing2017Moses_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeing2017Moses-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, there were allegations that Moses selectively chose locations for recreational facilities based on the racial compositions of a neighborhood, such as when he selected sites for eleven pools that opened in 1936. According to one author, Moses purposely placed some pools in neighborhoods with mainly white populations to deter African Americans from using them, and other pools intended for African Americans, such as the one in Colonial Park (now <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Park" title="Jackie Robinson Park">Jackie Robinson Park</a>), were placed in inconvenient locations.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another author wrote that of 255 playgrounds built in the 1930s under Moses's tenure, only two were in largely Black neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caro wrote that close associates of Moses had claimed they could keep African Americans from using the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Jefferson Pool">Thomas Jefferson Pool</a>, in then-predominantly-white <a href="/wiki/East_Harlem" title="East Harlem">East Harlem</a>, by making the water too cold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974512–514_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974512–514-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt2cities_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2cities-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, no other source has corroborated the claim that heaters in any particular pool were deactivated or not included in the pool's design.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutman_pp._532–561_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutman_pp._532–561-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Moses took a favorable view of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and a racism much broader than solely towards the African-American community, speaking of Empire as useful in stemming the "rise of the lesser breeds without the law".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reappraisal">Reappraisal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reappraisal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars have attempted to rehabilitate Moses's reputation by contrasting the scale of works with the high cost and the slow speed of public works in the decades following his era. The peak of Moses's construction occurred during the economic duress of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, and despite the era's woes, Moses's projects were completed in a timely fashion and have been reliable public works since then, which compares favorably to the delays that New York City officials have had in redeveloping the <a href="/wiki/Ground_Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground Zero">Ground Zero</a> site of the former <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> or to the delays and technical problems surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Second Avenue Subway">Second Avenue Subway</a> and Boston's <a href="/wiki/Big_Dig_(Boston,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)">Big Dig</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three major exhibits in 2007 prompted a reconsideration of his image among some intellectuals, as they acknowledged the magnitude of his achievements. According to the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">architectural historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Ballon" title="Hilary Ballon">Hilary Ballon</a> and colleagues, Moses deserves a better reputation. They argue that his legacy is more relevant than ever and that people take the parks, playgrounds, and housing that Moses built, now generally binding forces in those areas, for granted even if the old-style New York neighborhood was of no interest to Moses himself. Moreover, were it not for Moses's public infrastructure and his resolve to carve out more space, New York might not have been able to recover from the blight and flight of the 1970s and the 1980s to become today's economic magnet.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2007-01-28_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2007-01-28-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Every generation writes its own history," said <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. Jackson">Kenneth T. Jackson</a>, a historian of New York City to the <i>New York Times</i> in 2007. "It could be that <i>The Power Broker</i> was a reflection of its time: New York was in trouble and had been in decline for 15 years. Now, for a whole host of reasons, New York is entering a new time, a time of optimism, growth and revival that hasn't been seen in half a century. And that causes us to look at our infrastructure," said Jackson. "A lot of big projects are on the table again, and it kind of suggests a Moses era without Moses," he added.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2007-01-28_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2007-01-28-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politicians are also reconsidering the Moses legacy; in a 2006 speech to the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">Regional Plan Association</a> on downstate transportation needs, New York Governor-elect <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Eliot Spitzer</a> stated a biography of Moses written today might be called <i>At Least He Got It Built</i>: "That's what we need today. A real commitment to get things done."<sup id="cite_ref-Spitzer_speech_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitzer_speech-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Moses is the subject of a satirical song by <a href="/wiki/John_Forster_(musician)" title="John Forster (musician)">John Forster</a> entitled "The Ballad of Robert Moses", included on his 1997 album <i>Helium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In season 3, episode 2 of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Unbreakable_Kimmy_Schmidt" title="Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt">Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unbreakable_Kimmy_Schmidt_episodes#Season_3_(2017)" title="List of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt episodes">"Kimmy's Roommate Lemonades"</a>, Kimmy is shown considering attendance at several New York City colleges with comedic names based on the city's culture and history. One was originally called "Robert Moses College for Whites", and its sign has been altered by crossing out "Whites" and replacing it with the word "Everyone".<sup id="cite_ref-Pape2017_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pape2017-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Moses is the subject of a critical song by <a href="/wiki/New_York_hardcore" title="New York hardcore">NYHC</a> band <a href="/wiki/Sick_of_It_All" title="Sick of It All">Sick of It All</a> entitled "Robert Moses was a racist", included on their 2018 album <i>Wake the sleeping dragon!</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The band <a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(band)" title="Bob Moses (band)">Bob Moses</a> is named after Robert Moses.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A fictionalized version of Moses is the main villain of <i>The Unsleeping City</i>, the third season of the web series <i><a href="/wiki/Dimension_20" title="Dimension 20">Dimension 20</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The character of Moses Randolph in <i><a href="/wiki/Motherless_Brooklyn_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherless Brooklyn (film)">Motherless Brooklyn</a></i> is based on Robert Moses.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID pandemic</a>, when many TV commentators, politicians and others worked from their homes, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> noted the frequent placement of <i>The Power Broker</i> as a background element.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(2021_film)" title="West Side Story (2021 film)">2021 film adaptation</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Side Story (musical)">West Side Story</a></i> adds the historical context of New York City's urban gentrification in the 1950s. During the song "<a href="/wiki/America_(West_Side_Story)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (West Side Story)">America</a>", a group of Puerto Rican demonstrators appear, protesting their pending evictions, and one of them holds a sign condemning Moses.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Car culture">Car culture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Commission_v._Tuscarora_Indian_Nation" title="Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation">Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">Modernist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_City" title="Transportation in New York City">Transportation in New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Justin_Herman" title="M. Justin Herman">M. Justin Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Logue" title="Edward J. Logue">Edward J. Logue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" title="Edmund Bacon (architect)">Edmund Bacon (architect)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Tobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Tobin">Austin Tobin</a> – Port Authority Executive Director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_State_Parkway_Police" title="Long Island State Parkway Police">Long Island State Parkway Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Park_Police" title="New York State Park Police">New York State Park Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Police" title="New York State Police">New York State Police</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Caro, <i>The Power Broker</i>, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaro1974" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Caro, Robert A.</a> (July 22, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1974-07-22#folio=032">"Annals of Power"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Annals+of+Power&rft.date=1974-07-22&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.newyorker.com%2F%3Fi%3D1974-07-22%23folio%3D032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarachan2013" class="citation web cs1">Sarachan, Sydney (January 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/environment/the-legacy-of-robert-moses/16018/">"The legacy of Robert Moses"</a>. <i>Need to Know | PBS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Need+to+Know+%7C+PBS&rft.atitle=The+legacy+of+Robert+Moses&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.aulast=Sarachan&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fneed-to-know%2Fenvironment%2Fthe-legacy-of-robert-moses%2F16018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_Beach-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_Beach_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121130008/http://www.longislandexchange.com/jones-beach.html">"Jones Beach"</a>. <i>Long Island Exchange</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longislandexchange.com/jones-beach.html">the original</a> on January 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1218.html">the original</a> on March 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Moses%2C+Master+Builder%2C+is+Dead+at+92&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F1218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro197425-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro197425_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaro1974">Caro 1974</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro197429-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro197429_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro197429_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaro1974">Caro 1974</a>, pp. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeWan2007" class="citation web cs1">DeWan, George (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061211045554/http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs722a%2C0%2C7092161.story">"The Master Builder"</a>. <i>Long Island History</i>. Newsday. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs722a,0,7092161.story">the original</a> on December 11, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Long+Island+History&rft.atitle=The+Master+Builder&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=DeWan&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fcommunity%2Fguide%2Flihistory%2Fny-history-hs722a%2C0%2C7092161.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro197435-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro197435_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaro1974">Caro 1974</a>, pp. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/robert_moses.html">"Robert Moses"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Moses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc250.columbia.edu%2Fc250_celebrates%2Fremarkable_columbians%2Frobert_moses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974_12-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaro1974">Caro 1974</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19281219.2.63.7#">"Moses Resigns State Position"</a>. <i>Cornell Daily Sun</i>. Ithaca, NY. December 19, 1928. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Daily+Sun&rft.atitle=Moses+Resigns+State+Position&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1928-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdsun.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcornell%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DCDS19281219.2.63.7%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutfreund" class="citation web cs1">Gutfreund, Owen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/07/07-00375.html">"Moses, Robert"</a>. Anb.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moses%2C+Robert&rft.pub=Anb.org&rft.aulast=Gutfreund&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F07%2F07-00375.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacity00cave"><i>Encyclopedia of the City</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacity00cave/page/n512">472</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25225-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25225-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25225-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25225-6&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediacity00cave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/commissioners">"New York City Parks Commissioners : NYC Parks"</a>. <i>www.nycgovparks.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nycgovparks.org&rft.atitle=New+York+City+Parks+Commissioners+%3A+NYC+Parks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycgovparks.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fcommissioners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypap.org/preservation-history/robert-moses/">"Robert Moses |"</a>. <i>www.nypap.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nypap.org&rft.atitle=Robert+Moses+%7C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypap.org%2Fpreservation-history%2Frobert-moses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycroads.com/roads/taconic/">"Taconic State Parkway"</a>. <i>NYCRoads.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYCRoads.com&rft.atitle=Taconic+State+Parkway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycroads.com%2Froads%2Ftaconic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard_1991_339-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1991_339_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard1991" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Wallock (1991). <i>The Myth of The Master Builder</i>. Journal of Urban History. p. 339.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+The+Master+Builder&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Journal+of+Urban+History&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Wallock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974106,_260-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaro1974106,_260_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaro1974">Caro 1974</a>, pp. 106, 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NY1930-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NY1930_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternGilmartinMellins1987" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyork1930archi0000ster"><i>New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars</i></a></span>. New York: Rizzoli. p. 717. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-3096-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-3096-1"><bdi>978-0-8478-3096-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13860977">13860977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+1930%3A+Architecture+and+Urbanism+Between+the+Two+World+Wars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=717&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13860977&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-3096-1&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.+M.&rft.au=Gilmartin%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Mellins%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyork1930archi0000ster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caro456-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caro456_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caro456_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caro456_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Caro, Robert</a> (1974). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York</a></i>. New York: Knopf. p. 456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3"><bdi>978-0-394-48076-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834874">834874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+Broker%3A+Robert+Moses+and+the+Fall+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F834874&rft.isbn=978-0-394-48076-3&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1934/07/23/archives/23-bathing-pools-planned-by-moses-nine-to-be-begun-in-a-month-to.html">"23 Bathing Pools Planned by Moses; Nine to Be Begun in a Month to Meet Shortage of Facilities Caused by Pollution"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 23, 1934. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=23+Bathing+Pools+Planned+by+Moses%3B+Nine+to+Be+Begun+in+a+Month+to+Meet+Shortage+of+Facilities+Caused+by+Pollution&rft.date=1934-07-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1934%2F07%2F23%2Farchives%2F23-bathing-pools-planned-by-moses-nine-to-be-begun-in-a-month-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/41861934_press_releases_part1.pdf">"Public Swimming Facilities in New York City"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). 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October 4, 1934. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Every great civilization has an origin story. For modern Portland, it is an exodus from Moses. That's Robert Moses, the master builder of New York City's grid of expressways and bridges who brought the Big Apple its car commuters, smog and sprawl. In 1943, the city of Portland hired Moses to design its urban future. Moses charted a highway loop around the city's core with a web of spur freeways running through neighborhoods. The city and state embraced much of the plan. The loop Moses envisioned became Interstate 405 as it links with I-5 south of downtown and runs north across the Fremont Bridge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feb.+4%2C+1974%3A+Portland+kills+the+Mount+Hood+Freeway&rft.pub=Willamette+Week&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft.aulast=Mesh&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wweek.com%2Fportland%2Farticle-23466-feb-4-1974-portland-kills-the-mount-hood-freeway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asimov-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asimov_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Asimov, Isaac</a> (1979). "Eccentricities". <i>Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2010</span>. <q>As for the pool-cooling, Mr. Caro interviewed Moses's associates on the record ("You can pretty well keep them out of any pool if you keep the water cold enough," he quotes Sidney M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rehabilitating+Robert+Moses&rft.pages=p.+1%2C+Section+2%2C+col.+3&rft.date=2007-01-28&rft.aulast=Pogrebin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E0DE3D61F30F93BA15752C0A9619C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spitzer_speech-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spitzer_speech_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitzer2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Spitzer, Eliot</a> (May 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927110733/http://www.rpa.org/pdf/SpitzerRPATransportation.pdf">"Downstate Transportation Issues Speech"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Regional Plan Association</i>. Archived from the original on September 27, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regional+Plan+Association&rft.atitle=Downstate+Transportation+Issues+Speech&rft.date=2006-05-05&rft.aulast=Spitzer&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rpa.org%2Fpdf%2FSpitzerRPATransportation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/song/the-ballad-of-robert-moses-mt0002285889">"John Forster: the Ballad of Robert Moses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Forster%3A+the+Ballad+of+Robert+Moses&rft.pub=AllMusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsong%2Fthe-ballad-of-robert-moses-mt0002285889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pape2017-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pape2017_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPape2017" class="citation news cs1">Pape, Allie (May 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vulture.com/2017/05/unbreakable-kimmy-schmidt-recap-season-3-episode-2.html">"Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Recap: Furiosity"</a>. <i>Vulture</i>. New York, NY: New York Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vulture&rft.atitle=Unbreakable+Kimmy+Schmidt+Recap%3A+Furiosity&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Allie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2017%2F05%2Funbreakable-kimmy-schmidt-recap-season-3-episode-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/es/Sick-Of-It-All-Wake-The-Sleeping-Dragon/master/1445775">"Sick of It All: <i>Robert Moses was a racist</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sick+of+It+All%3A+Robert+Moses+was+a+racist&rft.pub=Discogs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Fes%2FSick-Of-It-All-Wake-The-Sleeping-Dragon%2Fmaster%2F1445775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/vancouver-duo-bob-moses-on-going-from-a-parking-lot-to-the-grammys/wcm/818cfa4e-2988-435a-925a-7d5a579737ec">"Vancouver duo Bob Moses on going from a parking lot to the Grammy Awards"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vancouver+duo+Bob+Moses+on+going+from+a+parking+lot+to+the+Grammy+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fentertainment%2Fvancouver-duo-bob-moses-on-going-from-a-parking-lot-to-the-grammys%2Fwcm%2F818cfa4e-2988-435a-925a-7d5a579737ec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Shachat2023" class="citation web cs1">Sarah Shachat (December 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiewire.com/features/craft/dimension-20-tabletop-rpg-dropout-sets-1234937196/">"How 'Dimension 20' Brings Tabletop RPGs to Life — and Zombie Bear Death"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IndieWire" title="IndieWire">IndieWire</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndieWire&rft.atitle=How+%27Dimension+20%27+Brings+Tabletop+RPGs+to+Life+%E2%80%94+and+Zombie+Bear+Death&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft.au=Sarah+Shachat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcraft%2Fdimension-20-tabletop-rpg-dropout-sets-1234937196%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimek2019" class="citation web cs1">Klimek, Chris (October 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/edward-norton-why-he-placed-motherless-brooklyn-robert-moses-new-york-180973429/">"Edward Norton on Why He Placed 'Motherless Brooklyn' in Robert Moses' New York"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101203233/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/edward-norton-why-he-placed-motherless-brooklyn-robert-moses-new-york-180973429/">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Edward+Norton+on+Why+He+Placed+%27Motherless+Brooklyn%27+in+Robert+Moses%27+New+York&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.aulast=Klimek&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fedward-norton-why-he-placed-motherless-brooklyn-robert-moses-new-york-180973429%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein2020" class="citation news cs1">Rubinstein, Dana (May 28, 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/nyregion/power-broker-tv.html">"Lights. Camera. Makeup. And a Carefully Placed 1,246-Page Book"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320141244/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/nyregion/power-broker-tv.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lights.+Camera.+Makeup.+And+a+Carefully+Placed+1%2C246-Page+Book.&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F28%2Fnyregion%2Fpower-broker-tv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornaday2021" class="citation news cs1">Hornaday, Ann (December 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/west-side-story-movie-review/2021/12/07/fa8badc0-56df-11ec-a808-3197a22b19fa_story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'West Side Story' is an urgent, utterly beautiful revival"</a>. Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27West+Side+Story%27+is+an+urgent%2C+utterly+beautiful+revival&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Hornaday&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgoingoutguide%2Fmovies%2Fwest-side-story-movie-review%2F2021%2F12%2F07%2Ffa8badc0-56df-11ec-a808-3197a22b19fa_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallon2007" class="citation book cs1">Ballon, Hilary (2007). <i>Robert Moses and the modern city : the transformation of New York</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-73243-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-73243-6"><bdi>978-0-393-73243-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76167277">76167277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Moses+and+the+modern+city+%3A+the+transformation+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76167277&rft.isbn=978-0-393-73243-6&rft.aulast=Ballon&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1988" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Marshall (1988). <i>All that is solid melts into air : the experience of modernity</i>. New York, N.Y., U.S.A: Viking Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-010962-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-010962-7"><bdi>978-0-14-010962-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16923119">16923119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+that+is+solid+melts+into+air+%3A+the+experience+of+modernity&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.%2C+U.S.A&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16923119&rft.isbn=978-0-14-010962-7&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Caro, Robert</a> (1974). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York</a></i>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3"><bdi>978-0-394-48076-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834874">834874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+Broker%3A+Robert+Moses+and+the+Fall+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F834874&rft.isbn=978-0-394-48076-3&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristin2014" class="citation book cs1">Christin, Pierre (2014). <i>Robert Moses : Master Builder of New York City</i>. London: Nobrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907704-96-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907704-96-3"><bdi>978-1-907704-96-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/875240382">875240382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Moses+%3A+Master+Builder+of+New+York+City&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Nobrow&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F875240382&rft.isbn=978-1-907704-96-3&rft.aulast=Christin&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristinBalez2018" class="citation book cs1">Christin, Pierre; Balez, Olivier (2018). <i>Robert Moses: The Master Builder of New York City</i>. London: Nobrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910620-36-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910620-36-6"><bdi>978-1-910620-36-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Moses%3A+The+Master+Builder+of+New+York+City&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Nobrow&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-910620-36-6&rft.aulast=Christin&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Balez%2C+Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoig1990" class="citation journal cs1">Doig, Jameson W. (1990). "Regional Conflict in the New York Metropolis: the Legend of Robert Moses and the Power of the Port Authority". <i>Urban Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (2). SAGE Publications: 201–232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990UrbSt..27..201D">1990UrbSt..27..201D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00420989020080181">10.1080/00420989020080181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-0980">0042-0980</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146841751">146841751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Studies&rft.atitle=Regional+Conflict+in+the+New+York+Metropolis%3A+the+Legend+of+Robert+Moses+and+the+Power+of+the+Port+Authority&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-232&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00420989020080181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146841751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0042-0980&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990UrbSt..27..201D&rft.aulast=Doig&rft.aufirst=Jameson+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrieg1989" class="citation book cs1">Krieg, Joann (1989). <i>Robert Moses : single-minded genius</i>. Interlaken, N.Y: Heart of the Lakes Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55787-041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55787-041-4"><bdi>978-1-55787-041-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18961485">18961485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Moses+%3A+single-minded+genius&rft.place=Interlaken%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Heart+of+the+Lakes+Pub&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18961485&rft.isbn=978-1-55787-041-4&rft.aulast=Krieg&rft.aufirst=Joann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1980" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Eugene (1980). <i>Public entrepreneurship : toward a theory of bureaucratic political power : the organizational lives of Hyman Rickover, J. Edgar Hoover, and Robert Moses</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-17384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-17384-3"><bdi>978-0-253-17384-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6581080">6581080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+entrepreneurship+%3A+toward+a+theory+of+bureaucratic+political+power+%3A+the+organizational+lives+of+Hyman+Rickover%2C+J.+Edgar+Hoover%2C+and+Robert+Moses&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6581080&rft.isbn=978-0-253-17384-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses1970" class="citation book cs1">Moses, Robert (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicworksdange00mose"><i>Public Works: A Dangerous Trade</i></a></span>. McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Works%3A+A+Dangerous+Trade&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpublicworksdange00mose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1939" class="citation web cs1">Rogers, Cleveland (January 1, 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1939/02/robert-moses/306543/">"Robert Moses"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Robert+Moses&rft.date=1939-01-01&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Cleveland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1939%2F02%2Frobert-moses%2F306543%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers1952" class="citation book cs1">Rodgers, Cleveland (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dp0YAAAAYAAJ"><i>Robert Moses: Builder for Democracy</i></a>. Holt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Moses%3A+Builder+for+Democracy&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Cleveland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDp0YAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal1974" class="citation book cs1">Vidal, Gore (October 17, 1974). <i>What Robert Moses Did to New York City</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Robert+Moses+Did+to+New+York+City&rft.date=1974-10-17&rft.aulast=Vidal&rft.aufirst=Gore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Moses" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>Exhibits:</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/newyorktransitmuseum/sets/72157620817429952/">"The Triborough Bridge: Robert Moses and the Automobile Age"</a> exhibit at the New York Transit Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learn.columbia.edu/moses/">"Robert Moses and the Modern City"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028002201/http://www.learn.columbia.edu/moses/">Archived</a> October 28, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> exhibit February 2007 thru May 2007 at 3 New York City museums</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metropolismag.com/December-1969/Looking-Back-at-Moses/">"Looking Back at Moses"</a> a trio of New York museums</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pureandapplied.com/robert-moses/">Photographs from the Museum of the City of New York exhibit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203134814/http://pureandapplied.com/robert-moses/">Archived</a> December 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><b>Papers:</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/mss/2071">Robert Moses papers, 1912–1980</a>, held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010502174335/http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/LI-sound-4/">Online letters of Moses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2934079">Moses's response to Robert Caro's accusations</a></li></ul> <p><b>Archival Audio:</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnyc.org/series/robert-moses/">The Robert Moses Collection</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wnyc.org/archives">The WNYC Archives</a></li></ul> <p><b>Interviews:</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021022175808/http://www.wiredforbooks.org/robertmoses/">1973 audio interview of Robert Moses by Don Swaim of CBS Radio, RealAudio at Wired for Books.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep226">Robert A. Caro talks to Richard D. Heffner about Robert Moses on the Open Mind, 1998</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Moses" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Moses"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Robert Moses</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Robert_Moses" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0360">Robert Moses Papers (MS 360)</a>. Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.</li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.95822">"Longines Chronoscope with Robert Moses (February 11, 1953)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._S._Knapp" title="Florence E. S. Knapp">Florence E. S. Knapp</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_New_York" title="Secretary of State of New York">Secretary of State of New York</a> </b><br />January 17, 1927 – January 1, 1929 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Edward J. Flynn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #191970;">Civic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Unified</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</a> </b><br />January 18, 1934 – May 23, 1960 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Newbold_Morris" title="Newbold Morris">Newbold Morris</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Established</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Council_of_Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Council of Parks">New York State Council of Parks</a> </b><br />April 30, 1924 – January 1, 1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Laurance_Rockefeller" title="Laurance Rockefeller">Laurance Rockefeller</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Burkan" title="Nathan Burkan">Nathan Burkan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge Authority">Triborough Bridge Authority</a> </b><br />November 14, 1936 – April 25, 1946 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Merged into Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Unified</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge_and_Tunnel_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority">Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority</a> </b><br />April 26, 1946 – February 29, 1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Merged into <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">John E. Burton</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Power_Authority" title="New York Power Authority">New York Power Authority</a> </b><br />March 8, 1954 – January 1, 1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">James A. FitzPatrick</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Donovan" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joseph Donovan">William Joseph Donovan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Republican Nominee for Governor of New York</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1934_New_York_state_election" title="1934 New York state election">1934</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Bleakley" title="William F. Bleakley">William F. Bleakley</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_Secretary_of_State" title="Template:New York Secretary of State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_Secretary_of_State" title="Template talk:New York Secretary of State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_Secretary_of_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York Secretary of State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secretaries_of_state_of_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_New_York" title="Secretary of State of New York">Secretaries of state of New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Morin_Scott" title="John Morin Scott">J Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Allaire_Scott" title="Lewis Allaire Scott">L Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hale_(politician)" title="Daniel Hale (politician)">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tillotson" title="Thomas Tillotson">T Tillotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Jenkins" title="Elisha Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tillotson" title="Thomas Tillotson">T Tillotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Jenkins" title="Elisha Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hale_(politician)" title="Daniel Hale (politician)">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Jenkins" title="Elisha Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_R._Van_Rensselaer" title="Jacob R. Van Rensselaer">Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Tillotson" title="Robert L. Tillotson">R Tillotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Cooper" title="Charles D. Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Ness_Yates" title="John Van Ness Yates">Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariah_C._Flagg" title="Azariah C. Flagg">Flagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Campbell (New York)">Campbell</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Young_(New_York_politician)" title="Samuel Young (New York politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_S._Benton" title="Nathaniel S. Benton">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Morgan_(politician)" title="Christopher Morgan (politician)">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Randall" title="Henry S. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_W._Leavenworth" title="Elias W. Leavenworth">Leavenworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_T._Headley" title="Joel T. Headley">Headley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_J._Tucker" title="Gideon J. Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Floyd-Jones" title="David R. Floyd-Jones">Floyd-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Ballard" title="Horatio Ballard">Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Depew" title="Chauncey Depew">Depew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Augustus_Nelson" title="Homer Augustus Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Hilton_Scribner" title="G. Hilton Scribner">Scribner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diedrich_Willers,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Diedrich Willers, Jr.">Willers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bigelow" title="John Bigelow">Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Beach" title="Allen C. Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradford_Carr" title="Joseph Bradford Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook_(American_politician)" title="Frederick Cook (American politician)">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rice_(politician)" title="Frank Rice (politician)">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_(1842%E2%80%931905)" title="John Palmer (1842–1905)">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._McDonough" title="John T. McDonough">McDonough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._O%27Brien_(secretary_of_state)" title="John F. O'Brien (secretary of state)">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sibley_Whalen" title="John Sibley Whalen">Whalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Koenig" title="Samuel S. Koenig">Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lazansky" title="Edward Lazansky">Lazansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_May" title="Mitchell May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hugo" title="Francis Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Lyons" title="John J. Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Hamilton" title="James A. Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._S._Knapp" title="Florence E. S. Knapp">Knapp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Walsh" title="Michael F. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Curran" title="Thomas J. Curran">Curran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine_DeSapio" title="Carmine DeSapio">DeSapio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_K._Simon" title="Caroline K. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Lomenzo" title="John P. Lomenzo">Lomenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Ghezzi" title="John J. Ghezzi">Ghezzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_A._Paterson" title="Basil A. Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_S._Shaffer" title="Gail S. Shaffer">Shaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Treadwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Treadwell">Treadwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Daniels" title="Randy Daniels">Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Milano" title="Frank Milano">Milano</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Jacobs_(politician)" title="Chris Jacobs (politician)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Cort%C3%A9s-V%C3%A1zquez" title="Lorraine Cortés-Vázquez">Cortés-Vázquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Noem%C3%AD_Col%C3%B3n" title="Ruth Noemí Colón">Colón</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_A._Perales" title="Cesar A. Perales">Perales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossana_Rosado" title="Rossana Rosado">Rosado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Rodriguez" title="Robert J. Rodriguez">Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_T._Mosley" title="Walter T. Mosley">Mosley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="state flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/75px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/113px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/150px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>* denotes Acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1111386#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1111386#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1111386#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082325407">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/52866196">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2226/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpDVdDTHRKwyW6Rw6Trbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/133050971">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50007963">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16771628x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16771628x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01228466">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35801365">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20130524002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070822948">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7027977">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810689154205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007462914805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05391969?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500012860">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/357658">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1093609">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/133050971">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/061138444">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10574372">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gh9sdn">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&oldid=1258329800">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&oldid=1258329800</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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