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id="toc-Early_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_definite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_definite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Use of definite article </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_definite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Before 1914 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 After 1914 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_York_City_expands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_City_expands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 New York City expands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_City_expands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Revitalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_physical_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_physical_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Location and physical features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_physical_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_open_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_open_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Parks and open space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_open_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjacent_counties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjacent_counties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Adjacent counties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjacent_counties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_of_the_Bronx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_of_the_Bronx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Divisions of the Bronx </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Divisions_of_the_Bronx-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Divisions of the Bronx subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Divisions_of_the_Bronx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Regional divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Neighborhoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Bronx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Bronx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 East Bronx </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Bronx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_Island_and_Hart_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_Island_and_Hart_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 City Island and Hart Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_Island_and_Hart_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Bronx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Bronx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 West Bronx </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Bronx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northwestern_Bronx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwestern_Bronx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Northwestern Bronx </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwestern_Bronx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Bronx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Bronx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 South Bronx </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Bronx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race,_ethnicity,_language,_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race,_ethnicity,_language,_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Race, ethnicity, language, and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race,_ethnicity,_language,_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2018_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 2018 estimates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 2010 census </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_community_survey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009_community_survey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 2009 community survey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009_community_survey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Older_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Older estimates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_and_housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_and_housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Population and housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_and_housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_and_household_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_and_household_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Individual and household income </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_and_household_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture and institutions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and institutions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Off-Off-Broadway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Off-Off-Broadway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Off-Off-Broadway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Off-Off-Broadway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Maritime heritage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Community celebrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Press_and_broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press_and_broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Press and broadcasting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press_and_broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.1 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.2 Radio and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shopping_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Shopping districts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Local government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Federal Representatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_for_Mayor_of_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_for_Mayor_of_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Elections for Mayor of New York </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_for_Mayor_of_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Educational_attainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_attainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Educational attainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_attainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 High schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Colleges and universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads_and_streets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads_and_streets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Roads and streets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads_and_streets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surface_streets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_streets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Surface streets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_streets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Highways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges_and_tunnels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges_and_tunnels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.3 Bridges and tunnels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges_and_tunnels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Mass transit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mid-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.1 Mid-20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.2 Symbolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.2 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronx_Memoir_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronx_Memoir_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.3 Bronx Memoir Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronx_Memoir_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Songs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Theater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronx_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronx_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3.2 Bronx history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronx_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Associations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">The Bronx</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" > 98 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="ذا برونكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذا برونكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronks" title="Bronks – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bronks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ت برونکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ت برونکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8" title="দ্য ব্রংক্‌স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্য ব্রংক্‌স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бронкс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бронкс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бронкс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бронкс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Tinipong_Bansa)" title="The Bronx (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="The Bronx (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Bronx" title="Y Bronx – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Bronx" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BE" title="Μπρονξ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπρονξ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Bronx" title="El Bronx – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El Bronx" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronkso" title="Bronkso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bronkso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="برانکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برانکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bronx" title="An Bronx – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bronx" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="برانکس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="برانکس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%B1%ED%81%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="브롱크스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브롱크스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Բրոնքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրոնքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ब्रोंक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रोंक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx,_New_York" title="Bronx, New York – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bronx, New York" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF,_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="ব্রঙ্কস কাউন্টি, নিউ ইয়র্ক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ব্রঙ্কস কাউন্টি, নিউ ইয়র্ক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бронкс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бронкс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="הברונקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הברונקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბრონქსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრონქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_Bronx" title="L Bronx – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="L Bronx" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronksa" title="Bronksa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bronksa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronksas" title="Bronksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bronksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бронкс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бронкс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="द ब्राँक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द ब्राँक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბრონქსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრონქსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="ذا برونكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ذا برونكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1h-l%C4%81ng-s%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3" title="Báh-lāng-sê̤ṳ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Báh-lāng-sê̤ṳ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="ブロンクス区 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブロンクス区" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BE,_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Бронкс (гуо, Нью-Йорк) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бронкс (гуо, Нью-Йорк)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronks" title="Bronks – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bronks" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="برونکس کاؤنٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برونکس کاؤنٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="برانکس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برانکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx_County" title="Bronx County – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bronx County" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бронкс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бронкс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бронкс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бронкс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бронкс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бронкс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Bronx" title="Ang Bronx – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ang Bronx" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பிரான்க்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்க்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3,_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Бронкс (округ, Нью-Йорк) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бронкс (округ, Нью-Йорк)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="เดอะบร็องซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดอะบร็องซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бронкс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бронкс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bronx" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бронкс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бронкс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="برونکس کاؤنٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برونکس کاؤنٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bronx" title="An Bronx – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="An Bronx" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="布朗克斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布朗克斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="בראנקס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בראנקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E5%A3%AB" title="布朗士 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布朗士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="The Bronx" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="布朗克斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布朗克斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18426#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Bronx&params=40_50_14_N_73_53_10_W_region:US-NY_type:city">40°50′14″N 73°53′10″W / 40.83722°N 73.88611°W / 40.83722; -73.88611</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx,_New_York_City&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bronx, New York City">The Bronx, New York City</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Borough and county in New York, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bronx" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bronx_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bronx (disambiguation)">Bronx (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Borough and county in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">The Bronx</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Bronx County, New York</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">Borough</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_York" title="List of counties in New York">county</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Co-op City, as seen from the east, sits along the Hutchinson River." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg/288px-Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg/432px-Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="257" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Co-op_City,_Bronx" title="Co-op City, Bronx">Co-op City</a>, as seen from the east, sits along the <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_River" title="Hutchinson River">Hutchinson River</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Yankee_Stadium_overhead_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yankee Stadium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Yankee_Stadium_overhead_2010.jpg/149px-Yankee_Stadium_overhead_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Yankee_Stadium_overhead_2010.jpg/224px-Yankee_Stadium_overhead_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Yankee_Stadium_overhead_2010.jpg/298px-Yankee_Stadium_overhead_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronx_Zoo_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bronx Zoo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bronx_Zoo_001.jpg/135px-Bronx_Zoo_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bronx_Zoo_001.jpg/203px-Bronx_Zoo_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bronx_Zoo_001.jpg/270px-Bronx_Zoo_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="1896" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronx_Museum_Art_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bronx Museum of the Arts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bronx_Museum_Art_jeh.JPG/152px-Bronx_Museum_Art_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bronx_Museum_Art_jeh.JPG/228px-Bronx_Museum_Art_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bronx_Museum_Art_jeh.JPG/304px-Bronx_Museum_Art_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="1540" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Museum_of_the_Arts" title="Bronx Museum of the Arts">Bronx Museum of the Arts</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street,_The_Bronx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Hub - East 149th Street, The Bronx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street%2C_The_Bronx.jpg/132px-The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street%2C_The_Bronx.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street%2C_The_Bronx.jpg/198px-The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street%2C_The_Bronx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street%2C_The_Bronx.jpg/264px-The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street%2C_The_Bronx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/The_Hub,_Bronx" title="The Hub, Bronx">The Hub</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of The Bronx"><img alt="Flag of The Bronx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg/125px-Flag_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg/188px-Flag_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg/250px-Flag_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="281" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of The Bronx"><img alt="Official seal of The Bronx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Seal_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg/100px-Seal_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Seal_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg/150px-Seal_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Seal_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg/200px-Seal_of_Borough_of_the_Bronx.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="184" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">BX, The Boogie Down</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Ne cede malis – "Yield Not to Evil" (lit. "Yield Not to Evil Things")</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-overlays="["_20afe7da8d383c48754d986b169f7589727dec0f"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=The_Bronx&revid=1259803793&groups=_20afe7da8d383c48754d986b169f7589727dec0f" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=The_Bronx&revid=1259803793&groups=_20afe7da8d383c48754d986b169f7589727dec0f 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map outlining the Bronx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bronx is located in New York City"><img alt="The Bronx is located in New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg/250px-USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg/375px-USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg/500px-USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="757" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.251%;left:65.066%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="The Bronx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>The Bronx</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div>Show map of New York City</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_York_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bronx is located in New York"><img alt="The Bronx is located in New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_New_York_location_map.svg/250px-USA_New_York_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_New_York_location_map.svg/375px-USA_New_York_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_New_York_location_map.svg/500px-USA_New_York_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1276" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.256%;left:73.661%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="The Bronx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>The Bronx</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="State of New York">State of New York</a></div>Show map of New York</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bronx is located in the United States"><img alt="The Bronx is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.071%;left:85.836%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="The Bronx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>The Bronx</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bronx is located in Earth"><img alt="The Bronx is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/250px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/375px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/500px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.313%;left:29.476%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="The Bronx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>The Bronx</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div>Show map of Earth</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Bronx&params=40_50_14_N_73_53_10_W_region:US-NY_type:city">40°50′14″N 73°53′10″W / 40.83722°N 73.88611°W / 40.83722; -73.88611</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bronx (coterminous)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1639; 385 years ago (1639)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Bronck" title="Jonas Bronck">Jonas Bronck</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">Borough of New York City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Borough_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough President">Borough President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Gibson" title="Vanessa Gibson">Vanessa Gibson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) – (Borough of the Bronx)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District Attorney</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Darcel_Clark" title="Darcel Clark">Darcel Clark</a> (D) – (Bronx County)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">57 sq mi (150 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">42.2 sq mi (109 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">15 sq mi (40 km2)  27%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">280 ft (90 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,472,654<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusMap-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">34,918/sq mi (13,482/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Bronxite<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-bea.gov-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">US$43.675 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (EDT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Code</a> prefix</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">104</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_718,_347,_and_929" title="Area codes 718, 347, and 929">718/347/929</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_code_917" title="Area code 917">917</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/">bronxboropres.nyc.gov</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18426#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Bronx (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/brɒŋks/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BRONKS</a>) is the northernmost <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough of New York City">borough of New York City</a>, coextensive with Bronx County, in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. It is south of <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a>; north and east of the New York City borough of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River">Harlem River</a>; and north of the New York City borough of <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>. The Bronx, the only New York City borough not primarily located on an island, has a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,472,654 at the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusMap-1">[1]</a> Of the five boroughs, it has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highest <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a>.<a href="#cite_note-density-4">[4]</a> The Bronx is divided by the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a> into a hillier section in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">west</a>, and a flatter <a href="/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">eastern</a> section. East and west street names are divided by <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Avenue" title="Jerome Avenue">Jerome Avenue</a>. The West Bronx was annexed to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-ultan-5">[5]</a> Bronx County was separated from New York County (modern-day Manhattan) in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-courtstart-6">[6]</a> About a quarter of the Bronx's area is open space,<a href="#cite_note-blooming-7">[7]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)" title="Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)">Woodlawn Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park">Pelham Bay Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden" title="New York Botanical Garden">New York Botanical Garden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a> in the borough's north and center. The <a href="/wiki/Thain_Family_Forest" title="Thain Family Forest">Thain Family Forest</a> at the New York Botanical Garden is thousands of years old and is New York City's largest remaining tract of the original forest that once covered the city.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> These open spaces are primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north and east from Manhattan. The word "Bronx" originated with <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedish</a>-born (or <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroese</a>-born) <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Bronck" title="Jonas Bronck">Jonas Bronck</a>, who established the first European settlement in the area as part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> colony in 1639.<a href="#cite_note-Faroeislands-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Van_Rensselaer_1909_161-11">[11]</a> European settlers displaced the native <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> after 1643. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant and migrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from European countries particularly <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and later from the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> region (particularly <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in the United States">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidadian Americans">Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbados</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Republic</a>), and immigrants from <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> (particularly from <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigeria</a>), <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> migrants from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguans</a>,<a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Hondurans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Bronx contains the poorest <a href="/wiki/Congressional_districts_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional districts of the United States">congressional district in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="New York's 15th congressional district">New York's 15th</a>. The borough also features upper- and middle-income neighborhoods, such as <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fieldston,_Bronx" title="Fieldston, Bronx">Fieldston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spuyten_Duyvil,_Bronx" title="Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx">Spuyten Duyvil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schuylerville,_Bronx" title="Schuylerville, Bronx">Schuylerville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelham Bay, Bronx">Pelham Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Gardens,_Bronx" title="Pelham Gardens, Bronx">Pelham Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Park,_Bronx" title="Morris Park, Bronx">Morris Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Country_Club,_Bronx" title="Country Club, Bronx">Country Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barone-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stat_Abst-15">[15]</a> Parts of the Bronx saw a steep decline in population, livable housing, and quality of life starting from the mid-to-late 1960s, continuing throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s, ultimately culminating in a wave of <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> in the late 1970s, a period when <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a> evolved.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a>, in particular, experienced severe <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a>. The borough began experiencing new population growth starting in the late 1990s and continuing to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_naming">Etymology and naming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and naming">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_names">Early names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early names">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronx1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bronx1867.jpg/250px-Bronx1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bronx1867.jpg/375px-Bronx1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bronx1867.jpg/500px-Bronx1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>Map of southern Westchester County in 1867. This, along with the southern part of the former Town of <a href="/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York" title="Yonkers, New York">Yonkers</a>, became the Bronx.</figcaption></figure> The Bronx was called Rananchqua<a href="#cite_note-NYPL-18">[18]</a> by the native <a href="/wiki/Siwanoy" title="Siwanoy">Siwanoy</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> band of <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> (also known historically as the Delawares), while other <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck.<a href="#cite_note-ellis-p55-20">[20]</a> It was divided by the Aquahung River (now known in English as the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a>). The Bronx was named after <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Bronck" title="Jonas Bronck">Jonas Bronck</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600–1643), a European settler whose precise origins are disputed. Documents indicate he was a Swedish-born immigrant from <a href="/wiki/Komstad" title="Komstad">Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>, Sweden, who arrived in <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> during the spring of 1639.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Rensselaer_1909_161-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_1950-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the present-day Bronx and built a farm named "Emmaus" close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue and 132nd Street in <a href="/wiki/Mott_Haven,_Bronx" title="Mott Haven, Bronx">Mott Haven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> He leased land from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Harlem#1637–1866" title="History of Harlem">New Haarlem</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Island">Manhattan Island</a>), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (200 ha) between the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River">Harlem River</a> and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River or the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx</a> [River]. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_1950-21">[21]</a> The American poet <a href="/wiki/William_Bronk" title="William Bronk">William Bronk</a> was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother, but most probably a nephew or cousin, as there was an age difference of 16 years.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Much work on the Swedish claim has been undertaken by Brian G. Andersson, former Commissioner of New York City's Department of Records, who helped organize a 375th Anniversary celebration in Bronck's hometown in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_definite_article">Use of definite article</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use of definite article">edit</a>]</div> The Bronx is referred to with the <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">definite article</a> as "the Bronx" or "The Bronx", both legally and colloquially.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The "County of the Bronx" also takes "the" immediately before "Bronx" in formal references, like the coextensive "Borough of the Bronx". The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> uses "Bronx, NY" for mailing addresses.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The region was apparently named after the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a> and first appeared in the "Annexed District of The Bronx", created in 1874 out of part of <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a>. It was continued in the "Borough of The Bronx", created in 1898, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1895. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> A time-worn story purportedly explaining the use of the definite article in the borough's name says it stems from the phrase "visiting the Broncks", referring to the settler's family.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The capitalization of the borough's name is sometimes disputed. Generally, the definite article is lowercase in place names ("the Bronx") except in some official references. The definite article is capitalized ("The Bronx") at the beginning of a sentence or in any other situation when a normally lowercase word would be capitalized.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> However, some people and groups refer to the borough with a capital letter at all times, such as Bronx Borough Historian <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Ultan_(historian)" title="Lloyd Ultan (historian)">Lloyd Ultan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx_County_Historical_Society" title="The Bronx County Historical Society">The Bronx County Historical Society</a>, and the Bronx-based organization Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx, arguing the definite article is part of the proper name.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[38]</a> In particular, the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx is leading efforts to make the city refer to the borough with an uppercase definite article in all uses, comparing the lowercase article in the Bronx's name to "not capitalizing the 's' in 'Staten Island'".<a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bronx" title="Timeline of the Bronx">Timeline of the Bronx</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Bronx_borough,_city_of_New_York;_(IA_historyofbronxbo00comf).pdf%3Fpage%3D9" title="File:History of Bronx borough, city of New York; (IA historyofbronxbo00comf).pdf?page=9"><img resource="/wiki/File:History_of_Bronx_borough,_city_of_New_York;_(IA_historyofbronxbo00comf).pdf?page=9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/History_of_Bronx_borough%2C_city_of_New_York%3B_%28IA_historyofbronxbo00comf%29.pdf/page9-150px-History_of_Bronx_borough%2C_city_of_New_York%3B_%28IA_historyofbronxbo00comf%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/History_of_Bronx_borough%2C_city_of_New_York%3B_%28IA_historyofbronxbo00comf%29.pdf/page9-225px-History_of_Bronx_borough%2C_city_of_New_York%3B_%28IA_historyofbronxbo00comf%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/History_of_Bronx_borough%2C_city_of_New_York%3B_%28IA_historyofbronxbo00comf%29.pdf/page9-300px-History_of_Bronx_borough%2C_city_of_New_York%3B_%28IA_historyofbronxbo00comf%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>The first published book of Bronx history: History of Bronx Borough, City of New York by Randall Comfort</figcaption></figure> European colonization of the Bronx began in 1639. The Bronx was originally part of <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a>, but it was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York County</a> in two major parts (<a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">West Bronx</a>, 1874 and <a href="/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">East Bronx</a>, 1895) before it became Bronx County. Originally, the area was part of the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lenapehoking" title="Lenapehoking">Lenapehoking</a> territory inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Siwanoy" title="Siwanoy">Siwanoy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wappinger" title="Wappinger">Wappinger</a> Confederacy. Over time, European colonists converted the borough into farmlands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1914">Before 1914</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Before 1914">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_in_New_York_City" title="List of former municipalities in New York City">List of former municipalities in New York City</a></div> The Bronx's development is directly connected to its strategic location between <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and New York (<a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. The King's Bridge, built in 1693 where <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/Spuyten_Duyvil_Creek" title="Spuyten Duyvil Creek">Spuyten Duyvil Creek</a>, was a possession of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Philipse" title="Frederick Philipse">Frederick Philipse</a>, lord of <a href="/wiki/Philipse_Manor_Hall_State_Historic_Site" title="Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site">Philipse Manor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12-39">[39]</a> Local farmers on both sides of the creek resented the tolls, and in 1759, Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer led them in building a free bridge across the Harlem River.<a href="#cite_note-Fordam-40">[40]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the King's Bridge toll was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins1912-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12-39">[39]</a> The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a>, one of the 12 original counties of the English <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns in <a href="/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York" title="Yonkers, New York">Yonkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastchester_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastchester (town), New York">Eastchester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pelham,_New_York" title="Pelham, New York">Pelham</a>. In 1846, a new town was created by division of Westchester, called West Farms. The town of <a href="/wiki/Morrisania,_Bronx" title="Morrisania, Bronx">Morrisania</a> was created, in turn, from West Farms in 1855. In 1873, the town of <a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge,_Bronx" title="Kingsbridge, Bronx">Kingsbridge</a> was established within the former borders of the town of Yonkers, roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Heights,_Bronx" title="Woodlawn Heights, Bronx">Woodlawn Heights</a>, and included <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)" title="Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)">Woodlawn Cemetery</a>. Among the famous people who settled in the Bronx during the 19th and early 20th centuries were author <a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a>, tobacco merchant <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lorillard_IV" title="Pierre Lorillard IV">Pierre Lorillard</a>, and inventor <a href="/wiki/Jordan_L._Mott" title="Jordan L. Mott">Jordan L. Mott</a>, who established <a href="/wiki/Mott_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="Mott Haven">Mott Haven</a> to house the workers at his iron works.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms, and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were soon abolished in the process.<a href="#cite_note-thorne-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The whole territory east of the Bronx River was annexed to the city in 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>. This included the Town of Westchester (which had voted against consolidation in 1894) and parts of Eastchester and Pelham.<a href="#cite_note-ultan-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-thorne-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1973-47">[47]</a> The nautical community of <a href="/wiki/City_Island,_Bronx" title="City Island, Bronx">City Island</a> voted to join the city in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Following these two annexations, the Bronx's territory had moved from Westchester County into New York County, which already included Manhattan and the rest of pre-1874 New York City. On January 1, 1898, the consolidated <a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_New_York" title="City of Greater New York">City of New York</a> was born, including the Bronx as one of the five distinct <a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)">boroughs</a>. However, it remained part of New York County until Bronx County was created in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> On April 19, 1912, those parts of New York County which had been annexed from Westchester County in previous decades were newly constituted as Bronx County, the 62nd and last county to be created by the state, effective in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-thorne-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Bronx County's courts opened for business on January 2, 1914 (the same day that <a href="/wiki/John_P._Mitchel" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Mitchel">John P. Mitchel</a> started work as <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a>).<a href="#cite_note-courtstart-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Marble Hill, Manhattan">Marble Hill, Manhattan</a>, was now connected to the Bronx by filling in the former waterway, but it is not part of the borough or county.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1993-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1914">After 1914</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After 1914">edit</a>]</div> The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–1929, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx changed during 1950–1985 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty in some areas. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.<a href="#cite_note-Olmsted_1989;_Olmsted_1998-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York_City_expands">New York City expands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New York City expands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronx_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bronx_1900.jpg/250px-Bronx_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bronx_1900.jpg/375px-Bronx_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bronx_1900.jpg/500px-Bronx_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)">Grand Concourse</a> and <a href="/wiki/161st_Street_(Bronx)" title="161st Street (Bronx)">161st Street</a> as they appeared around 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simpson_Street_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Simpson_Street_Station.jpg/250px-Simpson_Street_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Simpson_Street_Station.jpg/375px-Simpson_Street_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Simpson_Street_Station.jpg/500px-Simpson_Street_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Simpson_Street_(IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simpson Street (IRT White Plains Road Line)">Simpson Street</a> elevated station was built in 1904 and opened on November 26, 1904. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2004.</figcaption></figure> The Bronx was a mostly rural area for many generations, with small farms supplying the city markets. In the late 19th century, however, it grew into a railroad suburb. Faster transportation enabled rapid population growth in the late 19th century, involving the move from horse-drawn street cars to elevated railways and the subway system, which linked to Manhattan in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-Olmsted_1989;_Olmsted_1998-52">[52]</a> The South Bronx was a manufacturing center for many years and was noted as a center of <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> manufacturing in the early part of the 20th century. In 1919, the Bronx was the site of 63 piano factories employing more than 5,000 workers.<a href="#cite_note-Piano_Workers_May_Strike-53">[53]</a> At the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Bronx hosted the rather small <a href="/wiki/Bronx_International_Exposition_of_Science,_Arts_and_Industries" title="Bronx International Exposition of Science, Arts and Industries">1918 World's Fair</a> at 177th Street and DeVoe Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-ultan-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Among these groups, many <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a> settled here. In addition, <a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish American">Polish</a>, and other immigrants moved into the borough. As evidence of the change in population, by 1937, 592,185 Jews lived in the Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population),<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.<a href="#cite_note-Remembrance-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Change">Change</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Change">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Bootleggers</a> and gangs were active in the Bronx during <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> (1920–1933). Irish, Italian, Jewish, and Polish gangs smuggled in most of the illegal whiskey, and the oldest sections of the borough became poverty-stricken.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Police Commissioner Richard Enright said that speakeasies provided a place for "the vicious elements, bootleggers, gamblers and their friends in all walks of life" to cooperate and to "evade the law, escape punishment for their crimes, [and] to deter the police from doing their duty".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Between 1930 and 1960, moderate and upper income Bronxites (predominantly non-Hispanic Whites) began to <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">relocate</a> from the borough's southwestern neighborhoods. This migration has left a mostly poor African American and Hispanic (largely <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in the United States">Puerto Rican</a>) population in the West Bronx. One significant factor that shifted the racial and economic demographics was the construction of <a href="/wiki/Co-op_City,_Bronx" title="Co-op City, Bronx">Co-op City</a>, built to house middle-class residents in family-sized apartments. The high-rise complex played a significant role in draining middle-class residents from older tenement buildings in the borough's southern and western fringes. Most predominantly non-Hispanic White communities today <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Bronx" title="Demographics of the Bronx">are in the eastern and northwestern sections of the borough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> changed for some Bronx residents. Historians and social scientists have suggested many factors, including the theory that <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a>' <a href="/wiki/Cross_Bronx_Expressway" title="Cross Bronx Expressway">Cross Bronx Expressway</a> destroyed existing residential neighborhoods and created instant slums, as put forward in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Robert Caro</a>'s biography <a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Another factor in the Bronx's decline may have been the development of <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">high-rise</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_housing#United_States" title="Public housing">housing projects</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Yet another factor may have been a reduction in the real estate listings and property-related financial services offered in some areas of the Bronx, such as <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage loans</a> or insurance policies—a process known as <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a>. Others have suggested a "<a href="/wiki/Planned_shrinkage" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned shrinkage">planned shrinkage</a>" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> There was also much debate as to whether <a href="/wiki/Rent_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent control">rent control</a> laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1970s, parts of the Bronx were plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, such as the South Bronx. One explanation of this event was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money, as it was easier for them to get insurance money than to try to refurbish a dilapidated building or sell a building in a severely distressed area.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez_2004-67">[67]</a> There were cases where tenants set fire to the building they lived in so they could qualify for emergency relocations by city social service agencies to better residences, sometimes being relocated to other parts of the city. Out of 289 census tracts in the Bronx borough, 7 tracts lost more than 97% of their buildings to arson and abandonment between 1970 and 1980; another 44 tracts had more than 50% of their buildings meet the same fate. By the early 1980s, the Bronx was considered the most blighted urban area in the country, particularly the South Bronx which experienced a loss of 60% of the population and 40% of housing units. However, starting in the 1990s, many of the burned-out and run-down tenements were replaced by new housing units.<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez_2004-67">[67]</a> In May 1984, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">New York Supreme Court</a> justice <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._McQuillan" title="Peter J. McQuillan">Peter J. McQuillan</a> ruled that <a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Marble Hill, Manhattan">Marble Hill, Manhattan</a>, was simultaneously part of the Borough of Manhattan (not the Borough of the Bronx) and part of Bronx County (not New York County)<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and the matter was definitively settled later that year when the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Legislature">New York Legislature</a> overwhelmingly passed legislation declaring the neighborhood part of both New York County and the Borough of Manhattan and made this clarification retroactive to 1938, as reflected on the official maps of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom_1995-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revitalization">Revitalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revitalization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melrosebx1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="four-story houses along a city street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Melrosebx1.JPG/220px-Melrosebx1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Melrosebx1.JPG/330px-Melrosebx1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Melrosebx1.JPG/440px-Melrosebx1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Row_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Row houses">Row houses</a> on a location where there was once burnt rubble. The Bronx has since seen revitalization.</figcaption></figure> Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan"<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">affordable housing</a>. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line" title="IRT White Plains Road Line">IRT White Plains Road Line</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="2 (New York City Subway service)">2</a> and <a href="/wiki/5_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="5 (New York City Subway service)">5</a> trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as <a href="/wiki/Marshalls" title="Marshalls">Marshalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staples_Inc." title="Staples Inc.">Staples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target</a> opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bronx_-_All-America_City_sign_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Bronx – All-America City sign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Bronx_-_All-America_City_sign_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-The_Bronx_-_All-America_City_sign_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Bronx_-_All-America_City_sign_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-The_Bronx_-_All-America_City_sign_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Bronx_-_All-America_City_sign_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-The_Bronx_-_All-America_City_sign_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>The Bronx – All-America City sign</figcaption></figure> In 1997, the Bronx was designated an <a href="/wiki/All_America_City" class="mw-redirect" title="All America City">All America City</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Civic_League" title="National Civic League">National Civic League</a>, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings."<a href="#cite_note-thonx-83">[83]</a> The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In addition there came a revitalization of the existing housing market in areas such as Hunts Point, the Lower Concourse, and the neighborhoods surrounding the Third Avenue Bridge as people buy apartments and renovate them.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Several boutique and chain hotels opened in the 2010s in the <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> New developments are underway. The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_General_Post_Office" title="Bronx General Post Office">Bronx General Post Office</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> on the corner of the Grand Concourse and East 149th Street is being converted into a market place, boutiques, restaurants and office space with a USPS concession.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge_Armory" title="Kingsbridge Armory">Kingsbridge Armory</a>, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is currently slated for redevelopment. Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Concourse_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Concourse Yard">Concourse Yard</a> adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Lehman_College" title="Lehman College">Lehman College</a>. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350–500 million.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Despite significant investment compared to the post war period, many exacerbated social problems remain including high rates of violent crime, substance abuse, overcrowding, and substandard housing conditions.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The Bronx has the highest rate of poverty in New York City, and the greater South Bronx is the poorest area.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York_City" title="Geography of New York City">Geography of New York City</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_City_location_Bronx.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/New_York_City_location_Bronx.svg/220px-New_York_City_location_Bronx.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/New_York_City_location_Bronx.svg/330px-New_York_City_location_Bronx.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/New_York_City_location_Bronx.svg/440px-New_York_City_location_Bronx.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption>Location of the Bronx (red) within New York City</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_physical_features">Location and physical features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Location and physical features">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_smaller_islands_in_New_York_City" title="List of smaller islands in New York City">List of smaller islands in New York City</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, Bronx County has a total area of 57 square miles (150 km2), of which 42 square miles (110 km2) is land and 15 square miles (39 km2) (27%) is water.<a href="#cite_note-GR1-97">[97]</a> The Bronx is New York City's northernmost borough, New York State's southernmost mainland county and the only part of New York City that is almost entirely on the North American mainland, unlike the other four boroughs that are either islands or located on islands.<a href="#cite_note-GR6-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">West Bronx</a> is primarily Fordham <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, a high-grade heavily banded <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> containing significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">pink feldspar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Marble Hill – politically part of Manhattan but now physically attached to the Bronx – is so-called because of the formation of <a href="/wiki/Inwood_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Inwood marble">Inwood marble</a> there as well as in <a href="/wiki/Inwood,_Manhattan" title="Inwood, Manhattan">Inwood, Manhattan</a>, and parts of the Bronx and Westchester County. The <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> separates the Bronx on the west from <a href="/wiki/Alpine,_New_Jersey" title="Alpine, New Jersey">Alpine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenafly,_New_Jersey" title="Tenafly, New Jersey">Tenafly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey">Englewood Cliffs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen County, New Jersey</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River">Harlem River</a> separates it from the island of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> to the southwest; the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> separates it from <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> to the southeast; and to the east, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a> separates it from <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County</a> in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a> communities of <a href="/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York" title="Yonkers, New York">Yonkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_New_York" title="Mount Vernon, New York">Mount Vernon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Manor,_New_York" title="Pelham Manor, New York">Pelham Manor</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle</a>. There is also a short southern land boundary with <a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Marble Hill, Manhattan">Marble Hill</a> in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the <a href="/wiki/Spuyten_Duyvil_Creek" title="Spuyten Duyvil Creek">Spuyten Duyvil Creek</a>; Marble Hill's postal <a href="/wiki/ZIP_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIP code">ZIP code</a>, telephonic <a href="/wiki/Area_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Area codes">area codes</a> and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1993-51">[51]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_aerial_night_2018e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/New_York_aerial_night_2018e.jpg/220px-New_York_aerial_night_2018e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/New_York_aerial_night_2018e.jpg/330px-New_York_aerial_night_2018e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/New_York_aerial_night_2018e.jpg/440px-New_York_aerial_night_2018e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Bronx from the east at night</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a> flows south from Westchester County through the borough, emptying into the East River; it is the only entirely <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> river in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-100">[100]</a> It separates the West Bronx from the schist of the <a href="/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">East Bronx</a>. A smaller river, the <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_River" title="Hutchinson River">Hutchinson River</a> (named after the religious leader <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a>, killed along its banks in 1641), passes through the East Bronx and empties into <a href="/wiki/Eastchester_Bay" title="Eastchester Bay">Eastchester Bay</a>. The Bronx also includes several small islands in the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/City_Island,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="City Island, New York">City Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hart_Island_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hart Island (New York)">Hart Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rikers_Island" title="Rikers Island">Rikers Island</a> in the East River, home to the large jail complex for the entire city, is also part of the Bronx. The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt Park</a> and in the Chapel Farm area near the <a href="/wiki/Riverdale_Country_School" title="Riverdale Country School">Riverdale Country School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marsh</a>: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and <a href="/wiki/Throggs_Neck" title="Throggs Neck">Throggs Neck</a>. Further up the coastline, <a href="/wiki/Rodman%27s_Neck" title="Rodman's Neck">Rodman's Neck</a> lies between <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park">Pelham Bay Park</a> in the northeast and <a href="/wiki/City_Island,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="City Island, New York">City Island</a>. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_open_space">Parks and open space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Parks and open space">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_the_Bronx" title="Category:Parks in the Bronx">Category:Parks in the Bronx</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronx_transit_and_landmarks_in_1896_(NY_Times)_-_re-tinted.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bronx_transit_and_landmarks_in_1896_%28NY_Times%29_-_re-tinted.png/410px-Bronx_transit_and_landmarks_in_1896_%28NY_Times%29_-_re-tinted.png" decoding="async" width="410" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bronx_transit_and_landmarks_in_1896_%28NY_Times%29_-_re-tinted.png/615px-Bronx_transit_and_landmarks_in_1896_%28NY_Times%29_-_re-tinted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bronx_transit_and_landmarks_in_1896_%28NY_Times%29_-_re-tinted.png/820px-Bronx_transit_and_landmarks_in_1896_%28NY_Times%29_-_re-tinted.png 2x" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="2087" /></a><figcaption> An 1896 <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> map of parks and transit in the newly annexed Bronx. <a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Marble Hill, Manhattan">Marble Hill</a> is in pink, cut off by water from the rest of Manhattan in orange. <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park">Pelham Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crotona_Park" title="Crotona Park">Crotona Parks</a> are light green, as is <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Park" title="Bronx Park">Bronx Park</a> (now home to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden" title="New York Botanical Garden">New York Botanical Garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)" title="Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)">Woodlawn Cemetery</a> medium green, sports facilities dark green, the not-yet-built <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Park_Reservoir" title="Jerome Park Reservoir">Jerome Park Reservoir</a> light blue, St. John's College (now <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>) violet, and the city limits of the newly expanded New York red.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em; text-align:right; font-size:88%; width:auto; background:honeydew"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" style="background:#88ff88">Sample of open spaces and parks in the Bronx </th></tr> <tr> <th>Acquired </th> <th>Name </th> <th>acres </th> <th>sq. mi. </th> <th>hectares </th></tr> <tr> <td>1863</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx">Woodlawn Cemetery</a></td> <td>400</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>162 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">1888</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park">Pelham Bay Park</a></td> <td>2,772</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>1,122 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt Park</a></td> <td>1,146</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>464 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Park" title="Bronx Park">Bronx Park</a></td> <td>718</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>291 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crotona_Park" title="Crotona Park">Crotona Park</a></td> <td>128</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Park_(Bronx)" title="St. Mary's Park (Bronx)">St. Mary's Park</a></td> <td>35</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Park_Reservoir" title="Jerome Park Reservoir">Jerome Park Reservoir</a></td> <td>94</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897</td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._James_Park_(Bronx)" title="St. James Park (Bronx)">St. James Park</a></td> <td>11</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>4.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macombs_Dam_Park" title="Macombs Dam Park">Macombs Dam Park</a> †</td> <td>28</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Park" title="Henry Hudson Park">Henry Hudson Park</a></td> <td>9</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1937</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Point_Park" title="Ferry Point Park">Ferry Point Park</a></td> <td>414</td> <td>0.65</td> <td>168 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soundview_Park_(Bronx)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soundview Park (Bronx)">Soundview Park</a></td> <td>196</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wave_Hill" title="Wave Hill">Wave Hill</a></td> <td>21</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>8.5 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e8f8a5;"> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="2">Land area of the Bronx in 2000</td> <td>26,897</td> <td>42.0</td> <td>10,885 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="2">Water area</td> <td>9,855</td> <td>15.4</td> <td>3,988 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccee88;"> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="2">Total area<a href="#cite_note-GR1-97">[97]</a></td> <td>36,752</td> <td>57.4</td> <td>14,873 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#88ff88;">† closed in 2007 to build a new park & <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#88ff88;">Main source: New York City Department of Parks & Recreation<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Although Bronx County was the third most densely populated county in the United States in 2022 (after <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>),<a href="#cite_note-CensusDensity2022-106">[106]</a> 7,000 acres (28 km2) of the Bronx—about one fifth of the Bronx's area, and one quarter of its land area—is given over to parkland.<a href="#cite_note-blooming-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The vision of a system of major Bronx parks connected by park-like thoroughfares is usually attributed to <a href="/wiki/John_Mullaly" title="John Mullaly">John Mullaly</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)" title="Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)">Woodlawn Cemetery</a>, located on 400 acres (160 ha) and one of the largest cemeteries in New York City, sits on the western bank of the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York" title="Yonkers, New York">Yonkers</a>. It opened in 1863, in what was then the town of Yonkers, at the time a rural area. Since the first burial in 1865, more than 300,000 people have been interred there.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The borough's northern side includes the largest park in New York City—<a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park">Pelham Bay Park</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Orchard_Beach,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchard Beach, New York">Orchard Beach</a>—and the third-largest, <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt Park</a>, which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and borders <a href="/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York" title="Yonkers, New York">Yonkers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Also in the northern Bronx, <a href="/wiki/Wave_Hill_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave Hill (New York)">Wave Hill</a>, the former estate of <a href="/wiki/George_Walbridge_Perkins" title="George Walbridge Perkins">George W. Perkins</a>—known for a historic house, gardens, changing site-specific art installations and concerts—overlooks the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Palisades" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Palisades">New Jersey Palisades</a> from a promontory on the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a>. Nearer the borough's center, and along the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Park" title="Bronx Park">Bronx Park</a>; its northern end houses the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Botanical Gardens">New York Botanical Gardens</a>, which preserve the last patch of the original <a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">hemlock</a> forest that once covered the county, and its southern end the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a>, the largest urban zoological gardens in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-fordzoo-110">[110]</a> In 1904 the Chestnut Blight pathogen (<a href="/wiki/Cryphonectria_parasitica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryphonectria parasitica">Cryphonectria parasitica</a>) was found for the first time outside of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, here, at the Bronx Zoo.<a href="#cite_note-VanDerPlank-111">[111]</a> Over the next 40 years it spread throughout <a href="/wiki/Eastern_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern North America">eastern North America</a> and killed back essentially every American Chestnut (<a href="/wiki/Castanea_dentata" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea dentata">Castanea dentata</a>), causing ecological and economic devastation.<a href="#cite_note-VanDerPlank-111">[111]</a> Just south of <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt Park</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Park_Reservoir" title="Jerome Park Reservoir">Jerome Park Reservoir</a>, surrounded by 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls and bordering several small parks in the <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Park,_Bronx" title="Bedford Park, Bronx">Bedford Park</a> neighborhood; the <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a> was built in the 1890s on the site of the former <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Park_Racetrack" title="Jerome Park Racetrack">Jerome Park Racetrack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Further south is <a href="/wiki/Crotona_Park" title="Crotona Park">Crotona Park</a>, home to a 3.3-acre (1.3 ha) lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The land for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while land was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Some of the acquired land was set aside for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)">Grand Concourse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Parkway" title="Pelham Parkway">Pelham Parkway</a>, the first of a series of <a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">boulevards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">parkways</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thoroughfare" title="Thoroughfare">thoroughfares</a> lined with trees, vegetation and greenery). Later projects included the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River_Parkway" title="Bronx River Parkway">Bronx River Parkway</a>, which developed a road while restoring the riverbank and reducing pollution, <a href="/wiki/Mosholu_Parkway" title="Mosholu Parkway">Mosholu Parkway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Parkway" title="Henry Hudson Parkway">Henry Hudson Parkway</a>. In 2006, a five-year, $220-million program of capital improvements and natural restoration in 70 Bronx parks was begun (financed by water and sewer revenues) as part of an agreement that allowed a <a href="/wiki/Croton_Water_Filtration_Plant" title="Croton Water Filtration Plant">water filtration plant</a> under Mosholu Golf Course in Van Cortlandt Park. One major focus is on opening more of the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a>'s banks and restoring them to a natural state.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjacent_counties">Adjacent counties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adjacent counties">edit</a>]</div> The Bronx adjoins:<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a> – north</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County</a> – southeast (across the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens County (Queens)</a> – south (across the East River)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York County (Manhattan)</a> – southwest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen County, New Jersey</a> – west (across the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_of_the_Bronx">Divisions of the Bronx</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Divisions of the Bronx">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_divisions">Regional divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regional divisions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_Bronx,_Harlem_River,_Harlem,_Hudson_River,_George_Washington_Bridge,_2008-05-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_the_Bronx%2C_Harlem_River%2C_Harlem%2C_Hudson_River%2C_George_Washington_Bridge%2C_2008-05-10.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_the_Bronx%2C_Harlem_River%2C_Harlem%2C_Hudson_River%2C_George_Washington_Bridge%2C_2008-05-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_the_Bronx%2C_Harlem_River%2C_Harlem%2C_Hudson_River%2C_George_Washington_Bridge%2C_2008-05-10.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_the_Bronx%2C_Harlem_River%2C_Harlem%2C_Hudson_River%2C_George_Washington_Bridge%2C_2008-05-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_the_Bronx%2C_Harlem_River%2C_Harlem%2C_Hudson_River%2C_George_Washington_Bridge%2C_2008-05-10.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_the_Bronx%2C_Harlem_River%2C_Harlem%2C_Hudson_River%2C_George_Washington_Bridge%2C_2008-05-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of the Bronx, <a href="/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River">Harlem River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge" title="George Washington Bridge">George Washington Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> There are two primary systems for dividing the Bronx into regions, which do not necessarily agree with one another. One system is based on the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a>, while the other strictly separates <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a> from the rest of the borough. The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a> divides the borough nearly in half, putting the earlier-settled, more urban, and hillier sections in the western lobe and the newer, more suburban coastal sections in the eastern lobe. It is an accurate reflection on the Bronx's history considering that the towns that existed in the area prior to annexation to the City of New York generally did not straddle the Bronx River.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition, what is today the Bronx was annexed to New York City in two stages: areas west of the Bronx River were annexed in 1874 while areas to the east of the river were annexed in 1895.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">West Bronx</a>: all parts of the Bronx west of the Bronx River (as opposed to Jerome Avenue – this street is simply the "east-west" divider for designating numbered streets as "east" or "west". As the Bronx's numbered streets continue from Manhattan to south, on which the street numbering system is based, Jerome Avenue actually represents a longitudinal halfway point for Manhattan, not the Bronx.)<a href="#cite_note-geo-117">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">East Bronx</a>: all parts of the Bronx east of the Bronx River (as opposed to Jerome Avenue)<a href="#cite_note-geo-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li></ul> Under this system, the Bronx can be further divided into the following regions: <ul><li>Northwest Bronx: the northern half of the West Bronx; the area north of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River</li> <li>Southwest Bronx: the southern half of the West Bronx; the area south of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River</li> <li>Northeast Bronx: the northern half of the East Bronx; the area north of Pelham Parkway and east of the Bronx River</li> <li>Southeast Bronx: the southern half of the East Bronx; the area south of Pelham Parkway and east of the Bronx River</li></ul> A second system divides the borough first and foremost into the following sections: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Bronx" title="North Bronx">North Bronx</a>: all areas not in the South Bronx (Southwest Bronx) – i.e. the Northwest Bronx, Northeast Bronx, and Southeast Bronx</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a>: the Southwest Bronx – south of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River. This includes the areas traditionally considered part of the South Bronx.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronx_neighborhoods" title="List of Bronx neighborhoods">List of Bronx neighborhoods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Community Board">Bronx Community Board</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_town_creation_in_Downstate_New_York" title="Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York">Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York</a></div> The number, locations, and boundaries of the Bronx's neighborhoods (many of them sitting on the sites of 19th-century villages) have become unclear with time and successive waves of newcomers. Even city officials do not necessarily agree. In a 2006 article for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, Manny Fernandez described the disagreement: <blockquote>According to a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning" title="New York City Department of City Planning">Department of City Planning</a> map of the city's neighborhoods, the Bronx has 49. The map publisher <a href="/wiki/Hagstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagstrom">Hagstrom</a> identifies 69. The borough president, <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Carri%C3%B3n_Jr." title="Adolfo Carrión Jr.">Adolfo Carrión Jr.</a>, says 61. The Mayor's Community Assistance Unit, in a listing of the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Community Board">borough's community boards</a>, names 68.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></blockquote> Major neighborhoods of the Bronx include the following. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Bronx">East Bronx</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: East Bronx">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">East Bronx</a></div> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Community Board">Bronx Community Districts</a> 9 [south central], 10 [east], 11 [east central] and 12 [north central])<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg/220px-Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg/330px-Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg/440px-Co-op_City_Hutch_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>The neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Co-op_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-op City">Co-op City</a> is the largest cooperative housing development in the world.</figcaption></figure> East of the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a>, the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and <a href="/wiki/Throgs_Neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Throgs Neck">Throgs Neck</a>. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park">Pelham Bay Park</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a>-Bronx border. Neighborhoods include: <a href="/wiki/Clason%27s_Point,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Clason's Point, Bronx">Clason's Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harding_Park,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Harding Park, Bronx">Harding Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soundview,_Bronx" title="Soundview, Bronx">Soundview</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Bronx" title="Castle Hill, Bronx">Castle Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkchester,_Bronx" title="Parkchester, Bronx">Parkchester</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_9" title="Bronx Community Board 9">Community District 9</a>); <a href="/wiki/Throggs_Neck" title="Throggs Neck">Throggs Neck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_Club,_Bronx" title="Country Club, Bronx">Country Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Island,_Bronx" title="City Island, Bronx">City Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelham Bay">Pelham Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgewater_Park_(Bronx)" title="Edgewater Park (Bronx)">Edgewater Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Co-op_City,_Bronx" title="Co-op City, Bronx">Co-op City</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_10" title="Bronx Community Board 10">Community District 10</a>); <a href="/wiki/Westchester_Square,_Bronx" title="Westchester Square, Bronx">Westchester Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Nest" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Nest">Van Nest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Parkway,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelham Parkway, Bronx">Pelham Parkway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Park,_Bronx" title="Morris Park, Bronx">Morris Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_11" title="Bronx Community Board 11">Community District 11</a>); <a href="/wiki/Williamsbridge,_Bronx" title="Williamsbridge, Bronx">Williamsbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastchester,_Bronx" title="Eastchester, Bronx">Eastchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baychester,_Bronx" title="Baychester, Bronx">Baychester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edenwald,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Edenwald, Bronx">Edenwald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Bronx" title="Wakefield, Bronx">Wakefield</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_12" title="Bronx Community Board 12">Community District 12</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_Island_and_Hart_Island">City Island and Hart Island</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: City Island and Hart Island">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/City_Island,_Bronx" title="City Island, Bronx">City Island, Bronx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hart_Island_(Bronx)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hart Island (Bronx)">Hart Island (Bronx)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CityIsland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CityIsland.jpg/220px-CityIsland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CityIsland.jpg/330px-CityIsland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CityIsland.jpg/440px-CityIsland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>A sunken boat off the shore of <a href="/wiki/City_Island,_Bronx" title="City Island, Bronx">City Island</a></figcaption></figure> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Community Board">Bronx Community District</a> 10) City Island is east of <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park">Pelham Bay Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a> and is known for its seafood restaurants and private waterfront homes.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> City Island's single shopping street, City Island Avenue, is reminiscent of a small New England town. It is connected to <a href="/wiki/Rodman%27s_Neck" title="Rodman's Neck">Rodman's Neck</a> on the mainland by the <a href="/wiki/City_Island_Bridge" title="City Island Bridge">City Island Bridge</a>. East of City Island is <a href="/wiki/Hart_Island_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hart Island (New York)">Hart Island</a>, which is uninhabited and not open to the public. It once served as a prison and now houses New York City's <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_field" title="Potter's field">potter's field</a> for unclaimed bodies.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Bronx">West Bronx</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: West Bronx">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">West Bronx</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Conc_165_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Grand_Conc_165_jeh.JPG/220px-Grand_Conc_165_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Grand_Conc_165_jeh.JPG/330px-Grand_Conc_165_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Grand_Conc_165_jeh.JPG/440px-Grand_Conc_165_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)">Grand Concourse</a> at East 165th Street in 2008</figcaption></figure> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Community Board">Bronx Community Districts</a> 1 to 8, progressing roughly from south to northwest) The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fieldston,_Bronx" title="Fieldston, Bronx">Fieldston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> It includes New York City's third-largest park: <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt Park</a> along the Westchester-Bronx border. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)">Grand Concourse</a>, a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northwestern_Bronx">Northwestern Bronx</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Northwestern Bronx">edit</a>]</div> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Community Board">Bronx Community Districts</a> 7 [between the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River">Harlem Rivers</a>] and 8 [facing the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>] – plus part of Board 12) Neighborhoods include: Fordham-Bedford, <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Park,_Bronx" title="Bedford Park, Bronx">Bedford Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwood,_Bronx" title="Norwood, Bronx">Norwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingsbridge Heights">Kingsbridge Heights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_7" title="Bronx Community Board 7">Community District 7</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge,_Bronx" title="Kingsbridge, Bronx">Kingsbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Community Board 8">Community District 8</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Heights,_Bronx" title="Woodlawn Heights, Bronx">Woodlawn Heights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_12" title="Bronx Community Board 12">Community District 12</a>). (<a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Marble Hill, Manhattan">Marble Hill, Manhattan</a> is now connected by land to the Bronx rather than Manhattan and is served by Bronx Community District 8.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Bronx">South Bronx</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: South Bronx">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morrisheightsbx.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Morrisheightsbx.JPG/220px-Morrisheightsbx.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Morrisheightsbx.JPG/330px-Morrisheightsbx.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Morrisheightsbx.JPG/440px-Morrisheightsbx.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Morris_Heights,_Bronx" title="Morris Heights, Bronx">Morris Heights</a>, a Bronx neighborhood of over 45,000</figcaption></figure>(<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Community Board">Bronx Community Districts</a> 1 to 6 plus part of CD 7—progressing northwards, CDs 2, 3 and 6 border the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a> from its mouth to <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Park" title="Bronx Park">Bronx Park</a>, while 1, 4, 5 and 7 face Manhattan across the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River">Harlem River</a>) Like other <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_New_York_City" title="Neighborhoods in New York City">neighborhoods in New York City</a>, the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and is applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Fordham_Road" title="Fordham Road">Fordham Road</a> was often used as a northern limit. The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a> more consistently forms an eastern boundary. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_County_Courthouse" title="Bronx County Courthouse">Bronx County Courthouse</a>, Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cross_Bronx_Expressway" title="Cross Bronx Expressway">Cross Bronx Expressway</a> bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas. Neighborhoods include: <a href="/wiki/The_Hub,_Bronx" title="The Hub, Bronx">The Hub</a> (a retail district at <a href="/wiki/Third_Avenue" title="Third Avenue">Third Avenue</a> and East 149th Street), <a href="/wiki/Port_Morris,_Bronx" title="Port Morris, Bronx">Port Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mott_Haven,_Bronx" title="Mott Haven, Bronx">Mott Haven</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_1" title="Bronx Community Board 1">Community District 1</a>), <a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Bronx" title="Melrose, Bronx">Melrose</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_1" title="Bronx Community Board 1">Community District 1</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_3" title="Bronx Community Board 3">Community District 3</a>), <a href="/wiki/Morrisania" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrisania">Morrisania</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Morrisania,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="East Morrisania, Bronx">East Morrisania</a> [also known as Crotona Park East] (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_3" title="Bronx Community Board 3">Community District 3</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hunts_Point,_Bronx" title="Hunts Point, Bronx">Hunts Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Bronx" title="Longwood, Bronx">Longwood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_2" title="Bronx Community Board 2">Community District 2</a>), <a href="/wiki/Highbridge,_Bronx" title="Highbridge, Bronx">Highbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concourse,_Bronx" title="Concourse, Bronx">Concourse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_4" title="Bronx Community Board 4">Community District 4</a>), <a href="/wiki/West_Farms,_Bronx" title="West Farms, Bronx">West Farms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Bronx" title="Belmont, Bronx">Belmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Tremont,_Bronx" title="East Tremont, Bronx">East Tremont</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_6" title="Bronx Community Board 6">Community District 6</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Bronx" title="Tremont, Bronx">Tremont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Heights,_Bronx" title="Morris Heights, Bronx">Morris Heights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_5" title="Bronx Community Board 5">Community District 5</a>), <a href="/wiki/University_Heights,_Bronx" title="University Heights, Bronx">University Heights</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_5" title="Bronx Community Board 5">Community District 5</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_7" title="Bronx Community Board 7">Community District 7</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Bronx" title="Demographics of the Bronx">Demographics of the Bronx</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td>1,781</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td>1,755</td><td></td><td>−1.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>2,267</td><td></td><td>29.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>2,782</td><td></td><td>22.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>3,023</td><td></td><td>8.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>5,346</td><td></td><td>76.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>8,032</td><td></td><td>50.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>23,593</td><td></td><td>193.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>37,393</td><td></td><td>58.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>51,980</td><td></td><td>39.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>88,908</td><td></td><td>71.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>200,507</td><td></td><td>125.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>430,980</td><td></td><td>114.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>732,016</td><td></td><td>69.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>1,265,258</td><td></td><td>72.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>1,394,711</td><td></td><td>10.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>1,451,277</td><td></td><td>4.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>1,424,815</td><td></td><td>−1.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>1,471,701</td><td></td><td>3.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>1,168,972</td><td></td><td>−20.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>1,203,789</td><td></td><td>3.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>1,332,650</td><td></td><td>10.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>1,385,108</td><td></td><td>3.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>1,472,654</td><td></td><td>6.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote">Sources: 1790–1990;<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="float:center; text-align:right; font-size:85%; margin:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" style="background-color:tan;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045256916">.mw-parser-output .navbar-header{text-align:center;position:relative;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbar-header .navbar{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:0 5px}</style><div class="navbar-header">New York City's <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">five boroughs</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NYC_boroughs" title="Template:NYC boroughs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NYC_boroughs" title="Template talk:NYC boroughs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NYC_boroughs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NYC boroughs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#dedebb;"> <th colspan="2" style="background: transparent">Jurisdiction </th> <th style="background: transparent">Population </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: transparent">Land area </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: transparent">Density of population </th> <th style="background: transparent"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#efefcc; font-style: italic"> <th style="font-weight:normal; background: transparent">Borough</th> <th style="font-weight:normal; background: transparent">County</th> <th style="font-weight: normal; background: transparent">Census (2020)</th> <th style="font-weight: normal; background: transparent">square miles</th> <th style="font-weight: normal; background: transparent">square km</th> <th style="font-weight: normal; background: transparent">people/ sq. mile</th> <th style="font-weight: normal; background: transparent">people/ sq. km</th> <th style="font-weight:normal; background: transparent">billions (2022 US$) 2 </th></tr> <tr style="background:lemonchiffon;"> <td bgcolor="gold"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Bronx</a></div> </td> <td bgcolor="ffee88"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Bronx</div> </td> <td>1,472,654 </td> <td>42.2 </td> <td>109.2 </td> <td>34,920 </td> <td>13,482 </td> <td>51.574 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <td bgcolor="ffee77"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></div> </td> <td bgcolor="f9f9f9"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Kings</div> </td> <td>2,736,074 </td> <td>69.4 </td> <td>179.7 </td> <td>39,438 </td> <td>15,227 </td> <td>125.867 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></div> </td> <td bgcolor="f9f9f9"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> New York</div> </td> <td>1,694,251 </td> <td>22.7 </td> <td>58.7 </td> <td>74,781 </td> <td>28,872 </td> <td>885.652 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <td bgcolor="orange"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></div> </td> <td bgcolor="f9f9f9"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Queens</div> </td> <td>2,405,464 </td> <td>108.7 </td> <td>281.6 </td> <td>22,125 </td> <td>8,542 </td> <td>122.288 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <td bgcolor="plum"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a></div> </td> <td bgcolor="f9f9f9"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Richmond</div> </td> <td>495,747 </td> <td>57.5 </td> <td>149.0 </td> <td>8,618 </td> <td>3,327 </td> <td>21.103 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ddd;" class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">City of New York</a></div></td> <td>8,804,190</td> <td>300.5</td> <td>778.2</td> <td>29,303</td> <td>11,314</td> <td>1,206.484 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccc;" class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">State of New York</a></div></td> <td>20,201,249</td> <td>47,123.6</td> <td>122,049.5</td> <td>429</td> <td>166</td> <td>2,163.209 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="9" align="center">Sources:<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and see individual borough articles. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race,_ethnicity,_language,_and_immigration">Race, ethnicity, language, and immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Race, ethnicity, language, and immigration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_the_Bronx" title="List of people from the Bronx">List of people from the Bronx</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Race </th> <th>2021<a href="#cite_note-:2-129">[129]</a> </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> </th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-GR2-131">[131]</a> </th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-:1-132">[132]</a> </th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-:1-132">[132]</a> </th> <th>1950<a href="#cite_note-:1-132">[132]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> </td> <td>14.3% </td> <td>14.1% </td> <td>27.9% </td> <td>35.7% </td> <td>73.4% </td> <td>93.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>—Non-Hispanic </td> <td>9.0% </td> <td>8.9% </td> <td>10.9% </td> <td>22.6% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black or African American</a> </td> <td>33.8% </td> <td>33.1% </td> <td>36.5% </td> <td>37.3% </td> <td>24.3% </td> <td>6.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race) </td> <td>56.4% </td> <td>54.8% </td> <td>53.5% </td> <td>43.5% </td> <td>27.7%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-133">[133]</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td>4.7% </td> <td>4.7% </td> <td>3.6% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a> </td> <td>3.8% </td> <td>13.0% </td> <td>5.3% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_the_Bronx.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ethnic_Origins_in_the_Bronx.png/330px-Ethnic_Origins_in_the_Bronx.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ethnic_Origins_in_the_Bronx.png/495px-Ethnic_Origins_in_the_Bronx.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ethnic_Origins_in_the_Bronx.png/660px-Ethnic_Origins_in_the_Bronx.png 2x" data-file-width="5369" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in the Bronx</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018_estimates">2018 estimates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2018 estimates">edit</a>]</div> The borough's most populous racial group, White, declined from 99.3% in 1920 to 14.9% in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-:1-132">[132]</a> The Bronx has 532,487 housing units, with a median value of $371,800, and with an owner-occupancy rate of 19.7%, the lowest of the five boroughs. There are 495,356 households, with 2.85 persons per household. 59.3% of residents speak a language besides English at home, the highest rate of the five boroughs. In the Bronx, the population is 7.2% under 5, 17.6% 6–18, 62.4% 19–64, and 12.8% over 65. 52.9% of the population is female. 35.3% of residents are foreign born. The per capita income is $19,721, while the median household income is $36,593, both being the lowest of the five boroughs. 27.9% of residents live below the poverty line, the highest of the five boroughs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010_census">2010 census</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2010 census">edit</a>]</div> According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 1.2% of two or more races (non-Hispanic), and 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic). As of 2010, 46.29% (584,463) of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> at home, while 44.02% (555,767) spoke <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, 2.48% (31,361) <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African languages</a>, 0.91% (11,455) <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, 0.90% (11,355) <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, 0.87% (10,946) <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">various Indic languages</a>, 0.70% (8,836) <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">other Indo-European languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> was spoken at home by 0.50% (6,610) of the population over the age of five. In total, 55.98% (706,783) of the Bronx's population age five and older spoke a language at home other than English.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_language" title="Garifuna language">Garifuna</a>-speaking community from <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> also makes the Bronx its home.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_York_City_(5559914315).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_York_City_%285559914315%29.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_York_City_%285559914315%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_York_City_%285559914315%29.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_York_City_%285559914315%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_York_City_%285559914315%29.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_York_City_%285559914315%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>Map of racial distribution in New York, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, or Other (yellow)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2009_community_survey">2009 community survey</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2009 community survey">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/The_Bronx" title="Special:EditPage/The Bronx">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Bronx is the only New York City borough with a <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> majority,<a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-census-136">[136]</a> many of whom are <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican American">Puerto Ricans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican American">Dominicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> According to the 2009 American Community Survey, <a href="/wiki/Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Americans">Black Americans</a> were the second largest <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">racial/ethnic</a> group in the Bronx. Black people of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. Black people of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8% of the population. Over 495,200 Black people resided in the borough, of whom 87% were non-Hispanic. Over 61,000 people identified themselves as Sub-Saharan African in the survey, making up 4.4% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-:3-138">[138]</a> Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixed <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European American</a> heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of North America">Native American</a> and European heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2% of the population. People of mixed <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a> and European heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1% of the population. People of mixed African American and Native American heritage number over 1,220 members and form 0.1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-:3-138">[138]</a> Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the lowest number and proportion of white residents. As of 2009, <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population, or 320,640 people. <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic White">Non-Hispanic White</a> people accounted for one-eighth of the population (12.1%, or 168,570 12.1%). This is in contrast to a century ago, when almost all Bronx residents were white (99.3% in 1920). That share fell to about one-third by 1980 (34.4%).<a href="#cite_note-census-139">[139]</a> As of 2009, <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population, but counting <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic White">non-Hispanic White</a> people the proportion was under one-eighth (12.1%). The majority of the non-Hispanic European American population is of Italian and Irish descent. <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">People of Italian descent</a> numbered over 55,000 individuals and made up 3.9% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">People of Irish descent</a> numbered over 43,500 individuals and made up 3.1% of the population. <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a> made up 1.4% and 0.8% of the population respectively. The Bronx has the largest <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian</a> community in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> As of 2018, non-Hispanic White people account for about one in seven residents (14.9% in 2018).<a href="#cite_note-:1-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Older_estimates">Older estimates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Older estimates">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 United States Census">Census of 1930</a> counted only 1.0% (12,930) of the Bronx's population as Negro (while making no distinct counts of Hispanic or Spanish-surname residents).<a href="#cite_note-census_browser-141">[141]</a> <div align="center"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width:90%; fontsize:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Foreign or overseas birthplaces of Bronx residents, 1930 and 2000 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3" style="background:#ffff88;"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 United States Census">1930 United States Census</a><a href="#cite_note-census_browser-141">[141]</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#88ffff;"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 United States Census">2000 United States Census</a><a href="#cite_note-Quick_Tables_QT-P15_and_QT-P22-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffc;"> <td style="width:40%; text-align:center;">Total population of the Bronx </td> <td style="width:5%;">1,265,258 </td> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center; width:30%; background:#cff;">Total population of the Bronx </td> <td style="width:5%; background:#cff;">1,332,650 </td> <td style="width:5%; background:#cff;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eff;">All born abroad or overseas‡</td> <td style="background:#eff;">524,410</td> <td style="background:#eff;">39.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td> <td>126,649</td> <td>9.5% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe;"> <td style="text-align:center;">Foreign-born Whites</td> <td>477,342</td> <td>37.7%</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eff;">All foreign-born</td> <td style="background:#eff;">385,827</td> <td style="background:#eff;">29.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White persons</a> born in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>135,210</td> <td>10.7%</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></td> <td>124,032</td> <td>9.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">White persons born in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>67,732</td> <td>5.4%</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></td> <td>51,120</td> <td>3.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">White persons born in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>55,969</td> <td>4.4%</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>20,962</td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">White persons born in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>43,349</td> <td>3.4%</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></td> <td>14,868</td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">White persons born in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> †</td> <td>34,538</td> <td>2.7%</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td> <td>14,800</td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other foreign birthplaces of Whites</td> <td>140,544</td> <td>11.1%</td> <td>Other foreign birthplaces</td> <td>160,045 </td> <td>12.0% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3" style="background:#ffe;">† now the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#eff;"> ‡ beyond the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">50 states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_and_housing">Population and housing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Population and housing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronxpoverty.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bronxpoverty.JPG/220px-Bronxpoverty.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bronxpoverty.JPG/330px-Bronxpoverty.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bronxpoverty.JPG/440px-Bronxpoverty.JPG 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Poverty concentrations within the Bronx, by Census Tract</figcaption></figure> As of the 2010 Census, there were 1,385,108 people living in the Bronx, a 3.9% increase since 2000. As of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a><a href="#cite_note-GR2-131">[131]</a> of 2000, there were 1,332,650 people, 463,212 households, and 314,984 families residing in the borough. The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 31,709.3 inhabitants per square mile (12,243.0 inhabitants/km2). There were 490,659 housing units at an average density of 11,674.8 units per square mile (4,507.7 units/km2).<a href="#cite_note-GR2-131">[131]</a> Census estimates place total population of Bronx county at 1,392,002 as of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> There were 463,212 households, out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.4% were married couples living together, 30.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.37.<a href="#cite_note-GR2-131">[131]</a> The age distribution of the population in the Bronx were as follows: 29.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males.<a href="#cite_note-GR2-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_and_household_income">Individual and household income</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Individual and household income">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2017)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The 1999 <a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">median income</a> for a household in the borough was $27,611, and the median family income was $30,682. Men had a median income of $31,178 versus $29,429 for women. The <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> for the borough was $13,959. About 28.0% of families and 30.7% of the population were below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, including 41.5% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over. More than half of the neighborhoods in the Bronx are high poverty or extreme poverty areas.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> From 2015 Census data, the <a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">median income</a> for a household was (in 2015 dollars) $34,299. <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">Per capita income</a> in past 12 months (in 2015 dollars): $18,456 with persons in poverty at 30.3%. Per the 2016 Census data, the <a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">median income</a> for a household was $35,302. Per capita income was cited at $18,896.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_institutions">Culture and institutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Culture and institutions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_York_City" title="Culture of New York City">Culture of New York City</a>; <a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City" title="Music of New York City">Music of New York City</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_the_Bronx" title="List of people from the Bronx">List of people from the Bronx</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Registered_Historic_Places_in_Bronx_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Registered Historic Places in Bronx County, New York">List of Registered Historic Places in Bronx County, New York</a></div>The Bronx's recognition as an important center of <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American culture</a> has led <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a> to establish the Bronx African-American History Project (BAAHP).<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg/220px-Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg/330px-Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg/440px-Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a> in 1999</figcaption></figure> The Bronx has had a long association with music. In the early 20th century, it was a center for the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin jazz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Opera" title="Bronx Opera">Bronx Opera</a> was founded in the 1960s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1970s, The Bronx was strongly associated with the development of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a>. One of the genre's pioneers, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a>, held parties in the community room of an apartment building at 1520 <a href="/wiki/Sedgwick_Avenue" title="Sedgwick Avenue">Sedgwick Avenue</a>, where he experimented with <a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">turntablist</a> techniques such as <a href="/wiki/DJ_mix" title="DJ mix">mixing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a> of <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> records, as well as <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rapping</a> during extended instrumentals.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBS-154">[154]</a> Other significant Bronx DJs from this period include <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition, The Bronx was important for drill culture by raising rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Kay_Flock" title="Kay Flock">Kay Flock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sha_EK" title="Sha EK">Sha EK</a> and many others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Yankee_Stadium.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/New_Yankee_Stadium.JPG/220px-New_Yankee_Stadium.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/New_Yankee_Stadium.JPG/330px-New_Yankee_Stadium.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/New_Yankee_Stadium.JPG/440px-New_Yankee_Stadium.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>New <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a> at 161st and River Avenue</figcaption></figure> The Bronx is the home of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a>, nicknamed "the Bronx Bombers", of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The original <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)" title="Yankee Stadium (1923)">Yankee Stadium</a> opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year that saw the Yankees bring home the first of their 27 <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> championships; with seating for 58,000 in three decks, it was the largest MLB stadium of its day.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> With the famous façade, the short right field porch and Monument Park, Yankee Stadium has been home to many of baseball's greatest players including <a href="/wiki/Babe_Ruth" title="Babe Ruth">Babe Ruth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig" title="Lou Gehrig">Lou Gehrig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_DiMaggio" title="Joe DiMaggio">Joe DiMaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitey_Ford" title="Whitey Ford">Whitey Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogi_Berra" title="Yogi Berra">Yogi Berra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mantle" title="Mickey Mantle">Mickey Mantle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggie_Jackson" title="Reggie Jackson">Reggie Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thurman_Munson" title="Thurman Munson">Thurman Munson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Mattingly" title="Don Mattingly">Don Mattingly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jeter" title="Derek Jeter">Derek Jeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rivera" title="Mariano Rivera">Mariano Rivera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The original stadium was the scene of <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig" title="Lou Gehrig">Lou Gehrig</a>'s Farewell Speech in 1939, Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series, Roger Maris' record breaking 61st home run in 1961, and Reggie Jackson's 3 home runs to clinch Game 6 of the 1977 World Series. The Stadium was the former home of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Giants" title="New York Giants">New York Giants</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> from 1956 to 1973. It would be renovated during the Yankees' 1974 and 1975 seasons, while they played at <a href="/wiki/Shea_Stadium" title="Shea Stadium">Shea Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Queens_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens (borough)">Queens</a>, then the home stadium of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a>; the refurbished Yankee Stadium opened in 1976, and saw its first three seasons end in World Series appearances (a loss in 1976, and wins in 1977 and 1978). The original Yankee Stadium closed in 2008 to make way for a new <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a> in which the team started play in 2009. It is north-northeast of the 1923 Yankee Stadium, on the former site of <a href="/wiki/Macombs_Dam_Park" title="Macombs Dam Park">Macombs Dam Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The current Yankee Stadium is also the home of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_FC" title="New York City FC">New York City FC</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a>, who began play in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The Yankees won 26 World Series titles while playing at the first Yankee Stadium; they added a 27th in 2009 at the end of their first season in their current home.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Off-Off-Broadway">Off-Off-Broadway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Off-Off-Broadway">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Off-Off-Broadway" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-Off-Broadway">Off-Off-Broadway</a></div> The Bronx is home to several <a href="/wiki/Off-Off-Broadway" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-Off-Broadway">Off-Off-Broadway</a> theaters, many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Pregones_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregones Theater">Pregones Theater</a>, which produces Latin American work, opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx. Some artists from elsewhere in New York City have begun to converge on the area, and housing prices have nearly quadrupled in the area since 2002. However, rising prices directly correlate to a housing shortage across the city and the entire metro area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Academy_of_Arts_and_Dance" title="Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance">Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance</a>, founded in 1998 by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Aviles" title="Arthur Aviles">Arthur Aviles</a> and Charles Rice-Gonzalez, provides dance, theatre and art workshops, festivals and performances focusing on contemporary and modern art in relation to race, gender and sexuality. It is home to the Arthur Aviles Typical Theatre, a contemporary dance company, and the Bronx Dance Coalition. The academy was formerly in the <a href="/wiki/American_Bank_Note_Company_Building" title="American Bank Note Company Building">American Bank Note Company Building</a> before relocating to a venue on the grounds of St. Peter's Episcopal Church.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Museum_of_the_Arts" title="Bronx Museum of the Arts">Bronx Museum of the Arts</a>, founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by artists from Africa, Asia and Latin America, including paintings, photographs, prints, drawings, and mixed media. The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent an expansion designed by the architectural firm <a href="/wiki/Arquitectonica" title="Arquitectonica">Arquitectonica</a> that would double the museum's size to 33,000 square feet (3,100 m2).<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute in the form of the "<a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> Memorial", better known as the <a href="/wiki/Lorelei_Fountain" title="Lorelei Fountain">Lorelei Fountain</a>. After Heine's German birthplace of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> had rejected, allegedly for <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> motives, a centennial monument to the radical <a href="/wiki/German-Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Jewish">German-Jewish</a> poet (1797–1856), his incensed <a href="/wiki/German-American" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American">German-American</a> admirers, including <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a>, started a movement to place one instead in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> and 59th Street. However, this intention was thwarted by a combination of ethnic antagonism, aesthetic controversy and political struggles over the institutional control of public art.<a href="#cite_note-GrayNYT2007-163">[163]</a> In 1899, the memorial by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gustav_Herter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Gustav Herter">Ernst Gustav Herter</a> was placed in <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Kilmer_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Joyce Kilmer Park">Joyce Kilmer Park</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a>. In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_heritage">Maritime heritage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Maritime heritage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronx_Zoo_-_NY_-_USA_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bronx_Zoo_-_NY_-_USA_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Bronx_Zoo_-_NY_-_USA_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bronx_Zoo_-_NY_-_USA_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Bronx_Zoo_-_NY_-_USA_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bronx_Zoo_-_NY_-_USA_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Bronx_Zoo_-_NY_-_USA_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a> is the largest zoo in New York City, and among the largest in the country.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsular</a> borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways. The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect <a href="/wiki/C._B._J._Snyder" title="C. B. J. Snyder">C. B. J. Snyder</a>. The state's <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Maritime_College" class="mw-redirect" title="SUNY Maritime College">Maritime College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Schuyler" title="Fort Schuyler">Fort Schuyler</a> (on the southeastern shore) houses the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Industry_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Industry Museum">Maritime Industry Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as <a href="/wiki/Sculling" title="Sculling">"Scullers' Row"</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. <a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</a> on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Botanical Gardens">New York Botanical Gardens</a>, its neighbor, the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a>, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_celebrations">Community celebrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Community celebrations">edit</a>]</div> "Bronx Week", traditionally held in May, began as a one-day celebration. Begun by Bronx historian Lloyd Ultan and supported by then borough president Robert Abrams, the original one-day program was based on the "Bronx Borough Day" festival which took place in the 1920s. The following year, at the height of the decade's civil unrest, the festival was extended to a one-week event. In the 1980s the key event, the "Bronx Ball", was launched. The week includes the Bronx Week Parade as well as inductions into the "Bronx Walk of Fame".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Various Bronx neighborhoods conduct their own community celebrations. The Arthur Avenue "Little Italy" neighborhood conducts an annual Autumn Ferragosto Festival that celebrates Italian culture.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunts_Point,_Bronx" title="Hunts Point, Bronx">Hunts Point</a> hosts an annual "Fish Parade and Summer Festival" at the start of summer.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edgewater_Park_(Bronx)" title="Edgewater Park (Bronx)">Edgewater Park</a> hosts an annual "Ragamuffin" children's walk in November.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> There are several events to honor the borough's veterans.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Albanian Independence Day is also observed.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> There are also parades to celebrate Dominican, Italian, and Irish heritage.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press_and_broadcasting">Press and broadcasting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Press and broadcasting">edit</a>]</div> The Bronx is home to several local newspapers and radio and television studios. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx Daily, The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_News" title="Bronx News">Bronx News</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parkchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkchester">Parkchester</a> News, City News, The <a href="/wiki/Norwood_News" title="Norwood News">Norwood News</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Riverdale_Press" title="Riverdale Press">Riverdale Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riverdale_Review" title="Riverdale Review">Riverdale Review</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Times_Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Times Reporter">Bronx Times Reporter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Co-op_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-op City">Co-op City</a> Times. Four non-profit news outlets, <a href="/wiki/Norwood_News" title="Norwood News">Norwood News</a>, Mount Hope Monitor, <a href="/wiki/Mott_Haven_Herald" title="Mott Haven Herald">Mott Haven Herald</a> and The <a href="/wiki/Hunts_Point,_Bronx" title="Hunts Point, Bronx">Hunts Point</a> Express serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press, Bernard Stein, won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Editorial_Writing" title="Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing">Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing</a> for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. (Stein graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_High_School_of_Science" title="Bronx High School of Science">Bronx High School of Science</a> in 1959.) The Bronx once had its own daily newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx_Home_News" title="The Bronx Home News">The Bronx Home News</a>, which started publishing on January 20, 1907, and merged into the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a> in 1948. It became a special section of the Post, sold only in the Bronx, and eventually disappeared from view. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio_and_television">Radio and television</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Radio and television">edit</a>]</div> One of New York City's major non-commercial radio broadcasters is <a href="/wiki/WFUV" title="WFUV">WFUV</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>-affiliated 50,000-watt station broadcasting from <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>'s Rose Hill campus in the Bronx. The radio station's antenna was relocated to the top an apartment building owned by <a href="/wiki/Montefiore_Medical_Center" title="Montefiore Medical Center">Montefiore Medical Center</a>, which expanded the reach of the station's signal.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The City of New York has an official television station run by <a href="/wiki/NYC_Media" title="NYC Media">NYC Media</a> and broadcasting from <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_College" title="Bronx Community College">Bronx Community College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cablevision" title="Cablevision">Cablevision</a> operates <a href="/wiki/News_12_Networks" title="News 12 Networks">News 12 The Bronx</a>, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. <a href="/wiki/Co-op_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-op City">Co-op City</a> was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, to have its own <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> provider. The local <a href="/wiki/Public-access_television" title="Public-access television">public-access television</a> station <a href="/wiki/BronxNet" title="BronxNet">BronxNet</a> originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides <a href="/wiki/Government-access_television" title="Government-access television">government-access television</a> (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_York_City" title="Economy of New York City">Economy of New York City</a></div> Shopping malls and markets in the Bronx include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Plaza_Shopping_Center" title="Bay Plaza Shopping Center">Bay Plaza Shopping Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Terminal_Market" title="Bronx Terminal Market">Bronx Terminal Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunts_Point_Cooperative_Market" title="Hunts Point Cooperative Market">Hunts Point Cooperative Market</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping_districts">Shopping districts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Shopping districts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street,_The_Bronx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street%2C_The_Bronx.jpg/220px-The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street%2C_The_Bronx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street%2C_The_Bronx.jpg/330px-The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street%2C_The_Bronx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street%2C_The_Bronx.jpg/440px-The_Hub_-_East_149th_Street%2C_The_Bronx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Hub,_Bronx" title="The Hub, Bronx">The Hub</a> on <a href="/wiki/Third_Avenue" title="Third Avenue">Third Avenue</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BTM_149_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BTM_149_jeh.jpg/220px-BTM_149_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BTM_149_jeh.jpg/330px-BTM_149_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BTM_149_jeh.jpg/440px-BTM_149_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>Renovated Prow Building, part of the original <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Terminal_Market" title="Bronx Terminal Market">Bronx Terminal Market</a></figcaption></figure> Prominent shopping areas in the Bronx include <a href="/wiki/Fordham_Road" title="Fordham Road">Fordham Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Plaza_Shopping_Center" title="Bay Plaza Shopping Center">Bay Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Co-op_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-op City">Co-op City</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hub,_Bronx" title="The Hub, Bronx">The Hub</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge,_Bronx" title="Kingsbridge, Bronx">Kingsbridge</a> shopping center, and <a href="/wiki/Bruckner_Boulevard" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruckner Boulevard">Bruckner Boulevard</a>. Shops are also concentrated on streets aligned underneath elevated railroad lines, including Westchester Avenue, <a href="/wiki/White_Plains_Road" title="White Plains Road">White Plains Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Avenue" title="Jerome Avenue">Jerome Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Boulevard_(Bronx)" title="Southern Boulevard (Bronx)">Southern Boulevard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Bronx)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway (Bronx)">Broadway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Terminal_Market" title="Bronx Terminal Market">Bronx Terminal Market</a> contains several <a href="/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">big-box stores</a>, which opened in 2009 south of Yankee Stadium. The Bronx has three primary shopping centers: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in <a href="/wiki/The_Hub,_Bronx" title="The Hub, Bronx">The Hub</a>, is the retail heart of the <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a>, where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> It is primarily inside the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Bronx" title="Melrose, Bronx">Melrose</a> but also lines the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Mott_Haven,_Bronx" title="Mott Haven, Bronx">Mott Haven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The Hub has been called "the Broadway of the Bronx", being likened to <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Bronx)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway (Bronx)">the real Broadway</a> in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>, a spatial "bow-tie" created by the geometry of the street.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The Hub is part of <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_1" title="Bronx Community Board 1">Bronx Community Board 1</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Terminal_Market" title="Bronx Terminal Market">Bronx Terminal Market</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">West Bronx</a>, formerly known as Gateway Center, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held a wholesale fruit and vegetable market also named Bronx Terminal Market as well as the former <a href="/wiki/Bronx_House_of_Detention" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx House of Detention">Bronx House of Detention</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a>. The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center's design has earned it a <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a> "Silver" designation.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Local government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City">Government of New York City</a></div> Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">mayor–council system</a> has governed the Bronx. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in the Bronx. <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:violet;">Borough Presidents of the Bronx </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Party</th> <th>Term † </th></tr> <tr style="background:#def;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_F._Haffen" title="Louis F. Haffen">Louis F. Haffen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>1898 – Aug. 1909 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#def;"> <td><a href="/wiki/John_F._Murray_(politician)" title="John F. Murray (politician)">John F. Murray</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>Aug. 1909–1910 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#def;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_C._Miller" title="Cyrus C. Miller">Cyrus C. Miller</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>1910–1914 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe2e2;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mathewson" title="Douglas Mathewson">Douglas Mathewson</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>- Fusion</td> <td>1914–1918 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#def;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bruckner" title="Henry Bruckner">Henry Bruckner</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>1918–1934 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#def;"> <td><a href="/wiki/James_J._Lyons" title="James J. Lyons">James J. Lyons</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>1934–1962 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe2e2;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Periconi" title="Joseph F. Periconi">Joseph F. Periconi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>- <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_New_York" title="Liberal Party of New York">Liberal</a></td> <td>1962–1966 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#def;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Herman_Badillo" title="Herman Badillo">Herman Badillo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>1966–1970 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#def;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Abrams" title="Robert Abrams">Robert Abrams</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>1970–1979 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#def;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Simon" title="Stanley Simon">Stanley Simon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>1979 – April 1987 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#def;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Ferrer" title="Fernando Ferrer">Fernando Ferrer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>April 1987 – 2002 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#def;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Carri%C3%B3n,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Adolfo Carrión, Jr.">Adolfo Carrión, Jr.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>2002 – March 2009 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#def;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_D%C3%ADaz,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Rubén Díaz, Jr.">Rubén Díaz, Jr.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>May 2009 – 2021 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#def;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Gibson" title="Vanessa Gibson">Vanessa Gibson</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>2022 –  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">† Terms begin and end in January where the month is not specified. </td></tr></tbody></table> The office of <a href="/wiki/Borough_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough President">Borough President</a> was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Estimate" title="New York City Board of Estimate">New York City Board of Estimate</a>, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>, the least populous borough, a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment's</a> <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.<a href="#cite_note-law.cornell.edu-185">[185]</a> Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Council" title="New York City Council">City Council</a>, the New York state government, and corporations. Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Carri%C3%B3n_Jr." title="Adolfo Carrión Jr.">Adolfo Carrión Jr.</a>, elected as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Urban_Affairs_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy">White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy</a>. His successor, Democratic <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> member <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_D%C3%ADaz_Jr." title="Rubén Díaz Jr.">Rubén Díaz, Jr.</a> — after winning a special election on April 21, 2009, by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line,<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-vote.nyc.ny.us-187">[187]</a> — became Borough President on May 1, 2009. In 2021, Rubén Díaz's Democratic successor, <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Gibson" title="Vanessa Gibson">Vanessa Gibson</a> was elected (to begin serving in 2022) with 79.9% of the vote against 13.4% for Janell King (Republican) and 6.5% for Sammy Ravelo (Conservative). All of the Bronx's currently elected public officials have first won the nomination of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (U.S.)">Democratic Party</a> (in addition to any other endorsements). Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Controversial political issues in the Bronx include environmental issues, the cost of housing, and annexation of parkland for new <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Since its separation from <a href="/wiki/New_York_County" class="mw-redirect" title="New York County">New York County</a> on January 1, 1914, the Bronx, has had, like each of the other 61 counties of New York State, its own criminal court system<a href="#cite_note-courtstart-6">[6]</a> and <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District Attorney</a>, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. <a href="/wiki/Darcel_D._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Darcel D. Clark">Darcel D. Clark</a> has been the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_County_District_Attorney" title="Bronx County District Attorney">Bronx County District Attorney</a> since 2016. Her predecessor was <a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Johnson_(lawyer)" title="Robert T. Johnson (lawyer)">Robert T. Johnson</a>, the District Attorney from 1989 to 2015. He was the first African-American District Attorney in New York State.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The Bronx also has twelve <a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_the_Bronx" title="Community boards of the Bronx">Community Boards</a>, appointed bodies that advise on land use and municipal facilities and services for local residents, businesses and institutions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright" style="font-size: 95%;"> <caption>United States presidential election results for Bronx County, New York<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCBOEPOTUS-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYSBOEPOTUS-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party(ies)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2024 United States presidential election in New York">2024</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">91,542 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">26.93% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">244,385 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">71.90% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,956 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2020 United States presidential election in New York">2020</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">67,740 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15.88% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">355,374 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">83.29% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,579 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2016 United States presidential election in New York">2016</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">37,797 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">9.46% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">353,646 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">88.52% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8,079 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2012 United States presidential election in New York">2012</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">29,967 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">8.08% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">339,211 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">91.45% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,760 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2008 United States presidential election in New York">2008</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">41,683 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">10.93% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">338,261 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">88.71% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,378 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2004 United States presidential election in New York">2004</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">56,701 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">16.53% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">283,994 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">82.80% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,284 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.67% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2000 United States presidential election in New York">2000</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">36,245 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">11.77% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">265,801 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">86.28% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6,017 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1996 United States presidential election in New York">1996</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">30,435 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">10.52% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">248,276 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">85.80% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">10,639 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1992 United States presidential election in New York">1992</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">63,310 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">20.73% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">225,038 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">73.67% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">17,112 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1988 United States presidential election in New York">1988</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">76,043 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">25.51% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">218,245 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">73.22% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,793 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1984 United States presidential election in New York">1984</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">109,308 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">32.76% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">223,112 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">66.86% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,263 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1980 United States presidential election in New York">1980</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">86,843 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">30.70% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">181,090 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">64.02% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">14,914 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1976 United States presidential election in New York">1976</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">96,842 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">28.70% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">238,786 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">70.77% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,763 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1972 United States presidential election in New York">1972</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">196,754 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">44.60% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">243,345 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">55.16% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,075 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1968 United States presidential election in New York">1968</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">142,314 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">32.02% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">277,385 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">62.40% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">24,818 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5.58% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1964 United States presidential election in New York">1964</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">135,780 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">25.16% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">403,014 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">74.69% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">800 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1960 United States presidential election in New York">1960</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">182,393 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">31.76% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">389,818 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">67.88% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,071 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1956 United States presidential election in New York">1956</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">257,382 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">42.81% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">343,823 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">57.19% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1952 United States presidential election in New York">1952</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">241,898 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">37.34% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">392,477 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">60.59% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">13,420 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1948 United States presidential election in New York">1948</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">173,044 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">27.80% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">337,129 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">54.17% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">112,182 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">18.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1944 United States presidential election in New York">1944</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">211,158 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">31.75% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">450,525 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">67.74% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,352 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1940 United States presidential election in New York">1940</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">198,293 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">31.77% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">418,931 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">67.11% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6,980 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1936 United States presidential election in New York">1936</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">93,151 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">17.61% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">419,625 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">79.35% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">16,042 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1932 United States presidential election in New York">1932</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">76,587 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">19.15% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">281,330 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">70.35% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">42,002 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">10.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1928 United States presidential election in New York">1928</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">98,636 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">28.68% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">232,766 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">67.67% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">12,545 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.65% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1924 United States presidential election in New York">1924</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">79,583 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">36.73% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">72,840 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">33.62% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">64,234 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">29.65% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1920 United States presidential election in New York">1920</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">106,050 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">56.61% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">45,741 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">24.42% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">35,538 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">18.97% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1916 United States presidential election in New York">1916</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">40,938 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">42.55% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">47,870 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">49.76% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7,396 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7.69% </td></tr> </tbody></table> After becoming a separate county in 1914, the Bronx has supported only two Republican presidential candidates. It voted heavily for the winning Republican <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> in <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1920 United States presidential election in New York">1920</a>, but much more narrowly on a split vote for his victorious Republican successor <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1924 United States presidential election in New York">1924</a> (Coolidge 79,562; <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a>, Dem., 72,834; <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. La Follette, Sr.">Robert La Follette</a>, 62,202 equally divided between the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924)">Progressive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> lines). Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for president, starting with a vote of 2–1 for the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> in 1928, followed by four 2–1 votes for the successful <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. (Both had been Governors of New York, but Republican former Gov. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> won only 28% of the Bronx's vote in 1948 against 55% for Pres. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>, the winning Democrat, and 17% for <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressives</a>. It was only 32 years earlier, by contrast, that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>, had won 42.6% of the Bronx's 1916 vote against Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s 49.8% and Socialist candidate <a href="/wiki/Allan_Benson" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan Benson">Allan Benson</a>'s 7.3%.)<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Representatives">Federal Representatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Federal Representatives">edit</a>]</div> As of 2023, four Democrats represented the Bronx in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>:<a href="#cite_note-govtrack.us_2018-195">[195]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriano_Espaillat" title="Adriano Espaillat">Adriano Espaillat</a> (first elected in 2016) represents <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="New York's 13th congressional district">New York's 13th congressional district</a>, which includes the Bronx neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Park,_Bronx" title="Bedford Park, Bronx">Bedford Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Park,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Park, Bronx">Jerome Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge_Heights,_Bronx" title="Kingsbridge Heights, Bronx">Kingsbridge Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwood,_Bronx" title="Norwood, Bronx">Norwood</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Fordham,_Bronx" title="Fordham, Bronx">Fordham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge,_Bronx" title="Kingsbridge, Bronx">Kingsbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Heights,_Bronx" title="Morris Heights, Bronx">Morris Heights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_Heights,_Bronx" title="University Heights, Bronx">University Heights</a>, as well as portion of Manhattan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a> (first elected in 2018) represents <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="New York's 14th congressional district">New York's 14th congressional district</a>, which includes the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/City_Island,_Bronx" title="City Island, Bronx">City Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_Club,_Bronx" title="Country Club, Bronx">Country Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Nest,_Bronx" title="Van Nest, Bronx">Van Nest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Park,_Bronx" title="Morris Park, Bronx">Morris Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkchester,_Bronx" title="Parkchester, Bronx">Parkchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelham Bay, Bronx">Pelham Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schuylerville,_Bronx" title="Schuylerville, Bronx">Schuylerville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Throgs_Neck,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Throgs Neck, Bronx">Throggs Neck</a>, as well as a portion of Queens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Torres" title="Ritchie Torres">Ritchie Torres</a> (first elected in 2020) represents <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="New York's 15th congressional district">New York's 15th congressional district</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">West Bronx</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaal_Bowman" title="Jamaal Bowman">Jamaal Bowman</a> (first elected in 2020) represents <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="New York's 16th congressional district">New York's 16th congressional district</a>, which includes the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Bronx" title="Wakefield, Bronx">Wakefield</a>, as well as a portion of Westchester County.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_for_Mayor_of_New_York">Elections for Mayor of New York</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Elections for Mayor of New York">edit</a>]</div> The Bronx has often shown striking differences from other boroughs in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_elections" title="New York City mayoral elections">elections for Mayor</a>. The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">Fiorello La Guardia</a> in 1933, 1937, and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30% to 32% vote on the <a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a> line was added to 22% to 23% as a Republican).<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the successful Republican re-election campaigns of Mayors <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a> in 1997 and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> in 2005. The anti-war <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> campaign of <a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Morris Hillquit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1917_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1917 New York City mayoral election">1917 mayoral election</a> won over 31% of the Bronx's vote, putting him second and well ahead of the 20% won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion Mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Purroy_Mitchel" title="John Purroy Mitchel">John Purroy Mitchel</a>, who came in second (ahead of Hillquit) everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit citywide by 23.2% to 21.7%.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="8" style="background:#d5d5d5;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Bronx County vote for Mayor since 1953</div> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff7;"> <th style="text-align:center; background:#ffd588;">Year </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#e5e5e5;">Candidate carrying the Bronx </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">Elected Mayor </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/2021_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="2021 New York City mayoral election">2021</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a>, D</td> <td style="background:#edffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a>, D </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/2017_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="2017 New York City mayoral election">2017</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a>, D-<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></td> <td style="background:#edffff;"><a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a>, D-<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/2013_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="2013 New York City mayoral election">2013</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a>, D-<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></td> <td style="background:#edffff;"><a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a>, D-<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/2009_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="2009 New York City mayoral election">2009</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Thompson_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Thompson (New York politician)">Bill Thompson</a>, D-<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>, R–<a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York" title="Independence Party of New York">Indep'ce</a>/Jobs & Educ'n </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/2005_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="2005 New York City mayoral election">2005</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Ferrer" title="Fernando Ferrer">Fernando Ferrer</a>, D</td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>, R/Lib-<a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York" title="Independence Party of New York">Indep'ce</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/2001_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="2001 New York City mayoral election">2001</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Mark Green (New York politician)">Mark Green</a>, D-<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>, R-<a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York" title="Independence Party of New York">Independence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/1997_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1997 New York City mayoral election">1997</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Messinger" title="Ruth Messinger">Ruth Messinger</a>, D</td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>, R-Liberal </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/1993_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1993 New York City mayoral election">1993</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/David_Dinkins" title="David Dinkins">David Dinkins</a>, D</td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>, R-Liberal </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/1989_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1989 New York City mayoral election">1989</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/David_Dinkins" title="David Dinkins">David Dinkins</a>, D</td> <td style="background:#edffff;"><a href="/wiki/David_Dinkins" title="David Dinkins">David Dinkins</a>, D </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/1985_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1985 New York City mayoral election">1985</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a>, D-Indep.</td> <td style="background:#edffff;"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a>, D-Independent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/1981_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1981 New York City mayoral election">1981</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a>, D-R</td> <td style="background:#edffff;"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a>, D-R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/1977_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1977 New York City mayoral election">1977</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a>, D</td> <td style="background:#edffff;"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a>, D </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/1973_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1973 New York City mayoral election">1973</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Beame" title="Abraham Beame">Abraham Beame</a>, D</td> <td style="background:#edffff;"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Beame" title="Abraham Beame">Abraham Beame</a>, D </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/1969_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1969 New York City mayoral election">1969</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Procaccino" title="Mario Procaccino">Mario Procaccino</a>, D-Nonpartisan-Civil Svce Ind.</td> <td style="background:#fefeea;"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a>, Liberal </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/1965_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1965 New York City mayoral election">1965</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Beame" title="Abraham Beame">Abraham Beame</a>, D-Civil Service Fusion</td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a>, R-Liberal-Independent Citizens </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/1961_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1961 New York City mayoral election">1961</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Robert F. Wagner Jr.</a>, D-Liberal-Brotherhood</td> <td style="background:#edffff;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Robert F. Wagner Jr.</a>, D-Liberal-Brotherhood </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/1957_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1957 New York City mayoral election">1957</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Robert F. Wagner Jr.</a>, D-Liberal-<a href="/wiki/Electoral_fusion_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral fusion (New York)">Fusion</a></td> <td style="background:#edffff;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Robert F. Wagner Jr.</a>, D-Liberal-<a href="/wiki/Electoral_fusion_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral fusion (New York)">Fusion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd588;"><a href="/wiki/1953_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1953 New York City mayoral election">1953</a></td> <td style="background:#def;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Robert F. Wagner Jr.</a>, D</td> <td style="background:#edffff;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Robert F. Wagner Jr.</a>, D </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>For details of votes and parties in a particular election, click the year or see <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_elections" title="New York City mayoral elections">New York City mayoral elections</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_York_City" title="Education in New York City">Education in New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_elementary_schools_in_New_York_City" title="List of public elementary schools in New York City">List of public elementary schools in New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Charter_schools_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Charter schools in New York (state)">Category:Charter schools in New York (state)</a></div> Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">New York City Department of Education</a> manages the borough's public noncharter schools.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over three years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools).<a href="#cite_note-quicktable-199">[199]</a> There are also several public <a href="/wiki/Charter_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter schools">charter schools</a>. Private schools range from elite <a href="/wiki/Independent_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school">independent schools</a> to religiously affiliated <a href="/wiki/Parochial_schools#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Parochial schools">schools</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York</a> and Jewish organizations. A small portion of land between Pelham and Pelham Bay Park, with 35 houses, is a part of the Bronx, but is cut off from the rest of the borough due to the county boundaries; the New York City government pays for the residents' children to go to <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Union_Free_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelham Union Free School District">Pelham Union Free School District</a> schools, including <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Memorial_High_School" title="Pelham Memorial High School">Pelham Memorial High School</a>, since that is more cost effective than sending school buses to take the students to New York City schools. This arrangement has been in place since 1948.<a href="#cite_note-gross19970506-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_attainment">Educational attainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Educational attainment">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a>, out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged from 68.8% (Brooklyn) to 82.6% (Staten Island) for high school graduates over 24, and from 21.8% (Brooklyn) to 49.4% (Manhattan) for college graduates. (The respective state and national percentages were [NY] 79.1% & 27.4% and [US] 80.4% & 24.4%.)<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_schools">High schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: High schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_New_York_City#Bronx" title="List of high schools in New York City">List of high schools in New York City § Bronx</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BronxScience.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BronxScience.jpg/220px-BronxScience.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BronxScience.jpg/330px-BronxScience.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BronxScience.jpg/440px-BronxScience.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Bronx_High_School_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bronx High School of Science">The Bronx High School of Science</a></figcaption></figure> In the 2000 Census, 79,240 of the nearly 95,000 Bronx residents enrolled in high school attended public schools.<a href="#cite_note-quicktable-199">[199]</a> Many public <a href="/wiki/High_school_(North_America)" title="High school (North America)">high schools</a> are in the borough including the elite <a href="/wiki/Bronx_High_School_of_Science" title="Bronx High School of Science">Bronx High School of Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz_Bronx_High_School_of_Music" title="Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music">Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_High_School" title="DeWitt Clinton High School">DeWitt Clinton High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_School_for_Violin_and_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="High School for Violin and Dance">High School for Violin and Dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Leadership_Academy_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Leadership Academy 2">Bronx Leadership Academy 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronx_International_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx International High School">Bronx International High School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/School_for_Excellence" class="mw-redirect" title="School for Excellence">School for Excellence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Morris_Academy_for_Collaborative_Study" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Academy for Collaborative Study">Morris Academy for Collaborative Study</a>, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman_High_School" title="Herbert H. Lehman High School">Herbert H. Lehman High School</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_School_of_American_Studies_at_Lehman_College" class="mw-redirect" title="High School of American Studies at Lehman College">High School of American Studies</a>. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: <a href="/wiki/Ethical_Culture_Fieldston_School" title="Ethical Culture Fieldston School">Fieldston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_School" title="Horace Mann School">Horace Mann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Riverdale_Country_School" title="Riverdale Country School">Riverdale Country School</a>. High schools linked to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> include: <a href="/wiki/St._Raymond_Academy_for_Girls" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Raymond Academy for Girls">St. Raymond Academy for Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Hallows_High_School" title="All Hallows High School">All Hallows High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fordham_Preparatory_School" title="Fordham Preparatory School">Fordham Preparatory School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monsignor_Scanlan_High_School" title="Monsignor Scanlan High School">Monsignor Scanlan High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Raymond_High_School_for_Boys" title="St. Raymond High School for Boys">St. Raymond High School for Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Hayes_High_School" title="Cardinal Hayes High School">Cardinal Hayes High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Spellman_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="Cardinal Spellman High School (New York City)">Cardinal Spellman High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Mount_St._Ursula_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Mount St. Ursula High School">The Academy of Mount Saint Ursula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquinas_High_School_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas High School (New York City)">Aquinas High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preston_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="Preston High School (New York City)">Preston High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Catharine_Academy" title="St. Catharine Academy">St. Catharine Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Michael_Academy" title="Mount Saint Michael Academy">Mount Saint Michael Academy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Barnabas_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Barnabas High School">St. Barnabas High School</a>. The <a href="/wiki/SAR_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="SAR Academy">SAR Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAR_High_School" title="SAR High School">SAR High School</a> are <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox">Modern Orthodox</a> Jewish <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a> coeducational day schools in <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a>, with roots in Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a>. In the 1990s, New York City began closing the large, public high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools. Among the reasons cited for the changes were poor graduation rates and concerns about safety. Schools that have been closed or reduced in size include <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_High_School_(Bronx,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy High School (Bronx, New York)">John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_High_School_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Monroe High School (New York)">James Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="William Howard Taft High School (New York City)">Taft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="Theodore Roosevelt High School (New York City)">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adlai_E._Stevenson_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="Adlai E. Stevenson High School (New York City)">Adlai Stevenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evander_Childs_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander Childs High School">Evander Childs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_High_School_(Bronx,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Columbus High School (Bronx, New York)">Christopher Columbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_High_School_(Bronx,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris High School (Bronx, New York)">Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walton_High_School_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walton High School (New York City)">Walton</a>, and South Bronx High Schools. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fordham_University_Keating_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fordham_University_Keating_Hall.JPG/220px-Fordham_University_Keating_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fordham_University_Keating_Hall.JPG/330px-Fordham_University_Keating_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fordham_University_Keating_Hall.JPG/440px-Fordham_University_Keating_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>'s Keating Hall</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_New_York_City" title="List of colleges and universities in New York City">List of colleges and universities in New York City</a></div> In 2000, 49,442 (57.5%) of the 86,014 Bronx residents seeking college, graduate or professional degrees attended public institutions.<a href="#cite_note-quicktable-199">[199]</a> Several colleges and universities are in the Bronx. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a> was founded as St. John's College in 1841 by the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of New York">Diocese of New York</a> as the first Catholic institution of higher education in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">northeast</a>. It is now officially an independent institution, but strongly embraces its <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> heritage. The 85-acre (340,000 m2) Bronx campus, known as Rose Hill, is the main campus of the university, and is among the largest within the city (other Fordham campuses are in Manhattan and Westchester County).<a href="#cite_note-fordzoo-110">[110]</a> Three campuses of the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a> are in the Bronx: <a href="/wiki/Hostos_Community_College" title="Hostos Community College">Hostos Community College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_College" title="Bronx Community College">Bronx Community College</a> (occupying the former <a href="/wiki/University_Heights,_Bronx" title="University Heights, Bronx">University Heights</a> Campus of <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>)<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> and Herbert H. <a href="/wiki/Lehman_College" title="Lehman College">Lehman College</a> (formerly the uptown campus of <a href="/wiki/Hunter_College" title="Hunter College">Hunter College</a>), which offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees. The <a href="/wiki/College_of_Mount_Saint_Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Mount Saint Vincent">College of Mount Saint Vincent</a> is a Catholic liberal arts college in <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a> under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_New_York" title="Sisters of Charity of New York">Sisters of Charity of New York</a>. Founded in 1847 as a school for girls, the academy became a degree-granting college in 1911 and began admitting men in 1974. The school serves 1,600 students. Its campus is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Academy_for_Jewish_Religion_(New_York)" title="Academy for Jewish Religion (New York)">Academy for Jewish Religion</a>, a transdenominational rabbinical and cantorial school. <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_University" title="Manhattan University">Manhattan University</a> is a Catholic college in <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a> which offers undergraduate programs in the arts, business, education, engineering, and science. It also offers graduate programs in education and engineering. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_College_of_Medicine" title="Albert Einstein College of Medicine">Albert Einstein College of Medicine</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Montefiore_Medical_Center" title="Montefiore Medical Center">Montefiore Medical Center</a>, is in <a href="/wiki/Morris_Park,_Bronx" title="Morris Park, Bronx">Morris Park</a>. The coeducational and non-sectarian <a href="/wiki/Mercy_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercy College (New York)">Mercy College</a>—with its main campus in <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_Ferry,_New_York" title="Dobbs Ferry, New York">Dobbs Ferry</a>—has a Bronx campus near <a href="/wiki/Westchester_Square,_Bronx" title="Westchester Square, Bronx">Westchester Square</a>. The <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Maritime_College" title="State University of New York Maritime College">State University of New York Maritime College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Schuyler" title="Fort Schuyler">Fort Schuyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Throggs_Neck" title="Throggs Neck">Throggs Neck</a>)—at the far southeastern tip of the Bronx—is the national leader in maritime education and houses the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Industry_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Industry Museum">Maritime Industry Museum</a>. (Directly across <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a> is <a href="/wiki/Kings_Point,_New_York" title="Kings Point, New York">Kings Point</a>, Long Island, home of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">United States Merchant Marine Academy</a> and the American Merchant Marine Museum.) As of 2017, graduates from the university earned an average annual salary of $144,000, the highest of any university graduates in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In addition, the private, proprietary <a href="/wiki/Monroe_College" title="Monroe College">Monroe College</a>, focused on preparation for business and the professions, started in the Bronx in 1933 and now has a campus in <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle</a> (Westchester County) as well the Bronx's <a href="/wiki/Fordham,_Bronx" title="Fordham, Bronx">Fordham</a> neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_City" title="Transportation in New York City">Transportation in New York City</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads_and_streets">Roads and streets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Roads and streets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronx-Whitestone_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bronx-Whitestone_Bridge.jpg/250px-Bronx-Whitestone_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bronx-Whitestone_Bridge.jpg/375px-Bronx-Whitestone_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Bronx-Whitestone_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bronx%E2%80%93Whitestone_Bridge" title="Bronx–Whitestone Bridge">Bronx–Whitestone Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surface_streets">Surface streets</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Surface streets">edit</a>]</div> The Bronx <a href="/wiki/Street_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Street grid">street grid</a> is irregular. Like the northernmost part of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Manhattan" title="Upper Manhattan">upper Manhattan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">West Bronx</a>'s hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a> west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside. The <a href="/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">East Bronx</a> is considerably flatter, and the street layout tends to be more regular. Only the <a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Bronx" title="Wakefield, Bronx">Wakefield</a> neighborhood picks up the street numbering, albeit at a misalignment due to Tremont Avenue's layout. At the same diagonal latitude, West 262nd Street in Riverdale matches East 237th Street in Wakefield. Three major north–south thoroughfares run between Manhattan and the Bronx: <a href="/wiki/Third_Avenue" title="Third Avenue">Third Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue" title="Park Avenue">Park Avenue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>. Other major north–south roads include the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)">Grand Concourse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Avenue" title="Jerome Avenue">Jerome Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedgwick_Avenue" title="Sedgwick Avenue">Sedgwick Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Webster_Avenue" title="Webster Avenue">Webster Avenue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_Plains_Road" title="White Plains Road">White Plains Road</a>. Major east-west thoroughfares include <a href="/wiki/Mosholu_Parkway" title="Mosholu Parkway">Mosholu Parkway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_Hill_Road_(Bronx)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun Hill Road (Bronx)">Gun Hill Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fordham_Road" title="Fordham Road">Fordham Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Parkway" title="Pelham Parkway">Pelham Parkway</a>, and Tremont Avenue. Most east–west streets are prefixed with either East or West, to indicate on which side of Jerome Avenue they lie (continuing the similar system in Manhattan, which uses <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> as the dividing line).<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The historic <a href="/wiki/Boston_Post_Road" title="Boston Post Road">Boston Post Road</a>, part of the long pre-revolutionary road connecting <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> with other northeastern cities, runs east–west in some places, and sometimes northeast–southwest. <a href="/wiki/Mosholu_Parkway" title="Mosholu Parkway">Mosholu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Parkway" title="Pelham Parkway">Pelham Parkways</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Park" title="Bronx Park">Bronx Park</a> between them, <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt Park</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park">Pelham Bay Park</a> to the east, are also linked by <a href="/wiki/Bridle_path" title="Bridle path">bridle paths</a>. As of the 2000 Census, approximately 61.6% of all Bronx households do not have access to a car. Citywide, the percentage of autoless households is 55%.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Highways">Highways</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Highways">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024-05-21_14_29_44_View_north_along_Interstate_95_and_U.S._Route_1_and_east_along_the_Cross_Bronx_Expressway_from_the_overpass_for_Macombs_Road_in_the_Bronx,_New_York_City,_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/2024-05-21_14_29_44_View_north_along_Interstate_95_and_U.S._Route_1_and_east_along_the_Cross_Bronx_Expressway_from_the_overpass_for_Macombs_Road_in_the_Bronx%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/2024-05-21_14_29_44_View_north_along_Interstate_95_and_U.S._Route_1_and_east_along_the_Cross_Bronx_Expressway_from_the_overpass_for_Macombs_Road_in_the_Bronx%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/2024-05-21_14_29_44_View_north_along_Interstate_95_and_U.S._Route_1_and_east_along_the_Cross_Bronx_Expressway_from_the_overpass_for_Macombs_Road_in_the_Bronx%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95/US 1) is typically clogged with traffic</figcaption></figure> Several major <a href="/wiki/Limited_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited access">limited access</a> highways traverse the Bronx. These include: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River_Parkway" title="Bronx River Parkway">Bronx River Parkway</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Bruckner_Expressway" title="Bruckner Expressway">Bruckner Expressway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_278" title="Interstate 278">I-278</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_New_York" title="Interstate 95 in New York">I-95</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Cross_Bronx_Expressway" title="Cross Bronx Expressway">Cross Bronx Expressway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_New_York" title="Interstate 95 in New York">I-95</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interstate_295_(New_York)" title="Interstate 295 (New York)">I-295</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Thruway" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Thruway">New England Thruway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_New_York" title="Interstate 95 in New York">I-95</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Parkway" title="Henry Hudson Parkway">Henry Hudson Parkway</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_9A" title="New York State Route 9A">NY-9A</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_River_Parkway" title="Hutchinson River Parkway">Hutchinson River Parkway</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Major_Deegan_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Deegan Expressway">Major Deegan Expressway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_87_(New_York)" title="Interstate 87 (New York)">I-87</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bridges_and_tunnels">Bridges and tunnels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Bridges and tunnels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_the_Throgs_Neck_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aerial_View_of_the_Throgs_Neck_Bridge.jpg/250px-Aerial_View_of_the_Throgs_Neck_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aerial_View_of_the_Throgs_Neck_Bridge.jpg/375px-Aerial_View_of_the_Throgs_Neck_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aerial_View_of_the_Throgs_Neck_Bridge.jpg/500px-Aerial_View_of_the_Throgs_Neck_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Throgs_Neck_Bridge" title="Throgs Neck Bridge">Throgs Neck Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> Thirteen bridges and three tunnels connect the Bronx to Manhattan, and three bridges connect the Bronx to <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>. These are, from west to east: To Manhattan: the <a href="/wiki/Spuyten_Duyvil_Bridge" title="Spuyten Duyvil Bridge">Spuyten Duyvil Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Bridge" title="Henry Hudson Bridge">Henry Hudson Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_Bridge_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)">Broadway Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_Heights_Bridge" title="University Heights Bridge">University Heights Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Bridge_(Harlem_River)" title="Washington Bridge (Harlem River)">Washington Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Bridge" title="Alexander Hamilton Bridge">Alexander Hamilton Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Bridge_(New_York_City)" title="High Bridge (New York City)">High Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Concourse_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Concourse Tunnel">Concourse Tunnel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Macombs_Dam_Bridge" title="Macombs Dam Bridge">Macombs Dam Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/145th_Street_Bridge" title="145th Street Bridge">145th Street Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/149th_Street_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="149th Street Tunnel">149th Street Tunnel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue_Bridge" title="Madison Avenue Bridge">Madison Avenue Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Bridge_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)">Park Avenue Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Avenue Tunnel">Lexington Avenue Tunnel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Avenue_Bridge_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Avenue Bridge (Manhattan)">Third Avenue Bridge</a> (southbound traffic only), and the <a href="/wiki/Willis_Avenue_Bridge" title="Willis Avenue Bridge">Willis Avenue Bridge</a> (northbound traffic only). To both Manhattan and Queens: the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge" title="Robert F. Kennedy Bridge">Robert F. Kennedy Bridge</a>, formerly known as the Triborough Bridge. To Queens: the <a href="/wiki/Bronx%E2%80%93Whitestone_Bridge" title="Bronx–Whitestone Bridge">Bronx–Whitestone Bridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Throgs_Neck_Bridge" title="Throgs Neck Bridge">Throgs Neck Bridge</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_transit">Mass transit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Mass transit">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Middletown_Road_(IRT_Pelham_Line)_by_David_Shankbone_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Middletown_Road_%28IRT_Pelham_Line%29_by_David_Shankbone_copy.jpg/250px-Middletown_Road_%28IRT_Pelham_Line%29_by_David_Shankbone_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Middletown_Road_%28IRT_Pelham_Line%29_by_David_Shankbone_copy.jpg/375px-Middletown_Road_%28IRT_Pelham_Line%29_by_David_Shankbone_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Middletown_Road_%28IRT_Pelham_Line%29_by_David_Shankbone_copy.jpg/500px-Middletown_Road_%28IRT_Pelham_Line%29_by_David_Shankbone_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3023" data-file-height="2225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Middletown_Road_(IRT_Pelham_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Middletown Road (IRT Pelham Line)">Middletown Road</a> subway station on the <a href="/wiki/6_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="6 (New York City Subway service)">6</a> and <a href="/wiki/6d_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="6d (New York City Subway service)"><6></a> trains</figcaption></figure>The Bronx is served by seven <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> services along six physical lines, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_stations_in_the_Bronx" title="List of New York City Subway stations in the Bronx">70 stations in the Bronx</a>:<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IND_Concourse_Line" title="IND Concourse Line">IND Concourse Line</a> (<a href="/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="B (New York City Subway service)">B</a> and <a href="/wiki/D_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="D (New York City Subway service)">D</a> trains)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line">IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line</a> (<a href="/wiki/1_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="1 (New York City Subway service)">1</a> train)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRT_Dyre_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Dyre Avenue Line">IRT Dyre Avenue Line</a> (<a href="/wiki/5_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="5 (New York City Subway service)">5</a> train)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRT_Jerome_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Jerome Avenue Line">IRT Jerome Avenue Line</a> (<a href="/wiki/4_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="4 (New York City Subway service)">4</a> train)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRT_Pelham_Line" title="IRT Pelham Line">IRT Pelham Line</a> (<a href="/wiki/6_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="6 (New York City Subway service)">6</a> and <a href="/wiki/6d_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="6d (New York City Subway service)"><6></a> trains)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line" title="IRT White Plains Road Line">IRT White Plains Road Line</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="2 (New York City Subway service)">2</a> and <a href="/wiki/5_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="5 (New York City Subway service)">5</a> trains)</li></ul> There are also many <a href="/wiki/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations" title="MTA Regional Bus Operations">MTA Regional Bus Operations</a> bus routes in the Bronx. This includes <a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_the_Bronx" title="List of bus routes in the Bronx">local and express routes</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Bee-Line_Bus_System" title="Bee-Line Bus System">Bee-Line Bus System</a> routes.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a> commuter rail lines (the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Line" title="Harlem Line">Harlem Line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Line_(Metro-North)" title="Hudson Line (Metro-North)">Hudson Line</a>) serve 11 stations in the Bronx. (<a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill_(Metro-North_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marble Hill (Metro-North station)">Marble Hill</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Spuyten_Duyvil_(Metro-North_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spuyten Duyvil (Metro-North station)">Spuyten Duyvil</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_Heights_(Metro-North_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="University Heights (Metro-North station)">University Heights</a> stations, is actually in the only part of Manhattan connected to the mainland.) In addition, some trains serving the <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Line" title="New Haven Line">New Haven Line</a> stop at <a href="/wiki/Fordham_(Metro-North_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fordham (Metro-North station)">Fordham Plaza</a>. As part of <a href="/wiki/Penn_Station_Access" title="Penn Station Access">Penn Station Access</a>, the 2018 MTA budget funded construction of four new stops along the New Haven Line to serve <a href="/wiki/Hunts_Point,_Bronx" title="Hunts Point, Bronx">Hunts Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkchester,_Bronx" title="Parkchester, Bronx">Parkchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Park,_Bronx" title="Morris Park, Bronx">Morris Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Co-op_City,_Bronx" title="Co-op City, Bronx">Co-op City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/NYC_Ferry" title="NYC Ferry">NYC Ferry</a>'s Soundview line opened, connecting the <a href="/wiki/Soundview,_Bronx" title="Soundview, Bronx">Soundview</a> landing in <a href="/wiki/Clason_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Clason Point">Clason Point Park</a> to three <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> locations in Manhattan. On December 28, 2021; the Throgs Neck Ferry landing at Ferry Point Park in <a href="/wiki/Throgs_Neck,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Throgs Neck, Bronx">Throgs Neck</a> was opened providing an additional stop on the Soundview line.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The ferry is operated by <a href="/wiki/Hornblower_Cruises" title="Hornblower Cruises">Hornblower Cruises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for The Bronx </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.7 (4.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.6 (5.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.3 (10.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.4 (16.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.3 (22.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.9 (27.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.1 (30.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.1 (28.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.1 (25.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.8 (18.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.1 (12.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.8 (7.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63.3 (17.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (−2.6) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (−1.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 (1.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.4 (6.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.6 (12.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.3 (17.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.6 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.1 (20.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.1 (16.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.7 (10.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.3 (5.2) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (0.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.4 (9.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.74 (95) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.19 (81) </td> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.37 (111) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.95 (100) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.06 (103) </td> <td style="background: #4CFF4C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.55 (116) </td> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.37 (111) </td> <td style="background: #49FF49; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.82 (122) </td> <td style="background: #4CFF4C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.55 (116) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.13 (105) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.45 (88) </td> <td style="background: #4DFF4D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.67 (119) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.85 (1,266) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.4 (21) </td> <td style="background: #000085; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.9 (23) </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">4.3 (11) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (1.0) </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">4.1 (10) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.6 (68) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-212">[212]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_New_York_City" title="List of films set in New York City">List of films set in New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_shows_set_in_New_York_City" title="List of television shows set in New York City">List of television shows set in New York City</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mid-20th_century">Mid-20th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Mid-20th century">edit</a>]</div> Mid-20th century movies set in the Bronx portrayed densely settled, working-class, urban culture. <a href="/wiki/From_This_Day_Forward" title="From This Day Forward">From This Day Forward</a> (1946), set in <a href="/wiki/Highbridge,_Bronx" title="Highbridge, Bronx">Highbridge</a>, occasionally delved into Bronx life. The most notable examinations of working class Bronx life were <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Chayefsky" title="Paddy Chayefsky">Paddy Chayefsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/Marty_(film)" title="Marty (film)">Marty</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> and his 1956 film <a href="/wiki/The_Catered_Affair" title="The Catered Affair">The Catered Affair</a>. Other films that portrayed life in the Bronx are: the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chazz_Palminteri" title="Chazz Palminteri">Chazz Palminteri</a> film, <a href="/wiki/A_Bronx_Tale" title="A Bronx Tale">A Bronx Tale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a>'s 1999 movie <a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Sam" title="Summer of Sam">Summer of Sam</a>, which focused on an <a href="/wiki/Italian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American">Italian-American</a> Bronx community in the 1970s, 1994's <a href="/wiki/I_Like_It_Like_That_(film)" title="I Like It Like That (film)">I Like It Like That</a> which takes place in the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican people">Puerto Rican</a> neighborhood of the South Bronx, and Doughboys, the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts. The Bronx's gritty urban life had worked its way into the movies even earlier, with depictions of the "<a href="/wiki/Bronx_cheer_(gesture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx cheer (gesture)">Bronx cheer</a>", a loud flatulent-like sound of disapproval, allegedly first made by <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> fans. The sound can be heard, for example, on the <a href="/wiki/Spike_Jones" title="Spike Jones">Spike Jones</a> and His City Slickers recording of "Der Fuehrer's Face" (from the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> <a href="/wiki/Animated_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated film">animated film</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Der_Fuehrer%27s_Face" title="Der Fuehrer's Face">same name</a>), repeatedly lambasting <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> with: "We'll Heil! (Bronx cheer) Heil! (Bronx cheer) Right in Der Fuehrer's Face!"<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Symbolism">edit</a>]</div> Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both an editorial in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the <a href="/wiki/1977_World_Series" title="1977 World Series">1977 World Series</a>, when a fire broke out near <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)" title="Yankee Stadium (1923)">Yankee Stadium</a> as the team was playing the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers" title="Los Angeles Dodgers">Los Angeles Dodgers</a>. As the fire was captured on live television, announcer <a href="/wiki/Howard_Cosell" title="Howard Cosell">Howard Cosell</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx_Is_Burning#Summary" title="The Bronx Is Burning">is wrongly remembered to have said something like</a>, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning". Historians of New York City often point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> A feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagán called Bronx Burning chronicled what led up to the many arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native <a href="/wiki/Richard_Price_(writer)" title="Richard Price (writer)">Richard Price</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Wanderers_(1979_film)" title="The Wanderers (1979 film)">1979 movie of the same name</a>. They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 film <a href="/wiki/The_Warriors_(film)" title="The Warriors (film)">The Warriors</a>, the eponymous gang go to a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt Park</a> in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_Bronx_Tale" title="A Bronx Tale">A Bronx Tale</a> (1993) depicts gang activities in the <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Bronx" title="Belmont, Bronx">Belmont</a> "Little Italy" section of the Bronx. The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and "Gunhill" (a play off the name <a href="/wiki/Gun_Hill_Road_(Bronx)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun Hill Road (Bronx)">Gun Hill Road</a>). This theme lends itself to the title of <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx_Is_Burning" title="The Bronx Is Burning">The Bronx Is Burning</a>, an eight-part <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a> TV mini-series (2007) about the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a>' drive to winning baseball's <a href="/wiki/1977_World_Series" title="1977 World Series">1977 World Series</a>. The TV series emphasizes the team's boisterous nature, led by manager <a href="/wiki/Billy_Martin" title="Billy Martin">Billy Martin</a>, catcher <a href="/wiki/Thurman_Munson" title="Thurman Munson">Thurman Munson</a> and outfielder <a href="/wiki/Reggie_Jackson" title="Reggie Jackson">Reggie Jackson</a>, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of <a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a> as mayor. The 1981 film <a href="/wiki/Fort_Apache,_The_Bronx" title="Fort Apache, The Bronx">Fort Apache, The Bronx</a> is another film that used the Bronx's gritty image for its storyline. The movie's title is from the nickname for the 41st Police Precinct in the South Bronx which was nicknamed "Fort Apache". Also from 1981 is the horror film <a href="/wiki/Wolfen_(film)" title="Wolfen (film)">Wolfen</a> making use of the rubble of the Bronx as a home for werewolf type creatures. <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_South_Bronx" title="Knights of the South Bronx">Knights of the South Bronx</a>, a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children, is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005. The Bronx was the setting for the 1983 film <a href="/wiki/Fuga_dal_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuga dal Bronx">Fuga dal Bronx</a>, also known as Bronx Warriors 2 and Escape 2000, an Italian B-movie best known for its appearance on the television series <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000" title="Mystery Science Theater 3000">Mystery Science Theater 3000</a>. The plot revolves around a sinister construction corporation's plans to depopulate, destroy and redevelop the Bronx, and a band of rebels who are out to expose the corporation's murderous ways and save their homes. The film is memorable for its almost incessant use of the phrase, "Leave the Bronx!" Many of the movie's scenes were filmed in <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, substituting as the Bronx. <a href="/wiki/Rumble_in_the_Bronx" title="Rumble in the Bronx">Rumble in the Bronx</a>, filmed in Vancouver, was a 1995 <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kung-fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung-fu">kung-fu</a> film, another which popularized the Bronx to international audiences. <a href="/wiki/Last_Bronx" title="Last Bronx">Last Bronx</a>, a 1996 Sega game played on the bad reputation of the Bronx to lend its name to an alternate version of post-Japanese bubble Tokyo, where crime and gang warfare is rampant. The 2016 <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> series <a href="/wiki/The_Get_Down" title="The Get Down">The Get Down</a> is based on the development of hip hop in 1977 in the South Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_set_in_New_York_City" title="List of books set in New York City">List of books set in New York City</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> The Bronx has been featured significantly in fiction literature. All of the characters in <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wouk" title="Herman Wouk">Herman Wouk</a>'s <a href="/wiki/City_Boy:_The_Adventures_of_Herbie_Bookbinder" title="City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder">City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder</a> (1948) live in the Bronx, and about half of the action is set there. <a href="/wiki/Kate_Simon" title="Kate Simon">Kate Simon</a>'s Bronx Primitive: Portraits of a Childhood (1982) is directly autobiographical, a warm account of a Polish-Jewish girl in an immigrant family growing up before World War II, and living near <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Avenue" title="Arthur Avenue">Arthur Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tremont_Avenue" title="Tremont Avenue">Tremont Avenue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> In Jacob M. Appel's short story, "The Grand Concourse" (2007),<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> a woman who grew up in the iconic <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris" title="Lewis Morris">Lewis Morris</a> Building returns to the <a href="/wiki/Morrisania" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrisania">Morrisania</a> neighborhood with her adult daughter. Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Avery_Corman" title="Avery Corman">Avery Corman</a>'s book The Old Neighborhood (1980),<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> an upper-middle class white protagonist returns to his birth neighborhood (<a href="/wiki/Fordham_Road" title="Fordham Road">Fordham Road</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)">Grand Concourse</a>), and learns that even though the folks are poor, Hispanic and African-American, they are good people. By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Bonfire_of_the_Vanities" title="The Bonfire of the Vanities">Bonfire of the Vanities</a> (1987)<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the <a href="/wiki/Bruckner_Expressway" title="Bruckner Expressway">Bruckner Expressway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a> and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments." In the same article, the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a> (whose fictional analogue in the novel is "Reverend Bacon") asserts that "twenty years later, the cynicism of The Bonfire of the Vanities is as out of style as <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a>'s wardrobe."<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Underworld_(DeLillo_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underworld (DeLillo novel)">Underworld</a> (1997) is also set in the Bronx and offers a perspective on the area from the 1950s onward.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poetry">Poetry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> In poetry, the Bronx has been immortalized by one of the world's shortest <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplets</a>: <div style="margin-left: 2em;" class="poem"> The Bronx? No Thonx <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Nash" title="Ogden Nash">Ogden Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 1931 </div> Nash repented 33 years after his <a href="/wiki/Calumny" class="mw-redirect" title="Calumny">calumny</a>, penning the following poem to the dean of faculty at <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_College" title="Bronx Community College">Bronx Community College</a> in 1964:<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div style="margin-left: 2em;" class="poem"> I wrote those lines, "The Bronx? No thonx"; I shudder to confess them. Now I'm an older, wiser man I cry, "The Bronx? God bless them!"<a href="#cite_note-thonx-83">[83]</a> </div> In 2016, W. R. Rodriguez published Bronx Trilogy—consisting of the shoe shine parlor poems et al., concrete pastures of the beautiful bronx, and from the banks of brook avenue. The trilogy celebrates Bronx people, places, and events. <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_High_School" title="DeWitt Clinton High School">DeWitt Clinton High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Park_(Bronx)" title="St. Mary's Park (Bronx)">St. Mary's Park</a>, and Brook Avenue are a few of the schools, parks, and streets Rodriguez uses as subjects for his poems.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Nash's couplet "The Bronx? No Thonx" and his subsequent blessing are mentioned in Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough, edited by Lloyd Ultan and Barbara Unger and published in 2000. The book, which includes the work of Yiddish poets, offers a selection from <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kaddish_(poem)" title="Kaddish (poem)">Kaddish</a>, as his Aunt Elanor and his mother, Naomi, lived near Woodlawn Cemetery. Also featured is Ruth Lisa Schecther's poem, "Bronx", which is described as a celebration of the borough's landmarks. There is a selection of works from poets such as <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mar%C3%ADa_Esteves" title="Sandra María Esteves">Sandra María Esteves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Kessler" title="Milton Kessler">Milton Kessler</a>, Joan Murray, W. R. Rodriguez, Myra Shapiro, Gayl Teller, and <a href="/wiki/Terence_Winch" title="Terence Winch">Terence Wynch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> "Bronx Migrations" by Michelle M. Tokarczyk is a collection that spans five decades of Tokarczyk's life in the Bronx, from her exodus in 1962 to her return in search of her childhood tenement.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bronx_Memoir_Project">Bronx Memoir Project</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Bronx Memoir Project">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Memoir_Project:_Vol._1" title="Bronx Memoir Project: Vol. 1">Bronx Memoir Project: Vol. 1</a> is a published <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> by the Bronx Council on the Arts and brought forth through a series of workshops meant to empower Bronx residents and shed the stigma on the Bronx's burning past.<a href="#cite_note-NYDNI-232">[232]</a> The Bronx Memoir Project was created as an ongoing collaboration between the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Council_on_the_Arts" title="Bronx Council on the Arts">Bronx Council on the Arts</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">cultural institutions</a>, including the Bronx <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> Center, the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Library_Center" title="Bronx Library Center">Bronx Library Center</a>, the (Edgar Allan) <a href="/wiki/Poe_Park_Visitor_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Poe Park Visitor Center">Poe Park Visitor Center</a>, Mindbuilders, and other institutions and funded through a grant from the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HP-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-AT-234">[234]</a> The goal was to develop and refine memoir fragments written by people of all walks of life that share a common bond residing within the Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-HP-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Songs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_New_York_City" title="List of songs about New York City">List of songs about New York City</a></div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Jenny_from_the_Block" title="Jenny from the Block">Jenny from the Block</a>" (2002) by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a>,<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> from the album <a href="/wiki/This_Is_Me..._Then" title="This Is Me... Then">This is me...Then</a> is about the South Bronx, where Lopez grew up.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></li> <li>In Marc Ferris's 5-page, 15-column list of "Songs and Compositions Inspired by New York City" in <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City" title="The Encyclopedia of New York City">The Encyclopedia of New York City</a> (1995),<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> only a handful refer to the Bronx; most refer to New York City proper, especially Manhattan and Brooklyn. Ferris's extensive but selective 1995 list mentions only four songs referring specifically to the Bronx: "On the Banks of the Bronx" (1919), by <a href="/wiki/William_LeBaron" title="William LeBaron">William LeBaron</a> & <a href="/wiki/Victor_Jacobi" title="Victor Jacobi">Victor Jacobi</a>; "Bronx Express" (1922), by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Creamer" title="Henry Creamer">Henry Creamer</a>, Ossip Dymow & <a href="/wiki/Turner_Layton" title="Turner Layton">Turner Layton</a>; "The <a href="/wiki/Tremont_Avenue" title="Tremont Avenue">Tremont Avenue</a> Cruisewear Fashion Show" (1973), by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Livingston" title="Jerry Livingston">Jerry Livingston</a> & Mark David; and "I Love the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a>" (1987), by Paula Lindstrom.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater">Theater</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Theater">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets">Clifford Odets</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Awake_and_Sing!" title="Awake and Sing!">Awake and Sing!</a> is set in 1933 in the Bronx. The play, first produced at the <a href="/wiki/Belasco_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Belasco Theater">Belasco Theater</a> in 1935, concerns a poor family living in small quarters, the struggles of the controlling parents and the aspirations of their children.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Marqu%C3%A9s" title="René Marqués">René Marqués</a>' <a href="/wiki/La_Carreta" title="La Carreta">The Oxcart</a> (1959) concerns a rural Puerto Rican family who immigrate to the Bronx for a better life.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/A_Bronx_Tale_(play)" title="A Bronx Tale (play)">A Bronx Tale</a> is an autobiographical <a href="/wiki/One-man_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-man show">one-man show</a> written and performed by <a href="/wiki/Chazz_Palminteri" title="Chazz Palminteri">Chazz Palminteri</a>. It is a coming-of-age story set in the Bronx. It premiered in Los Angeles in the 1980s and then played on Off-Broadway. After a film version involving Palminteri and Robert De Niro, Palminteri performed his one-man show on Broadway and on tour in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Borough_Hall" title="Bronx Borough Hall">Bronx Borough Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_court_system_delays" title="Bronx court system delays">Bronx court system delays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_York" title="List of counties in New York">List of counties in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_the_Bronx" title="List of people from the Bronx">List of people from the Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Bronx" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx">National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_in_the_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife in the Bronx">Wildlife in the Bronx</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2020CensusMap-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusMap_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusMap_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mtgis-portal.geo.census.gov/arcgis/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=2566121a73de463995ed2b2fd7ff6eb7">"2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer"</a>. US Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Census+Demographic+Data+Map+Viewer&rft.pub=US+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmtgis-portal.geo.census.gov%2Farcgis%2Fapps%2FMapSeries%2Findex.html%3Fappid%3D2566121a73de463995ed2b2fd7ff6eb7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Moynihan, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/19/nyregion/fyi-530409.html">"F.Y.I."</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, September 19, 1999. Accessed December 17, 2019. "There are well-known names for inhabitants of four boroughs: Manhattanites, Brooklynites, Bronxites and Staten Islanders. But what are residents of Queens called?" </li> <li id="cite_note-bea.gov-3"><a href="#cite_ref-bea.gov_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/lagdp1223.pdf">"Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area, 2022"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+Domestic+Product+by+County+and+Metropolitan+Area%2C+2022&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Economic+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bea.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-12%2Flagdp1223.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-density-4"><a href="#cite_ref-density_4-0">^</a> New York State Department of Health, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/vital_statistics/2010/table02.htm">Population, Land Area, and Population Density by County, New York State – 2010</a>, retrieved on August 8, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-ultan-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ultan_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ultan_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ultan_5-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Ultan_(historian)" title="Lloyd Ultan (historian)">Lloyd Ultan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxriver.org/?pg=content&p=abouttheriver&m1=9&m2=58">"History of the Bronx River"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190619231425/http://bronxriver.org/?pg=content&p=abouttheriver&m1=9&m2=58">Archived</a> June 19, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Paper presented to the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River_Alliance" title="Bronx River Alliance">Bronx River Alliance</a>, November 5, 2002 (notes taken by Maarten de Kadt, November 16, 2002), retrieved on August 29, 2008. This <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2 hour talk covers much of the early history of the Bronx as a whole, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River">Bronx River</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-courtstart-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-courtstart_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-courtstart_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-courtstart_6-2">c</a> On the start of business for Bronx County: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/01/03/100295000.pdf">Bronx County In Motion. New Officials All Find Work to Do on Their First Day.</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, January 3, 1914 (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> retrieved on June 26, 2008): <dl><dd>"Despite the fact that the new Bronx County Court House is not completed there was no delay yesterday in getting the court machinery in motion. All the new county officials were on hand and the County Clerk, the District Attorney, the Surrogate, and the County Judge soon had things in working order. The seal to be used by the new county was selected by County Judge Louis D. Gibbs. It is circular. In the center is a seated figure of Justice. To her right is an American shield and over the figure is written 'Populi Suprema.' ..."</dd> <dd>"Surrogate George M. S. Schulz, with his office force, was busy at the stroke of 9 o'clock. Two wills were filed in the early morning, but owing to the absence of a safe they were recorded and then returned to the attorneys for safe keeping. ..."</dd> <dd>"There was a rush of business to the new County Clerk's office. Between seventy-five and a hundred men applied for first naturalization papers. Two certificates of incorporation were issued, and seventeen judgments, seven lis pendens, three mechanics' liens and one suit for negligence were filed."</dd> <dd>"Sheriff O'Brien announced several additional appointments."</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-blooming-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blooming_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blooming_7-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20080630/ap_tr_ge/travel_trip_wild_green_bronx">Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is blooming!</a> by Beth J. Harpaz, Travel Editor of The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (AP), June 30, 2008, retrieved on July 11, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501203753/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20080630/ap_tr_ge/travel_trip_wild_green_bronx">Archived</a> May 1, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConde2017" class="citation web cs1">Conde, Ed García (July 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welcome2thebronx.com/2017/07/31/12-bronx-facts-you-probably-didnt-know/">"12 Bronx Facts You Probably Didn't Know"</a>. Welcome2TheBronx™. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome2TheBronx%E2%84%A2&rft.atitle=12+Bronx+Facts+You+Probably+Didn%27t+Know&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft.aulast=Conde&rft.aufirst=Ed+Garc%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcome2thebronx.com%2F2017%2F07%2F31%2F12-bronx-facts-you-probably-didnt-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faroeislands-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Faroeislands_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie1987" class="citation book cs1">Wylie, Jonathon (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kmEYtkttx4C">The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History</a>. University of Kentucky Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1578-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1578-8"><bdi>978-0-8131-1578-8</bdi></a>. <q>Jónas Bronck (or Brunck) was the son of Morten Jespersen Bronck ... Jónas seems to have gone to school in Roskilde in 1619, but found his way to Holland where he joined an expedition to Amsterdam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faroe+Islands%3A+Interpretations+of+History&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-1578-8&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7kmEYtkttx4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509163707/http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/notebx.html">"Jonas Bronx"</a>. Bronx Notables. Bronx Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/notebx.html">the original</a> on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bronx+Notables&rft.atitle=Jonas+Bronx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bronxhistoricalsociety.org%2Fnotebx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Laer1916" class="citation journal cs1">van Laer, A.J.F. (October 1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". The American Historical Review. 22 (1). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association: 164–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F22.1.164">10.1086/ahr/22.1.164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836219">1836219</a>. ... Jonas Bronck was a Dane ...</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Scandinavian+Immigrants+in+New+York%2C+1630%E2%80%931674&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=164-166&rft.date=1916-10&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1836219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F22.1.164&rft.aulast=van+Laer&rft.aufirst=A.J.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrowsWallace1999" class="citation book cs1">Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. Vol. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511634-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511634-8"><bdi>0-19-511634-8</bdi></a>. <q>... many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gotham%2C+A+History+of+New+York+City+to+1898&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pages=30-37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-511634-8&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Mike+%28Michael+L.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Rensselaer_1909_161-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Rensselaer_1909_161_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Rensselaer_1909_161_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Rensselaer1909" class="citation book cs1">Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold (1909). History of the city of New York in the seventeenth century. Vol. 1. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/649654938">649654938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+city+of+New+York+in+the+seventeenth+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F649654938&rft.aulast=Van+Rensselaer&rft.aufirst=Mariana+Griswold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Braver (1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frac.org/maps/acs-poverty/tables/tab1-acs-poverty-cd-2017.html">"datatables"</a>. www.frac.org. Retrieved October 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.frac.org&rft.atitle=datatables&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frac.org%2Fmaps%2Facs-poverty%2Ftables%2Ftab1-acs-poverty-cd-2017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barone-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Barone_14-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Almanac_of_American_Politics" title="The Almanac of American Politics">The Almanac of American Politics</a> 2008, edited by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Barone_(pundit)" title="Michael Barone (pundit)">Michael Barone</a> with <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Cohen" title="Richard E. Cohen">Richard E. Cohen</a> and Grant Ujifusa, <a href="/wiki/National_Journal" title="National Journal">National Journal</a> Group, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89234-117-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89234-117-7">978-0-89234-117-7</a> (paperback) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89234-116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89234-116-0">978-0-89234-116-0</a> (hardback), chapter on New York state </li> <li id="cite_note-Stat_Abst-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Stat_Abst_15-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_Abstract_of_the_United_States" title="Statistical Abstract of the United States">Statistical Abstract of the United States</a>: 2003, Section 31, Table 1384. Congressional District Profiles – 108th Congress: 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_Blatt2014" class="citation web cs1">Ruth Blatt (April 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ruthblatt/2014/04/10/what-the-history-of-hip-hop-teaches-us-about-entrepreneurship/">"Why Rap Creates Entrepreneurs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. Retrieved November 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Why+Rap+Creates+Entrepreneurs&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.au=Ruth+Blatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fruthblatt%2F2014%2F04%2F10%2Fwhat-the-history-of-hip-hop-teaches-us-about-entrepreneurship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> See the "Historical Populations" table in <a href="#Before_1914">History</a> above and its sources. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYPL-18"><a href="#cite_ref-NYPL_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/branch/bronx/index2.cfm?Trg=1&d1=765&template=brnxnm">"Bronx History: What's in a Name?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>. Retrieved March 15, 2008. <q>The Native Americans called the land Rananchqua, but the Dutch and English began to refer to it as Broncksland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bronx+History%3A+What%27s+in+a+Name%3F&rft.pub=New+York+Public+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypl.org%2Fbranch%2Fbronx%2Findex2.cfm%3FTrg%3D1%26d1%3D765%26template%3Dbrnxnm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=13121">"Harding Park"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</a>. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harding+Park&rft.pub=New+York+City+Department+of+Parks+and+Recreation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycgovparks.org%2Fsub_your_park%2Fhistorical_signs%2Fhs_historical_sign.php%3Fid%3D13121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ellis-p55-20"><a href="#cite_ref-ellis-p55_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis,_Edward_Robb1966" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Edward Robb (1966). The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1436-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1436-0"><bdi>0-7867-1436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+New+York+City&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Old+Town+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-7867-1436-0&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Edward+Robb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen_1950-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_1950_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_1950_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen1950" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Harry (1950). North of Manhattan. Hastings House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/542679">542679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+of+Manhattan&rft.pub=Hastings+House&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F542679&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988">, excerpted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxmall.com/cult/series/2.html">The Bronx ... Its History & Perspective</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Laer1916" class="citation journal cs1">van Laer, A. J. F. (1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". <a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a>. 22 (1). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association: 164–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1836219">10.2307/1836219</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836219">1836219</a>. <q>... Jonas Bronck was a Swede ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Scandinavian+Immigrants+in+New+York%2C+1630%E2%80%931674&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=164-166&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1836219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1836219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=van+Laer&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burrows-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrowsWallace1999" class="citation book cs1">Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. Vol. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511634-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511634-8"><bdi>0-19-511634-8</bdi></a>. <q>…many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gotham%2C+A+History+of+New+York+City+to+1898&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pages=30-37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-511634-8&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Mike+%28Michael+L.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo6mAAAAIAAJ&q=Jonas+Bronck+Frisia">"The first Bronxite"</a>. The Advocate. 24. Bronx County Bar Association: 59. 1977. <q>It is widely accepted that Bronck came from Sweden, but claims have also been made by the Frisian Islands on the North Sea coast and by a small town in Germany.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft.atitle=The+first+Bronxite&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQo6mAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DJonas%2BBronck%2BFrisia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Karl Ritter, "Swedish town celebrates link to the Bronx" Associated Press, August 21, 2014. which also refers to a claim by the Faeroe Islands. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxmall.com/cult/series/2.html">"The Bronx Mall – Cultural Mosaic – The Bronx... Its History & Perspective"</a>. Bronxmall.com. Retrieved July 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bronxmall.com&rft.atitle=The+Bronx+Mall+%E2%80%93+Cultural+Mosaic+%E2%80%93+The+Bronx...+Its+History+%26+Perspective&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bronxmall.com%2Fcult%2Fseries%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705052453/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/bronk/katzman.htm">"Excerpts from an Interview with William Bronk by Mark Katzman"</a>. uiuc.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/bronk/katzman.htm">the original</a> on July 5, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uiuc.edu&rft.atitle=Excerpts+from+an+Interview+with+William+Bronk+by+Mark+Katzman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.uiuc.edu%2Fmaps%2Fpoets%2Fa_f%2Fbronk%2Fkatzman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2014" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Sam (August 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/20/nyregion/from-bronck-to-the-bronx-a-name-and-a-swedish-heritage-to-celebrate.html">"A Bronck in the Bronx Gives a Swedish Town a Reason to Cheer"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/20/nyregion/from-bronck-to-the-bronx-a-name-and-a-swedish-heritage-to-celebrate.html">the original</a> on January 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Bronck+in+the+Bronx+Gives+a+Swedish+Town+a+Reason+to+Cheer&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F08%2F20%2Fnyregion%2Ffrom-bronck-to-the-bronx-a-name-and-a-swedish-heritage-to-celebrate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://24.97.137.100/nyc/AdCode/Title2_2-202.asp">New York City Administrative Code §2–202</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010445/http://24.97.137.100/nyc/AdCode/Title2_2-202.asp">Archived</a> September 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.bce0fff116ccd007a62fa24601c789a0/">references on the New York City website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070528085450/http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.bce0fff116ccd007a62fa24601c789a0/">Archived</a> May 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/welcome.jsp">"ZIP Code Lookup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>. <q>Note that the database also does not use punctuation, and other articles (such as the) to improve automated scanning of addresses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZIP+Code+Lookup&rft.pub=United+States+Postal+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzip4.usps.com%2Fzip4%2Fwelcome.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Clarke, Erin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ny1.com/nyc/bronx/news/2015/06/7/what-s-in-a-name--how--the--bronx-got-the--the-.html">"What's in a Name: How 'The' Bronx Got the 'The'"</a>, NY1, June 7, 2015, Retrieved on February 6, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Steven Hess, "From The Hague to the Bronx: Definite Articles in Place Names", Journal of the North Central Name Society, Fall 1987. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Rev. David J. Born (who asserts it was a Jakob Bronck and his family who settled there), letter to <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209041431/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_1_54/ai_81775371">"Notes & Asides"</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>, January 28, 2002, retrieved on July 3, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008-5.pdf">"3. Capitalization Rules"</a> (PDF). gpo.gov. United States Government Publishing Office. p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008-5.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gpo.gov&rft.atitle=3.+Capitalization+Rules&rft.pages=29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008%2Fpdf%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/2011/10/26/bronx-borough-historian-lloyd-ultan-marks-15-years-in-office/">"Bronx Borough Historian Lloyd Ultan Marks 15 Years in Office"</a>. The Office of The Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz Jr. Retrieved February 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Office+of+The+Bronx+Borough+President+Ruben+Diaz+Jr.&rft.atitle=Bronx+Borough+Historian+Lloyd+Ultan+Marks+15+Years+in+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbronxboropres.nyc.gov%2F2011%2F10%2F26%2Fbronx-borough-historian-lloyd-ultan-marks-15-years-in-office%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/09/realestate/l-why-the-bronx-865793.html">"Why The Bronx?"</a>. The New York Times. May 9, 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved July 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+The+Bronx%3F&rft.date=1993-05-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F05%2F09%2Frealestate%2Fl-why-the-bronx-865793.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlattery2014" class="citation web cs1">Slattery, Denis (May 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/bronx-residents-feeling-capital-article-1.1799794">"Bronx residents call on media and city agencies to capitalize 'The Bronx'"</a>. nydailynews.com. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>. Retrieved July 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nydailynews.com&rft.atitle=Bronx+residents+call+on+media+and+city+agencies+to+capitalize+%27The+Bronx%27&rft.date=2014-05-20&rft.aulast=Slattery&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnew-york%2Fbronx%2Fbronx-residents-feeling-capital-article-1.1799794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211054643/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/croton/7-12resources.pdf#page=5">"Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Croton Water Treatment Plant at the Harlem River Site; 7.12: Historic and Archaeological Resources"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Environmental_Protection" title="New York City Department of Environmental Protection">New York City Department of Environmental Protection</a>. June 30, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/croton/7-12resources.pdf#page=5">the original</a> (PDF) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Supplemental+Environmental+Impact+Statement+for+the+Croton+Water+Treatment+Plant+at+the+Harlem+River+Site%3B+7.12%3A+Historic+and+Archaeological+Resources&rft.pub=New+York+City+Department+of+Environmental+Protection&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fdep%2Fpdf%2Fcroton%2F7-12resources.pdf%23page%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fordam-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Fordam_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014214304/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medny/ganelli2.html">"Dyckman House – History"</a>. fordham.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medny/ganelli2.html">the original</a> on October 14, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fordham.edu&rft.atitle=Dyckman+House+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmedny%2Fganelli2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins1912-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins1912_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Jenkins1912" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Jenkins (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9nIC6Lva5sC&pg=PA177">The Story of the Bronx from the Purchase Made by the Dutch from the Indians in 1639 to the Present Day</a>. <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>. pp. 177–208. Retrieved January 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Bronx+from+the+Purchase+Made+by+the+Dutch+from+the+Indians+in+1639+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=177-208&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Stephen+Jenkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9nIC6Lva5sC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> For Jordan L. Mott: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Thomas_Scharf1886" class="citation book cs1">John Thomas Scharf (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EkgVAAAAYAAJ">History of Westchester County: New York, Including Morrisania, Kings Bridge, and West Farms, which Have Been Annexed to New York City</a>. L. E. Preston & Company. pp. 830–832.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Westchester+County%3A+New+York%2C+Including+Morrisania%2C+Kings+Bridge%2C+and+West+Farms%2C+which+Have+Been+Annexed+to+New+York+City&rft.pages=830-832&rft.pub=L.+E.+Preston+%26+Company&rft.date=1886&rft.au=John+Thomas+Scharf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEkgVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroxell_FreedleyYoung1868" class="citation book cs1">Troxell Freedley, Edwin; Young, Edward (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mugJAAAAIAAJ">A History of American Manufactures from 1608 to 1860...: Comprising Annals of the Industry of the United States in Machinery, Manufactures and Useful Arts, with a Notice of the Important Inventions, Tariffs, and the Results of Each Decennial Census</a>. E. Young. pp. 576–578.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+American+Manufactures+from+1608+to+1860...%3A+Comprising+Annals+of+the+Industry+of+the+United+States+in+Machinery%2C+Manufactures+and+Useful+Arts%2C+with+a+Notice+of+the+Important+Inventions%2C+Tariffs%2C+and+the+Results+of+Each+Decennial+Census&rft.pages=576-578&rft.pub=E.+Young&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Troxell+Freedley&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Young%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmugJAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-thorne-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thorne_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorne_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorne_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorne,_Kathryn_Ford1993" class="citation book cs1">Thorne, Kathryn Ford (1993). Long, John H. (ed.). New York Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. Simon & Schuster. pp. 33, 118–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-051962-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-051962-6"><bdi>0-13-051962-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Atlas+of+Historical+County+Boundaries&rft.pages=33%2C+118-133&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-13-051962-6&rft.au=Thorne%2C+Kathryn+Ford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> New York. Laws of New York. 1873, 96th Session, Chapter 613, Section 1. p. 928. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Articles on "consolidation" (by David C. Hammack) and the "Bronx" (by David C. Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan) in <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City" title="The Encyclopedia of New York City">The Encyclopedia of New York City</a>, Yale 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> New York. Laws of New York. 1895, 118th Session, Chapter 934, Section 1. p. 1948. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1973-47"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1973_47-0">^</a> Peck, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/02/archives/in-the-bronx-the-gentry-live-on-the-gentry-live-on.html">"In the Bronx, the Gentry Live On; The Gentry Live On"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, December 2, 1973. Accessed July 17, 2008. "But the Harlem riverfront was industrializing, and in 1874 the city annexed the area west of the Bronx River: Morrisania, West Farms and Kingsbridge. A second annexation in 1894 gathered in Westchester and portions of Eastchester and Pelham." However, 1894 must refer to the referendum, since the enabling act was not passed or signed until 1895. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityisland.com/history.html">History of City Island</a>, CityIsland.com. Accessed January 2, 2024. "In 1896, residents of City Island voted to detach themselves from Westchester County and to become part of New York City proper." </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Macy, Harry Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/blog/five-borough-city-old-cities-towns-and-villages-came-together-form-greater-new-york">"Before the Five-borough City: The Old Cities, Towns, and Villages That Came Together to Form 'Greater New York'"</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Genealogical_and_Biographical_Society" title="New York Genealogical and Biographical Society">New York Genealogical and Biographical Society</a>, January 11, 2021. Accessed January 2, 2024. "The present City of New York, consisting of five boroughs, came into existence on January 1, 1898.... In 1914, The Bronx became a separate county of the same name." </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> New York. Laws of New York. 1912, 135th Session, Chapter 548, Section 1. p. 1352. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1993-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1993_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1993_51-1">b</a> Steinhauer, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/10/nyregion/fyi-123693.html">"F.Y.I."</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, October 10, 1993. Accessed August 23, 2021. "Marble Hill's Exile Q. Why is there a small piece of Manhattan in the Bronx?. ... A. Marble Hill was originally attached to the northern part of Manhattan, but was severed in 1895 when the city deepened and straightened the waterway that connected the Hudson River to what was known as Spuyten Duyvil Creek (Dutch for 'in Spite of the Devil', thought to be a reference to the trouble it took to cross it). ... Around 1914, Spuyten Duyvil Creek was filled in and the area became physically a part of the Bronx, but it remained politically part of Manhattan." </li> <li id="cite_note-Olmsted_1989;_Olmsted_1998-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olmsted_1989;_Olmsted_1998_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olmsted_1989;_Olmsted_1998_52-1">b</a> Olmsted (1989); Olmsted (1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-Piano_Workers_May_Strike-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Piano_Workers_May_Strike_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/08/29/103460481.pdf">"Piano Workers May Strike"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. August 29, 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/08/29/103460481.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Piano+Workers+May+Strike&rft.date=1919-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1919%2F08%2F29%2F103460481.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gray_(architectural_historian)" title="Christopher Gray (architectural historian)">Gray, Christopher Gray</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/22/realestate/streetscapes-the-new-york-coliseum-from-auditorium-to-bus-garage-to.html">"Streetscapes: The New York Coliseum; From Auditorium To Bus Garage to..."</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, Real Estate section, March 22, 1992. Accessed January 2, 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Tarver, Denton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cooperatornews.com/article/the-new-bronx">"The New Bronx A Quick History of the Iconic Borough"</a>, Cooperator News, April 2007. Accessed January 2, 2024. "The urbanization of the Bronx truly began with the entrance of the subway into the area in 1904. As the rapid transit came in spurts: 1905, 1910, 1918, and 1920, the subway and elevated train access to Manhattan caused the population of the Bronx to surge, as these rail lines built their tracks into the still-green fields and meadows." </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_Almanac_and_Book_of_Facts" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Almanac and Book of Facts">The World Almanac and Book of Facts</a>, 1943, page 494, citing the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a> and the Jewish Statistical Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_Council_of_America" title="Synagogue Council of America">Synagogue Council of America</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remembrance-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Remembrance_57-0">^</a> Seymour J. Perlin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxsynagogues.org/ic/bronxsyn/survey.html">"Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx"</a> (retrieved on August 10, 2008), citing population estimates in "The Jewish Community Study of New York: 2002", UJA [United Jewish Appeal] Federation of New York, June 2004, and his own survey of synagogue sites. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chsserver01.org/jwalker012017/Q3/Assignment00CSC2/bronx.html">"BNew York – The Bronx"</a>. chsserver01.org. Retrieved October 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chsserver01.org&rft.atitle=BNew+York+%E2%80%93+The+Bronx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchsserver01.org%2Fjwalker012017%2FQ3%2FAssignment00CSC2%2Fbronx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2019/3/8/prohibition">"Prohibition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City">Government of New York City</a>. NYC Department of Records & Information Services. March 8, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+New+York+City&rft.atitle=Prohibition&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.nyc%2Fblog%2F2019%2F3%2F8%2Fprohibition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chsserver01.org/jmora012017/Q3/Assignment001csc/thebronx.html">"The Bronx"</a>. chsserver01.org. Retrieved September 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chsserver01.org&rft.atitle=The+Bronx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchsserver01.org%2Fjmora012017%2FQ3%2FAssignment001csc%2Fthebronx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Caro, Robert</a> (1974). <a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3"><bdi>978-0-394-48076-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834874">834874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+Broker%3A+Robert+Moses+and+the+Fall+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F834874&rft.isbn=978-0-394-48076-3&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812035736/http://americanrealities.org/locations/south_bronx/">"The South Bronx"</a>. American Realities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanrealities.org/locations/south_bronx/">the original</a> on August 12, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+South+Bronx&rft.pub=American+Realities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanrealities.org%2Flocations%2Fsouth_bronx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Roderick Wallace (October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3168963/">"A synergism of plagues: 'planned shrinkage', contagious housing destruction, and AIDS in the Bronx"</a>. Environmental Research, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1–33. Retrieved July 18, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Roderick Wallace (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2244222/">"Urban desertification, public health and public order: 'planned shrinkage', violent death, substance abuse and AIDS in the Bronx"</a>, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 37, No. 7 (1990) pp. 801–813. Retrieved July 18, 2022. "Empirical and theoretical analyses strongly imply present sharply rising levels of violent death, intensification of deviant behaviors implicated in the spread of AIDS, and the pattern of the AIDS outbreak itself, have been gravely affected, and even strongly determined, by the outcomes of a program of 'planned shrinkage' directed against African-American and Hispanic communities, and implemented through systematic and continuing denial of municipal services—particularly fire extinguishment resources—essential for maintaining urban levels of population density and ensuring community stability." </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Issues such as <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a>, hospital quality, and what looked like the planned shrinkage of garbage collection were alleged as the motivations which sparked the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican people">Puerto Rican</a> activists known as the <a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a>. The Young Lords coalesced with similar groups who claimed to be fighting for neighborhood empowerment, such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Panthers">Black Panthers</a>, to protest urban renewal and arson for profit with sit-ins, marches, and violence. See pages 6–9 of the guide to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/pov/utils/youthviews/pov_palante_toolkit.pdf">"¡Palante Siempre Palante! The Young Lords"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326014741/http://www.pbs.org/pov/utils/youthviews/pov_palante_toolkit.pdf">Archived</a> March 26, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a "point of view" documentary on <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615050753/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945795-2,00.html">"Arson for Hate and Profit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. October 31, 1977. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945795-2,00.html">the original</a> on June 15, 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Arson+for+Hate+and+Profit&rft.date=1977-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C945795-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez_2004-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_2004_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_2004_67-1">b</a> Gonzalez (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Chambers, Marcia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/16/nyregion/judge-s-ruling-revives-dispute-on-marble-hill.html">"Judge's Ruling Revives Dispute On Marble Hill"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, May 16, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "After a painstaking legal and historical analysis, Justice Peter J. McQuillan said rather, that Marble Hill lies in both. 'The conclusion is irresistible,' he said in a 36-page opinion, that Marble Hill is situated in the Borough of Manhattan, but is not part of New York County. By statute, he said, 'it is in Bronx County.' Contrary to what the Legislature may have thought when it redefined boundary lines for Manhattan in 1938 and again in 1940, it 'dealt only with boroughs and not counties,' the judge wrote. In short, the boundaries of New York County and Manhattan are not the same, he said." </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom_1995-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_1995_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1995" class="citation web cs1">Bloom, Jennifer Kingson (July 23, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/23/realestate/if-your-thinking-of-living-in-marble-hill-a-bit-of-manhattan-in-the-bronx.html">"If Your Thinking of Living In/Marble Hill; A Bit of Manhattan in the Bronx"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=If+Your+Thinking+of+Living+In%2FMarble+Hill%3B+A+Bit+of+Manhattan+in+the+Bronx&rft.date=1995-07-23&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Kingson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F07%2F23%2Frealestate%2Fif-your-thinking-of-living-in-marble-hill-a-bit-of-manhattan-in-the-bronx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/27/nyregion/bill-would-clarify-marble-hill-s-status.html">"Bill Would Clarify Marble Hill's Status"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, June 27, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "The Assembly voted tonight to move the Marble Hill section of the Borough of Manhattan into New York County, thereby correcting a 46-year old mistake.... A dispute over Marble Hill followed, but the matter was mostly put to rest in 1938, when the boundaries of the Borough of Manhattan were shifted to include Marble Hill.... Tonight the Assembly voted 140 to 4 and joined the Senate in moving to change that, and the measure now goes to the Governor. It would be retroactive to Jan. 1, 1938." </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/appellate-division-first-department/2007/2007-09955.html">Montesano v New York City Hous. Auth.</a>, Justia, as corrected through March 19, 2008. Accessed January 8, 2024. "Less than 10 weeks after the Boyd decision, the Legislature eliminated any doubt that the Borough of Manhattan and New York County were conterminous in this respect by specifically including Marble Hill in both the Borough of Manhattan and New York County, 'for all purposes,' retroactive to 1938 (L 1984, ch 939). The official map of the City of New York now shows that Marble Hill is located in New York County." </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/07/realestate/perspectives-the-10-year-housing-plan-issues-for-the-90-s-management-and-costs.html">"Perspectives: The 10-Year Housing Plan; Issues for the 90's: Management and Costs"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, January 7, 1990. Accessed January 2, 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fanniemaefoundation.org/programs/hpd/pdf/hpd_1004_ryzin.pdf">"Neighborhood Change and the City of New York's Ten-Year Housing Plan</a>. Housing Policy Debate, Volume 10, Issue 4. Fannie Mae Foundation 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sustainable.org/casestudies/SIA_PDFs/SIA_New_York.pdf">NOS QUEDAMOS/WE STAY "Melrose Commons, Bronx, New York"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191424/http://www.sustainable.org/casestudies/SIA_PDFs/SIA_New_York.pdf">Archived</a> August 19, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sustainable Communities Network Case Studies. Sustainability in Action, 1997, retrieved on July 6, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> David Gonzalez, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/19/obituaries/19garcia.html">"Yolanda Garcia, 53, Dies; A Bronx Community Force"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, February 19, 2005, retrieved on July 6, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Meera Subramanian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalism.nyu.edu/portfolio/subramanian/SBxGardens.html">"Homes and Gardens in the South Bronx"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821135846/http://journalism.nyu.edu/portfolio/subramanian/SBxGardens.html">Archived</a> August 21, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Portfolio, November 8, 2005, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> Department of Journalism, retrieved on July 6, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2011" class="citation news cs1">Powell, Michael (July 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/27/how-the-south-bronxs-ruins-became-fertile-ground/">"How the South Bronx's Ruins Became Fertile Ground"</a>. City Room. The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+the+South+Bronx%27s+Ruins+Became+Fertile+Ground&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcityroom.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F07%2F27%2Fhow-the-south-bronxs-ruins-became-fertile-ground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/09/10/2007-09-10_wealthy_are_drowning_in_new_bank_branche.html">"Wealthy are drowning in new bank branches, says study"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724203846/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/09/10/2007-09-10_wealthy_are_drowning_in_new_bank_branche.html">Archived</a> July 24, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>, September 10, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banking.state.ny.us/sp070615.htm">"Superintendent Neiman Addresses the Ninth Annual Bronx Bankers Breakfast"</a>, June 15, 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109212357/http://www.banking.state.ny.us/sp070615.htm">Archived</a> January 9, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Among the remarks of Richard H. Neiman, New York State's Superintendent of Banks, were these: "The Bronx was an economically stable community until the mid-1960s when the entire South Bronx struggled with major construction, real estate issues, red-lining, and block busting. This included a thoroughfare that divided communities, the deterioration of property as a result of rent control, and decrease in the value of real estate. Due to strong community leadership, advances in policing, social services, and changing economic migration patterns to New York City, the Bronx is undergoing a resurgence, with new housing developments and thriving business. From 2000 to 2006, there was a 2.2% increase in population, and home ownership rates increased by 19.6%. Still, bank branches were absent in places such as Community districts 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12." </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hispanicmpr.com/2007/12/11/new-bank-targets-latinos-in-south-bronx/">"New bank targets Latinos in South Bronx"</a> December 11, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> On June 30, 2005, there were 129 federally insured banking offices in the Bronx, for a ratio of 1.0 offices for every 10,000 inhabitants. By contrast the national financial center of Manhattan had 555 for a ratio of 3.5/10,000, Staten Island a ratio of 1.9, Queens 1.7 and Brooklyn 1.1. In New York State as a whole the ratio was 2.6 and in the United States, 3.5 (a single office can serve more people in a more densely populated area). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102191509/http://www.census.gov/statab/ccdb/cc07_tabB11.xls">"Table B-11. Counties – Banking, Retail Trade, and Accommodation and Food Services"</a>, City and County Data Book, 2007. For 1997 and 2007, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.fdic.gov/SOD/sodSummary.asp?barItem=3">"Summary of Deposits; summary tables"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218061429/http://www2.fdic.gov/sod/sodSummary.asp?barItem=3">Archived</a> December 18, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Deposits of all FDIC-Insured Institutions Operating in New York: State Totals by County – all retrieved on July 15–16, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmalls1997" class="citation news cs1">Smalls, F. 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Retrieved November 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Bronx+Is+Named+an+%27All-America%27+City&rft.date=1997-07-20&rft.aulast=Smalls&rft.aufirst=F.+Romall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F07%2F20%2Fnyregion%2Fthe-bronx-is-named-an-all-america-city.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thonx-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thonx_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thonx_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Timothy (June 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/nyregion/27bronx.html">"Celebrities Now Give Thonx for Their Roots in the Bronx"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved March 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Celebrities+Now+Give+Thonx+for+Their+Roots+in+the+Bronx&rft.date=2006-06-27&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F27%2Fnyregion%2F27bronx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopousis2007" class="citation news cs1">Topousis, Tom (July 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111114655/http://www.nypost.com/seven/07232007/news/regionalnews/bx__is_booming_regionalnews_tom_topousis.htm">"Bx is Booming"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypost.com/seven/07232007/news/regionalnews/bx__is_booming_regionalnews_tom_topousis.htm">the original</a> on January 11, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Bx+is+Booming&rft.date=2007-07-23&rft.aulast=Topousis&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypost.com%2Fseven%2F07232007%2Fnews%2Fregionalnews%2Fbx__is_booming_regionalnews_tom_topousis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaysen2015" class="citation news cs1">Kaysen, Rhonda (September 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/realestate/the-south-bronx-beckons.html?_r=0">"The South Bronx Beckons"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+South+Bronx+Beckons&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft.aulast=Kaysen&rft.aufirst=Rhonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F20%2Frealestate%2Fthe-south-bronx-beckons.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlattery2014" class="citation news cs1">Slattery, Denis (September 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/bronx-booming-boutique-luxury-hotels-article-1.1937956">"The Bronx is booming with boutique and luxury hotels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">Daily News</a>. 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Bronx Times Reporter. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bronx+GPO+conversion+to+retail+space+in+motion&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2016-03-18%2F2016-03-24&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirsing2016" class="citation news cs1">Wirsing, Robert (February 12, 2016). "Concourse Yard revisited as 'new' development site". Bronx Times Reporter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Concourse+Yard+revisited+as+%27new%27+development+site&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft.aulast=Wirsing&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2021" class="citation web cs1">Cruz, David (June 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gothamist.com/news/bronx-has-highest-crime-rate-nyc-what-do-locals-want-next-mayor-do-about-it">"The Bronx Has The Highest Crime Rate In NYC. What Do Locals Want The Next Mayor To Do About It?"</a>. The Gothamist. Retrieved February 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gothamist&rft.atitle=The+Bronx+Has+The+Highest+Crime+Rate+In+NYC.+What+Do+Locals+Want+The+Next+Mayor+To+Do+About+It%3F&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgothamist.com%2Fnews%2Fbronx-has-highest-crime-rate-nyc-what-do-locals-want-next-mayor-do-about-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/databrief129.pdf">"Epi Data Brief: Unintentional Drug Poisoning (Overdose) Deaths in New York City in 2020"</a> (PDF). New York City Health. November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/databrief129.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epi+Data+Brief%3A+Unintentional+Drug+Poisoning+%28Overdose%29+Deaths+in+New+York+City+in+2020&rft.pub=New+York+City+Health&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.nyc.gov%2Fassets%2Fdoh%2Fdownloads%2Fpdf%2Fepi%2Fdatabrief129.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenugopal2022" class="citation web cs1">Venugopal, Arun (January 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gothamist.com/news/fatal-fire-bronx-tragedy-rooted-past">"Fatal Fire In The Bronx: Tragedy Rooted In The Past"</a>. The Gothamist. 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Retrieved February 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+finds+the+Bronx+was+the+coldest+borough+with+several+heat+complaints+this+winter+%26%23124%3B+amNewYork&rft.pub=Amny.com&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft.aulast=Seiden&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amny.com%2Fnews%2Freport-finds-the-bronx-was-the-coldest-borough-with-several-heat-complaints-this-winter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisk2010" class="citation news cs1">Sisk, Richard (September 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/south-bronx-poorest-district-nation-u-s-census-bureau-finds-38-live-poverty-line-article-1.438344">"South Bronx is poorest district in nation, U.S. Census Bureau finds: 38% live below poverty line"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_36.txt">the original</a> on May 19, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Census+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2012-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fdocs%2Fgazetteer%2Fcounties_list_36.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR6-98"><a href="#cite_ref-GR6_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx">"Find a County"</a>. National Association of Counties. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx">the original</a> on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Find+a+County&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Counties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naco.org%2FCounties%2FPages%2FFindACounty.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> The fact that the immediate layer of bedrock in the Bronx is Fordham gneiss, while that of Manhattan is schist has led to the expression: "The Bronx is gneiss (nice) but Manhattan is schist." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldredgeHorenstein2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niles_Eldredge" title="Niles Eldredge">Eldredge, Niles</a> and Horenstein, Sidney (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fYMkDQAAQBAJ">Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future</a>. Berkeley, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 42, n1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27015-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27015-2"><bdi>978-0-520-27015-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concrete+Jungle%3A+New+York+City+and+Our+Last+Best+Hope+for+a+Sustainable+Future&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=42%2C+n1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27015-2&rft.aulast=Eldredge&rft.aufirst=Niles&rft.au=Horenstein%2C+Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfYMkDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-100"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2010" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Joseph (July 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/nyregion/20river.html?ref=nyregion">"Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved July 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reclaimed+Jewel+Whose+Attraction+Can+Be+Perilous&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F20%2Fnyregion%2F20river.html%3Fref%3Dnyregion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=7110">Bronx High Point</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=33535">Ascent of Bronx Point on June 24, 2008</a> at Peakbaggers.com, retrieved on July 22, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/en/gv/president/waterfront.htm">Waterfront Development Initiative</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919220603/http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/en/gv/president/waterfront.htm">Archived</a> September 19, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bronx Borough President's office, March 19, 2004, retrieved on July 29, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1896/05/17/archives/future-of-new-wards-newyorks-possession-in-westchester-county.html">"Future Of New Wards; New-York's Possession in Westchester County Rapidly Developing; Trolley and Steam Road Systems Vast Areas Being Brought Close to the Heart of the City – Miles of New Streets and Sewers. Botanical and Zoological Gardens. Advantages That Will Soon Relieve Crowded Sections of the City of Thousands of Their Inhabitants."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, Wednesday, May 17, 1896, page 15. Accessed August 23, 2021. This is a very useful glimpse into the state of the Bronx (and the hopes of Manhattan's pro-Consolidation forces) as parks, housing and transit were all being rapidly developed. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/press_releases/press_releases.php?id=19967">Last Section Of Macombs Dam Park Closes To The Public For Redevelopment On-site construction begins on Garage A and the New Macombs Dam Park</a>, Press Release, November 1, 2007, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</a> retrieved on July 19, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702121744/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/your_park.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20140702121744/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/your_park.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CensusDensity2022-106"><a href="#cite_ref-CensusDensity2022_106-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/popclock/embed.php?component=density">Highest Density States, Counties and Cities (2022)</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Accessed December 30, 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/nyregion/bronx-parks-nyc.html">What Is New York's Greenest Borough? Probably Not the One You Think.</a> by David Gonzales of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, December 5, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/publicart/sites/woodlawn.html">Woodlawn Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lehman_College" title="Lehman College">Lehman College</a>. Accessed January 2, 2024. "Woodlawn Cemetery, first called Wood-Lawn, is located at the northern border of the Bronx. In 1863 Reverend Absalom Peters and the cemetery trustees bought 313 acres (now 400 acres) of farmland for a rural cemetery which New Yorkers could reach by a special Harlem River Railroad train. The first burial to take place at Wood-Lawn was in 1865 and since then it has become the final resting place of more than 300,000 people." </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/VanCortlandtPark">"Van Cortlandt Park : NYC Parks"</a>. Nycgovparks.org. Retrieved August 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nycgovparks.org&rft.atitle=Van+Cortlandt+Park+%3A+NYC+Parks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycgovparks.org%2Fparks%2FVanCortlandtPark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fordzoo-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fordzoo_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fordzoo_110-1">b</a> In September 2008, <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a> and its neighbor, the Wildlife Conservation Society, a global research organization which operates the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a>, will begin a joint program leading to a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> degree in adolescent science education (biology grades 7–12). </li> <li id="cite_note-VanDerPlank-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VanDerPlank_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanDerPlank_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Plank1965" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Plank, J. E. (1965). "Dynamics of Epidemics of Plant Disease". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 147 (3654). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> (AAAS): 120–124. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Sci...147..120V">1965Sci...147..120V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.147.3654.120">10.1126/science.147.3654.120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17790685">17790685</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220109549">220109549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+Epidemics+of+Plant+Disease&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=3654&rft.pages=120-124&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220109549%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965Sci...147..120V&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.147.3654.120&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17790685&rft.aulast=Van+der+Plank&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11042">Jerome Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</a>, retrieved on July 12, 2008). </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nycgovparks.org/parks/crotonapark">Crotona Park</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</a>, retrieved on July 20, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Article on the Bronx by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hermalyn" title="Gary Hermalyn">Gary Hermalyn</a> and Lloyd Ultan in <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City" title="The Encyclopedia of New York City">The Encyclopedia of New York City</a> (1995 – see <a href="#Further_reading">Further reading</a> for bibliographic details) </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/croton/html/main_page.html">Bronx Parks for the 21st Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617231525/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/croton/html/main_page.html">Archived</a> June 17, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</a>, retrieved on July 20, 2008. This links to both an interactive map and a downloadable (1.7 MB PDF) map showing nearly every public park and green space in the Bronx. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.mapit.mysociety.org/area/803841/touches.html">Areas touching Bronx County</a>, MapIt. Accessed August 1, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-geo-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geo_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geo_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/02/unlock-the-grid-then-ditch-the-maps-and-apps/">"Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps"</a>. February 24, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unlock+the+Grid%2C+Then+Ditch+the+Maps+and+Apps&rft.date=2012-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirteen.org%2Fmetrofocus%2F2012%2F02%2Funlock-the-grid-then-ditch-the-maps-and-apps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151227053358/http://grandconcourse100.org/brief/geography">"Geography & Neighborhoods"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grandconcourse100.org/brief/geography">the original</a> on December 27, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+%26+Neighborhoods&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrandconcourse100.org%2Fbrief%2Fgeography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/16/nyregion/16bronx.html">As Maps and Memories Fade, So Do Some Bronx Boundary Lines</a> by Manny Fernandez, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, September 16, 2006, retrieved on August 3, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Most correlations with Community Board jurisdictions in this section come from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxmall.com/commboards/index.html">Bronx Community Boards</a> at the Bronx Mall web-site, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neighbor/neigh.shtml">New York: a City of Neighborhoods</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915134408/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neighbor/neigh.shtml">Archived</a> September 15, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning" title="New York City Department of City Planning">New York City Department of City Planning</a>, both retrieved on August 5, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischler2015" class="citation news cs1">Fischler, Marcelle Sussman (September 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/realestate/city-island-a-quainter-side-of-the-bronx.html">"City Island, a Quainter Side of the Bronx"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=City+Island%2C+a+Quainter+Side+of+the+Bronx&rft.date=2015-09-13&rft.aulast=Fischler&rft.aufirst=Marcelle+Sussman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F13%2Frealestate%2Fcity-island-a-quainter-side-of-the-bronx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshe2015" class="citation web cs1">Walshe, Sadhbh (June 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/03/hart-island-new-york-city-mass-burial-graves">"'Like a prison for the dead': welcome to Hart Island, home to New York City's pauper graves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved January 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Like+a+prison+for+the+dead%27%3A+welcome+to+Hart+Island%2C+home+to+New+York+City%27s+pauper+graves&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft.aulast=Walshe&rft.aufirst=Sadhbh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2015%2Fjun%2F03%2Fhart-island-new-york-city-mass-burial-graves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fpoa.info/images/FPOA_APPROVED_BY-LAWS.doc">Fieldston Property Owners' Association, Inc. By-Laws</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721202132/http://fpoa.info/images/FPOA_APPROVED_BY-LAWS.doc">Archived</a> July 21, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by the FPOA, September 17, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> (1) Population 1790–1960: <a href="/wiki/The_World_Almanac_and_Book_of_Facts" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Almanac and Book of Facts">The World Almanac and Book of Facts</a> 1966, page 452, citing estimates of the Department of Health, City of New York. (2) Population 1790–1990: Article on "population" by Nathan Kantrowitz in <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City" title="The Encyclopedia of New York City">The Encyclopedia of New York City</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. Jackson">Kenneth T. Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05536-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05536-6">0-300-05536-6</a>), citing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> N.B., Estimates in (1) and (2) before 1920 re-allocate the Census population from the counties whose land is now partly occupied by Bronx County. (3) Population 1920–1990: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ny190090.txt">Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990, Compiled and edited by Richard L. Forstall, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> 20233, March 27, 1995, retrieved July 4, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mtgis-portal.geo.census.gov/arcgis/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=2566121a73de463995ed2b2fd7ff6eb7">"A Story Map: 2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. 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The Bronx Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bronx+Times&rft.atitle=Plethora+of+Bronx+Veterans+Day+events+on+Nov.+11th&rft.date=2017-11-11&rft.aulast=Rocchio&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bxtimes.com%2Fstories%2F2017%2F45%2F45-vetsroundup-2017-11-10-bx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels2012" class="citation news cs1">Samuels, Tanyanika (November 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/local-albanians-celebrate-homeland-independence-article-1.1208296">"In Bronx and beyond, local Albanians to mark the 100th anniversary of independence from Turkish rule"</a>. New York Daily News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=In+Bronx+and+beyond%2C+local+Albanians+to+mark+the+100th+anniversary+of+independence+from+Turkish+rule&rft.date=2012-11-27&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=Tanyanika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnew-york%2Fbronx%2Flocal-albanians-celebrate-homeland-independence-article-1.1208296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bronx.news12.com/story/36004425/thousands-turn-out-for-parade-celebrating-dominican-pride">"Thousands turn out for parade celebrating Dominican pride"</a>. News12:The Bronx. 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The Bronx Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bronx+Times&rft.atitle=Bronx+Columbus+Parade+steps+off+on+Sunday&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft.aulast=Rocchio&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bxtimes.com%2Fstories%2F2017%2F40%2F40-columbus-2017-10-06-bx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bronxbuzz.nyc/east-bronx-neighborhoods---east-bronx-news-cms-1459">"Bronx St Patrick's Day Parade in Throgs Neck"</a>. Bronx Buzz NYC. 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Accessed May 14, 2021. "Under the 2002 deal, the Fordham tower was to come down, ridding the blight for the botanical garden, and a new Fordham radio antenna, for WFUV-FM (90.7), was to be built atop an apartment building owned by Montefiore. The elevation and the location of the Montefiore building, a mile from the old site, mean that the Fordham radio signal can reach far more listeners than the old one could." </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Its website showcases very short selections (less than 20 seconds and over 2 MB each in uncompressed <a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">AIFF</a> format) from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxnet.org/info/music/bxmusic.htm">Bronx Music Vol.1</a>, an out-of-press <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> of the old and new sounds and artists of the Bronx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813130030/http://www.bronxnet.org/info/music/bxmusic.htm">Archived</a> August 13, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106082418/http://www.forgotten-ny.com/STREET%20SCENES/hub/hub.html">"The Hub"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forgotten-ny.com/STREET%20SCENES/hub/hub.html">the original</a> on January 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forgotten-ny.com%2FSTREET%2520SCENES%2Fhub%2Fhub.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515092129/http://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/publicart/neighborhood.htm">"Bronx Neighborhood Histories"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/publicart/neighborhood.htm">the original</a> on May 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bronx+Neighborhood+Histories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lehman.edu%2Fvpadvance%2Fartgallery%2Fpublicart%2Fneighborhood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071112071728/http://www.therealdeal.net/issues/JULY_2006/1151609191.php">"Bronx Hub revival gathers steam"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therealdeal.net/issues/JULY_2006/1151609191.php">the original</a> on November 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bronx+Hub+revival+gathers+steam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therealdeal.net%2Fissues%2FJULY_2006%2F1151609191.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090801123524/http://www.sorkinstudio.com/Bronx%20Hub.htm">"Michael Sorkin Studio"</a>. Michael Sorkin Studio. 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"With the backing of Democratic leaders, Mr. Johnson won a contested election in 1988 to become the first black district attorney in the state." </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeip" class="citation web cs1">Leip, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS">"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections"</a>. uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved August 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uselectionatlas.org&rft.atitle=Dave+Leip%27s+Atlas+of+U.S.+Presidential+Elections&rft.aulast=Leip&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCBOEPOTUS-191"><a href="#cite_ref-NYCBOEPOTUS_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107162601/https://web.enrboenyc.us/CD23464ADI0.html">"Board of Elections in the City of New York 2020 Election Night Results President/Vice President"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.enrboenyc.us/CD23464ADI0.html">the original</a> on November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+of+Elections+in+the+City+of+New+York+2020+Election+Night+Results+President%2FVice+President&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.enrboenyc.us%2FCD23464ADI0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYSBOEPOTUS-192"><a href="#cite_ref-NYSBOEPOTUS_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120174014/https://nyenr.elections.ny.gov/">"New York State Board of Elections, 2020 General Election Night Results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyenr.elections.ny.gov/">the original</a> on November 20, 2018. 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Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05536-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05536-6">0-300-05536-6</a>), article on "government and politics" </li> <li id="cite_note-govtrack.us_2018-195"><a href="#cite_ref-govtrack.us_2018_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230030025/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/NY#representatives">"New York Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps"</a>. GovTrack.us. May 21, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/NY#representatives">the original</a> on December 30, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=New+York+Senators%2C+Representatives%2C+and+Congressional+District+Maps&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fmembers%2FNY%23representatives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> (The Republican line exceeded the ALP's in every other borough) </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> To see a comparison of borough votes for Mayor, see <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_elections#How_the_boroughs_voted" title="New York City mayoral elections">New York City mayoral elections#How the boroughs voted</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36005_bronx/DC20SD_C36005.pdf">"2020 census – school district reference map: Bronx County, NY"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. Retrieved July 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+census+%E2%80%93+school+district+reference+map%3A+Bronx+County%2C+NY&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fmaps%2FDC2020%2FPL20%2Fst36_ny%2Fschooldistrict_maps%2Fc36005_bronx%2FDC20SD_C36005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36005_bronx/DC20SD_C36005_SD2MS.txt">Text list</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-quicktable-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quicktable_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quicktable_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quicktable_199-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-context=qt&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP19&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-tree_id=403&-all_geo_types=N&-geo_id=05000US36005&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en">QT-P19. School Enrollment: 2000; Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) – Sample Data; Geographic Area: Bronx County, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, retrieved August 22, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212043728/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-context=qt&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP19&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-tree_id=403&-all_geo_types=N&-geo_id=05000US36005&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en">Archived</a> February 12, 2020, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gross19970506-200"><a href="#cite_ref-gross19970506_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross,_Jane1997" class="citation news cs1">Gross, Jane (May 6, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160717200357/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/06/nyregion/a-tiny-strip-of-new-york-that-feels-like-the-suburbs.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"A Tiny Strip of New York That Feels Like the Suburbs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/06/nyregion/a-tiny-strip-of-new-york-that-feels-like-the-suburbs.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">the original</a> on July 17, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Tiny+Strip+of+New+York+That+Feels+Like+the+Suburbs&rft.date=1997-05-06&rft.au=Gross%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F05%2F06%2Fnyregion%2Fa-tiny-strip-of-new-york-that-feels-like-the-suburbs.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> () </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422014749/http://www.census.gov/statab/ccdb/ccdbstcounty.html">County and City Data Book:2007</a>, Table B-4. Counties – Population Characteristics </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChronopoulos" class="citation web cs1">Chronopoulos, Themis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031124152/http://themis.slass.org/university-heights.html">""Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themis.slass.org/university-heights.html">the original</a> on October 31, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Urban+Decline+and+the+Withdrawal+of+New+York+University+from+University+Heights%2C+The+Bronx.%22+The+Bronx+County+Historical+Society+Journal+XLVI+%28Spring%2FFall+2009%29%3A+4%E2%80%9324.&rft.aulast=Chronopoulos&rft.aufirst=Themis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemis.slass.org%2Funiversity-heights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_M._Stern2017" class="citation news cs1">Gary M. Stern (March 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/nyregion/suny-maritime-college.html">"The Young Mariners of Throgs Neck"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/nyregion/suny-maritime-college.html">the original</a> on January 1, 2022. Retrieved March 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Young+Mariners+of+Throgs+Neck&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.au=Gary+M.+Stern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F16%2Fnyregion%2Fsuny-maritime-college.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monroecollege.edu/aboutmonroe/monroeshistory">Monroe College history</a> (from the College's web site) retrieved on July 27, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/02/unlock-the-grid-then-ditch-the-maps-and-apps/">"Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps"</a>, <a href="/wiki/WNET" title="WNET">WNET</a>, February 24, 2012. Accessed August 1, 2016. "Jerome Avenue is the Bronx's Fifth Avenue: Jerome Avenue divides the eastern and western halves of the Bronx. Much of the West Bronx's numbering continues where Upper Manhattan's street grid left off." </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tstc.org/reports/cpsheets/Bronx_factsheet.pdf">Bronx factsheet</a>, Tri‐State Transportation Campaign. Accessed August 1, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.mta.info/map/5256">"Subway Map"</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>). <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a>. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subway+Map&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Transportation+Authority&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.mta.info%2Fmap%2F5256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.mta.info/map/5366">"Bronx Bus Map"</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>). <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a>. October 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bronx+Bus+Map&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Transportation+Authority&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.mta.info%2Fmap%2F5366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welcome2thebronx.com/2016/05/25/mta-budget-for-four-new-east-bronx-metro-north-stations-finally-approved/">"MTA Budget For Four New East Bronx Metro North Stations Finally Approved"</a>. Welcome2TheBronx. May 25, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Welcome2TheBronx&rft.atitle=MTA+Budget+For+Four+New+East+Bronx+Metro+North+Stations+Finally+Approved&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcome2thebronx.com%2F2016%2F05%2F25%2Fmta-budget-for-four-new-east-bronx-metro-north-stations-finally-approved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/874-21/mayor-de-blasio-opening-new-nyc-ferry-landing-throgs-neck-bronx#/0">"Mayor de Blasio Announces Opening of new NYC Ferry Landing in Throgs Neck, the Bronx | City of New York"</a>. .nyc.gov. December 28, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayor+de+Blasio+Announces+Opening+of+new+NYC+Ferry+Landing+in+Throgs+Neck%2C+the+Bronx+%26%23124%3B+City+of+New+York&rft.pub=.nyc.gov&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.nyc.gov%2Foffice-of-the-mayor%2Fnews%2F874-21%2Fmayor-de-blasio-opening-new-nyc-ferry-landing-throgs-neck-bronx%23%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoccio2018" class="citation news cs1">Roccio, Patrick (August 17–23, 2018). "SV Ferry Launched". Bronx Times Reporter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bronx+Times+Reporter&rft.atitle=SV+Ferry+Launched&rft.date=2018-08-17%2F2018-08-23&rft.aulast=Roccio&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-212"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/us-climate-normals/#dataset=normals-monthly&timeframe=30&station=USC00300961">"NOAA NCEI U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+NCEI+U.S.+Climate+Normals+Quick+Access&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Faccess%2Fus-climate-normals%2F%23dataset%3Dnormals-monthly%26timeframe%3D30%26station%3DUSC00300961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChronopoulos" class="citation web cs1">Chronopoulos, Themis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120181558/http://themis.slass.org/marty.html">""Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themis.slass.org/marty.html">the original</a> on January 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Paddy+Chayefsky%27s+%27Marty%27+and+Its+Significance+to+the+Social+History+of+Arthur+Avenue%2C+The+Bronx%2C+in+the+1950s.%22+The+Bronx+County+Historical+Society+Journal+XLIV+%28Spring%2FFall+2007%29%3A+50%E2%80%9359.&rft.aulast=Chronopoulos&rft.aufirst=Themis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemis.slass.org%2Fmarty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinkley2004" class="citation web cs1">Hinkley, David (March 3, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408091714/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/03/03/2004-03-03_scorn_and_disdain_spike_jone.html">"Scorn and disdain: Spike Jones giffs Hitler der old birdaphone, 1942"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/03/03/2004-03-03_scorn_and_disdain_spike_jone.html">the original</a> on April 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Scorn+and+disdain%3A+Spike+Jones+giffs+Hitler+der+old+birdaphone%2C+1942&rft.date=2004-03-03&rft.aulast=Hinkley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Farchives%2Fnews%2F2004%2F03%2F03%2F2004-03-03_scorn_and_disdain_spike_jone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1972" class="citation web cs1">Gilliland, John (April 14, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1633240/m1/">"Pop Chronicles 1940s Program #5"</a>. UNT Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNT+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Pop+Chronicles+1940s+Program+%235&rft.date=1972-04-14&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1633240%2Fm1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> O'Connor, John J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/13/archives/tv-cbs-on-cia-and-bbcs-bronx-is-burning.html">"TV: CBS on C.I.A., and BBC's Bronx is Burning"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, June 13, 1975. Accessed March 10, 2023. "This Sunday at 9 P.M., WNEW/Channel 5 will offer an hour‐long documentary called The Bronx is Burning. Documenting the daily routines of Engine. Company 82 in the South Bronx, the program captures some of the peculiar ingredients that constitute 'perhaps the toughest square mile in the city.'"" </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahler2005" class="citation book cs1">Mahler, Jonathan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ladiesgentlemenb00mahl">Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx is Burning</a>. <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-42430-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-42430-2"><bdi>0-312-42430-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladies+and+Gentlemen%2C+the+Bronx+is+Burning&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-312-42430-2&rft.aulast=Mahler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fladiesgentlemenb00mahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Conde, Ed Garcia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://welcome2thebronx.com/2014/05/06/bronx-burning-a-documentary-by-edwin-pagan/">"Bronx Burning: A Documentary By Edwin Pagán"</a>, Welcome2TheBronx, May 6, 2014. Accessed March 10, 2023. "Edwin Pagán, a "New York-based filmmaker, Photographer, cinematographer, screenwriter and cultural activist," will begin filming Bronx Burning this June and is seeking individuals who lived those terrible years of our borough and have any personal, unique, or little known stories they'd like to share." </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060626082500/http://www.bronxarts.org/newsletter/200601.html">"Opportunities for Arts Organizations and Community Based Organizations"</a>. E-News Update. Bronx Council on the Arts. January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxarts.org/newsletter/200601.html">the original</a> on June 26, 2006. Retrieved December 27, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-News+Update&rft.atitle=Opportunities+for+Arts+Organizations+and+Community+Based+Organizations&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bronxarts.org%2Fnewsletter%2F200601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/aug/15/baz-luhrmann-get-down-tv-review-netflix">"The Get Down review – an insanely extravagant love letter to 70s New York"</a> by Sam Wollaston, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, August 15, 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Kate Simon, Bronx Primitive: Portraits in a Childhood. New York: Harper Colophon, 1983. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Review" title="The Threepenny Review">The Threepenny Review</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.threepennyreview.com/tocs/109_sp07.html">Volume 109, Spring 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Avery_Corman" title="Avery Corman">Avery Corman</a>, The Old Neighborhood, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, 1980; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-41475-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-41475-5">0-671-41475-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Tom Wolfe, The Bonfire of the Vanities, <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a> 1987 (hardback) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-11535-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-11535-7">978-0-374-11535-7</a>, Picador Books 2008 (paperback) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42757-3">978-0-312-42757-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Anne Barnard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/nyregion/10bonfire.html">Twenty Years After 'Bonfire,' A City No Longer in Flames</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, December 10, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakutani1997" class="citation news cs1">Kakutani, Michiko (September 16, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/14/daily/underworld-book-review.html">"'Underworld': Of America as a Splendid Junk Heap"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Underworld%27%3A+Of+America+as+a+Splendid+Junk+Heap&rft.date=1997-09-16&rft.aulast=Kakutani&rft.aufirst=Michiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F09%2F14%2Fdaily%2Funderworld-book-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/27/archives/contrite-poet-gives-a-cheer-for-bronx-on-golden-jubilee.html">"Contrite Poet Gives A Cheer for Bronx On Golden Jubilee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. May 27, 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Contrite+Poet+Gives+A+Cheer+for+Bronx+On+Golden+Jubilee&rft.date=1964-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F05%2F27%2Farchives%2Fcontrite-poet-gives-a-cheer-for-bronx-on-golden-jubilee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/wr-rodriguez/banks-brook-avenue/">"From the Banks of Brook Avenue by W.R. Rodriguez"</a>. Kirkusreviews.com. Retrieved August 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirkusreviews.com&rft.atitle=From+the+Banks+of+Brook+Avenue+by+W.R.+Rodriguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fwr-rodriguez%2Fbanks-brook-avenue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUltanUnger2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Ultan_(historian)" title="Lloyd Ultan (historian)">Ultan, Lloyd</a>; Unger, Barbara (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2i8HAAACAAJ">Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough</a>. Rivergate Regionals Collection. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3862-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3862-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-3862-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronx+Accent%3A+A+Literary+and+Pictorial+History+of+the+Borough&rft.series=Rivergate+Regionals+Collection&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3862-4&rft.aulast=Ultan&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft.au=Unger%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2i8HAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokarczyk2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Tokarczyk" title="Michelle Tokarczyk">Tokarczyk, M.M.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPO7DAEACAAJ">Bronx Migrations</a>. Cherry Castle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-73765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-73765-1"><bdi>978-0-692-73765-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronx+Migrations&rft.pub=Cherry+Castle+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-692-73765-1&rft.aulast=Tokarczyk&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPO7DAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2016" class="citation journal cs1">Daniels, Jim (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://workingclassstudiesjournal.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/jwcs-vol-1-issue-1-december-2016-daniels.pdf">"Tokarczyk, Michelle M. (2016) Bronx Migrations, Cherry Castle Publishing, Columbia, Md"</a> (PDF). Journal of Working-Class Studies. 1 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://workingclassstudiesjournal.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/jwcs-vol-1-issue-1-december-2016-daniels.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Working-Class+Studies&rft.atitle=Tokarczyk%2C+Michelle+M.+%282016%29+Bronx+Migrations%2C+Cherry+Castle+Publishing%2C+Columbia%2C+Md.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2016-12&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworkingclassstudiesjournal.files.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F06%2Fjwcs-vol-1-issue-1-december-2016-daniels.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYDNI-232"><a href="#cite_ref-NYDNI_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/trio-bronx-tomes-tales-borough-article-1.2057670">"A trio of Bronx tomes tell the tales of the borough"</a>. NY Daily News. December 28, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NY+Daily+News&rft.atitle=A+trio+of+Bronx+tomes+tell+the+tales+of+the+borough&rft.date=2014-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnew-york%2Fbronx%2Ftrio-bronx-tomes-tales-borough-article-1.2057670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HP-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HP_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_233-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huffingtonpost.com/charlie-vazquez/writing-to-heal-in-the-br_b_7485218.html">"Writing to Heal in the Bronx"</a>. The Huffington Post. June 2, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Writing+to+Heal+in+the+Bronx&rft.date=2015-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuffingtonpost.com%2Fcharlie-vazquez%2Fwriting-to-heal-in-the-br_b_7485218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AT-234"><a href="#cite_ref-AT_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americantowns.com/ny/bronx/news/bronx-council-on-the-arts-receives-national-endowment-for-the-arts-grant-for-the-bronx-memoir-project-15548834">"Bronx Council on the Arts Receives National Endowment for the Arts Grant for The Bronx Memoir Project – Bronx, NY"</a>. www.americantowns.com. Retrieved January 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americantowns.com&rft.atitle=Bronx+Council+on+the+Arts+Receives+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts+Grant+for+The+Bronx+Memoir+Project+%E2%80%93+Bronx%2C+NY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americantowns.com%2Fny%2Fbronx%2Fnews%2Fbronx-council-on-the-arts-receives-national-endowment-for-the-arts-grant-for-the-bronx-memoir-project-15548834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> This Is Me... Then (liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Cartlidge, Cherese (2012). Jennifer Lopez. Lucent Books. p. 13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4205-0755-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4205-0755-3">978-1-4205-0755-3</a>. Jennifer Lynn Lopez's parents, David and Guadalupe, were both born in Ponce, the second-largest city in Puerto Rico. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> "Jennifer Lopez: Actress, Reality Television Star, Dancer, Singer (1969–)" </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City" title="The Encyclopedia of New York City">The Encyclopedia of New York City</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. Jackson">Kenneth T. Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a>, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05536-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05536-6">0-300-05536-6</a>), pages 1091–1095 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Clifford-Odets">"Clifford Odets | American dramatist"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Clifford+Odets+%7C+American+dramatist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FClifford-Odets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGussow" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Gussow" title="Mel Gussow">Gussow, Mel</a>. "Theater: The Oxcart". The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Theater%3A+The+Oxcart&rft.aulast=Gussow&rft.aufirst=Mel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/a-bronx-tale-musical-theater-1159895">"'A Bronx Tale: The Musical': Theater Review | Hollywood Reporter"</a>. www.hollywoodreporter.com. November 9, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hollywoodreporter.com&rft.atitle=%27A+Bronx+Tale%3A+The+Musical%27%3A+Theater+Review+%7C+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Freview%2Fa-bronx-tale-musical-theater-1159895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bronx#Bibliography" title="Timeline of the Bronx">Bibliography of the history of the Bronx</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General">General</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaver1988" class="citation journal cs1">Baver, Sherrie L. (1988). "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 25 (1): 1–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bronx+County+Historical+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Development+of+New+York%27s+Puerto+Rican+Community&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Baver&rft.aufirst=Sherrie+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Briggs, Xavier de Souza, Anita Miller and John Shapiro. "CCRP in the South Bronx". Planners' Casebook, Winter 1996.</li> <li>Corman, Avery. "My Old Neighborhood Remembered, A Memoir". Barricade Books (2014)</li> <li>Chronopoulos, Themis. "Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s". The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59.</li> <li>Chronopoulos, Themis. "Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx". The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24.</li> <li>de Kadt, Maarten. The Bronx River: An Environmental and Social History. The History Press (2011)</li> <li>DiBrino, Nicholas. The History of the Morris Park Racecourse and the Morris Family (1977)</li> <li>Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City" title="The Encyclopedia of New York City">The Encyclopedia of New York City</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a>, (1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05536-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05536-6">0-300-05536-6</a>), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works.</li> <li>McNamara, John. History In Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names (1993) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941980-16-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-941980-16-2">0-941980-16-2</a></li> <li>McNamara, John McNamara's Old Bronx (1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941980-25-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-941980-25-1">0-941980-25-1</a></li> <li>Twomey, Bill and Casey, Thomas. Images of America Series: Northwest Bronx (2011)</li> <li>Twomey, Bill and McNamara, John. Throggs Neck Memories (1993)</li> <li>Twomey, Bill and McNamara, John. Images of America Series: Throggs Neck-Pelham Bay (1998)</li> <li>Twomey, Bill and Moussot, Peter. Throggs Neck (1983), pictorial</li> <li>Twomey, Bill. Images of America Series: East Bronx (1999)</li> <li>Twomey, Bill. Images of America Series: South Bronx (2002)</li> <li>Twomey, Bill. The Bronx in Bits and Pieces (2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bronx_history">Bronx history</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Bronx history">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Barrows, Edward, and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1999)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaver1988" class="citation journal cs1">Baver, Sherrie L (1988). "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 25 (1): 1–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bronx+County+Historical+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Development+of+New+York%27s+Puerto+Rican+Community&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Baver&rft.aufirst=Sherrie+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Federal Writers' Project. New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond (1939) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/99253940?title=New%20York%20City%20Guide%3a%20A%20Comprehensive%20Guide%20to%20the%20Five%20Boroughs%20of%20the%20Metropolis%3a%20Manhattan%2c%20Brooklyn%2c%20the%20Bronx%2c%20Queens%2c%20and%20Richmond">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626095909/http://www.questia.com/read/99253940?title=New%20York%20City%20Guide%3a%20A%20Comprehensive%20Guide%20to%20the%20Five%20Boroughs%20of%20the%20Metropolis%3a%20Manhattan%2c%20Brooklyn%2c%20the%20Bronx%2c%20Queens%2c%20and%20Richmond">Archived</a> June 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Fitzpatrick Benedict. The Bronx and Its People; A History 1609–1927 (The Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1927. 3 volumes), Narrative history plus many biographies of prominent citizens</li> <li>Gonzalez, Evelyn. The Bronx. (Columbia University Press, 2004. 263 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12114-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12114-8">0-231-12114-8</a>), scholarly history focused on the slums of the South Bronx <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/114330210?title=The%20Bronx">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626091726/http://www.questia.com/read/114330210?title=The%20Bronx">Archived</a> June 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Goodman, Sam. "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century", Bronx County Historical Society Journal 2004 41(1): 4–18 and 2005 42(2): 80–99</li> <li>Greene, Anthony C., "The Black Bronx: A Look at the Foundation of the Bronx's Black Communities until 1900", Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 44 (Spring–Fall 2007), 1–18.</li> <li>Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City" title="The Encyclopedia of New York City">The Encyclopedia of New York City</a>, (Yale University Press and the <a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a>, (1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05536-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05536-6">0-300-05536-6</a>), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works.</li> <li>Jonnes, Jull. South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/111733280?title=South%20Bronx%20Rising%3a%20%20The%20Rise%2c%20Fall%2c%20and%20Resurrection%20of%20an%20American%20City">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626005424/http://www.questia.com/read/111733280?title=South%20Bronx%20Rising%3a%20%20The%20Rise%2c%20Fall%2c%20and%20Resurrection%20of%20an%20American%20City">Archived</a> June 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/20/nyregion/20bronx.html">Melancholy in the Bronx, but Not Because of the Stadium</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Gonzalez_(journalist)" title="David Gonzalez (journalist)">David Gonzales</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, published and retrieved on September 19, 2008</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmsted1989" class="citation journal cs1">Olmsted, Robert A (1989). "A History of Transportation in the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 26 (2): 68–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bronx+County+Historical+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Transportation+in+the+Bronx&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=68-91&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Olmsted&rft.aufirst=Robert+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmsted1998" class="citation journal cs1">Olmsted, Robert A (1998). "Transportation Made the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 35 (2): 166–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bronx+County+Historical+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Transportation+Made+the+Bronx&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=166-180&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Olmsted&rft.aufirst=Robert+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurnell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Purnell, Brian (2009). "Desegregating the Jim Crow North: Racial Discrimination in the Postwar Bronx and the Fight to Integrate the Castle Hill Beach Club (1953–1973)". Afro-Americans in New York Life and History. 33: 47–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afro-Americans+in+New+York+Life+and+History&rft.atitle=Desegregating+the+Jim+Crow+North%3A+Racial+Discrimination+in+the+Postwar+Bronx+and+the+Fight+to+Integrate+the+Castle+Hill+Beach+Club+%281953%E2%80%931973%29&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=47-78&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Purnell&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurnellLaBennett2009" class="citation journal cs1">Purnell, Brian; LaBennett, Oneka (2009). "The Bronx African American History Project (BAAHP) and Approaches to Scholarship about/for Black Communities". Afro-Americans in New York Life and History. 33: 7–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afro-Americans+in+New+York+Life+and+History&rft.atitle=The+Bronx+African+American+History+Project+%28BAAHP%29+and+Approaches+to+Scholarship+about%2Ffor+Black+Communities&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=7-23&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Purnell&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=LaBennett%2C+Oneka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Bronx" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rodríguez, Clara E. Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605102857/http://www.questia.com/read/43049095?title=Puerto%20Ricans%3A%20Born%20in%20the%20U.S.A">online edition</a></li> <li>Samtur, Stephen M. and Martin A. Jackson. The Bronx: Lost, Found, and Remembered, 1935–1975 (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=2982">online review</a>, nostalgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Ultan_(historian)" title="Lloyd Ultan (historian)">Ultan, Lloyd</a>. The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx (2009), popular general history</li> <li>Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the frontier era: from the beginning to 1696 (1994)</li> <li>Ultan, Lloyd. The Beautiful Bronx (1920–1950) (1979), heavily illustrated</li> <li>Ultan, Lloyd. The Birth of the Bronx, 1609–1900 (2000), popular</li> <li>Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the innocent years, 1890–1925 (1985), popular</li> <li>Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, "The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday 1935–1965 (1992), heavily illustrated popular history</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> The Bronx at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Bronx" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/The Bronx">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Bronx,_New_York_City" class="extiw" title="c:Category:The Bronx, New York City">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Bronx" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Bronx">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Bronx" class="extiw" title="q:The Bronx">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bronx,_The" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bronx, The">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Bronx" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/The Bronx">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Bronx" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/The Bronx">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bronx" class="extiw" title="voy:Bronx">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/">Bronx Borough President's Office</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers_2">Newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bxtimes.com/">The Bronx Times Reporter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bronx.com/">The Bronx Daily</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innercitypress.org/bxreport.html">Weekly Bronx Report from Inner City Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025032510/http://brie.hunter.cuny.edu/hpe/">The Hunts Point Express</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motthavenherald.com/">The Mott Haven Herald</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwoodnews.org/The">Norwood News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riverdalepress.com/">The Riverdale Press</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associations">Associations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Associations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bronxriver.org/">The Bronx River Alliance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bceq.org/">Bronx Council for Environmental Quality</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.throggsneckmerchants.com/">Throggs Neck Merchant Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708113524/http://www.thebronxmarket.com/">The Bronx Market</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobro.org/">The South Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105050545/http://nybronx.org/">Bronx County, NY Website </a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityislandmuseum.org/">City Island Nautical Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxnyc.com/">East Bronx History Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingsbridgehistoricalsociety.org/KHS/Home.html">Kingsbridge Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/">Museum of Bronx History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/">The Bronx County Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040825075222/http://www.ancestry.com/library/view/ancmag/762.asp">The Bronx: A Swedish Connection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ruhKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA700">Report of the Bronx Parkway Commission, December 31, 1918</a>, retrieved on July 24, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxsynagogues.org/">Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx</a> by Seymour Perlin, retrieved on August 10, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forgotten-ny.com/">Forgotten New York: Relics of a Rich History in the Everyday Life of New York City</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen County, New Jersey</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Bronx County, New York<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bronx" title="Template:Bronx"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bronx" title="Template talk:Bronx"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bronx" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bronx"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighborhoods_in_the_New_York_City_borough_of_the_Bronx" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronx_neighborhoods" title="List of Bronx neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">borough</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">the Bronx</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crotona_Park_East,_Bronx" title="Crotona Park East, Bronx">East Morrisania/Crotona Park East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunts_Point,_Bronx" title="Hunts Point, Bronx">Hunts Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Bronx" title="Longwood, Bronx">Longwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Bronx" title="Melrose, Bronx">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrisania,_Bronx" title="Morrisania, Bronx">Morrisania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_Haven,_Bronx" title="Mott Haven, Bronx">Mott Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Morris,_Bronx" title="Port Morris, Bronx">Port Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingsbridge Armory"><img alt="Kingsbridge Armory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG/90px-KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG/135px-KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG/180px-KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1703" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">West Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Park,_Bronx" title="Bedford Park, Bronx">Bedford Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Bronx" title="Belmont, Bronx">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concourse,_Bronx" title="Concourse, Bronx">Concourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Tremont,_Bronx" title="East Tremont, Bronx">East Tremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordham,_Bronx" title="Fordham, Bronx">Fordham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highbridge,_Bronx" title="Highbridge, Bronx">Highbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Park,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Park, Bronx">Jerome Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge,_Bronx" title="Kingsbridge, Bronx">Kingsbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge_Heights,_Bronx" title="Kingsbridge Heights, Bronx">Kingsbridge Heights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Village" title="Van Cortlandt Village">Van Cortlandt Village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Heights,_Bronx" title="Morris Heights, Bronx">Morris Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwood,_Bronx" title="Norwood, Bronx">Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Riverdale,_Bronx" title="North Riverdale, Bronx">North Riverdale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fieldston,_Bronx" title="Fieldston, Bronx">Fieldston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Hill,_Bronx" title="Hudson Hill, Bronx">Hudson Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosholu,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosholu, Bronx">Mosholu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spuyten_Duyvil,_Bronx" title="Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx">Spuyten Duyvil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Bronx" title="Tremont, Bronx">Tremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Heights,_Bronx" title="University Heights, Bronx">University Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Farms,_Bronx" title="West Farms, Bronx">West Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Heights,_Bronx" title="Woodlawn Heights, Bronx">Woodlawn Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">East Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allerton,_Bronx" title="Allerton, Bronx">Allerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baychester,_Bronx" title="Baychester, Bronx">Baychester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Bronx" title="Castle Hill, Bronx">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Island,_Bronx" title="City Island, Bronx">City Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clason_Point,_Bronx" title="Clason Point, Bronx">Clason Point</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harding_Park,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Harding Park, Bronx">Harding Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-op_City,_Bronx" title="Co-op City, Bronx">Co-op City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Club,_Bronx" title="Country Club, Bronx">Country Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastchester,_Bronx" title="Eastchester, Bronx">Eastchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Park,_Bronx" title="Morris Park, Bronx">Morris Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinville,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Olinville, Bronx">Olinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_(neighborhood),_Bronx" title="Pelham Bay (neighborhood), Bronx">Pelham Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Gardens,_Bronx" title="Pelham Gardens, Bronx">Pelham Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkchester,_Bronx" title="Parkchester, Bronx">Parkchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Parkway_(neighborhood),_Bronx" title="Pelham Parkway (neighborhood), Bronx">Pelham Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundview,_Bronx" title="Soundview, Bronx">Soundview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throggs_Neck" title="Throggs Neck">Throggs Neck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edgewater_Park_(Bronx)" title="Edgewater Park (Bronx)">Edgewater Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust_Point,_Bronx" title="Locust Point, Bronx">Locust Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuylerville,_Bronx" title="Schuylerville, Bronx">Schuylerville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Nest,_Bronx" title="Van Nest, Bronx">Van Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Bronx" title="Wakefield, Bronx">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westchester_Square,_Bronx" title="Westchester Square, Bronx">Westchester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsbridge,_Bronx" title="Williamsbridge, Bronx">Williamsbridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Marble Hill, Manhattan">Marble Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikers_Island" title="Rikers Island">Rikers Island</a></li> <li>Retail districts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Avenue" title="Arthur Avenue">Arthur Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordham_Plaza,_Bronx" title="Fordham Plaza, Bronx">Fordham Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hub,_Bronx" title="The Hub, Bronx">The Hub</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_the_Bronx" title="Community boards of the Bronx">Community districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_1" title="Bronx Community Board 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_2" title="Bronx Community Board 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_3" title="Bronx Community Board 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_4" title="Bronx Community Board 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_5" title="Bronx Community Board 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_6" title="Bronx Community Board 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_7" title="Bronx Community Board 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Community Board 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_9" title="Bronx Community Board 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_10" title="Bronx Community Board 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_11" title="Bronx Community Board 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_12" title="Bronx Community Board 12">12</a></li> <li>Joint interest areas:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Park" title="Bronx Park">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_City" title="Template talk:New York City"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #FF6600">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_City" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York City"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #FF6600">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_City" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_New_York_City-related_articles" title="Index of New York City-related articles">Index of New York City-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_York_City" title="Timeline of New York City">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_New_York_City" title="Neighborhoods in New York City">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_ethnic_enclaves" title="New York City ethnic enclaves">ethnic enclaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_New_York_City" title="Architecture of New York City">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco_architecture_of_New_York_City" title="Art Deco architecture of New York City">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings,_sites,_and_monuments_in_New_York_City" title="List of buildings, sites, and monuments in New York City">monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_York_City" title="List of tallest buildings in New York City">skyscrapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_York_City" title="List of people from New York City">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_New_York_City" title="Media in New York City">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_York_City" title="Economy of New York City">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_New_York_City" title="List of companies based in New York City">companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York_City" title="Geography of New York City">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_York_City" title="Climate of New York City">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_New_York_City" title="Flags of New York City">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_New_York_City" title="Environmental issues in New York City">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_York_City" title="Environment of New York City">environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_water_in_New_York_City" title="Food and water in New York City">food and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rats_in_New_York_City" title="Rats in New York City">rats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_City" title="Demographics of New York City">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_New_York_City" title="Demographic history of New York City">history</a></li></ul></li> <li>Directories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_directories" title="Brooklyn directories">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_directories" title="New York City directories">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_directories" title="Queens directories">Queens</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wordmark of New York"><img alt="Wordmark of New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg/60px-NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg/90px-NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg/120px-NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="29" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">Boroughs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Bronx</a> (Bronx County)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> (Kings County)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> (New York County)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> (Queens County)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> (Richmond County)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_elections" title="New York City mayoral elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Council" title="New York City Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_president" title="Borough president">Borough presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_New_York_City" title="Community boards of New York City">Community Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_City" title="Politics of New York City">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_agencies" title="List of New York City agencies">City agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_New_York_City" title="Toilets in New York City">Toilets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%">Emergency services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_New_York_City" title="List of hospitals in New York City">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_City" title="Crime in New York City">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_York_City" title="Law enforcement in New York City">law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Emergency_Management" title="New York City Emergency Management">Emergency Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_City" title="Transportation in New York City">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transportation_in_New_York_City" title="History of transportation in New York City">History</a></li> <li>Entities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Transportation" title="New York City Department of Transportation">DOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Transportation" title="New York City Board of Transportation">former BOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Zero_(New_York_City)" title="Vision Zero (New York City)">Vision Zero Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">Subway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations" title="MTA Regional Bus Operations">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway" title="Staten Island Railway">Staten Island Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PATH_(rail_system)" title="PATH (rail system)">PATH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_and_tunnels_in_New_York_City" title="List of bridges and tunnels in New York City">Bridges and tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Streets_in_New_York_City" title="Category:Streets in New York City">Streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area" title="Aviation in the New York metropolitan area">Airports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark Liberty International Airport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_York_City" title="Culture of New York City">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_arts_organizations" title="New York City arts organizations">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_about_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Books about New York City">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardens_in_New_York_City" title="Community gardens in New York City">Community gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_York_City" title="Cuisine of New York City">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">Dialect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_markets_in_New_York_City" title="Farmers' markets in New York City">Farmers' markets</a></li> <li>Libraries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Public_Library" title="Brooklyn Public Library">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York (Manhattan, the Bronx, Staten Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Public_Library" title="Queens Public Library">Queens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_New_York_City" title="List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City" title="Music of New York City">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_New_York_City" title="Nicknames of New York City">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Apple" title="Big Apple">Big Apple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_borough" title="Sixth borough">"Sixth borough"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area" title="Sports in the New York metropolitan area">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_New_York_City" title="Traditional games of New York City">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_York_City" title="Tourism in New York City">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_gardens" title="List of New York City gardens">gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_New_York_City_landmarks" title="Lists of New York City landmarks">landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_New_York_City" title="List of parks in New York City">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_York_City" title="Education in New York City">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">Dept. of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_elementary_schools_in_New_York_City" title="List of public elementary schools in New York City">Elementary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_New_York_City" title="List of high schools in New York City">High schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_New_York_City" title="List of colleges and universities in New York City">Colleges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_York_City" title="Timeline of New York City">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(prehistory%E2%80%931664)" title="History of New York City (prehistory–1664)">Prehistory-1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1665%E2%80%931783)" title="History of New York City (1665–1783)">1665–1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)" title="History of New York City (1784–1854)">1784–1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1855%E2%80%931897)" title="History of New York City (1855–1897)">1855–1897</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York City in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">Annexed District (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">East Bronx expansion (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_New_York" title="City of Greater New York">1898 expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1898%E2%80%931945)" title="History of New York City (1898–1945)">1898–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1946%E2%80%931977)" title="History of New York City (1946–1977)">1946–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="History of New York City (1978–present)">1978–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11 terror attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020–2021)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Day_(New_York_City)" title="Moving Day (New York City)">Moving Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;font-weight: bold; color: #FFFFFF"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_York_City" title="Category:New York City">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York_metropolitan_area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#003884; color: #FF6600;;background:#003884; color: #FF6600;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_metropolitan_area" title="Template:New York metropolitan area"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #FF6600">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_metropolitan_area" title="Template talk:New York metropolitan area"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #FF6600">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_metropolitan_area" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York metropolitan area"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #FF6600">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_metropolitan_area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#003884; color: #FF6600;;width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York" title="Dutchess County, New York">Dutchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Essex County, New Jersey">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield County, Connecticut">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_County,_New_Jersey" title="Hudson County, New Jersey">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterdon_County,_New_Jersey" title="Hunterdon County, New Jersey">Hunterdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfield_County,_Connecticut" title="Litchfield County, Connecticut">Litchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Mercer County, New Jersey">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Middlesex County, New Jersey">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monmouth County, New Jersey">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroe County, Pennsylvania">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey" title="Morris County, New Jersey">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_County,_Connecticut" title="New Haven County, Connecticut">New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_County,_New_Jersey" title="Ocean County, New Jersey">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York" title="Orange County, New York">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaic_County,_New_Jersey" title="Passaic County, New Jersey">Passaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Pike County, Pennsylvania">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_New_York" title="Putnam County, New York">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York">Rockland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_County,_New_Jersey" title="Somerset County, New Jersey">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Sussex County, New Jersey">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_County,_New_York" title="Ulster County, New York">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_New_Jersey" title="Union County, New Jersey">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Freiheitsstatue_NYC_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Freiheitsstatue_NYC_full.jpg/125px-Freiheitsstatue_NYC_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Freiheitsstatue_NYC_full.jpg/188px-Freiheitsstatue_NYC_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Freiheitsstatue_NYC_full.jpg/250px-Freiheitsstatue_NYC_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="461" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#003884; color: #FF6600;;width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#003884; color: #FF6600;;width:1%">Cities and towns over 100,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon,_New_York" title="Babylon, New York">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookhaven,_New_York" title="Brookhaven, New York">Brookhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison,_New_Jersey" title="Edison, New Jersey">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempstead,_New_York" title="Hempstead, New York">Hempstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington,_New_York" title="Huntington, New York">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islip,_New_York" title="Islip, New York">Islip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakewood_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Lakewood Township, New Jersey">Lakewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hempstead,_New_York" title="North Hempstead, New York">North Hempstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_Bay,_New_York" title="Oyster Bay, New York">Oyster Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithtown,_New_York" title="Smithtown, New York">Smithtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbridge_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Woodbridge Township, New Jersey">Woodbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York" title="Yonkers, New York">Yonkers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#003884; color: #FF6600;;width:1%">Cities and towns over 25,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayonne,_New_Jersey" title="Bayonne, New Jersey">Bayonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergenfield,_New_Jersey" title="Bergenfield, New Jersey">Bergenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernards_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Bernards Township, New Jersey">Bernards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branford,_Connecticut" title="Branford, Connecticut">Branford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Brick Township, New Jersey">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Bridgewater Township, New Jersey">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel,_New_York" title="Carmel, New York">Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire,_Connecticut" title="Cheshire, Connecticut">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton,_New_Jersey" title="Clifton, New Jersey">Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortlandt,_New_York" title="Cortlandt, New York">Cortlandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">Danbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastchester,_New_York" title="Eastchester, New York">Eastchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="East Brunswick, New Jersey">East Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Haven,_Connecticut" title="East Haven, Connecticut">East Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="East Orange, New Jersey">East Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Windsor,_New_Jersey" title="East Windsor, New Jersey">East Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood, New Jersey">Englewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewing_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Ewing Township, New Jersey">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield, Connecticut">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Lawn,_New_Jersey" title="Fair Lawn, New Jersey">Fair Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey" title="Fort Lee, New Jersey">Fort Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Township,_Somerset_County,_New_Jersey" title="Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey">Franklin Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freehold_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Freehold Township, New Jersey">Freehold Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield,_New_Jersey" title="Garfield, New Jersey">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenburgh,_New_York" title="Greenburgh, New York">Greenburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey" title="Hackensack, New Jersey">Hackensack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamden,_Connecticut" title="Hamden, Connecticut">Hamden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Township,_Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Hillsborough Township, New Jersey">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Howell Township, New Jersey">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Jackson Township, New Jersey">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearny,_New_Jersey" title="Kearny, New Jersey">Kearny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Township,_Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_New_Jersey" title="Livingston, New Jersey">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_New_York" title="Long Beach, New York">Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Branch,_New_Jersey" title="Long Branch, New Jersey">Long Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahwah,_New_Jersey" title="Mahwah, New Jersey">Mahwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamaroneck,_New_York" title="Mamaroneck, New York">Mamaroneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manalapan_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Manalapan Township, New Jersey">Manalapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maplewood,_New_Jersey" title="Maplewood, New Jersey">Maplewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlboro_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Marlboro Township, New Jersey">Marlboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriden,_Connecticut" title="Meriden, Connecticut">Meriden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Middletown Township, New Jersey">Middletown, NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Orange_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Middletown, Orange County, New York">Middletown, NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milford,_Connecticut" title="Milford, Connecticut">Milford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montclair,_New_Jersey" title="Montclair, New Jersey">Montclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olive_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Mount Olive Township, New Jersey">Mount Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_New_York" title="Mount Vernon, New York">Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naugatuck,_Connecticut" title="Naugatuck, Connecticut">Naugatuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Milford,_Connecticut" title="New Milford, Connecticut">New Milford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York" title="Newburgh, New York">Newburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtown,_Connecticut" title="Newtown, Connecticut">Newtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="North Brunswick, New Jersey">North Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">Norwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bridge_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Old Bridge Township, New Jersey">Old Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_Jersey" title="Orange, New Jersey">Orange, NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossining_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossining (town), New York">Ossining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Tree,_New_York" title="Palm Tree, New York">Palm Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramus,_New_Jersey" title="Paramus, New Jersey">Paramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsippany%E2%80%93Troy_Hills,_New_Jersey" title="Parsippany–Troy Hills, New Jersey">Parsippany–Troy Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaic,_New_Jersey" title="Passaic, New Jersey">Passaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Amboy,_New_Jersey" title="Perth Amboy, New Jersey">Perth Amboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscataway,_New_Jersey" title="Piscataway, New Jersey">Piscataway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainfield,_New_Jersey" title="Plainfield, New Jersey">Plainfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">Poughkeepsie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahway,_New_Jersey" title="Rahway, New Jersey">Rahway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph,_New_Jersey" title="Randolph, New Jersey">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverhead,_New_York" title="Riverhead, New York">Riverhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockaway_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Rockaway Township, New Jersey">Rockaway Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_(town),_New_York" title="Rye (town), New York">Rye (town)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelton,_Connecticut" title="Shelton, Connecticut">Shelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="South Brunswick, New Jersey">South Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford,_Connecticut" title="Stratford, Connecticut">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaneck,_New_Jersey" title="Teaneck, New Jersey">Teaneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toms_River,_New_Jersey" title="Toms River, New Jersey">Toms River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrington,_Connecticut" title="Torrington, Connecticut">Torrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumbull,_Connecticut" title="Trumbull, Connecticut">Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_City,_New_Jersey" title="Union City, New Jersey">Union City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Township,_Union_County,_New_Jersey" title="Union Township, Union County, New Jersey">Union Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Wall Township, New Jersey">Wall Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallingford,_Connecticut" title="Wallingford, Connecticut">Wallingford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne,_New_Jersey" title="Wayne, New Jersey">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Haven,_Connecticut" title="West Haven, Connecticut">West Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Windsor,_New_Jersey" title="West Windsor, New Jersey">West Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_New_Jersey" title="Westfield, New Jersey">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York" title="White Plains, New York">White Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_New_York" title="Yorktown, New York">Yorktown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#003884; color: #FF6600;;width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountains" title="Catskill Mountains">Catskills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Jersey" title="Central Jersey">Central Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Connecticut" title="Coastal Connecticut">Coastal Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Danbury" title="Greater Danbury">Greater Danbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Region" title="Gateway Region">Greater Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_New_Haven" title="Greater New Haven">Greater New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Torrington" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Torrington">Greater Torrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Naugatuck_Valley" title="Central Naugatuck Valley">Greater Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housatonic_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Housatonic Valley">Housatonic Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Shore" title="Jersey Shore">Jersey Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfield_Hills" title="Litchfield Hills">Litchfield Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Jersey" title="North Jersey">North Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocono_Mountains" title="Pocono Mountains">Poconos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raritan_River" title="Raritan River">Raritan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylands_Region" title="Skylands Region">Skylands Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Hills" title="Somerset Hills">Somerset Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchung_Mountains" title="Watchung Mountains">Watchung Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Connecticut">Western Connecticut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#003884; color: #FF6600;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_(state)" title="Template:New York (state)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_(state)" title="Template talk:New York (state)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_(state)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York (state)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_York_(state)" title="Outline of New York (state)">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_New_York_(state)%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of New York (state)–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_New_York_(state)" title="List of airports in New York (state)">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of New York (state)">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_York_(state)" title="Climate change in New York (state)">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_(state)" title="Crime in New York (state)">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Demographics of New York (state)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_York_(state)" title="Economy of New York (state)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_York_(state)" title="Education in New York (state)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York_(state)" title="Geography of New York (state)">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_New_York" title="Gun laws in New York">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_York_(state)" title="Healthcare in New York (state)">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_New_York" title="Homelessness in New York">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in New York (state)">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_New_York_(state)" title="List of museums in New York (state)">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_(state)" title="Music of New York (state)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State" title="Empire State">Nickname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_parks" title="List of New York state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_York_(state)" title="List of people from New York (state)">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Politics of New York (state)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_New_York_(state)" title="Sports in New York (state)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_symbols" title="List of New York state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_(state)" title="Transportation in New York (state)">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Tourist attractions in New York (state)">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Politics of New York (state)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_York" title="Abortion in New York">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)" title="Administrative divisions of New York (state)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_congressional_districts" title="New York's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York" title="Constitution of New York">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">Delegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_(state)" title="Elections in New York (state)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_(state)" title="Government of New York (state)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_York_(state)" title="Law of New York (state)">Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#New_York" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_District,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital District, New York">Capital District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountains" title="Catskill Mountains">Catskill Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_York_Region" title="Central New York Region">Central Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_York" title="Central New York">Central New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Tri-State area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase" title="Phelps and Gorham Purchase">Holland Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Highlands" title="Hudson Highlands">Hudson Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk Valley region">Mohawk Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier" title="Niagara Frontier">Niagara Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Country_(New_York)" title="North Country (New York)">North Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawangunk_Ridge" title="Shawangunk Ridge">Shawangunks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_country" title="Ski country">Ski country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tier" title="Southern Tier">Southern Tier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southtowns" title="Southtowns">Southtowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_Valley" title="Tech Valley">Tech Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands" title="Thousand Islands">Thousand Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_Hill" title="Tug Hill">Tug Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_statistical_areas" title="New York statistical areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady</a> / <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmira,_New_York" title="Elmira, New York">Elmira</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corning_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning (city), New York">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glens_Falls,_New_York" title="Glens Falls, New York">Glens Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York" title="Jamestown, New York">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_New_York" title="Kingston, New York">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_New_York" title="Watertown, New York">Watertown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_York" title="List of counties in New York">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_County,_New_York" title="Albany County, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegany_County,_New_York" title="Allegany County, New York">Allegany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broome_County,_New_York" title="Broome County, New York">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattaraugus_County,_New_York" title="Cattaraugus County, New York">Cattaraugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_County,_New_York" title="Cayuga County, New York">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_New_York" title="Chautauqua County, New York">Chautauqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemung_County,_New_York" title="Chemung County, New York">Chemung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenango_County,_New_York" title="Chenango County, New York">Chenango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_New_York" title="Clinton County, New York">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_New_York" title="Columbia County, New York">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortland_County,_New_York" title="Cortland County, New York">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_New_York" title="Delaware County, New York">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York" title="Dutchess County, New York">Dutchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_York" title="Essex County, New York">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_New_York" title="Franklin County, New York">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_New_York" title="Fulton County, New York">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesee_County,_New_York" title="Genesee County, New York">Genesee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_New_York" title="Greene County, New York">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_New_York" title="Hamilton County, New York">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkimer_County,_New_York" title="Herkimer County, New York">Herkimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_New_York" title="Jefferson County, New York">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_New_York" title="Lewis County, New York">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_County,_New_York" title="Livingston County, New York">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_New_York" title="Madison County, New York">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York" title="Montgomery County, New York">Montgomery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tryon_County,_New_York" title="Tryon County, New York">Tryon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_County,_New_York" title="Niagara County, New York">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_County,_New_York" title="Oneida County, New York">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_County,_New_York" title="Onondaga County, New York">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_County,_New_York" title="Ontario County, New York">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York" title="Orange County, New York">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_County,_New_York" title="Orleans County, New York">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswego_County,_New_York" title="Oswego County, New York">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otsego_County,_New_York" title="Otsego County, New York">Otsego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_New_York" title="Putnam County, New York">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_County,_New_York" title="Rensselaer County, New York">Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York">Rockland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_County,_New_York" title="St. Lawrence County, New York">Saint Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_County,_New_York" title="Saratoga County, New York">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_County,_New_York" title="Schenectady County, New York">Schenectady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoharie_County,_New_York" title="Schoharie County, New York">Schoharie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_County,_New_York" title="Schuyler County, New York">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_County,_New_York" title="Seneca County, New York">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steuben_County,_New_York" title="Steuben County, New York">Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_New_York" title="Sullivan County, New York">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioga_County,_New_York" title="Tioga County, New York">Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompkins_County,_New_York" title="Tompkins County, New York">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_County,_New_York" title="Ulster County, New York">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_New_York" title="Warren County, New York">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_New_York" title="Washington County, New York">Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_County,_Province_of_New_York" title="Charlotte County, Province of New York">Charlotte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_New_York" title="Wayne County, New York">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_County,_New_York" title="Wyoming County, New York">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yates_County,_New_York" title="Yates County, New York">Yates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places in New York">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in New York">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_York" title="List of towns in New York">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Indian_Reservations_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American Indian Reservations in New York (state)">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of villages in New York">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_New_York" title="List of census-designated places in New York">Census-designated places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensselaerswyck" title="Rensselaerswyck">Rensselaerswyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New York">History of slavery in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">Invasion of Canada (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_cessions" title="State cessions">State cessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)" title="Portal:New York (state)">New York (state) portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18426#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18426#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18426#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/239915682">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1313050/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4101160-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81059724">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119689088">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119689088">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564563005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a 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