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id="toc-Teachings_of_Ibn_Taymiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings_of_Ibn_Taymiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Teachings of Ibn Taymiyya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachings_of_Ibn_Taymiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_nineteenth-century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_nineteenth-century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Late nineteenth-century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_nineteenth-century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-WW1_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-WW1_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Post-WW1 Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-WW1_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Contemporary era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_trends_within_Salafism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_trends_within_Salafism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Political trends within Salafism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_trends_within_Salafism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political trends within Salafism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_trends_within_Salafism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Purists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salafi_activists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafi_activists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Salafi activists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salafi_activists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salafi_jihadists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafi_jihadists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Salafi jihadists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salafi_jihadists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_Review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_Review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Academic Review </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_Review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_groups_and_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_groups_and_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Regional groups and movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_groups_and_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regional groups and movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_groups_and_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Indian subcontinent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Sunna_Al-Muhammadeyya_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Sunna_Al-Muhammadeyya_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Al-Sunna Al-Muhammadeyya Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Sunna_Al-Muhammadeyya_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salafist_Call_(al-daʿwa_al-salafiyya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafist_Call_(al-daʿwa_al-salafiyya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Salafist Call (al-daʿwa al-salafiyya) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salafist_Call_(al-daʿwa_al-salafiyya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Al-Nour_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Al-Nour_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 The Al-Nour Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Al-Nour_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Tunisia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Qatar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Other usage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other usage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Salafiyya_Al-Tanwiriyya_(Enlightened_Salafism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Salafiyya_Al-Tanwiriyya_(Enlightened_Salafism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Al-Salafiyya Al-Tanwiriyya (Enlightened Salafism) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Salafiyya_Al-Tanwiriyya_(Enlightened_Salafism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_on_contemporary_Salafism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_contemporary_Salafism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Influence on contemporary Salafism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_contemporary_Salafism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_broadest_sense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_broadest_sense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 In the broadest sense </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_broadest_sense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Criticisms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticisms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Western criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_Salafis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Salafis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Prominent Salafis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Salafis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Salafi movement</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السلفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السلفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99l%C9%99filik" title="Sələfilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sələfilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="সালাফি আন্দোলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সালাফি আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Сәләфилек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәләфилек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Салафія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Салафія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Салафизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Салафизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selefizam" title="Selefizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Selefizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafisme" title="Salafisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Salafisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaf%C3%ADja" title="Salafíja – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Salafíja" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaff%C3%AFaeth" title="Salaffïaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Salaffïaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafisme" title="Salafisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Salafisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafismus" title="Salafismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Salafismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafism" title="Salafism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Salafism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σαλαφισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαλαφισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafismo" title="Salafismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salafismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafismo" title="Salafismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Salafismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafismo" title="Salafismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Salafismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سلفی‌گری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلفی‌گری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafisme" title="Salafisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Salafisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%84%ED%8C%8C" title="살라프파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="살라프파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafiyya" title="Salafiyya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Salafiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="सलफ़ी आंदोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सलफ़ी आंदोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selefizam" title="Selefizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Selefizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafiyah" title="Salafiyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Salafiyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafismo" title="Salafismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Salafismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="סלפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafiyah" title="Salafiyah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Salafiyah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="სალაფიათი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სალაფიათი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сәләфия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сәләфия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selef%C3%AEt%C3%AE" title="Selefîtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Selefîtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafizmas" title="Salafizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Salafizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szalafizmus" title="Szalafizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szalafizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സലഫി പ്രസ്ഥാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സലഫി പ്രസ്ഥാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="სალაფიათი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სალაფიათი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="سلفيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلفيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi" title="Salafi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Salafi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi" title="Salafi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Salafi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafisme" title="Salafisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Salafisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="サラフィー主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サラフィー主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Салафият – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Салафият" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafisme" title="Salafisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Salafisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafisme" title="Salafisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Salafisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਲਾਫ਼ੀ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਲਾਫ਼ੀ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلفیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلفیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafizm" title="Salafizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Salafizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafismo" title="Salafismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Salafismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Салафия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Салафия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selefizmi" title="Selefizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Selefizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafismu" title="Salafismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Salafismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi" title="Salafi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Salafi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaf%C3%ADja" title="Salafíja – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Salafíja" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafiya" title="Salafiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Salafiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D9%81%DB%8C" title="سەلەفی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەلەفی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Салафизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Салафизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafizam" title="Salafizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Salafizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafiyah" title="Salafiyah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Salafiyah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafismi" title="Salafismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Salafismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafism" title="Salafism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Salafism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D3%A3" title="Салафӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Салафӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selefilik" title="Selefilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Selefilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Салафізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Салафізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="سلفی تحریک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلفی تحریک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E8%8F%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="萨拉菲运动 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨拉菲运动" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;font-size:88%; line-height:200%;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islamic_movements" title="Category:Sunni Islamic movements">a series</a> on: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salafi movement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/200px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/300px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/400px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1094" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab_Mosque" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque</a>, Qatar</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Theology">Theology and Influences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hadi" title="Ibn Abd al-Hadi">Ibn Abd al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muflih" title="Ibn Muflih">Ibn Muflih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hayya_Al-Sindhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi">Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Ismail Dehlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Founders and key figures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din Qasimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh">Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jibrin" title="Ibn Jibrin">Ibn Jibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Prominent_Salafis">List of Salafi scholars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">Notable universities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qura_University" title="Umm al-Qura University">Umm al-Qura University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Madinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Faisalabad" title="Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad">Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Varanasi" title="Jamia Salafia, Varanasi">Jamia Salafia, Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University" title="International Islamic University">International Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">List of Salafi Islamic universities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Trends_within_Salafism">Related ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhaj" title="Manhaj">Manhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailaifengye" title="Sailaifengye">Sailaifengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi-Salafi_relations" 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hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfir_wal-Hijra" title="Takfir wal-Hijra">Takfir wal-Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salafi" title="Template:Salafi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salafi" title="Template talk:Salafi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salafi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salafi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Salafi movement or Salafism (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: السلفية, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Salafiyya) is a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">revival</a> movement within <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Divinity-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> which was formed as a socio-religious movement during the late 19th century and has remained influential in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> for over a century.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-handbookesposito-7">[7]</a> The name "Salafiyya" is a self-designation,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> to call for a return to the traditions of the "pious predecessors" (<a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">salaf</a>), the first three generations of Muslims (the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a> [his companions], then the <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabi'in">Tabi'in</a>, and the third generation, the <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">Tabi' al-Tabi'in</a>), who are believed to exemplify the pure form of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In practice, Salafis claim that they rely on the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a> (consensus) of the salaf, giving these writings precedence over what they claim as "later religious interpretations".<a href="#cite_note-roots-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Salafi movement aimed to achieve a renewal of Muslim life and had a major influence on many Muslim thinkers and movements across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Salafi Muslims oppose <a href="/wiki/Bid%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid'a">bid'a</a> (religious innovation) and support the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> (Islamic law).<a href="#cite_note-Economist27Jun15-14">[14]</a> In its <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">approach to politics</a>, the Salafi movement is sometimes divided by Western academics and journalists into three categories: the largest group being the purists (or <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam#Salafists" title="Political quietism in Islam">quietists</a>), who avoid politics; the second largest group being the <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">activists</a>, who maintain regular involvement in politics; and the third group being the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">jihadists</a>, who form a minority and advocate armed struggle to restore the early Islamic movement.<a href="#cite_note-Economist27Jun15-14">[14]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">legal matters</a>, Salafis usually advocate <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> (independent reasoning) and oppose <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> (adherence) to the four or five schools (<a href="/wiki/Madhahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhahib">madhahib</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a> while some remain largely faithful to them, but do not restrict themselves to the "final" edicts of any specific madhhab. The origins of Salafism are disputed, with some historians like <a href="/wiki/Louis_Massignon" title="Louis Massignon">Louis Massignon</a> tracing its origin to the intellectual movement in the second half of the nineteenth century that opposed <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> emanating from <a href="/wiki/European_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European imperialism">European imperialism</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Al-Afghani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Kepel,_''Jihad'',_2002,_219-220-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> However, Afghani and Abduh had not self-described as "Salafi" and the usage of the term to denote them has become outdated today.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Abduh's more orthodox student Rashid Rida followed hardline Salafism which opposed <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a> and incorporated traditional <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madh'hab</a> system. Rida eventually became a champion of the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi movement</a> and would influence another strand of conservative Salafis.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the modern academia, Salafism is commonly used to refer to a cluster of contemporary Sunni <a href="/wiki/Tajdid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajdid">renewal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reform</a> movements inspired by the teachings of classical theologians—in particular <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> (1263–1328 CE/661–728 AH).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> These Salafis dismiss the 19th century reformers as rationalists who failed to interpret scripture in the most literal, traditional sense.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomsbury-24">[24]</a> Conservative Salafis regard <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">scholars</a> like <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> (d. 1935 CE/ 1354 AH) and Muhibb al-Khatib (d. 1969 CE/ 1389 AH) as <a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">revivalists</a> of Salafi thought in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Rida's religious orientation was shaped by his association with Syrian <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> and Salafi scholars who preserved the tradition of Ibn Taymiyya. These ideas would be popularised by Rida and his disciples, immensely influencing numerous Salafi organisations in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomsbury-24">[24]</a> Some of the major Salafi reform movements in the Islamic world today include the <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> movement, inspired by the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a> and galvanized through the <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Ahmad_Shahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Ahmad Shahid">Sayyid Ahmad Shahid</a>;<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Padri_War#Padri" title="Padri War">Padri</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> Salafism spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelhamid Ben Badis">Abdelhamid Ben Badis</a>; and others.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The term Salafi as a proper noun and adjective had been used during the classical era to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">theological school</a> of the early <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The treatises of the medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam#Proto-Salafism" title="History of Islam">proto-Salafist</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyya</a> (d. 1328 C.E/ 728 A.H), which played the most significant role in formalizing the creedal, social and political positions of Ahl al-Hadith; constitute the most widely referred classical works in Salafi seminaries.<a href="#cite_note-G._Rabil_2014_27,_28-30">[30]</a> It is only in <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modern times</a> that the label Salafi has been applied to a distinct movement and theological creed. Both modernists as well as traditionalists could apply the term. Both movements might have opposite approaches but advocate a belief that Islam has been altered and is in need of a return to a previous form of Islam allegedly practised by the Salafiyya. <a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenets">Tenets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tenets">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haykel" title="Bernard Haykel">Bernard Haykel</a>, "temporal proximity to the Prophet Muhammad is associated with the truest form of Islam" among many <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Salafis are first and foremost religious and social reformers engaged in creating and reproducing particular forms of authority and identity, both personal and communal. They define [their] reformist project first and foremost through creedal tenets (i.e., a theology). Also important in its manhaj (Arabic: منهج i.e. Methodology) are certain legal teachings as well as forms of sociability and politics.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The Salafi <a href="/wiki/Da%27wa" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'wa">da'wa</a> is a methodology, but it is not a <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a> (school) in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> (jurisprudence) as is commonly misunderstood. Salafis oppose <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahirite</a> law schools of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> fiqh. The followers of Salafi school identify themselves as <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Ahlul Sunna wal Jama'ah</a> and are also known as <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The Salafiyya movement champions this early Sunni school of thought, also known as <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Theology (Islam)">traditionalist theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Salafis place great emphasis on practicing actions in accordance with the known <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a>, not only in <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">prayer</a> but in every activity in daily life. For instance, many are careful always to use three fingers when eating, to drink water in three pauses, and to hold it with the right hand while sitting.<a href="#cite_note-roy-266-36">[36]</a> The main doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a>'s school, also referred by various academics as "al-Salafiyyah al-Tarikhiyah" (trans: "Historical Salafism") consist of:<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <ul><li>revival of "the authentic beliefs and practices" of <a href="/wiki/Salaf_as_salih" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaf as salih">Salaf al-Salih</a></li> <li>"upholding tawhid (oneness of God)"</li> <li>rejection of partisanship towards <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madh'habs</a></li> <li>literalist adherence to religious scriptures</li> <li>loyalty to Islamic rulers who ruled by <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> (Islamic law)</li> <li>objection to <a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">bid'ah</a> and heresies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_Taqlid_(adherence_to_legal_precedent)">Views on Taqlid (adherence to legal precedent)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Views on Taqlid (adherence to legal precedent)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></div> The Salafi thought seeks the re-orientation of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> (Islamic Jurisprudence) away from <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a> (adherence to the legal precedent of a particular <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a>) and directly back to the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Prophet</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>. This preferred return to the pure way of the Prophet is termed "Ittiba" (following the Prophet by directly referring to the Scriptures).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In legal approach, Salafis are divided between those who, in the name of independent legal judgement (<a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a>), reject strict adherence (taqlid) to the four schools of law (madhahib) and others who remain faithful to these.<a href="#cite_note-al-Yaqoubi-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a> (d. 1792 C.E/ 1206 A.H) had personally rejected the practice of Taqlid, <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> scholars favoured following the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> madhhab and generally permit Taqlid in following <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">Fatwas</a> (juristic legal opinions) and encourages following the madhhabs.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> While they doctrinally condemned Taqlid and advocated Ijtihad, historically the Wahhabi legal practice was grounded mostly within the confines of Hanbali school, until recently. The doctrinal rejection of Taqlid by Wahhabis would lead to subsequent emergence of prominent Wahhabi <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a> such as Sa'd ibn 'Atiq, <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Rahman_al-Sa%27di" title="Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di">Abd al-Rahman al-Sa'dii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Uthaymeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen">Ibn 'Uthaymin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_Bin_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz">Ibn Baz</a>, etc.; who would depart significantly from <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> law.<a href="#cite_note-al-Yaqoubi-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-muslimmatters.org-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Other Salafi movements, however, believe that taqlid is <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">unlawful</a> and challenge the authority of the legal schools. In their perspective, since the madhhabs emerged after the era of <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf al-Salih</a> (pious predecessors); those Muslims who follow a madhhab without directly searching for Scriptural evidences would get deviated.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> These include the scholars of <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasir Al-Din al-Albani</a> (d. 2000), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hayyat_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Sindhi" title="Muhammad Hayyat ibn Ibrahim al-Sindhi">Muḥammad Ḥayāt al-Sindhī</a> (d. 1163), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iostudies.in/a-brief-biography-of-imam-sayyid-muhammad-bin-ismail-al-amir-by-amir-al-athari/">Ibn 'Amir al-Ṣanʿānī</a> (d. 1182), <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">al-Shawkānī</a> (d. 1250), etc.; who completely condemn taqlid (imitation), rejecting the authority of the legal schools, and oblige Muslims to seek religious rulings (fatwa) issued by scholars exclusively based on the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>; with no intermediary involved.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett,_p._174-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-muslimmatters.org-44">[44]</a> The Ahl-i Hadith ulema would distinguish themselves from the Wahhabis who followed the Hanbali school while they considered themselves as following no particular school.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In contemporary era, al-Albani and his disciples, in particular, would directly criticise Wahhabis on the issue of Taqlid due to their affinity towards the Hanbali school and called for a re-generated Wahhabism purified of elements contrary to doctrines of the Salaf.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bennett,_p._174-49">[49]</a> Other Salafi scholars like <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Sayyid Rashid Rida</a> (d. 1935) follow a middle course, allowing the layperson to do Taqlid only when necessary, obliging him to do Ittiba when the Scriptural evidences become known to him. Their legal methodology rejects partisanship to the treatises of any particular schools of law, and refer to the books of all madhhabs. Following <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim</a>, these scholars accept the rich literary heritage of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> Fiqh and consider the literature of the four Sunni law-schools as beneficial resources to issue rulings for the contemporary era.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-muslimmatters.org-44">[44]</a> At the far end of the spectrum, some Salafis hold that adhering to taqlid is an act of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> (polytheism).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Contemporary Salafis generally discard the practice of adhering to the established rulings of any particular Madhhab, condemning the principle of Taqlid (blind imitation) as a <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">bid'ah</a> (innovation) and are significantly influenced by the legal principles of the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahirite</a> school, historically associated with anti-madhhab doctrines that opposed the canonization of legal schools. Early Zahirite scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm's</a> condemnation of Taqlid and calls to break free from the interpretive system of the canonized schools by espousing a Fiqh directly grounded on Qura'n and Hadith; have conferred a major impact on the Salafiyya movement.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Salafi legalism is most often marked by its departure from the established rulings (mu'tamad) of the four Sunni madhahib, as well as frequently aligning with Zahirite views mentioned by Ibn Hazm in his legal compendium <a href="/wiki/Al-Muhalla" title="Al-Muhalla">Al-Muhalla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-muslimmatters.org-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_hierarchy">Scholarly hierarchy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scholarly hierarchy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haykel" title="Bernard Haykel">Bernard Haykel</a> notes that due to the peculiarity of its methodology, Salafis enjoy a relatively less rigid scholarly hierarchy of authorities (<a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a>). Most Salafis unlike other traditional and pre-modern Muslims do not subscribe to a hierarchy that rigorously "constrains and regulates... the output of opinions". As an interpretive community, Salafi tradition, "in contrast to other Muslim traditions of learning", is "relatively open, even democratic".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodology_and_hermeneutics">Methodology and hermeneutics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Methodology and hermeneutics">edit</a>]</div> Contemporary proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a> school of theology largely come from the <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> movement; they uphold the Athari works of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TCSI2010:_39-48_+-59">[59]</a> Ibn Taymiyya himself, a disputed and partly rejected scholar during his lifetime, became a major scholar among followers of the Salafi movement credited with the title <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islam</a>. Other important figures include major scholars important in Islamic history, such as <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-60">[60]</a> While proponents of <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a> revere early generations of <a href="/wiki/Salaf_as_salih" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaf as salih">Salaf al-Salih</a>, viewing <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a> as exemplar role models in religious life, they emulate them through the lens of the classical traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhahib</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">religious clergy</a>. On the other hand, Salafis attempt to follow the Salaf al-Salih through recorded scriptural evidences, often bypassing the classical manuals of madhahib. Nonetheless, both Salafis and Mutakallimun empasize the significance of the Salaf in the Sunni tradition.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Salafi Muslims consider <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (which they equate with the <a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a>) and The Actions or Sayings of The Sahaba as the only valid authoritative source for Islam.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> While Salafis believe that investigation of novel issues should be understood from the Scriptures in consideration of the context of modern era, they oppose rationalist interpretations of Scriptures. In addition to limiting the usage of logic with regards to textual interpretations, Salafi scholars also reduce the importance given to medieval legal manuals and texts, giving more priority to the texts from the early generations of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>. Salafis favor practical implementation as opposed to disputes with regards to meanings, meaning may be considered either clear or something beyond human understanding.<a href="#cite_note-roots-10">[10]</a> As adherents of <a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Athari theology</a>, Salafis believe that engagement in speculative theology (<a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a>) is absolutely forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-TCSI2010:_36-63">[63]</a> Atharis engage in strictly literal and amodal reading of the Qur'an and hadith (prophetic traditions) and only their clear or apparent meanings have the sole authority in creedal affairs. As opposed to one engaged in <a href="/wiki/Ta%27wil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'wil">Ta'wil</a> (metaphorical interpretation), they do not attempt to conceptualize the meanings of the Qur'an rationally; and believe that the real meanings should be consigned to God alone (<a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">tafwid</a>).<a href="#cite_note-TCSI2010:_36-7-64">[64]</a> Following the Salafi hermeneutic approach, Salafis differ from that of non-Salafis in some regards of permissibility.<a href="#cite_note-roots-10">[10]</a> Ibn Taymiyya was known for making scholarly refutations of religious groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Asha'rites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shias" class="mw-redirect" title="Shias">Shias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falsafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsafa">Falsafa</a> etc., through his numerous treatises.<a href="#cite_note-G._Rabil_2014_26-65">[65]</a> Explaining the theological approach of "Salafiyya", Ibn Taymiyya states in a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"The way of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a> is to interpret literally the Koranic verses and hadiths that relate to the Divine attributes [ijra' ayat al-sifat wa ahadith al-sifat 'ala zahiriha], and without attributing to Him anthropomorphic qualities [ma' nafy al-kayfiyya wal tashbih]."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyah, Al-Fatawa al-Kubra (Great Religious Edicts), vol. 5, p. 152, <a href="#cite_note-G._Rabil_2014_26-65">[65]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teachings_of_Ibn_Taymiyya">Teachings of Ibn Taymiyya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teachings of Ibn Taymiyya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></div> The followers of the Salafiyya school look to the medieval jurist <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> as the most significant classical scholarly authority in theology and spirituality. Ibn Taymiyya's theological treatises form the core doctrinal texts of <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> and various other Salafi movements. According to the monotheistic doctrine of Ibn Taymiyya, <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a> is categorised into three types: At-tawḥīd ar-rubūbiyya (Oneness in Lordship), At-tawḥīd al-ulūhiyya (Oneness in Worship) and At-tawhid al-assmaa was-sifaat (Oneness in names and attributes). Ibn Taymiyya's interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a> (Islamic testimony) as the testimony to worship God alone "only by means of what He has legislated", without partners, is adopted by the Salafis as the foundation of their faith. In the contemporary era, Ibn Taymiyya's writings on theology and innovated practices have inspired Salafi movements of diverse kinds.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The increased prominence of these movements in the twentieth century has led to a resurgence in interest of the writings of Ibn Taymiyya far beyond traditional Salafi circles. Salafis commonly refer to Ibn Taymiyya by the title <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a>. Alongside Ibn Taymiyya, his disciples <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a>, etc. constitute the most referenced classical scholarship in Salafi circles.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The scholarly works of Ibn Taymiyya, which advocate <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Traditionalist Creedal</a> positions and intensely critique other theological schools, embody the theology of the Salafiyya school.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Ibn Taymiyya also cited a scholarly consensus (Ijma), on the permissibility of ascribing ones self to the beliefs of the Salaf, stating:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"There is no shame in declaring oneself to be a follower of the salaf, belonging to it and feeling proud of it; rather that must be accepted from him, according to scholarly consensus. The madhhab of the salaf cannot be anything but true. If a person adheres to it inwardly and outwardly, then he is like the believer who is following truth inwardly and outwardly."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuhammadRashidRida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/MuhammadRashidRida.jpg/220px-MuhammadRashidRida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/MuhammadRashidRida.jpg/330px-MuhammadRashidRida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/MuhammadRashidRida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Syro-Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Sayyid Rashid Rida</a> (d. 1935), leader of the Arab Salafiyya movement</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historians</a> and academics date the emergence of Salafiyya movement to the late 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, an era when <a href="/wiki/European_colonial_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonial powers">European colonial powers</a> were dominant.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Divinity-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saba_Mahmood-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dubler_499-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Islam-80">[80]</a> Notable leaders of the movement included <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din Qasimi</a> (1866–1914), 'Abd al-Razzaq al Bitar (1837–1917), <a href="/wiki/Tahir_al-Jazairi" title="Tahir al-Jazairi">Tahir al-Jazai'iri</a> (1852–1920)<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> (1865–1935).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Until the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, religious missions of the Salafi call in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Arab East</a> had operated secretively. Following the First World War, the Salafi ideas were spread and established among the intelligentsia.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Politically oriented scholars like Rashid Rida had also emphasized the necessity to establish an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> that implements <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> (Islamic law) and thus laid the intellectual foundations for a more conservative strand of Salafiyya, which would also influence the ideologues of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-84">[84]</a> The usage of the term "Salafiyya" to denote a theological reform movement based on the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf_as_salih" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaf as salih">Salaf al-Salih</a>; was popularised by the <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a> disciples of <a href="/wiki/Tahir_al-Jazairi" title="Tahir al-Jazairi">Tahir al-Jaza'iri</a> who were active in Egypt during the 1900s. They opened the famous "al-Maktaba al-Salafiyya" ("The Salafi Bookshop") in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in 1909. <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> co-operated with the owners of the library starting from 1912 and together published classical works, <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a> treatises, pro-<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> pamphlets, etc. as well as numerous articles through their official journal "Al-Majalla al-Salafiyya". The immense popularity of the term at the time caused the <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Louis_Massignon" title="Louis Massignon">Louis Massignon</a> to mistakenly associate the label with Jamal al-Din Afghani and Muhammad 'Abduh, which became the standard practice for Western scholars for much of the 20th century, at the expense of conceptual veracity.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Salafis believe that the label "Salafiyya" existed from the first few generations of Islam and that it is not a modern movement.<a href="#cite_note-Dubler_499-79">[79]</a> To justify this view, Salafis rely on a handful of quotes from medieval times where the term "Salafi" is used. One of the quotes used as evidence and widely posted on Salafi websites is from the genealogical dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Sam%CA%BF%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Samʿānī">al-Sam'ani</a> (d. 1166), who wrote a short entry about the surname "al-Salafi" (the Salafi): "According to what I heard, this [surname indicates one's] ascription to the pious ancestors and [one's] adoption of their doctrine [madhhabihim]."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-LZ63-87">[87]</a> In his biographical dictionary <a href="/wiki/Siyar_a%60lam_al-nubala" class="mw-redirect" title="Siyar a`lam al-nubala">Siyar a`lam al-nubala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a> described his teacher Ibn Taymiyya as a person who "supported the pure <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunna</a> and al-Tariqa al-Salafiyah (Salafiyah way or methodology)"; referring to his <a href="/wiki/Ghair_Muqallid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghair Muqallid">non-conformist</a> juristic approach that was based on direct understanding of Scriptures and his practice of issuing <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a> that contradicted the <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-G._Rabil_2014_26-65">[65]</a> At least one scholar, Henri Lauzière, casts doubt on al-Sam'ani, claiming he "could only list two individuals—a father and his son—who were known" as al-Salafi. "Plus, the entry contains blank spaces in lieu of their full names, presumably because al-Sam'ani had forgotten them or did not know them."<a href="#cite_note-LZ63-87">[87]</a> In addition, Lauzière claims "al-Sam'ani's dictionary suggests that the surname was marginal at best, and the lone quotation taken from <a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a>, who wrote 200 years later, does little to prove Salafi claims."<a href="#cite_note-LZ65-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Shawkani</a></div> The Salafi movement emphasizes looking up to the era of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf al-Salih</a>; who were the early three generations of Muslims that succeeded <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Prophet Muhammad</a>. They consider the faith and practices of salaf al-salih as virtuous and exemplary. By seeking to capture values of the Salaf in their own lives, Salafis attempt to recreate a 'golden age', and revive a pristine version of Islam, stripped of all later accretions, including the four <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools of law</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">popular Sufism</a>. The emergence of Salafism coincided with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Western_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western colonialism">Western colonialism</a> across many parts of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>. Between the eighteenth and the twentieth centuries, these <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reformist</a> movements called for a direct return to the Scriptures, institutional standardisations and <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against colonial powers.<a href="#cite_note-Ridgeon_2015_3,_15-89">[89]</a> The movement developed across various regions of the Islamic World in the late 19th century as an Islamic response against the rising <a href="/wiki/European_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European imperialism">European imperialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Divinity-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saba_Mahmood-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dubler_499-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Islam-80">[80]</a> The Salafi revivalists were inspired by the creedal doctrines of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, who had strongly condemned <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">philosophy</a> and various features of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> as heretical. Ibn Taymiyya's radical reform programme called for Muslims to return to the pristine Islam of the Salaf al-Salih (pious ancestors); through a direct understanding of Scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Further influences of the early Salafiyya movement included various 18th-century Islamic <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reform</a> movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi movement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">subcontinental</a> reform movements spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Shah Ismail Dehlawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Barelvi" title="Syed Ahmad Barelvi">Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> islah movement led by Al-San'aani and <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Shawkani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Al-Shawkani.jpg/220px-Al-Shawkani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Al-Shawkani.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption> Teachings of the influential <a href="/wiki/Yemeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni">Yemeni</a> <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">traditionalist</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Muhammad ibn Ali al-Shawkani</a> (d. 1834) has profoundly influenced generations of Salafi scholarship.</figcaption></figure> These movements had advocated the belief that the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> are the primary sources of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> and the legal status quo should be scrutinized based on Qur'an and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>. Far from being novel, this idea was a traditionist thesis kept alive within the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> school of law. The Wahhabi movement, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>, forcefully revived Hanbali traditionism in 18th century <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>. Influenced by the Hanbali scholars <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> (d. 728/1328) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a> (d. 751/1350); the teachings of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab were also closely linked to the formulation of proto-Hanbalism expounded by early Hanbali writers 'Abd Allah ibn Ahmad (d. 290/903), <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Khallal" title="Abu Bakr al-Khallal">Abu Bakr al-Khallal</a> (d. 311/923) as well as non-Hanbali scholars like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a>, whom he cited frequently. <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian</a> Hadith specialist <a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a>, while rejecting <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a>, also emphasised on involving the <a href="/wiki/Fuqaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuqaha">Fuqaha</a> (jurisconsultants) in the study of hadith, their interpretations and rationalisation. Thus, he was accommodative towards classical structures of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, influential scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Shawkani</a> (1759–1834) condemned Taqlid far more fiercely, and his movement advocated radical rejection of classical Fiqh structures. The promotion of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a> of these movements was also accompanied by an emphasis on strict adherence to Qur'an and Hadith.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kadizadeli" title="Kadizadeli">Kadizadeli</a></div> Kadızadelis (also Qādīzādali) was a seventeenth-century puritanical reformist religious movement in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> that followed <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1zade_Mehmed" title="Kadızade Mehmed">Kadızade Mehmed</a> (1582-1635), a revivalist Islamic preacher. Kadızade and his followers were determined rivals of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion#Folk_Islam" title="Folk religion">popular religion</a>. They condemned many of the Ottoman practices that Kadızade felt were <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">bidʻah</a> "non-Islamic innovations", and passionately supported "reviving the beliefs and practices of the first Muslim generation in the first/seventh century" ("<a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">enjoining good and forbidding wrong</a>").<a href="#cite_note-Evstatiev-2016-213-98">[98]</a> Driven by zealous and fiery rhetoric, Kadızade Mehmed was able to inspire many followers to join in his cause and rid themselves of any and all corruption found inside the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Leaders of the movement held official positions as preachers in the major mosques of Baghdad, and "combined popular followings with support from within the Ottoman state apparatus".<a href="#cite_note-Cook-91-99">[99]</a> Between 1630 and 1680 there were many violent quarrels that occurred between the Kadızadelis and those that they disapproved of. As the movement progressed, activists became "increasingly violent" and Kadızadelis were known to enter "mosques, <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">tekkes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_coffeehouse" title="Ottoman coffeehouse">Ottoman coffeehouses</a> in order to mete out punishments to those contravening their version of orthodoxy." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahirite school</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Sayyid Rashid Rida</a></div> During the mid-nineteenth century <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> movement revived the teachings of Shah Waliullah and Al-Shawkani; advocating rejection of <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">study of hadith</a>. They departed from Shah Waliullah's school with a literalist approach to <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, and rejected classical legal structures; inclining towards the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahirite</a> school. In the 19th century, Hanbali traditionism would be revived in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> by the influential Alusi family. Three generations of Alusis, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Alusi" title="Mahmud al-Alusi">Mahmud al-Alusi</a> (d. 1853), Nu'man al-Alusi (d. 1899) and Mahmud Shukri al-Alusi (1857–1924); were instrumental in spreading the doctrines of Ibn Taymiyya and the Wahhabi movement in the Arab world. Mahmud Shukri Al-Alusi, a defender and historian of the Wahhabi movement, was also a leader of the Salafiyya movement. All these reformist tendencies merged into the early Salafiyya movement, a theological faction prevalent across the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, which was closely associated with the works of <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Sayyid Rashid Rida</a> (1865–1935).<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_nineteenth-century">Late nineteenth-century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Late nineteenth-century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiddiqHasanKhan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d6/SiddiqHasanKhan.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption> Photo of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a> whose works became popular amongst the Arab Salafi reformers of the 19th century</figcaption></figure> The first phase of the Salafiyya movement emerged amidst the reform-minded <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a> of the Arab provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during the late nineteenth century. The movement relied primarily upon the works of <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya</a>, whose call to follow the path of <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>, inspired their name. The early phase of this tradition sought a middle-way that synthesised between <a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">'ilm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Tasawwuf</a>. <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, a major centre of Hanbali scholarship in the Muslim World, played a major role in the emergence and dissemination of the ideas of this early trend of the Salafiyya. Some scholars in this phase like <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Amir 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri</a>, re-interpreted <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>'s mystical beliefs and reconciled them with the opposing theological doctrines of Ibn Taymiyya to address new challenges. Other major figures in the movement included <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-bitar-abd-al-razzaq-COM_23479">'Abd al-Razzaq Al-Bitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahir_al-Jazairi" title="Tahir al-Jazairi">Tahir al-Jazairi</a>, etc. 'Abd al-Razzaq Al-Bitar (the grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bahjat_Athari" title="Muhammad Bahjat Athari">Muhammad Bahjat al Bitar</a>, a disciple of Rashid Rida) was the leader of the more traditional branch of the reform trend, which would become the Salafiyya of Damascus. Years later, Rashid Rida would describe him as the "mujaddid madhhab al-salaf fil-Sham" (the reviver of the ancestral doctrine in Syria). While these reformers were critical of various aspects of popular <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, they didn't deny Sufism completely. The <a href="/wiki/Cairene" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairene">Cairene</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> emerged as a separate trend in 1880s, and would be influenced by the Damascene Salafiyya, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Mu'tazilite</a> philosophy. Abduh's movement sought a rationalist approach to adapt to the increasing pace of modernisation. While 'Abduh was critical of certain Sufi practices, his writings had Sufi inclinations and he retained love for "true Sufism" as formulated by <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ridgeon_2015_3,_15-89">[89]</a> The Damascene Salafiyya was also influenced by their reformist counterparts in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, especially the scholars of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-alusi-family-COM_22713?lang=en">Alusi family</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Alusi" title="Mahmud al-Alusi">Abu Thana' Shihab al-Din al-Alusi</a> (1802–1854) was the first of the Alusi family of ulama to promote reformist ideas, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> through his teacher 'Ali al-Suwaydi. He also combined the theological ideas of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutakallimun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutakallimun">Mutakallimun</a> (dialecticians) like <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Razi</a> in his reformist works. Shihab al-Din's son, <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:نعمان الآلوسي">Nu'man Khayr al-Din al-Alusi</a>, was also heavily influenced by the treatises of <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a>, an early leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ah-i Hadith</a> movement. He regularly corresponded with him and received an <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazat</a> (license to teach) from Siddiq Hasan Khan, and became the leader of the Salafi trend in Iraq. Later he would also send his son 'Ala' al-Din (1860–1921) to study under Hasan Khan. Khayr al-Din Alusi would write lengthy polemics and treatises advocating the teachings of Ibn Taymiyya. The Iraqi reformers rejected the validity of Taqlid in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>, calling for <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a> and condemned ritual <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">innovations</a> like tomb-visitations for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">worship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahir_al-Jazayiri_-_Al-Alam,_V3,_P_363.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tahir_al-Jazayiri_-_Al-Alam%2C_V3%2C_P_363.jpg/220px-Tahir_al-Jazayiri_-_Al-Alam%2C_V3%2C_P_363.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tahir_al-Jazayiri_-_Al-Alam%2C_V3%2C_P_363.jpg/330px-Tahir_al-Jazayiri_-_Al-Alam%2C_V3%2C_P_363.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tahir_al-Jazayiri_-_Al-Alam%2C_V3%2C_P_363.jpg/440px-Tahir_al-Jazayiri_-_Al-Alam%2C_V3%2C_P_363.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Tahir_al-Jazairi" title="Tahir al-Jazairi">Tahir al-Jazai'ri</a> (1920), one of the early leaders of the Salafi movement</figcaption></figure> Salafiyya tradition had become dominant in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> by the 1880s, due to its popularity amongst the reformist ulema in Damascus. Furthermore; most of the medieval treatises of the classical Syrian theologian Ibn Taymiyya were preserved in various Damascene mosques. Salafi scholars gathered these works and indexed them in the archives of the Zahiriyya Library (Maktabat Zahiriyya), one of the most prominent Islamic libraries of the 19th century. Most influential Salafi scholars during this period were Tahir al-Jazai'ri, 'Abd al-Razzaq al-Bitar and <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din Qasimi</a>. These scholars took precedent from the 18th-century reformers influenced by Ibn Taymiyya, such as Al-Shawkani, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, Shah Waliullah etc. and called for a return to the purity of the early era of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf_as_salih" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaf as salih">Salaf al-Salih</a> (righteous forebears). Like Ibn Taymiyya during the 13th century; they viewed themselves as determined preachers calling to defend <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a> (Islamic monotheism), attacking <a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">bid'ah</a> (religious innovations), criticising the Ottoman monarchy and its clerical establishment as well as relentlessly condemning Western ideas such as <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Itzchak_Weismann" title="Itzchak Weismann">Itzchak Weismann</a>: <blockquote>"The Salafi trend of Damascus constituted a religious response to the political alliance forged between the Ottoman State under the modernizing autocracy of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Sultan Abdül Hamid II</a> and orthodox sufi shaykhs and ulama who were willing to mobilize the masses in his support."</blockquote><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-WW1_Era">Post-WW1 Era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-WW1 Era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamal_al-Din_al-Qasimi_-_Al-Alam,_V2,_P_153.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jamal_al-Din_al-Qasimi_-_Al-Alam%2C_V2%2C_P_153.jpg/220px-Jamal_al-Din_al-Qasimi_-_Al-Alam%2C_V2%2C_P_153.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jamal_al-Din_al-Qasimi_-_Al-Alam%2C_V2%2C_P_153.jpg/330px-Jamal_al-Din_al-Qasimi_-_Al-Alam%2C_V2%2C_P_153.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jamal_al-Din_al-Qasimi_-_Al-Alam%2C_V2%2C_P_153.jpg/440px-Jamal_al-Din_al-Qasimi_-_Al-Alam%2C_V2%2C_P_153.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din Qasimi</a> (d. 1914), a major scholar of the Syrian Salafiyya movement</figcaption></figure> By the 1900s, the reformers had already become commonly known as "Salafis", which in-part was also used to deflect accusations from their opponents; to emphasize that they were different from the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>. The Salafi turn against <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn 'Arabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> would materialize a decade later, after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>. This second-stage of Salafiyya was championed by Rashid Rida and his disciples across the Islamic World, advocating a literalist understanding of the Scriptures. They were also characterised by a militant hostility to <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western imperialism">Western imperialism</a> and culture. In addition to condemnations of tomb visits, popular Sufi practices, brotherhoods, miracles and mystical orders; Rida's criticism of Sufism extended to all of it and beyond the critiques of his fellow Salafi comrades. He questioned the <a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">murid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">murshid</a> relationship in <a href="/wiki/Mysticism_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysticism in Islam">mysticism</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsilas</a> (chains of transmission) upon which <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqah</a> structures were built. In particular, Rida fiercely rebuked <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam#Quietism_among_Sufis" title="Political quietism in Islam">political quietism</a> and pacifist doctrines of various Sufi orders. The Salafiyya of Rida and his disciples held onto an ideal of the complete return to the religious and political ways of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">salaf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In calling for a return to the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>, Rashid Rida emphasised the path of the first four Rightly-Guided Caliphs (<a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Khulafa Rashidin</a>) and the revival of their principles. Rida's revivalist efforts contributed to the construction of a collective imagined Salafi community operating globally, transcending national borders. For this reason, he is regarded as one of the founding pioneers of the Salafiyya movement and his ideas inspired many <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revivalist</a> movements.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_of_the_second_issue_of_al-Manar_magazine,_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cover_of_the_second_issue_of_al-Manar_magazine%2C_1899.jpg/220px-Cover_of_the_second_issue_of_al-Manar_magazine%2C_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cover_of_the_second_issue_of_al-Manar_magazine%2C_1899.jpg/330px-Cover_of_the_second_issue_of_al-Manar_magazine%2C_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cover_of_the_second_issue_of_al-Manar_magazine%2C_1899.jpg/440px-Cover_of_the_second_issue_of_al-Manar_magazine%2C_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption> Rashid Rida's monthly <a href="/wiki/Al-Man%C4%81r_(magazine)" title="Al-Manār (magazine)">Al-Manar</a> was an influential religious journal that popularised Salafi ideas across the <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a>.</figcaption></figure> Rashid Rida's religious approach was rooted in reviving Ibn Taymiyya's theology as the solution to rectify the decline and disintegration of the Islamic World. Salafiyya movement took a much more conservative turn under Rida's mantle and became vehemently critical of the clerical establishment. Rida's doctrines deeply impacted <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> ideologues of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hasan al-Banna</a> (d. 1949) and <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> (d. 1966) who advocated a holistic conception of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> and society; similar to the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a> leaders like <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_al-Siba%27i" title="Mustafa al-Siba'i">Mustapha al-Siba'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Issam_al-Attar" title="Issam al-Attar">'Isam al-'Attar</a> were also influential in the movement and their ideas influenced numerous <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> students. The <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascene</a> Salafiyya consisted of major scholarly figures like <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:محمد بهجة البيطار">Muhammad Bahjat al-Bitar al-Athari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Al-Tantawi" title="Ali Al-Tantawi">'Ali al-Tantawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Nasir al-Din al-Albani</a>, 'Abd al-Fattah al-Imam, Mazhar al-'Azma, al-Bashir al-Ibrahimi, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi-ud-Din_al-Hilali" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali">Taqiy al-Din al-Hilali</a>, Muhiy al-Din al-Qulaybi, 'Abd Allah al-Qalqayli, etc. Numerous books of the movement were printed and published through the Islamic Bookstore in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> owned by Zuhayr Shawish.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The early leaders of Salafiyya like <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Sayyid Rashid Rida</a> (d. 1935), <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din Qasimi</a> (d. 1914), etc. had considered <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">traditionalist theology</a> as central to their comprehensive socio-political reform programme. Rashid Rida, for instance, argued that Athari theology represented <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>, was less divisive and provided a more reliable basis of faith than <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'arism</a>. According to Rida, Salafi creed was easier to understand than <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a> (speculative theology) and hence granted a stronger bulwark against the dangers posed by <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and other heresies. Salafi reformers also hailed the medieval theologian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> as a paragon of Sunni orthodoxy and emphasized that his strict conception of <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a> was an important part of the doctrine of the forefathers (madhhab al-salaf). Despite this, the Salafi reformers during this era were more concerned with <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamic</a> unity and hence refrained from accusing the majority of their co-religionists of being heretics; professing their creedal arguments with moderation. Jamal al-Din Qasimi decried sectarianism and bitter polemics between Atharis and followers of other <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">creedal schools</a>, despite considering them unorthodox. For Rashid Rida, intra-Sunni divisions between Atharis and Ash'arites, were an evil that weakened the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a> (Muslim community) and enabled foreigners to gain control over <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-islam">Muslim lands</a>. Hence, Rida held back from adopting an exclusivist attitude against Asharis during the first two decades of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Beginning from the mid-1920s, this leniency gradually disappeared from Salafi activists and scholars to give way to a more partisan stance. Mahmud Shukri al-Alusi, for example, was more uncompromising in his defense of Salafi theology than Rida and Qasimi.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The hardening of Salafi stance was best represented by Rashid Rida's disciple <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bahjat_Athari" title="Muhammad Bahjat Athari">Muhammad Bahjat al Bitar</a> (1894–1976) who made robust criticisms of <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">speculative theology</a>, by compiling treatises that revived the creedal polemics of Ibn Taymiyya. One such treatise titled "Al-Kawthari wa-ta'liqatuhu" published in 1938 strongly admonishes the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidite</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zahid_al-Kawthari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari">Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari</a> (1879–1952); accusing him of heresy. In the treatise, Bitar vigorously advocates Ibn Taymiyya's literalist approach to the theological question of the Divine attributes (Al- Asma wa-l-Sifat) and seemingly anthropomorphic expressions in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>. At the height of his career, Bitar enjoyed the respect of Syrian <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a> and laypersons of all groups. For his student <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Nasir al-Din Albani</a> (1914–1999) and his purist Salafi followers, Bitar was a master of <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>. For the Islamist <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, Bitar's studies of Islam and the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic language</a> were an asset for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Renaissance">Islamic Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contemporary era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Salafism_after_World_War_II" title="Development of Salafism after World War II">Development of Salafism after World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Contemporary Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam#Quietism_among_Salafists" title="Political quietism in Islam">Al-Albani</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faculty_of_Arabic_Language,_Islamic_University_of_Madinah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Faculty_of_Arabic_Language%2C_Islamic_University_of_Madinah.jpg/220px-Faculty_of_Arabic_Language%2C_Islamic_University_of_Madinah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Faculty_of_Arabic_Language%2C_Islamic_University_of_Madinah.jpg/330px-Faculty_of_Arabic_Language%2C_Islamic_University_of_Madinah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Faculty_of_Arabic_Language%2C_Islamic_University_of_Madinah.jpg/440px-Faculty_of_Arabic_Language%2C_Islamic_University_of_Madinah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Madinah</a>, an influential religious institution of contemporary Salafi thought</figcaption></figure> Syrian Salafiyya tradition that emerged in late nineteenth century consisted of two divergent tendencies: an apolitical Quietist trend and a "Salafi-Islamist hybrid". The early Salafiyya led by Rashid Rida was dominated by revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamists</a> who had socio-political goals and advocated for the restoration of an <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic Caliphate</a> through military struggle against <a href="/wiki/European_colonial_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonial powers">European colonial powers</a>. However, contemporary Salafiyya are dominated by <a href="#Purists">Purists</a> who eschew politics and advocate <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">Islamic Political Quietism</a>. Contemporary <a href="#Purists">Purist Salafism</a>, widely known as "the Salafi Manhaj" emerged from the 1960s as an intellectual hybrid of three similar, yet distinct, religious reform traditions: the Wahhabi movement in <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, Ahl-i Hadith movement in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and Salafiyya movement in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> of the late-19th and early 20th centuries. The person most responsible for this transformation was the Albanian Islamic <a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">hadith scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasir-al-din_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasir-al-din al-Albani">Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani</a>, a protege of Rashid Rida, who is generally considered as the "spiritual father" of the Purist Salafi current and respected by all contemporary Salafis as "the greatest hadith scholar of his generation".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> As of 2017, journalist Graeme Wood estimated that Salafi "probably" make up "fewer than 10%" of Muslims globally,<a href="#cite_note-Wood-2017-17-120">[120]</a> but by the 21st century, Salafi teachings and ideas had become so mainstreamised that many modern Muslims, even those who do not self-identify as Salafi, have adopted various aspects of Salafism.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> At times, Salafism has also been deemed a hybrid of <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> and other post-1960s movements.<a href="#cite_note-Lacroix-122">[122]</a> Academics and historians have used the term "Salafism" to denote "a school of thought which surfaced in the second half of the 19th century as a reaction to the spread of European ideas" across the Islamic World and "sought to expose the roots of modernity within Muslim civilization".<a href="#cite_note-Kepel2006-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-jamestown.org-124">[124]</a> Starting from the French scholar <a href="/wiki/Louis_Massignon" title="Louis Massignon">Louis Massignon</a>, Western scholarship for much of the 20th-century considered the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Islamic Modernist</a> movement of 19th-century figures <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamal al-Din al-Afghani</a> (who were <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> rationalists) to be part of the wider Salafiyya movement.<a href="#cite_note-KepelJihad-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-haykel-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> However, contemporary Salafis follow a literalist approach with a "heavy reliance on hadith", looking up to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> and his disciples like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qayyim">Ibn Qayyim</a>, etc. whom they regard as important classical religious authorities.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Major contemporary figures in the movement include <a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">al-Albani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi-ud-Din_al-Hilali" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali">Taqi al-Din al-Hilali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al_Uthaymeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen">ibn 'Uthaymin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Elahi_Zaheer" title="Ehsan Elahi Zaheer">Ehsan Elahi Zahir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh">Muhammad ibn Ibrahim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanaullah_Amritsari" title="Sanaullah Amritsari">Thanā Allāh Amritsari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelhamid Ben Badis">Abd al-Hamid Bin Badis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zaee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Shakir">Ahmad Shakir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Ghaffar_Hasan_Al-Hindi" title="Abdul-Ghaffar Hasan Al-Hindi">Abdul-Ghaffar Hasan</a>, <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82" class="extiw" title="ar:السيد سابق">Sayyid Sabiq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salih_Al-Munajjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Salih Al-Munajjid">Salih al-Munajjid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_Abd_al-Khaliq" title="Abd al-Rahman Abd al-Khaliq">Abd al-Rahman Abd al-Khaliq</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umm-ul-qura.org/2015/08/17/biography-of-hafiz-muhammad-gondalwi/">Muhammad al-Gondalwi</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In the modern era, some Salafis tend to take the surname "Al-Salafi" and refer to the label "Salafiyya" in various circumstances to evoke a specific understanding of Islam that is supposed to differ from that of other <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">'Aqidah</a> (creed) and approach to <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> (legal tradition).<a href="#cite_note-LZ65-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_trends_within_Salafism">Political trends within Salafism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political trends within Salafism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamism" title="History of Islamism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">Salafism by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Principlism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">Scholastic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul> Political <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> Militant <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Rashīd Rīďha 1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal 1930s</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam">Principles of State and Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad 1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb 1965</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist">Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist ("Velayat-e faqih")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini 1970</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Heads of state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan Nadwi">Abul Hasan Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism of Islamism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal and reform movements within Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">in North America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maajid Nawaaz">Maajid Nawaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-Ashmawi" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Maher" title="Shiraz Maher">Shiraz Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Some Western analysts, most prominently Quintan Wiktorowicz in an article published in 2006, have classified Salafis into three groups – purists, activists, and <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadis</a> – based on their approach to politics.<a href="#cite_note-QW-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Purists focus on education and missionary work to solidify the <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>; activists focus on political reform and re-establishing a <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> through the means of political activities, but not violence (sometimes called Salafist activism); and jihadists share similar political goals as the politicians, but engage in violent Jihad (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-QW-135">[135]</a> Following the Arab Spring, Salafis across the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab World</a> have formed various political parties that actively advocate for Islamic social and political causes in the region.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purists">Purists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Purists">edit</a>]</div> "Purists" are Salafists who focus on non-violent <a href="/wiki/Da%27wah" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'wah">da'wah</a> (preaching of Islam), education, and "purification of religious beliefs and practices", who follow the Salafi 'aqida (creed).<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> They dismiss politics as "a diversion or even innovation that leads people away from Islam".<a href="#cite_note-Whatever_Happened_to_the_Islamists-139">[139]</a> Also known as conservative Salafism, its adherents seek to distance themselves from politics. This strand focuses its attention on the study of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, educating the masses and preaching to the society. This methodology is seen as attracting a significant section of pious Muslims who seek to be driven solely by religious objectives but not political objectives. Conservative Salafis are disinterested in getting entangled in the problems and consequences that accompany political activism. According to them, a prolonged movement of "purification and education" of Muslims is essential for Islamic revival through reaping a "pure, uncontaminated Islamic society" and thereby establish an Islamic state.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Some of them never oppose rulers. <a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a>, as an example, is a strain of Salafists viewed as supportive of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian regimes</a> in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-rich41-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roel_Meijer_pg._49-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-jof-143">[143]</a> Taking its name from the controversial Saudi Arabian cleric <a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a>, the movement lost its support in Saudi Arabia proper when several members of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Committee">Permanent Committee</a> (the country's clerical body) denounced Madkhali personally.<a href="#cite_note-harald-144">[144]</a> Influence of both the movement and its figureheads have waned so much within the Muslim world that analysts have declared it to be a largely European phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-harald-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salafi_activists">Salafi activists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Salafi activists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></div> Further along the spectrum are the Salafi-Activists (or haraki) who advocate the transformation of societies through political action. They include Islamist organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Hizb al-Nour</a> (Party of Light), the <a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al Islah Party</a> of Yemen, the <a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a> of Bahrain, and the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a> affiliated to the movement known as Al-Sahwa al-Islamiyya (Islamic Awakening). Committed to advancing "the Islamic solution" for all socio-political problems; Salafi-Activists are vehemently hostile to <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a>. Their strategy involves working within the established order, to achieve the ultimate objective of replacing that order with an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Zakir_Naik_(cropped)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dr_Zakir_Naik_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/220px-Dr_Zakir_Naik_%28cropped%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dr_Zakir_Naik_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/330px-Dr_Zakir_Naik_%28cropped%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dr_Zakir_Naik_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/440px-Dr_Zakir_Naik_%28cropped%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></figcaption></figure> Activists are different from the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jihadists</a> in that they eschew violence and differ from Salafi purists in that they engage in modern political processes.<a href="#cite_note-meij48-146">[146]</a> Salafi-Activists have a long tradition of political activism in major <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> movements like the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> and its various branches and affiliates.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Salafi activism originated in the 1950s to 60s Saudi Arabia, where many <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Brothers">Muslim Brothers</a> took refuge from the prosecution by the <a href="/wiki/Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser">Nasser</a> regime.<a href="#cite_note-Co-148">[148]</a> There, they synthesized their Muslim Brotherhood beliefs with Salafism, which led to the creation of the Salafi activist trend exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a> in the 80s,<a href="#cite_note-Mo-149">[149]</a> promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a>. In addition to being strong advocates of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> empowerment in the post-<a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> context, Salafi parties regularly warn against Iran's interventionist and expansionist ambitions in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab World</a>. Salafi activist scholars have attacked the <a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_crescent" title="Shia crescent">Shia Crescent</a> project and attempts to Shi'itization through demographic shifts in countries like Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, etc. As early as the 1980s Syrian Salafi Islamist clerics like <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Surur" title="Muhammad Surur">Muhammad Surur</a> had launched staunch critiques of <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a>, denouncing him as a proponent of Iranian domination over the Arab World.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Islamist movements like the Muslim Brotherhood, <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e Islami</a>, etc. are heavily influenced by the Activist Salafi thought.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The movement is very popular amongst the followers of the Salafiyya school, and is often referred to as "mainstream Salafism". The activist Salafis condemn violence, yet engage actively in the political processes of their societies to advocate for <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">shari'a</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> As of 2013, this school makes up the majority of Salafism.<a href="#cite_note-jof-143">[143]</a> The movement is fiercely attacked by the followers of the <a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalist</a> strand of Quietist Salafism; who totally withdraw themselves from politics.<a href="#cite_note-abukhadeejah.com-153">[153]</a> Many Salafi activists are critical of the policies of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf monarchies">Gulf kingdoms</a> and have attacked Madkhalis for blindly toeing the political line of the Gulf monarchs.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The Activist trend, who some call "politicos", see politics as "yet another field in which the Salafi creed has to be applied" in order to safeguard justice and "guarantee that the political rule is based upon the Shari'a".<a href="#cite_note-Whatever_Happened_to_the_Islamists-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al%E2%80%93Sahwa_Al-Islamiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al–Sahwa Al-Islamiyya">Al–Sahwa Al-Islamiyya</a> (Islamic Awakening), as example, has been involved in peaceful political reform. <a href="/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Qatada_al-Filistini" title="Abu Qatada al-Filistini">Abu Qatada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a>, etc. are representatives of this trend. Because of being active on social media, they have earned some support among youth.<a href="#cite_note-abukhadeejah.com-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It's very simple. We want <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>. Sharia in economy, in politics, in judiciary, in our borders and our foreign relations.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mohammed Abdel-Rahman, the son of <a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine. October 8, 2012<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></cite></div></blockquote>After the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, Salafi Muslims have been becoming increasingly active in the political sphere, championing various Islamic causes. Salafi activists are highly critical of the foreign policies of Western countries as well as Iran's aggressive activities in the region, such as its <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention in Syrian</a> that backed the Alawite-dominated regime of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> against Sunnis. Some Quietist Salafis have also began organizing political parties, in response to threats posed by wars and external interference in Arab countries. These include the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> in Egypt and Ansar al-Sunna in Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salafi_jihadists">Salafi jihadists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Salafi jihadists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:whitesmoke; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Practices and concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Widow_(Chechnya)" title="Black Widow (Chechnya)">Shahidka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inghimasi" title="Inghimasi">Inghimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_video" title="Martyrdom video">Martyrdom video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_video" title="Beheading video">Beheading video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist flag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Notable jihadist organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Pakistani Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Africa</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Asia</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkestan Islamic Movement">East Turkestan Islamic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro insurgency in the Philippines">Moro insurgency in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in the West</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism in Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Islamic terrorism in the Balkans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">Islamism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_extremism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist extremism in the United States">Jihadist extremism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War">Foreign fighters in Bosnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_and_Iraqi_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars">Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homegrown_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homegrown terrorism">Homegrown terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> "Salafi Jihadism" was a term invented by <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a><a href="#cite_note-BLivesey-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> to describe those self-claiming Salafi groups who began developing an interest in (armed) <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> during the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often referred to as "Salafi jihadis", "Salafi jihadists", "Revolutionary Salafis" or "armed Salafis". Journalist Bruce Livesey estimates that Salafi jihadists constitute less than 1.0 percent of the world's 1.2 billion Muslims (i.e., less than 10 million).<a href="#cite_note-BLivesey-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Another definition of Salafi jihadism, offered by Mohammed M. Hafez, is an "extreme form of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> that rejects <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> rule". Hafez distinguished them from apolitical and conservative Salafi scholars (such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al_Uthaymeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen">Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Abd_Allah_ibn_Baaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz">Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Azeez_ibn_Abdullaah_Aal_ash-Shaikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh">Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh</a>), but also from the <a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">sahwa movement</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a> or <a href="/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MHafez-162">[162]</a> Dr. Joas Wagemakers defines Salafi-Jihadists as those Salafis who advocate <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against secular rulers through armed, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> methods.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Maqdisi" title="Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi">Abu Muhammad al-Maqidisi</a>, Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Mus'ab al-Zarqawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abubakr al-Baghdadi</a>, etc. are the major contemporary figures in this movement. Major Jihadi Salafi groups include the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> organization, <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> All Salafi-Jihadists agree on the revolutionary overthrow of existing ruling order through armed <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>; and its replacement with a <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Global Caliphate</a>. They believe that Jihad is essential to Islamic piety and belief, an individual obligation (<a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">fard 'al-Ayn</a>) on all <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>; which the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> Jihadist scholar <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">'Abdallah 'Azzam</a> (1941–89) asserted as "the most excellent form of worship". Salafi-Jihadists regard themselves as the heirs of <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, an influential Islamist scholar who led the radical wing of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> during the 1960s. Inspired by their reading of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, they are strong advocates of <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a> (excommunication) and the principles of <a href="/wiki/Al-Wala%27_wal-Bara%27" title="Al-Wala' wal-Bara'">Al-Wala' wa'l- Bara'</a>. Like Qutb, they also made the belief in the exclusive sovereignty (Hakimiyya) of Allah central to <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>, and condemn all other political doctrines as <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyya</a>. Sayyid Qutb's <a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Al-Ma'alim Fi'l-tariq</a> (The Milestones), a short tract which outlined his militant strategy of destroying <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyya</a> and replacing it with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, would become an influential treatise in the Salafi-Jihadi intellectual circles.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> American invasion of Iraq in 2003 became An analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a>, a Salafi jihadist group, was made in 2014 by Darion Rhodes.<a href="#cite_note-DarionRhodes-168">[168]</a> It analyzes the group's strict observance of <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a> and its rejection of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">bid'ah</a>, while believing that <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> ( holy war) is the only way to advance the cause of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> on the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-DarionRhodes-168">[168]</a> The purist and Activist Salafis often strongly disapprove of the Jihadists and rejects its Islamic character.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Although rooted in certain fringe interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, scholars point out that Salafi-Jihadi views are not representative of the broader Islamic tradition. Scholars, thinkers and intellectuals from across the Islamic spectrum – <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a>, Salafi, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_neo-traditionalism" title="Islamic neo-traditionalism">Islamic neo-traditionalists</a> – have come out strongly against various Salafi-jihadi groups and their doctrines; regarding them as "a perversion" of Islamic teachings.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_Review">Academic Review</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Academic Review">edit</a>]</div> Wiktorowicz's typology has largely been discarded by recent scholarship due to its simplistic assumptions regarding religion, in addition to other limitations, such as its neglect of the changing social, political and cultural realities occurring across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim World</a>. Several researchers have criticised the classification for being unobservant regarding the dynamism of the Salafiyya, such it's evolving relations with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Politics">Islamic politics</a>; as well as for its rigid compartmentalisation of Salafi Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-172">[172]</a> According to Samir Amghar and Francesco Cavatorta: <blockquote>"studies question fundamentally the theoretical and scientific relevance of the typology between quietists, politicians and revolutionaries and argue that it is crucial to refine this typology by affirming that it is no longer apt in explaining Salafism in the contemporary age... If Wiktorowicz's categorisation has the merit of shedding light on the plural and contradictory character of a movement that is too often caricatured, it prevents us from thinking about its dynamic and evolving character. The changing reality on the ground across the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and beyond demands that traditional categories be revisited."<a href="#cite_note-auto5-172">[172]</a></blockquote> By making a case study of Egyptian Salafis and the "quietist" <a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour</a> party, one scholar Laurence Deschamps-Laporte, demonstrates that Wiktorowicz's "non-dynamic typology" merely denotes "time-bounded pragmatic political strategies" rather than any solid identity. Laurence proposes re-defining the triple classification of "Quietist, Activist and Jihadist" into "proselytizing, politico and revolutionary"; and re-conceptualise these categories as "temporal strategies" instead of a solid spiritual identity. She further calls for a holistic approach that accounts for the "fluidity, diversity, and evolution of Salafi groups" and focus more on the strategic adaptation of Salafi Muslims in their respective environments rather than creedal issues.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-163">[163]</a> Based on his study of European Salafi movements, Samir Amghar asserts that <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a> no longer can be classified as part of proper Salafism since, according to Amghar, both movements have diverged significantly over the course of decades and have no "shared doctrinal background".<a href="#cite_note-auto5-172">[172]</a> Wiktorowicz's proposition that all self-professed Salafi groups have the same "<a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a>" (creed) has also been challenged. According to scholar Massimo Ramaioli: <blockquote>"Salafis do not vary, as Wiktorowicz claimed, only at the level of reading social reality and its attendant socio-political manifestations (their manhaj), while retaining sameness and coherence at the theoretical level. From a philosophy of praxis perspective, we can account for the variations of 'aqīdah that we witness. On issues such as <a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">imān</a> (faith), <a href="/wiki/Kufr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufr">kufr</a> (unbelief) and <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfīr</a> (excommunication), <a href="/wiki/Al-Wala%27_wal-Bara%27" title="Al-Wala' wal-Bara'">al-wala' wa al-bara'</a>, and of course violence and <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihād</a>, Salafis clearly do not hold the same views precisely because they read social reality, and consequently behave, so differently... Negotiating the constraints and opportunities of the political prods Salafis to engage in thorough and at times painful ideological (re)positioning... the political affects Salafism on both levels: ideational and methodological/practical."<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_groups_and_movements">Regional groups and movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Regional groups and movements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></div> Modern Salafists consider the 18th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> and many of his students to have been Salafis.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> He started a reform movement in the remote, sparsely populated region of <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thinnly-175">[175]</a> He invited people to <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a> (monotheism) and advocated the purging of animist rituals and practices associated with shrine and tomb veneration, which were widespread among the nomadic tribes of Najd.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab considered such practices as aspects of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, representative of impurities and inappropriate innovations in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> which contradicted Tawhid.<a href="#cite_note-Esposito333-178">[178]</a> While Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab stressed on the importance of obedience to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, he also obliged Muslims to uphold sharia by reading and following the Scriptures. Like their paragon scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, Wahhabis did not believe in blind-adherence (<a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a>) and advocated engaging with the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> through <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a> (legal reasoning), emphasizing simplicity in religious rituals and practices. Thus, classical-era <a href="/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic jurisprudence">legal works</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fuqaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuqaha">Fuqaha</a> were not considered as authoritative as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Scriptures</a> themselves, since the former were human interpretations while the Qur'an is the Universal, Eternal Word of God.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The Salafi movement in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> is the result of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>'s reform movement. Unlike other <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reform movements</a>, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his disciples were also able to secure a religio-political pact with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud_Al_Muqrin" title="Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin">Muhammad Ibn Saud</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">his House</a>; which enabled them to engage in military expansionism and establish an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. While the mainstream constituency believed in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> through education and welfare reforms, the militant elements of the movement advocated armed campaigns to eradicate local practices considered as <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">innovation</a> and demolished numerous shrines and tombs of saints (<a href="/wiki/Awliya%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Awliya'">awliya</a>).<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> It is believed that the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> is a more strict, Saudi form of Salafism,<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-lewis-salaf-182">[182]</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Durie" title="Mark Durie">Mark Durie</a>, who states that Saudi leaders "are active and diligent" using their considerable financial resources "in funding and promoting Salafism all around the world".<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Ahmad Moussalli tends to agree with the view that Wahhabism is a subset of Salafism, saying "As a rule, all Wahhabis are salafists, but not all salafists are Wahhabis".<a href="#cite_note-Moussalli-184">[184]</a> However, many scholars and critics distinguish between the old form of Saudi Salafism (termed as Wahhabism) and the new Salafism in Saudi Arabia. Stéphane Lacroix, a fellow and lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%89tudes_Politiques_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris">Sciences Po</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, also affirmed a distinction between the two: "As opposed to Wahhabism, Salafism refers [...] to all the hybridations that have taken place since the 1960s between the teachings of Muhammad bin 'Abd al-Wahhab and other Islamic schools of thought". Hamid Algar and <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a> believe, during the 1960s and 70s, Wahhabism rebranded itself as Salafism knowing it could not "spread in the modern Muslim world" as Wahhabism.<a href="#cite_note-Dillon-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-fadl-75-186">[186]</a> Its largesse funded an estimated "90% of the expenses of the entire faith", throughout the Muslim World, according to journalist Dawood al-Shirian.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-187">[187]</a> It extended to young and old, from children's <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasas</a> to high-level scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> "Books, scholarships, fellowships, mosques" (for example, "more than 1,500 mosques were built from Saudi public funds over the last 50 years") were paid for.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> It rewarded journalists and academics, who followed it and built satellite campuses around <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> for <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al Azhar</a>, the oldest and most influential Islamic university.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy,_Caryle_p._32-190">[190]</a> Yahya Birt counts spending on "1,500 mosques, 210 Islamic centres and dozens of Muslim academies and schools"<a href="#cite_note-Coolsaet-191">[191]</a> at a cost of around $2–3bn annually since 1975.<a href="#cite_note-independent_1jul2007-192">[192]</a> To put the number into perspective, the propaganda budget of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was about $1bn per annum.<a href="#cite_note-independent_1jul2007-192">[192]</a> This spending has done much to overwhelm less strict local interpretations of Islam, according to observers like Dawood al-Shirian and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-187">[187]</a> and has caused the Saudi interpretation (sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">petro-Islam</a>"<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a>) to be perceived as the correct interpretation – or the "gold standard" of Islam – in many Muslims' minds.<a href="#cite_note-Radical_Islam_in_Central_Asia-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Salafis are sometimes labelled "Wahhabis", often in a derogatory manner by their sectarian opponents.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Some Western critics often conflate Wahhabis and Salafis, although numerous Western academics have challenged such depictions. While Wahhabism is viewed as a Salafist movement in <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> that took inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a> and his successors in the <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Aal al-Shaykh</a>, the broader Salafist movement have deeper roots across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim World</a>. Often times, other Salafis oppose the stance of Gulf-based Wahhabis on various issues and engage in a variety of political activities.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Nadvathul_Mujahideen" title="Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen">Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen</a></div> In Indian subcontinent, a number of Salafi streams exist including Ahl i Hadith and <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Nadvathul_Mujahideen" title="Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen">Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen</a>. Ahl-i Hadith is a religious movement that emerged in Northern India in the mid-nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-ODI2-198">[198]</a> Adherents of Ahl-i-Hadith regard the Quran, <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> as the sole sources of religious authority and oppose everything introduced in Islam after the earliest times.<a href="#cite_note-roy-islamism-199">[199]</a> In particular, they reject <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> (following legal precedent) and favor <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> (independent legal reasoning) based on the scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-ODI2-198">[198]</a> The movement's followers call themselves <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a>, while others refer to them as <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi movement">Wahhabi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> or consider them a variation on the Wahhabi movement.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> In recent decades the movement has expanded its presence in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODI2-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-roy-islamism-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a> (1703–1762) is considered as the intellectual forefather of the movement and its followers regard him as <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islam</a>. Waliullah 's rejection of Taqlid would be emphasized by his son <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz_Dehlavi" title="Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi">Shah Abdul Aziz</a> (1746–1824) and later successors like <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Shah Ismail</a> (1779–1831) in a puritanical manner; stripping it of their eclectic and rational aspects. This tendency culminated in the Jihad movement of <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Barelvi" title="Syed Ahmad Barelvi">Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi</a> (1786–1831). This iconoclastic movement expanded Shah Waliullah's rejection of Taqlid as a fundamental creedal doctrine. They focused on waging <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">physical Jihad</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kuffar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuffar">non-Muslims</a> and banishing syncretic rituals prevalent amongst Muslims. Although the Indian Mujahidin movement led by Sayyid Ahmad shared close parallels with the Arabian Wahhabi movement and hence labelled as "Wahhabi" by the British; both movements mostly evolved independently. After the death of Sayyid Ahmad in 1831; his successors Wilayat ali, Inayat Ali, Muhammad Hussain, and Farhat Hussain continued Jihad activities of the "Wahhabi" movement throughout <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>; spreading across <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. They played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a> and their anti-British Jihad has been described as "the most strident challenge" faced by the British during the 1850s. After the defeat of the revolt, the British would fully crush the Mujahidin through a series of expeditions, "Wahhabi" trials and sedition laws. By 1883, the movement was fully suppressed and no longer posed any political threat. Many adherents of the movement abandoned physical Jihad and opted for <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">political quietism</a>. The Ahl-i-Hadith movement emerged from these circles of religious activists.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">19th century British India</a>, the revivalist Ahl-i Hadith movement had descended as a direct outgrowth and <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">quietist</a> manifestation of the Indian Mujahidin. The early leaders of the movement were the influential hadith scholars <a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Sayyid Nazir Hussein Dehlawi</a> (1805–1902) and <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a> (1832–1890) who had direct tutelage under the lineage of Shah Waliullah and the Indian Mujahidin movement. Syed Nazeer Hussein was a student of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Muhammad_Ishaq" title="Shah Muhammad Ishaq">Shah Muhammad Ishaq</a>, the grandson of Shah Waliullah, and held the title ''Miyan Sahib'', which was strongly associated with the spiritual heirs of Shah Waliullah. Siddiq Hasan Khan was a student of Sadar al-Din Khan (1789–1868) who inturn, had studied under <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz_Dehlavi" title="Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi">Shah 'Abd al-Azeez</a> and Shah 'Abd al-Qadir, the sons of Shah Waliullah. His father was also a direct disciple of Shah 'Abd al Aziz. Yemeni scholars were also active in the <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal court</a> of Siddiq Hasan Khan and he became a student of Muhaddith 'Abd al-Haqq of Benarus, who was a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Shawkani</a> in Yemen. He became profoundly influenced by the works Al-Shawkani; claiming frequent contacts with him via visions and in this way, an <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijaza</a> (permission) to transmit his works. Thus, the Ahl-i Hadith movement drew directly from the teachings of Shah Waliullah and Al-Shawkani; advocating rejection of Taqlid and revival of hadith. However, they departed from Shah Waliullah's conciliatory approach to classical legal theory; aligning themselves with <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahirite</a> (literalist) school and adopted a literalist hadith approach. They also rejected the authority of the four legal schools and restrict <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a> (consensus) to the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a>. Their ideal was to lead a pious and ethical life in conformity to the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Prophetic example</a> in every aspect of life.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Nadvathul_Mujahideen" title="Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen">Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen</a> (KNM) was founded in 1950 in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> as a popular reform movement by the Kerala Jamiyat al Ulama (KJU). It traces its root to Kerala Aikya Sangam established in 1922 by <a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> KNM witnessed a number of splits since 2002 and all existing fractions maintain a good connection with Arab Salafi groups especially in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Folk_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Islam">Folk Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, popular amongst the poor and working classes in the region, are anathema to Ahl-i Hadith beliefs and practices. This attitude towards <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> has brought the movement into conflict with the rival <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a> movement even more so than the Barelvis' rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-art-209">[209]</a> Ahl-i Hadith followers identify with the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> madhhab.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The movement draws both inspiration and financial support from <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamia Salafia (India)">Jamia Salafia</a> is their largest institution in India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> Salafi movement is one of the most influential branches of the Salafi movement which profoundly impacted religious currents across the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, including the scholars of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-213">[213]</a> Salafis in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> are not united under a single banner or unified leadership. The main Salafi trends in Egypt are Al-Sunna Al-Muhammadeyya Society, The Salafist Calling, al-Madkhaliyya Salafism, Activist Salafism, and al-Gam'eyya Al-Shar'eyya.<a href="#cite_note-SE-214">[214]</a> Salafi-Wahhabi doctrines were introduced in Egypt by the Syrian scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Riḍā</a> starting from the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Rashid Riḍā opposed the <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernising</a> cultural trends adopted by Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">liberal elite</a> and denounced <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> ideas as a plot to undermine <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Islamic unity</a>. Riḍā and his disciples campaigned for the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> based on Salafi principles; thus becoming the biggest adversary of the <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Egypt" title="Secularism in Egypt">Egyptian secularists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">nationalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Youssef_1985_57-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Sunna_Al-Muhammadeyya_Society">Al-Sunna Al-Muhammadeyya Society</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Al-Sunna Al-Muhammadeyya Society">edit</a>]</div> Al-Sunna Al-Muhammadeyya Society, also known as Ansar Al-Sunna, was founded in 1926 by Sheikh Mohamed Hamed El-Fiqi, a 1916 graduate of <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">Al-Azhar</a> and a student of the famed Muslim reformer <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Abduh" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed Abduh">Muhammed Abduh</a>. It is considered the main Salafi group in Egypt. El-Fiqi's ideas were resentful of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>. But unlike Muhammed Abduh, Ansar Al-Sunna follows the Tawhid as preached by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SE-214">[214]</a> Many Saudi scholars became disciples of prominent <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a> of Ansar al Sunna like ʿAbd al-Razzaq ʿAfifi and Muhammad Khalil Harras.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Majority of Egyptian Salafis are affiliated to Ansar al-Sunna al-Muhammadiyya. Established by Muhammad Hamid al-Fiqqi (a student of Salafi scholar Rashid Rida) to defend traditionalist Salafism, the movement shares a warm relationship with Arabian Wahhabi scholars and was a major benefactor of Salafi resurgence since the 1970s. The movement traces its initial Wahhabi contacts to Rashid Rida. <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar</a> shares a close relation with Ansar al-Sunna. Most of the early leaders of Ansar al-Sunna were Azhari graduates and many of its contemporary scholars studied under Al-Azhar. Prominent scholars in the movement include Rashid Rida, Muhammad Hamid al-Fiqqi, Abd al-Razzaq 'Afifi, Sayyid Sabiq, Muhammad Khalil Harass, etc.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salafist_Call_(al-daʿwa_al-salafiyya)">Salafist Call (al-daʿwa al-salafiyya)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Salafist Call (al-daʿwa al-salafiyya)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a> (al-daʿwa al-salafiyya) is another influential Salafist organisation. It is the outcome of student activism during the 1970s. While many of the activists joined the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, a faction led by Mohammad Ismail al-Muqaddim, influenced by Salafists of Saudi Arabia established the Salafist Calling between 1972 and 1977.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Salafist call is the most popular and localised of the Salafi organisations in Egypt. Due to it being an indigenous mass movement with strong political stances on various issues, it doesn't enjoy good relationship with Saudi Arabia. Emphasising its Egyptian heritage more robustly than Ansar al-Sunna, Da'wa Salafiyya traces its history through the persecution and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah#Life_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">imprisonment of Ibn Taymiyya in Egypt</a>, to the trials faced by the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Muwahhidun</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> and then finally to scholars like Sayyid Rashid Rida, Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib, etc. who popularised Ibn Taymiyya's thought during the early twentieth century Egypt. Unlike Ansar al-Sunna which preaches <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">political quietism</a>, Salafist call is a politically activist movement.<a href="#cite_note-auto-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Al-Nour_Party">The Al-Nour Party</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The Al-Nour Party">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> was created by <a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Egyptian Revolution">2011 Egyptian Revolution</a>. It has an ultra-conservative <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> ideology, which believes in implementing strict <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" title="2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election">2011–12 Egypt parliamentary elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a> led by Al‑Nour party received 7,534,266 votes out of a total 27,065,135 correct votes (28%). The <a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a> gained 127 of the 498 parliamentary seats contested,<a href="#cite_note-Brown-221">[221]</a> second-place after the Muslim Brotherhood's <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a>. Al‑Nour Party itself won 111 of the 127 seats. From January 2013 onward, the party gradually distanced itself from <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>'s Brotherhood regime, and was involved in the <a href="/wiki/June_2013_Egyptian_protests" title="June 2013 Egyptian protests">large-scale protests</a> in late June against Morsi's rule that subsequently led to a <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">military coup removing him from office</a> in July that year.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> A lawsuit against the party was dismissed on 22 September 2014 because the court indicated it had no jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> A case on the dissolution of the party was adjourned until 17 January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Another court case that was brought forth to dissolve the party<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> was dismissed after the Alexandria Urgent Matters Court ruled on 26 November 2014 that it lacked jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> According to Ammar Ali Hassan of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a>, while Salafis and the Muslim Brotherhood agree on many issues such as the need to "Islamize" society and legally requiring all Muslims to give alms, the former has nevertheless rejected the flexibility of the latter on the issue of whether women and Christians should be entitled to serve in high office, as well as its relatively tolerant attitude towards <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ahram-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> In 1980, Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" title="Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud">Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud</a> of Saudi Arabia offered <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> $100 million for an interest-free finance corporation, and two years later the Saudis helped finance the government-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Bank_Islam_Malaysia" title="Bank Islam Malaysia">Bank Islam Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pipes-314-228">[228]</a> In 2017 it was reported that Salafi doctrines are spreading among Malaysia's elite, and the traditional Islamic theology currently taught in Government schools is shifted to a Salafi view of theology derived from the Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> The Saudi-backed Salafist wave in Malaysia has particularly manifested itself in the growing trends of anti-Shi'a Muslim rhetoric and the encroaching <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> of Malay culture.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemen">Yemen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Yemen">edit</a>]</div> Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Muhammad Ibn 'Ali ash-Shawkani</a> (1759–1839 C.E) is regarded as their intellectual precursor by the Salafis in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, upholding his works to promote Salafi revivalist ideas.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Beyond Yemen, his works are widely used in Salafi schools.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> He also profoundly influenced other Salafi movements across the world such as the <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tunisia">edit</a>]</div> Salafi movement in Tunisia was labeled as "ultra-conservative" by Philip Nalyor, in the context of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia#Post-revolution_(since_2011)" title="Tunisia">Tunisia after the 2011 revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> has been largely absent from the growing literature on the phenomenon of transnational Salafism. Salafism is a minority strand of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkish Islam</a> that evolved in the context of the state's effort in the 1980s to recalibrate religion as a complement to <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a>. Although Salafism became a topic of discussion in media and scholarly writing in Turkish religious studies faculties, a continued lack of orthographic stability (variously, Selfye, Selefiyye, Selfyyecilik, Selefizm)" gives an indication both of the denial of its relevance to Turkey and the success of <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">republican secularism</a> in clearing religion from public discourse. Yet since the 1980s Salafi preachers trained in Saudi Arabia have been able to find a niche through publishing houses that have endeavoured to translate Arabic texts from the Saudi Salafi scene in an attempt to change the discursive landscape of Turkish Islam. In 1999, the Turkish Directorate of Religious Affairs <a href="/wiki/Diyanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyanet">Diyanet</a>, recognized Salafism as a Sunni school of thought.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Salafist preachers then started to make inroads into the Turkish society. With the implication of Turkish citizens and the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP) government in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, public discussion began to question the narrative of Salafism as a phenomenon alien to Turkey. Salafism becomes an observable element of religious discourse in Turkey in the context of the military regime's attempt to outmanoeuvre movements emerging as a challenge to the <a href="/wiki/Kemalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemalist">Kemalist</a> secular order, namely the left, <a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a>'s Islamism, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a>, and Iran. Through the Turkish—Islamic Synthesis (Turk islam Sentezi), the scientific positivism that had been the guiding principle of the republic since 1923 was modified to make room for Islam as a central element of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish culture">Turkish national culture</a>. The military authorities oversaw an increase of more than 50 percent in the budget of the religious affairs administration (known as <a href="/wiki/Diyanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyanet">Diyanet</a>), expanding it from 50,000 employees in 1979 to 85,000 in 1989. Pursuing closer ties with Saudi Arabia, Turkey involved itself in a more meaningful manner in the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamic</a> institutions under Saudi tutelage, and Diyanet received <a href="/wiki/Muslim_World_League" title="Muslim World League">Muslim World League</a> funding to send officials to Europe to develop outreach activities in Turkish immigrant communities." A network of commercial and cultural links was established with Saudi businesses and institutions in banking and financial services, publishing houses, newspapers, magazines, and children's books. Preachers who had studied at the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Madinah</a>, and applied the Salafi designation, also established publishing houses and charity organizations (dernek), the most prominent example is Iraqi-Turkish descent Salafi scholar and preacher <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yolcu" class="extiw" title="tr:Abdullah Yolcu">Abdullah Yolcu</a>, who preaches under the banner of Guraba publishing house.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Subject to periodic harassment and arrest by security forces, they adopted markedly more public profiles with AKP ascendancy over the military following a resounding electoral victory in 2002. The Turkish Salafis became active on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, complementing websites for their publishing enterprises. Saudi-based scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Bin_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bin Baz">Bin Baz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">al-Albani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a> (b. 1933), and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Uthaymeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen">Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen</a> (1925-2001) form the core of their references, while they avoid contemporary '<a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>' associated with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a> (b. 1926), an Egyptian scholar based in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>. Turkish is their prime language of communication, but Arabic is prominent in special sections on websites, Arabic-language Salafi texts in their bookshops, and heavy use of Arabic terminology in their Turkish texts. The most well-established among them is Ablullah Yolcu, who is said to do "production of Turkish Salafism from Arabic texts". While Turkey has been outside the discussion on transnational Salafism, <a href="/wiki/Meijer" title="Meijer">Meijer</a>'s observation that Salafism may succeed `when its quietist current can find a niche or the nationalist movement has failed' seems to speak surprisingly well to the Turkish case."<a href="#cite_note-sl-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sailaifengye" title="Sailaifengye">Sailaifengye</a></div> Salafism is opposed by a number of <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Muslims Sects in China</a> such as by the <a href="/wiki/Gedimu" title="Gedimu">Gedimu</a>, Sufi <a href="/wiki/Ma_Laichi" title="Ma Laichi">Khafiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jahriyya" title="Jahriyya">Jahriyya</a>, to the extent that even the fundamentalist <a href="/wiki/Yihewani" title="Yihewani">Yihewani</a> (Ikhwan) Chinese sect, founded by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Wanfu" title="Ma Wanfu">Ma Wanfu</a> after Salafi inspiration, condemned Ma Debao and Ma Zhengqing as heretics when they attempted to introduce Salafism as the main form of Islam. Ma Debao established a Salafi school, called the <a href="/wiki/Sailaifengye" title="Sailaifengye">Sailaifengye</a> (Salafi), in <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia</a>. It is completely separate from other <a href="/wiki/Muslim_groups_in_China" title="Muslim groups in China">Muslim sects in China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> The number of Salafis in China are not included on percentage lists of Muslim sects in China.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> Sufi Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>, who backed the Yihewani (Ikhwan) Muslims, persecuted the Salafis and forced them into hiding. They were not allowed to move or worship openly. The Yihewani had become secular and Chinese nationalists; they considered the Salafiyya to be "heterodox" (xie jiao) and people who followed foreigners' teachings (waidao). After the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communists</a> took power, Salafis were allowed to worship openly again.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Vietnam">edit</a>]</div> An attempt at Salafist expansion among the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> in Vietnam has been halted by Vietnamese government controls, however, the loss of the Salafis among Chams has been to be benefit of <a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi Jamaat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qatar">Qatar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Qatar">edit</a>]</div> Similar to Saudi Arabia, most citizens of Qatar adhere to a strict sect of Salafism referred to as Wahhabism.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> The national mosque of Qatar is the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab_Mosque" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque">Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque</a> named after the founder of Wahhabism.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Similar to Saudi Arabian sponsorship of Salafism, Qatar has also funded the construction of mosques that promote the Wahhabi Salafism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unlike the strict practice of Wahhabi Salafism in Saudi Arabia, Qatar has demonstrated an alternative view of Wahhabism. In Qatar, women are allowed by law to drive, non-Muslims have access to pork and liquor through a state-owned distribution center, and religious police do not force businesses to close during prayer times.<a href="#cite_note-:4-249">[249]</a> Also, Qatar hosts branches of several American universities and a "Church City" in which migrant workers may practice their religion.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> The adoption of a more liberal interpretation of Wahhabism is largely credited to Qatar's young Emir, <a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a>. Yet, Qatar's more tolerant interpretation of Wahhabism compared to Saudi Arabia has drawn backlash from Qatari citizens and foreigners. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> reported that a Qatari cleric criticized the state's acceptance of un-Islamic practices away from the public sphere and complained that Qatari citizens are oppressed.<a href="#cite_note-:4-249">[249]</a> Although Qatari gender separation is less strict than that found in Saudi Arabia, plans to offer co-ed lectures were put aside after threats to boycott Qatar's segregated public university.<a href="#cite_note-:4-249">[249]</a> Meanwhile, there have been reports of local discontent with the sale of alcohol in Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Qatar has also drawn widespread criticism for attempting to spread its fundamental religious interpretation both through military and non-military channels. Militarily, Qatar has been criticized for funding rebel Islamist extremist fighters in the Libyan Crisis and the Syrian Civil War. In Libya, Qatar funded allies of <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Libya)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)">Ansar al-Sharia</a>, the jihadist group thought to be behind the killing of former U.S. ambassador <a href="/wiki/J._Christopher_Stevens" title="J. Christopher Stevens">Christopher Stevens</a>, while channeling weapons and money to the Islamist <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> group in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> In addition, Qatar-based charities and online campaigns, such as <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Eid_bin_Mohammad_Al_Thani_Charitable_Association" title="Sheikh Eid bin Mohammad Al Thani Charitable Association">Eid Charity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madid_Ahl_al-Sham" title="Madid Ahl al-Sham">Madid Ahl al-Sham</a>, have a history of financing terrorist groups in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Qatar has also repeatedly provided financial support to the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> government led by the militant <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> organisation while senior Hamas officials have visited <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> and hosted Qatari leaders in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Qatar also gave approximately $10 billion to the government of Egypt during <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>'s time in office.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Non-militarily, Qatar state-funded broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> has come under criticism for selective reporting in coordination with Qatar's foreign policy objectives.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> The nearby Persian Gulf States of Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> have been among the countries that have condemned Qatar's actions. In 2014, the three Persian Gulf countries withdrew their ambassadors from Qatar referencing Qatar's failure to commit to non-interference in the affairs of other <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> (GCC) countries.<a href="#cite_note-Arabi-260">[260]</a> Saudi Arabia has also threatened to block land and sea borders with Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> This blockade came to an end on 5 January 2021, when authorities from both Saudi and Qatar came on common grounds, with the midmanship of Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> It is often reported from various sources, including Germany's <a href="/wiki/Bundesnachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesnachrichtendienst">federal intelligence agency</a>, that Salafism is the fastest-growing <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic movement</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> The Salafiyya movement has also gained popular acceptance as a "respected <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> tradition" in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> starting from the 1980s, when the Turkish government forged closer ties to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. This paved the way for cooperation between the Salafi <a href="/wiki/Muslim_World_League" title="Muslim World League">Muslim World League</a> and the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate of Religious Affairs">Diyanet</a>, which recognised Salafism as a traditional Sunni theological school, thus introducing Salafi teachings to Turkish society. Globally, Salafisation of Islamic religious discourse occurred simultaneously alongside the rise of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamist</a> Movements, with an emphasis on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_usage">Other usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other usage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Salafiyya_Al-Tanwiriyya_(Enlightened_Salafism)">Al-Salafiyya Al-Tanwiriyya (Enlightened Salafism)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Al-Salafiyya Al-Tanwiriyya (Enlightened Salafism)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;font-size:88%; line-height:188%;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_theology" title="Category:Islamic theology">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silhouette of a mosque"><img alt="Silhouette of a mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/110px-Mosque02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/165px-Mosque02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/220px-Mosque02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="220" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunni_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)#The_six_articles_of_the_Islamic_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Six Articles of Iman</a><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">The Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunnī_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of theology</a><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a>3</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Shia_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Shi'a</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Basic Tenets of Faith</a><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Commanding what is just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">Forbidding what is evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalla">Tawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarra">Tabarra</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Twelver_theology" title="Twelver theology">Theology of the Twelvers</a>4, 5<div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Adalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_(Shia_Islam)" title="Prophecy (Shia Islam)">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Resurrection_and_final_judgement" title="Islamic eschatology">Qiyamah</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism#Beliefs" title="Isma'ilism">Theology of the Ismailis</a>6<div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Zaydism#Theology" title="Zaydism">Theology of the Zaydis</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Muhakkima" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Muhakkima</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_theology" title="Ibadi theology">Theology of the Ibadis</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyya" title="Jabriyya">Jabriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahmiyya" title="Jahmiyya">Jahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mujassimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadariyya">Qadariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quraniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> Including: <div class="plainlist" style="font-weight:normal"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2 <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi school</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>4 <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akhbarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhbarism">Akhbari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>5 <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>6 <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mustali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustali">Mustali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atba-e-Malak" title="Atba-e-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul> </div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aqidah" title="Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aqidah" title="Template talk:Aqidah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></div> As opposed to the traditionalist Salafism discussed throughout this article, some Western academics and historians have used the term "Salafism" to denote <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">modernists</a>, "a school of thought which surfaced in the second half of the 19th century as a reaction to the spread of European ideas" and "sought to expose the roots of modernity within Muslim civilization".<a href="#cite_note-Kepel2006-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-jamestown.org-124">[124]</a> They are also known as Modernist Salafis.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> This trend, which was also known as Al-Salafiyya Al-Tanwiriyya (Enlightened Salafism) was represented by the Islamic scholars <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamal al-Din Afghani</a> (1839–1897 C.E/ 1255–1314 A.H) and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad 'Abduh</a> (1849–1905 C.E/ 1265–1323 A.H ); whose writings had distinct <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Mu'tazilite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> mystical inclinations opposed by Salafism.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The origins of contemporary Salafism in the modernist "Salafi Movement" of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh is noted by some,<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> while others say Islamic Modernism only influenced contemporary <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-qadhi-275">[275]</a> However, the former notion has been rejected by majority.<a href="#cite_note-WIK-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-conflictsforum.org-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> According to Quintan Wiktorowicz: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There has been some confusion in recent years because both the Islamic modernists and the contemporary Salafis refer (referred) to themselves as al-salafiyya, leading some observers to erroneously conclude a common ideological lineage. The earlier salafiyya (modernists), however, were predominantly rationalist Asharis.<a href="#cite_note-QW-135">[135]</a></blockquote> The second stage of Arab Salafiyya movement emerged after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and was championed by the Syrian-Egyptian Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> (d. 1935), who called for a purist return to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>. These Salafis favoured a literalist understanding of scriptures rather than the allegorical readings of Afghani and ʿAbduh, and were characterised by a deep resistance and hostility to <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western imperialism">Western imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> ideologies. Rida's Salafiyya also championed pan-Islamist fraternity encompassing <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabis</a>; and clashed with <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> trends throughout the Islamic World. These themes would be re-inforced and popularised by a number of similar-minded <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revivalists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a> (1906-1949 C.E/1324-1368 A.H) in Egypt and other Islamic fundamentalists like <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Mawdudi</a> (1903-1979 C.E/1321-1399 A.H) in India.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-Youssef_1985_57-216">[216]</a> Groups like <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a> etc. are inspired by Salafism as well as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">modernist</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> include the term salafi in the "About Us" section of its website.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence_on_contemporary_Salafism">Influence on contemporary Salafism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Influence on contemporary Salafism">edit</a>]</div> In terms of their respective formation, Wahhabism and Salafism are quite distinct. Wahhabism was a pared-down Islam that rejected modern influences, while Salafism sought to reconcile Islam with modernism. What they had in common is that both rejected traditional teachings on Islam in favor of direct, 'fundamentalist' reinterpretation. Although Salafism and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> began as two distinct movements, Faisal's embrace of Salafi (Muslim Brotherhood) pan-Islamism resulted in cross-pollination between ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teachings on <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">bid'ah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salafi_interpretation" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi interpretation">Salafi interpretations of ahadith</a> (the sayings of Muhammad). Some Salafis nominated ibn Abd al-Wahhab as one of the Salaf (retrospectively bringing Wahhabism into the fold of Salafism), and the <a href="/wiki/Muwahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahideen">Muwahidun</a> began calling themselves Salafis.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_broadest_sense">In the broadest sense</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: In the broadest sense">edit</a>]</div> In a broad sense, Salafism is similar to <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Islam">Non-denominational Islam</a> (NDM), in the sense some of its adherents do not follow a particular creed.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Salafi (follower of <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>) means any reform movement that calls for resurrection of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> by going back to its origin. In line with <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> they promote a literal understanding of the sacred texts of Islam and reject other more liberal reformist movements such as those inspired for example by<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-conflictsforum.org-277">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Due to its approach of rejecting <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a>, Salafiyya school is considered as deviant by certain <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> (clerics) of the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27arite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'arite">Ash'arite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidite">Maturidite</a> schools, who portray themselves as the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni Islamic</a> orthodoxy and believe Taqlid of the four <a href="/wiki/Madhabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhabs">madhabs</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Wajib" class="mw-redirect" title="Wajib">wajib</a> (obligatory) for the matter of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> (Islamic jurisprudence).<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> Some of these scholars also accuse Salafis of falling into certain forms of unapparent tajsim and <a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">tashbih</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">'Aqidah</a> which they consider as <a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">deviation</a> from orthodox Sunni doctrines, while clarifying that this deviancy does not expel them from the fold of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> Some scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> produced a work of religious opinions entitled al-Radd (The Response) to refute various views of the Salafi movement.<a href="#cite_note-:2-292">[292]</a> Al-Radd singles out numerous Salafi aberrations – in terms of ritual prayer alone it targets for criticism the following Salafi claims:<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> <ul><li>The claim that it is prohibited to recite God's name during the minor ablution [Fatwa 50];</li> <li>The claim that it is obligatory for men and women to perform the major ablution on Friday [Fatwa 63];</li> <li>The claim that it is prohibited to own a dog for reasons other than hunting [Fatwa 134];</li> <li>The claim that it is prohibited to use alcohol for perfumes [Fatwa 85].</li></ul> One of the authors of al-Radd, the Professor of Law Anas Abu Shady states that, "they [the Salafis] want to be everything to everyone. They're interested not only in the evident (al-zahir), although most of their law goes back to the Muhalla [of the <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81hir%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẓāhirī">Ẓāhirī</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a>], but they also are convinced that they alone understand the hidden (al-batin)!"<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Sunni critics of Salafism accuse Salafis of altering the actual teachings of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> and that of the other eponyms of the four Sunni legal schools.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-60">[60]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_(epithet)" title="Wahhabi (epithet)">Wahhabi</a>" is sometimes used by opponents of the movement in a sectarian manner to label Salafi Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> The Syrian <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'arite</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Said_Ramadan_Al-Bouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Said Ramadan Al-Bouti">Mohamed Said Ramadan Al-Bouti</a> wrote a number of works refuting Salafism including Al-La Madhhabiyya (Abandoning the Madhhabs) is the most dangerous Bid'ah Threatening the Islamic Shari'a (Damascus: Dar al-Farabi 2010) and Al-Salafiyya was a blessed epoch, not a school of thought (Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 1990).<a href="#cite_note-:2-292">[292]</a> The latter is perhaps the most widespread refutation of Salafism in the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Numerous academic rebuttals of Salafism have been produced in the English language by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">modernists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a> of the <a href="/wiki/UCLA_School_of_Law" title="UCLA School of Law">UCLA School of Law</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> intellectuals like <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Winter" title="Timothy Winter">Timothy Winter</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a> and G.F. Haddad.<a href="#cite_note-:2-292">[292]</a> According to El Fadl, Islamist militant groups such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> "derive their theological premises from the intolerant Puritanism of the Wahhabi and Salafi creeds".<a href="#cite_note-:3-297">[297]</a> He claimed that the intolerance and alleged endorsement of terrorism manifest in the fringe elements of Wahhabism and Salafism was due to a deviation from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Muslim historical</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-:3-297">[297]</a> El-Fadl also argued that the Salafi methodology "drifted into stifling apologetics" by the 1960s, marked by "anxiety" to "render Islam compatible with modernity". These apologetic efforts sought the defense of Islamic traditions from the onslaught of <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a>; while simultaneously maintaining the supremacy of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and its compatibility with modernity. However, according to El Fadl, such efforts were being increasingly tainted by political opportunism and an unwillingness for critical engagement with the Islamic traditions.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi</a> government was criticised by Jerome Taylor in the British tabloid <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, for its role in the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Arabia</a>. There has been controversies over the recent expansionist projects in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> that destroyed historically important Islamic heritage sites to make way for "skyscrapers, shopping malls and luxury hotels". The actions of the Saudi government stirred controversy across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and Islamic activists across all sects, including Salafis, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shias</a>, etc. ;condemned the actions of the Saudi government.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ammaar_Yasir_Qadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi">Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi</a>, an American Islamic cleric and former Salafi, has critiqued what he perceived as the hostility of the movement against non-Salafi <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, as well as its lack of intellectualism.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> While noting his own belief that the of following the generations of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a> is "a fundamental part" of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic faith">Islamic faith</a>, he has stated his disagreement with the methodological approach of Salafism.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_criticism">Western criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Western criticism">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/German_government" class="mw-redirect" title="German government">German government</a> officials<a href="#cite_note-verfassungsschuetz-305">[305]</a> alleged that Salafi Muslims in Germany had links to various Islamist militant groups but later clarified that it does not consider all Salafis are terrorists. The statements by German government officials criticizing Salafism were televised by <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> during April 2012.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> According to the German political scientist Thorsten Gerald Schneiders, despite the Salafi claims to re-establish Islamic values and defend <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a>, some members of the movement interpret it in a manner which does not match with Islamic traditions and regard certain elements of Muslim culture such as poetry, literature, singing, philosophy, etc. as works of the devil.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> According to the French political scientist <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(political_scientist)" title="Olivier Roy (political scientist)">Olivier Roy</a>, most of the third generation Western Muslim immigrants tend to adopt Salafism and some of them may break off from their family heritage, marrying other converts, rather than a bride from their country of origin, chosen by their parents.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> According to ex-CIA officer <a href="/wiki/Marc_Sageman" title="Marc Sageman">Marc Sageman</a>, sections of the Salafi movement are linked to some Jihadist groups around the world, like Al-Qaeda.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> However, according to other analysts, Salafis are not inherently political. Salafis may exhibit all sorts of diverse relations with the state depending on the environment, like the general populations to which they belong. They exhibit no demonstrable proclivity toward violence as a monolithic group. Those Salafis who engage in political participation or armed insurgencies, do so as part of a wider umbrella of political projects.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Historian Roel Meijer has asserted that attempts to associate Salafi Muslims with violence by certain Western critics stem from the literature related to the state-sponsored "security studies" conducted by various Western governments during the early 2000s, as well as from <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> depictions that attempted to link <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revivalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic revivalist">Islamic revivalists</a> with violence during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Era">colonial era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_Salafis">Prominent Salafis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Prominent Salafis">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdur-Rahman_al-Mu%27allimee_al-Yamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdur-Rahman al-Mu'allimee al-Yamani">Abdur-Rahman al-Mu'allimee al-Yamani</a>, Yemeni Scholar and the Librarian of the Grand Mosque's Library in Mecca (d.1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_Ibn_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz">Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz</a>, Saudi Grand Mufti (d. 1999)<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelhamid Ben Badis">'Abd al-Hamid ibn Baadis</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Algerians" title="Algerians">Algerian</a> scholar (d. 1940)<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Raheem_Green" title="Abdur Raheem Green">'Abd al-Rahim Green</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ghudayyan" title="Abdullah al-Ghudayyan">Abdullah al-Ghudayyan</a>, Saudi Arabian Salafi scholar (d. 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a>, Arab Islamist, jihadist and theologian, mentor to <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> (d. 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qatada_al-Filistini" title="Abu Qatada al-Filistini">Abu Qatada</a>, Palestinian-Jordanian cleric<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a>, contemporary American Islamic leader<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilal_Philips" title="Bilal Philips">Bilal Philips</a>, Canadian Salafi imam<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Elahi_Zaheer" title="Ehsan Elahi Zaheer">Ehsan Elahi Zaheer</a>, Pakistani scholar (d. 1987)<a href="#cite_note-auto3-321">[321]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feiz_Mohammad" title="Feiz Mohammad">Feiz Mohammad</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Haddad" title="Haitham al-Haddad">Haitham al-Haddad</a>, British Salafi cleric<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Amin_al-Shanqiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad al-Amin al-Shanqiti (page does not exist)">Muhammad al-Amin al-Shanqiti</a>, a Mauritanian scholar (d. 1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asadullah_Al-Ghalib" title="Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib">Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a> reformist Islamic scholar and leader of the Salafi organisation <a href="/wiki/Ahle_Hadith_Andolon_Bangladesh" title="Ahle Hadith Andolon Bangladesh">Ahlehadith Movement Bangladesh</a><a href="#cite_note-ahlehadeethbd.org-324">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-at-tahreek1-326">[326]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad ibn Salih al-Munajjid</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/IslamQA" class="mw-redirect" title="IslamQA">IslamQA</a> website<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Uthaymeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen">Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen</a>, Saudi Arabian scholar (d. 1999)<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Muhammad Nasir al-Din Al-Albani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadith_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith scholar">hadith scholar</a> and theologian (d. 1999)<a href="#cite_note-Lacroix-122">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a>, a Syrian-Egyptian scholar (d. 1935)<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalist</a> movement<a href="#cite_note-aal-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a>, a Saudi Arabian Islamic scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Sulaiman_Al-Ashqar" title="Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar">Umar Sulaiman Ashqar</a>, author of the Islamic Creed-series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a>, Salafi ideologue in India<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Alizai</a> (1957–2013); <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadith_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith scholar">hadith scholar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-321">[321]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othman_al-Khamees" title="Othman al-Khamees">Othman al-Khamees</a>, Salafi ideologue in Kuwait</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdur_Razzaque_Bin_Yusuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdur Razzaque Bin Yusuf (page does not exist)">Abdur Razzaque Bin Yusuf</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a> reformist Islamic scholar, Ahle Hadith leader and Founder of Al Jamiah As Salafiah<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Islam in Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam#Manhaj" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary of Islam#Manhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi%E2%80%93Salafi_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi–Salafi relations">Sufi–Salafi relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoppke2013" class="citation book cs1">Joppke, Christian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak_1CnYlinMC&q=Salafi+sect&pg=PA27">Legal Integration of Islam</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674074910" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674074910"><bdi>978-0674074910</bdi></a>. <q>Salafism, which is a largely pietistic, <a href="/wiki/Apolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Apolitical">apolitical</a> sect favoring a literalist reading of the Quran and Sunnah.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Integration+of+Islam&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0674074910&rft.aulast=Joppke&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak_1CnYlinMC%26q%3DSalafi%2Bsect%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoas_Wagemakers2016" class="citation book cs1">Joas Wagemakers (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L13WDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA227">Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107163669" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107163669"><bdi>978-1107163669</bdi></a>. <q>These men adhere to the Salafi branch of Islam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafism+in+Jordan%3A+Political+Islam+in+a+Quietist+Community&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1107163669&rft.au=Joas+Wagemakers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL13WDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard_Divinity-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Divinity_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Divinity_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Divinity_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171633/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/rise-european-colonialism">"The Rise of European Colonialism"</a>. Harvard Divinity School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/rise-european-colonialism">the original</a> on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+European+Colonialism&rft.pub=Harvard+Divinity+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frlp.hds.harvard.edu%2Frise-european-colonialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2004" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&q=salafi+movement+reform&pg=PA275">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195125597" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195125597"><bdi>978-0195125597</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195125597&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VeCWQfVNjkC%26q%3Dsalafi%2Bmovement%2Breform%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmood2012" class="citation book cs1">Mahmood, Saba (2012). "2: Topography of the Piety movement". Politics of piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton University Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691149806" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691149806"><bdi>978-0691149806</bdi></a>. <q>'The Salafi movement emerged at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth in the context of European intellectual and political dominance in the Muslim World'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Topography+of+the+Piety+movement&rft.btitle=Politics+of+piety%3A+The+Islamic+Revival+and+the+Feminist+Subject&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0691149806&rft.aulast=Mahmood&rft.aufirst=Saba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Curtis2010" class="citation book cs1">E. Curtis, Edward (2010). Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History. Infobase Publishing. p. 499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438130408" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438130408"><bdi>978-1438130408</bdi></a>. <q>Salafi Muslims: As a social movement within Sunni Islam, Salafi Muslims ARE a global revivalism movement</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Muslim-American+History&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1438130408&rft.aulast=E.+Curtis&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbookesposito-7"><a href="#cite_ref-handbookesposito_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Esposito,_El-Din_Shahin2013" class="citation book cs1">L. Esposito, El-Din Shahin, John, Emad, ed. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195395891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195395891"><bdi>978-0195395891</bdi></a>. <q>Salafism, in its varying guises, has been an important trend in Islamic thought for more than a century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0195395891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Ali, Mohamed. "Understanding Salafis, Salafism and Modern Salafism." Islamiyyat: International Journal of Islamic Studies 41.1 (2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2014" class="citation book cs1">Turner, J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-EdvBAAAQBAJ&q=Salafist+doctrine&pg=PT73">Religious Ideology and the Roots of the Global Jihad: Salafi Jihadism and International Order</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137409577" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137409577"><bdi>978-1137409577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Ideology+and+the+Roots+of+the+Global+Jihad%3A+Salafi+Jihadism+and+International+Order&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1137409577&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-EdvBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DSalafist%2Bdoctrine%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roots-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roots_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roots_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roots_10-2">c</a> Bin Ali Mohamed Roots Of Religious Extremism, The: Understanding The Salafi Doctrine Of Al-wala' Wal Bara World Scientific, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783263943" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783263943">978-1783263943</a> p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnzalone2022" class="citation journal cs1">Anzalone, Christopher (6 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/etac004">"Salafism Goes Global: From the Gulf to the French Banlieues. By Mohamed-Ali Adraoui"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Islamic_Studies" title="Journal of Islamic Studies">Journal of Islamic Studies</a>. 33 (2): 290–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2Fetac004">10.1093/jis/etac004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-2340">0955-2340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Salafism+Goes+Global%3A+From+the+Gulf+to+the+French+Banlieues.+By+Mohamed-Ali+Adraoui&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=290-92&rft.date=2022-02-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2Fetac004&rft.issn=0955-2340&rft.aulast=Anzalone&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2Fetac004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Esposito1995" class="citation book cs1">L. Esposito, John (1995). The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern Islamic world. Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195096142" title="Special:BookSources/0195096142"><bdi>0195096142</bdi></a>. <q>Salafiyah ... It aimed at the renewal of Muslim life and had a formative impact on many Muslim thinkers and movements across the Islamic world."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+encyclopedia+of+the+modern+Islamic+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=463&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195096142&rft.aulast=L.+Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Esposito,_El-Din_Shahin2013" class="citation book cs1">L. Esposito, El-Din Shahin, John, Emad, ed. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195395891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195395891"><bdi>978-0195395891</bdi></a>. <q>Salafism has evolved under a number of key reformers, each of whom has brought his own unique insights and vision to the movement in response to the challenges of his national context.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0195395891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist27Jun15-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats">"Salafism: Politics and the puritanical"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 27 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628193924/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Salafism%3A+Politics+and+the+puritanical&rft.date=2015-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kepel,_''Jihad'',_2002,_219-220-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Kepel,_''Jihad'',_2002,_219-220_15-0">^</a> Kepel, Jihad, 2002, 219–220 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/understanding-the-origins-of-wahhabism-and-salafism/">"Understanding the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism"</a>. Jamestown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213081500/https://jamestown.org/program/understanding-the-origins-of-wahhabism-and-salafism/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Origins+of+Wahhabism+and+Salafism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Funderstanding-the-origins-of-wahhabism-and-salafism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettShepard2013" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton; Shepard, William (2013). "6: Salafi Islam: The Study of Contemporary Religious-Political Movements". The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 163, 169–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441127884" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441127884"><bdi>978-1441127884</bdi></a>. <q>It is common to distinguish two kinds of Salafism, which are quite different in many ways. One may be called "modernist" Salafism, or some would say "enlightened" Salafism. This form was... associated with such figures as Muhammad 'Abduh. ... The other form may be called "conservative" or "text-oriented" Salafism. This was the form of Salafism before the mid-nineteenth century and variants of it have become prominent since the mid-twentieth century... Muhammad 'Abduh's views.. are not usually labeled Salafi today... al-Afghani and 'Abduh referred to the salaf and have been called Salafi, they did not themselves adopt Salafi as a label for their thinking in general.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+Salafi+Islam%3A+The+Study+of+Contemporary+Religious-Political+Movements&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+Islamic+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=163%2C+169-70&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1441127884&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft.au=Shepard%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettShepard2013" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton; Shepard, William (2013). "6: Salafi Islam: The Study of Contemporary Religious-Political Movements". The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 170–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441127884" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441127884"><bdi>978-1441127884</bdi></a>. <q>Rashid Rida (1865–1935), moved in the direction of a conservative Salafism... He was more polemical than 'Abduh and more rigid in his thinking. Where al-Afghani stressed the dynamism of early Islam and 'Abduh stressed its rationalism, Rida wanted to apply the model of the salaf as precisely as possible. He was more strongly opposed to Sufi practices and very critical of Shi'is. His basic concerns were Muslim activism (jihad in the broadest sense), unity of the umma (at least moral if not political), and truth, the true Islam that had been taught by the salaf. He did not reject the madhhabs but hoped for their gradual approximation and amalgamation... In the face of the growing secularism of the early twentieth century he welcomed and supported the Wahhabi movement</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+Salafi+Islam%3A+The+Study+of+Contemporary+Religious-Political+Movements&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+Islamic+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170-71&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1441127884&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft.au=Shepard%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjait2011" class="citation book cs1">Djait, Hicham (2011). Islamic Culture in Crisis: A Reflection on Civilizations in History. Translated by Fouli, Janet. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412811408" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412811408"><bdi>978-1412811408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Culture+in+Crisis%3A+A+Reflection+on+Civilizations+in+History&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1412811408&rft.aulast=Djait&rft.aufirst=Hicham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahba2022" class="citation book cs1">Wahba, Mourad (2022). Fundamentalism and. Translated by K. Beshara, Robert. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350228689" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350228689"><bdi>978-1350228689</bdi></a>. <q>Religious fervor crystallized in the writings of Rashid Rida, the pioneer of the new Wahhabi Salafi movement and the editor-in-chief of al-Manar</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalism+and&rft.place=London&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1350228689&rft.aulast=Wahba&rft.aufirst=Mourad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Martin2016" class="citation book cs1">C. Martin, Richard (2016). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Publishers. p. 1008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866269-5"><bdi>978-0-02-866269-5</bdi></a>. <q>SALAFIYYA.. Contemporary Salafism can be defined as a Sunni reform movement that finds its roots in the Middle Ages, especially in the teachings of Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=1008&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866269-5&rft.aulast=C.+Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Campo2009" class="citation book cs1">E. Campo, Juan (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816054541" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816054541"><bdi>978-0816054541</bdi></a>. <q>Salafism (Arabic: al-Salafiyya) Salafism refers to a cluster of different Sunni renewal and reform movements and ideologies in contemporary Islam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=601&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0816054541&rft.aulast=E.+Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettShepard2013" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton; Shepard, William (2013). "6: Salafi Islam: The Study of Contemporary Religious-Political Movements". The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 163, 169–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441127884" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441127884"><bdi>978-1441127884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+Salafi+Islam%3A+The+Study+of+Contemporary+Religious-Political+Movements&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+Islamic+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=163%2C+169-70&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1441127884&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft.au=Shepard%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomsbury-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomsbury_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomsbury_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettShepard2013" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton; Shepard, William (2013). "6: Salafi Islam: The Study of Contemporary Religious-Political Movements". The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 170–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+Salafi+Islam%3A+The+Study+of+Contemporary+Religious-Political+Movements&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+Islamic+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170-71&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft.au=Shepard%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagemakers2016" class="citation book cs1">Wagemakers, Joas (2016). "3: The Transnational History of Salafism in Jordan". Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–97, 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107163669" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107163669"><bdi>978-1107163669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+The+Transnational+History+of+Salafism+in+Jordan&rft.btitle=Salafism+in+Jordan%3A+Political+Islam+in+a+Quietist+Community&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=96-97%2C+101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1107163669&rft.aulast=Wagemakers&rft.aufirst=Joas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaroon2021" class="citation book cs1">Haroon, Sana (2021). "1: Tajpur, Bihar 1891: Leadership in Congregational Prayer". The Mosques of Colonial South Asia: A Social and Legal History of Muslim Worship. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-3444-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-3444-6"><bdi>978-0-7556-3444-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Tajpur%2C+Bihar+1891%3A+Leadership+in+Congregational+Prayer&rft.btitle=The+Mosques+of+Colonial+South+Asia%3A+A+Social+and+Legal+History+of+Muslim+Worship&rft.place=London&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-3444-6&rft.aulast=Haroon&rft.aufirst=Sana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQasim_Zaman2002" class="citation book cs1">Qasim Zaman, Muhammad (2002). "II: Constructions of Authority". The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691096805" title="Special:BookSources/0691096805"><bdi>0691096805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II%3A+Constructions+of+Authority&rft.btitle=The+Ulama+in+Contemporary+Islam%3A+Custodians+of+Change&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0691096805&rft.aulast=Qasim+Zaman&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettShepard2013" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton; Shepard, William (2013). "6: Salafi Islam: The Study of Contemporary Religious-Political Movements". The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies. London: Bloomsbury. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441127884" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441127884"><bdi>978-1441127884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+Salafi+Islam%3A+The+Study+of+Contemporary+Religious-Political+Movements&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+Islamic+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1441127884&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft.au=Shepard%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijerLacroix2013" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel; Lacroix, Stéphane (2013). "Between Revolution and Apoliticism: On the Nature of Salafi thought and Action". Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199333431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199333431"><bdi>978-0199333431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Revolution+and+Apoliticism%3A+On+the+Nature+of+Salafi+thought+and+Action&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199333431&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G._Rabil_2014_27,_28-30"><a href="#cite_ref-G._Rabil_2014_27,_28_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Rabil2014" class="citation book cs1">G. Rabil, Robert (2014). "1: The Creed, Ideology, and Manhaj (Methodology) of Salafism: A Historical and Contemporaneous Framework". Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. pp. 27, 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1626161160" title="Special:BookSources/978-1626161160"><bdi>978-1626161160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+The+Creed%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Manhaj+%28Methodology%29+of+Salafism%3A+A+Historical+and+Contemporaneous+Framework&rft.btitle=Salafism+in+Lebanon%3A+From+Apoliticism+to+Transnational+Jihadism&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=27%2C+28&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1626161160&rft.aulast=G.+Rabil&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Hamdeh, Emad. Salafism and traditionalism: Scholarly authority in modern Islam. Cambridge University Press, 2021. p. 25–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaykel2009" class="citation book cs1">Haykel, Bernard (2009). "1: On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action". In Meijer, Roel (ed.). Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. Columbia University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231154208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231154208"><bdi>978-0231154208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+On+the+Nature+of+Salafi+Thought+and+Action&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0231154208&rft.aulast=Haykel&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaykel2009" class="citation book cs1">Haykel, Bernard (2009). "1: On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action". In Meijer, Roel (ed.). Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. Columbia University Press. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231154208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231154208"><bdi>978-0231154208</bdi></a>. <q>Salafis are first and foremost religious and social reformers who are engaged in creating and reproducing particular forms of authority and identity, both personal and communal. Indeed, Salafis are determined to create a distinct Muslim subjectivity, one with profound social and political implications.It is important to understand Salafis as constituting a group that defines its reformist project first and foremost through credal tenets (i.e., a theology). Also important, though secondary, for their self-definition are certain legal teachings as well as forms of sociability and politics. I hope to show in this study that Salafism is a term that is heuristically useful because it is a marker of a distinctive form of engagement with the world, and one that is identifiable as such to many Muslims</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+On+the+Nature+of+Salafi+Thought+and+Action&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0231154208&rft.aulast=Haykel&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsadullah_al-Ghalib2012" class="citation book cs1">Asadullah al-Ghalib, Muhammad (2012). AhlenHadeeth Movement – What and Why?. Kajla, Rajshahi, Bangladesh H.F.B. Publication: 35: Oxford University Press. pp. 625–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9843347992" title="Special:BookSources/978-9843347992"><bdi>978-9843347992</bdi></a>. <q>In different books of Hadeeth and in reliable books of Fiqh, the Ahle hadeeth have been described as Ahle hadeeth, Ashabul Hadeeth, Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'at, Ahlul Athar, Ahlul Haq, Muhadditheen, etc. As the followers of Salaf-i-Saleheen, they are also known as Salafi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AhlenHadeeth+Movement+%E2%80%93+What+and+Why%3F&rft.place=Kajla%2C+Rajshahi%2C+Bangladesh+H.F.B.+Publication%3A+35&rft.pages=625-43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9843347992&rft.aulast=Asadullah+al-Ghalib&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtke2016" class="citation book cs1">Schmidtke, Sabine (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 625–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199696703" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199696703"><bdi>978-0199696703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=625-43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0199696703&rft.aulast=Schmidtke&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-266-36"><a href="#cite_ref-roy-266_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2004" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b9eFGcsWnwEC&q=use+three+fingers+when+eating+roy&pg=PA266">Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231134996" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231134996"><bdi>978-0231134996</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalized+Islam%3A+The+Search+for+a+New+Ummah&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0231134996&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db9eFGcsWnwEC%26q%3Duse%2Bthree%2Bfingers%2Bwhen%2Beating%2Broy%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Rabil2014" class="citation book cs1">G. Rabil, Robert (2014). "1: The Creed, Ideology, and Manhaj (Methodology) of Salafism: A Historical and Contemporaneous Framework". Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. pp. 25, 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1626161160" title="Special:BookSources/978-1626161160"><bdi>978-1626161160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+The+Creed%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Manhaj+%28Methodology%29+of+Salafism%3A+A+Historical+and+Contemporaneous+Framework&rft.btitle=Salafism+in+Lebanon%3A+From+Apoliticism+to+Transnational+Jihadism&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=25%2C+27-28&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1626161160&rft.aulast=G.+Rabil&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElMasry2010" class="citation journal cs1">ElMasry, Shadee (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2010.494072">"The Salafis in America"</a>. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 56. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden: Routledge Publishers: 219–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13602004.2010.494072">10.1080/13602004.2010.494072</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144096423">144096423</a> – via tandfonline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Salafis+in+America&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=219-20&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13602004.2010.494072&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144096423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=ElMasry&rft.aufirst=Shadee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F13602004.2010.494072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Yaqoubi-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al-Yaqoubi_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-al-Yaqoubi_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Yaqoubi2015" class="citation book cs1">Al-Yaqoubi, Muhammad (2015). Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations. Sacred Knowledge. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1908224125" title="Special:BookSources/978-1908224125"><bdi>978-1908224125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refuting+ISIS%3A+A+Rebuttal+Of+Its+Religious+And+Ideological+Foundations&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Sacred+Knowledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1908224125&rft.aulast=Al-Yaqoubi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamdeh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hamdeh, Emad (9 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commons.erau.edu/publication/1480">"Qurʾān and Sunna or the Madhhabs?: A Salafi Polemic Against Islamic Legal Tradition"</a>. Islamic Law and Society. 24 (3): 211–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685195-00240A01">10.1163/15685195-00240A01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5195">1568-5195</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420041036/https://commons.erau.edu/publication/1480/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n+and+Sunna+or+the+Madhhabs%3F%3A+A+Salafi+Polemic+Against+Islamic+Legal+Tradition&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=211-53&rft.date=2017-06-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685195-00240A01&rft.issn=1568-5195&rft.aulast=Hamdeh&rft.aufirst=Emad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.erau.edu%2Fpublication%2F1480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, p. 484 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Warren2021" class="citation book cs1">H. Warren, David (2021). Rivals in the Gulf. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge: Taylor & Francis. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367280628" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367280628"><bdi>978-0367280628</bdi></a>. <q>While Wahhab personally rejected the practice of adhering (taqlīd) to a particular legal school, the Wahhabi ʿulamāʾ who follow his thought do, in effect, practice a taqlīd of the Hanbali school...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivals+in+the+Gulf&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge%3A+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0367280628&rft.aulast=H.+Warren&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacroix2011" class="citation book cs1">Lacroix, Stéphane (2011). "3: Resistance to Sahwa Ascendancy". Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674049642" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674049642"><bdi>978-0674049642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Resistance+to+Sahwa+Ascendancy&rft.btitle=Awakening+Islam%3A+The+Politics+of+Religious+Dissent+in+Contemporary+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA%3B+London&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0674049642&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-muslimmatters.org-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muslimmatters.org_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muslimmatters.org_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muslimmatters.org_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muslimmatters.org_44-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQadhi2014" class="citation web cs1">Qadhi, Dr. Yasir (22 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimmatters.org/2014/04/22/on-salafi-islam-dr-yasir-qadhi/">"On Salafi Islam"</a>. Muslimmatters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117190311/https://muslimmatters.org/2014/04/22/on-salafi-islam-dr-yasir-qadhi/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muslimmatters&rft.atitle=On+Salafi+Islam&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft.aulast=Qadhi&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Yasir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslimmatters.org%2F2014%2F04%2F22%2Fon-salafi-islam-dr-yasir-qadhi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer2014" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel (2014). "Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism". Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 43, 61–62, 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933343-1"><bdi>978-0-19-933343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Revolution+and+Apoliticism%3A+Nasir+al-Din+al-Albani+and+his+Impact+on+the+Shaping+of+Contemporary+Salafism&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43%2C+61-62%2C+63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933343-1&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauvain2013" class="citation book cs1">Gauvain, Richard (2013). Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 8, 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710313560" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710313560"><bdi>978-0710313560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafi+Ritual+Purity%3A+In+the+Presence+of+God&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8%2C+293&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0710313560&rft.aulast=Gauvain&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlidort2015" class="citation book cs1">Olidort, Jacob (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Brookings-Analysis-Paper_Jacob-Olidort-Inside_Final_Web.pdf">The Politics of "Quietist Salafism"</a> (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: Harvard University Press. pp. 7, 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303201051/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Brookings-Analysis-Paper_Jacob-Olidort-Inside_Final_Web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+%22Quietist+Salafism%22&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%3B+London%2C+England&rft.pages=7%2C+8&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Olidort&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2FBrookings-Analysis-Paper_Jacob-Olidort-Inside_Final_Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke,_B._Lawrence2005" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, B. Lawrence, Miriam, Bruce (2005). "10: The Salafi Movement". Muslim Networks from Hajj to Hip Hop. London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 212–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807829234" title="Special:BookSources/0807829234"><bdi>0807829234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+The+Salafi+Movement&rft.btitle=Muslim+Networks+from+Hajj+to+Hip+Hop&rft.place=London&rft.pages=212-13&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0807829234&rft.aulast=Cooke%2C+B.+Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Miriam%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett,_p._174-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett,_p._174_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett,_p._174_49-1">b</a> "From there he [Albani] learned to oppose taqlid in a madhab." Bennett, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, p. 174. "Al-Albani had denounced Wahhabi attachment to the Hanbali school." Stephane Lacroix, George Holoch, Awakening Islam, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer2014" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel (2014). "Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism". Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199333431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199333431"><bdi>978-0199333431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Revolution+and+Apoliticism%3A+Nasir+al-Din+al-Albani+and+his+Impact+on+the+Shaping+of+Contemporary+Salafism&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199333431&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrawietz,_Tamer2013" class="citation book cs1">Krawietz, Tamer, Birgit, Georges (2013). Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 165–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110285345" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110285345"><bdi>978-3110285345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Theology%2C+Philosophy+and+Law%3A+Debating+Ibn+Taymiyya+and+Ibn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=165-66&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3110285345&rft.aulast=Krawietz%2C+Tamer&rft.aufirst=Birgit%2C+Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer2014" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel (2014). "Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism". Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199333431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199333431"><bdi>978-0199333431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Revolution+and+Apoliticism%3A+Nasir+al-Din+al-Albani+and+his+Impact+on+the+Shaping+of+Contemporary+Salafism&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199333431&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacroix2011" class="citation book cs1">Lacroix, Stéphane (2011). "3: Resistance to Sahwa Ascendancy". Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press. pp. 84–85, 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674049642" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674049642"><bdi>978-0674049642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Resistance+to+Sahwa+Ascendancy&rft.btitle=Awakening+Islam%3A+The+Politics+of+Religious+Dissent+in+Contemporary+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA%3B+London&rft.pages=84-85%2C+220&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0674049642&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaham2018" class="citation book cs1">Shaham, Ron (2018). Rethinking Islamic Legal Modernism. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004369542" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004369542"><bdi>978-9004369542</bdi></a>. <q>In setting forth these premises, Rida appears to prepare the ground to steer a middle course.. Rida did not ignore the rich heritage of Islamic law, as did a number of his strict Salafi contemporaries. Instead, following Ibn Taymiyya and especially his student Ibn al-Qayyim, he viewed the literature of the four Sunni law-schools (without committing himself to the teachings of one school in particular) as a resource from which to draw guidance and inspiration for adapting the law to changing circumstances.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Islamic+Legal+Modernism&rft.place=Koninklijke+Brill+NV%2C+Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9004369542&rft.aulast=Shaham&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> "For many Salafis, both modernist and conservative, "worship" of created beings includes practicing taqlid within a madhab of fiqh." Bennett, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2020" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Rehan (5 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurasiareview.com/05022020-salafi-islam-and-its-reincarnations-analysis/">"Salafi Islam and its Reincarnations- Analysis"</a>. Eurasia Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205150143/https://www.eurasiareview.com/05022020-salafi-islam-and-its-reincarnations-analysis/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Review&rft.atitle=Salafi+Islam+and+its+Reincarnations-+Analysis&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Rehan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiareview.com%2F05022020-salafi-islam-and-its-reincarnations-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauvain2013" class="citation book cs1">Gauvain, Richard (2013). Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God. New York: Routledge. pp. 8, 11, 229–30, 328, 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710313560" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710313560"><bdi>978-0710313560</bdi></a>. <q>the identity of many modern Salafis is dependent upon their departure from the established rulings of the four Sunni law schools (madhahib), including that of Ibn Hanbal. Modern Salafis generally dislike the practice of following the established rulings of any particular law school and view the principle of legal "imitation" (taqlid) as a significant factor in the overall decline of the Muslim Umma... Zahiri influence on modern Salafi legal thought occurs almost entirely through the Muhalla of Ibn Hazm, .... more important than Ibn Hazm's individual opinions to the Salafi scholars and ritual practitioners mentioned here is the unyielding Zahiri-style logic that underscores them... modern Salafis are endeavouring to shift Zahiri legal from the margins of orthodoxy into its centre</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafi+Ritual+Purity%3A+In+the+Presence+of+God&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8%2C+11%2C+229-30%2C+328%2C+347&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0710313560&rft.aulast=Gauvain&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaykel2009" class="citation book cs1">Haykel, Bernard (2009). "1: On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action". In Meijer, Roel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299886802">Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231154208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231154208"><bdi>978-0231154208</bdi></a>. <q>And because of their adherence to a particular form of textual interpretation-one that emphasises a direct interfaçe with the texts of revelation.Salafis enjoy a relatively shallow and limited hierarchy of scholarly authoritics. Most Salafis – though not all – are unlike traditional, and pre-modern, Muslinms in that they do not subscribe to a developed and layered scholastic tradition of religious interpretation, which otherwise constrains and regulates, in rigorous tashion, the output of opinions. As such, it is striking how relatively easy it is to become an authority figure among the Salafis. In fact, as an interpretive community Salafıs are, in contrast to other Muslim traditions of learning, relatively open, even democratic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+On+the+Nature+of+Salafi+Thought+and+Action&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0231154208&rft.aulast=Haykel&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F299886802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCSI2010:_39-48_+-59"><a href="#cite_ref-TCSI2010:_39-48_+_59-0">^</a> <a href="#TCSI2010">Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam, 2010</a>: 38–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_60-1">b</a> Michael Cook, On the Origins of Wahhābism, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 2, No. 2 (July, 1992), p. 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagemakers2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wagemakers, Joas (5 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-255">"Salafism"</a>. Religion. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.255">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.255</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199340378" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199340378"><bdi>978-0199340378</bdi></a> – via Oxford Research Encyclopedias.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=Salafism&rft.date=2016-08-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.255&rft.isbn=978-0199340378&rft.aulast=Wagemakers&rft.aufirst=Joas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Evstatiev, Simeon. "Salafism as a contested concept." Knowledge, Authority and Change in Islamic Societies. Brill, 2021. p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-TCSI2010:_36-63"><a href="#cite_ref-TCSI2010:_36_63-0">^</a> <a href="#TCSI2010">Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam, 2010</a>: 36 "For the Atharis, the "clear" (i.e., zahir, apparent, or literal) meaning of the Qur'an and especially the prophetic traditions (ahadith) have sole authority in matters of belief, as well as law, and to engage in rational disputation (jadal), even if one arrives at the truth, is absolutely forbidden. A strictly literal, or perhaps amodal, reading of the Qur'an, as opposed to one engaged in ta'wil (metaphorical interpretation), or an attempt to rationally conceptualize its meanings, cannot be questioned and the "real" meanings should be consigned to God." </li> <li id="cite_note-TCSI2010:_36-7-64"><a href="#cite_ref-TCSI2010:_36-7_64-0">^</a> <a href="#TCSI2010">Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam, 2010</a>: 36–37 "For the Atharis, the "clear" (i.e., zahir, apparent, or literal) meaning of the Qur'an and especially the prophetic traditions (ahadith) have sole authority in matters of belief, as well as law, and to engage in rational disputation (jadal), even if one arrives at the truth, is absolutely forbidden. A strictly literal, or perhaps amodal, reading of the Qur'an, as opposed to one engaged in ta'wil (metaphorical interpretation), or an attempt to rationally conceptualize its meanings, cannot be questioned and the "real" meanings should be consigned to God." </li> <li id="cite_note-G._Rabil_2014_26-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G._Rabil_2014_26_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G._Rabil_2014_26_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G._Rabil_2014_26_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Rabil2014" class="citation book cs1">G. Rabil, Robert (2014). "1: The Creed, Ideology, and Manhaj (Methodology) of Salafism: A Historical and Contemporaneous Framework". Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1626161160" title="Special:BookSources/978-1626161160"><bdi>978-1626161160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+The+Creed%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Manhaj+%28Methodology%29+of+Salafism%3A+A+Historical+and+Contemporaneous+Framework&rft.btitle=Salafism+in+Lebanon%3A+From+Apoliticism+to+Transnational+Jihadism&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1626161160&rft.aulast=G.+Rabil&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoover2019" class="citation book cs1">Hoover, Jon (2019). Ibn Taymiyya (Makers of the Muslim World). London: Oneworld Academic. pp. 11, 19, 46–47, 88, 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786076892" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786076892"><bdi>978-1786076892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Taymiyya+%28Makers+of+the+Muslim+World%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11%2C+19%2C+46-47%2C+88%2C+140&rft.pub=Oneworld+Academic&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1786076892&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtke2016" class="citation book cs1">Schmidtke, Sabine (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 635. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199696703" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199696703"><bdi>978-0199696703</bdi></a>. <q>Ibn Taymiyya also speaks of the priority of worship and ethics over metaphysics in theological terms that later became widespread among Wahhābīs and modern Salafīs. He distinguishes two tawḥīds, or two ways of confessing God's unity. Ibn Taymiyya's first tawḥīd is that of God's divinity (ulūhiyya). Al-tawḥīd al-ulūhiyya signifies God's sole worthiness to be a god, that is, God's sole right to be an object of worship (ʿibāda). Al-tawḥīd al-ulūhiyya is exclusive worship of God that refuses to give devotion and love to anything or anyone else. Then flowing out from this is the second tawḥīd, the tawḥīd of God's lordship (rubūbiyya). God's lordship refers to His creative power, and al-tawḥīd al-rubūbiyya means confessing that God is the only source of created beings</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=635&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0199696703&rft.aulast=Schmidtke&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtke2016" class="citation book cs1">Schmidtke, Sabine (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 427, 626, 641–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199696703" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199696703"><bdi>978-0199696703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=427%2C+626%2C+641-42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0199696703&rft.aulast=Schmidtke&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Martin2004" class="citation book cs1">C. Martin, Richard (2004). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. New York: Macmillan Reference. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028656032" title="Special:BookSources/0028656032"><bdi>0028656032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0028656032&rft.aulast=C.+Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.E._BosworthE._van_DonzelW.P._HeinrichsG._Lecomte1997" class="citation book cs1">C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs; G. Lecomte (1997). The Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. IX (New ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004104224" title="Special:BookSources/9004104224"><bdi>9004104224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=400&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9004104224&rft.au=C.E.+Bosworth&rft.au=E.+van+Donzel&rft.au=W.P.+Heinrichs&rft.au=G.+Lecomte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2006" class="citation book cs1">Leaman, Oliver (2006). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge: Taylor & Francis. pp. 631–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415326397" title="Special:BookSources/0415326397"><bdi>0415326397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=631-33&rft.pub=Routledge%3A+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0415326397&rft.aulast=Leaman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauziere2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lauziere, Henri (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743810000401">"The Construction Ofsalafiyya: Reconsidering Salafism from the Perspective of Conceptual History"</a>. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 42 (3): 369–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743810000401">10.1017/S0020743810000401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Construction+Ofsalafiyya%3A+Reconsidering+Salafism+from+the+Perspective+of+Conceptual+History&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369-89&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743810000401&rft.aulast=Lauziere&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020743810000401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2006" class="citation book cs1">Leaman, Oliver (2006). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge: Taylor & Francis. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415326397" title="Special:BookSources/0415326397"><bdi>0415326397</bdi></a>. <q>Ibn Taymiyya's works extend to almost every area of contemporary intellectual life... Nearly all of his works are in the style of a refutation or a critique,... He embodies the theology of the Salafi (Traditionalist) movement and all his works are intense, focused and well-argued.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Routledge%3A+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0415326397&rft.aulast=Leaman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamhelpline.net/iqa/answer/233/163503/is-it-permissible-for-people-to-call-themselves-ahl-al-hadeeth">"Is it permissible for people to call themselves "Ahl al-Hadeeth""</a>. Islam Helpline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405021653/http://islamhelpline.net/iqa/answer/233/163503/is-it-permissible-for-people-to-call-themselves-ahl-al-hadeeth">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islam+Helpline&rft.atitle=Is+it+permissible+for+people+to+call+themselves+%22Ahl+al-Hadeeth%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamhelpline.net%2Fiqa%2Fanswer%2F233%2F163503%2Fis-it-permissible-for-people-to-call-themselves-ahl-al-hadeeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Taymiyya" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad. Majmu al-Fatawa Vol.1. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Majmu+al-Fatawa+Vol.1&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Dar+al-Hadith&rft.aulast=Ibn+Taymiyya&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Moussalli1999" class="citation book cs1">S. Moussalli, Ahmad (1999). Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran and Turkey. Folkestone, Kent: The Scarecrow Press. pp. 258–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810836092" title="Special:BookSources/0810836092"><bdi>0810836092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Islamic+Fundamentalist+Movements+in+the+Arab+World%2C+Iran+and+Turkey&rft.place=Folkestone%2C+Kent&rft.pages=258-59&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0810836092&rft.aulast=S.+Moussalli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saba_Mahmood-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saba_Mahmood_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saba_Mahmood_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmood2011" class="citation book cs1">Mahmood, Saba (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofpietyi00mahm_2">Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 61, note 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691149806" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691149806"><bdi>978-0691149806</bdi></a>. <q>salafi%20origins%20Abduh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Piety%3A+The+Islamic+Revival+and+the+Feminist+Subject&rft.pages=p.-61%2C+note+45&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0691149806&rft.aulast=Mahmood&rft.aufirst=Saba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofpietyi00mahm_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Handbook-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Handbook_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Handbook_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspositoShahin2013" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L.; Shahin, Emad El-Din (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc7iAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics</a>. OUP USA. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195395891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195395891"><bdi>978-0195395891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0195395891&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.au=Shahin%2C+Emad+El-Din&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHc7iAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubler_499-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dubler_499_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dubler_499_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dubler_499_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubler2010" class="citation book cs1">Dubler, Joshua (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owZCMZpYamMC&pg=PA499">"Salafi Muslims"</a>. In Edward E. Curtis (ed.). Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History. Infobase Publishing. p. 499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438130408" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438130408"><bdi>978-1438130408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salafi+Muslims&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Muslim-American+History&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1438130408&rft.aulast=Dubler&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowZCMZpYamMC%26pg%3DPA499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Islam-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation book cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=salafism%252019th%2520century&pg=PA601">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438126968" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438126968"><bdi>978-1438126968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=601&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1438126968&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC%26q%3Dsalafism%25252019th%252520century%26pg%3DPA601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Moussalli1999" class="citation book cs1">S. Moussalli, Ahmad (1999). Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran and Turkey. Folkestone, Kent: The Scarecrow Press. pp. 258–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810836092" title="Special:BookSources/0810836092"><bdi>0810836092</bdi></a>. <q>Al-Salafiyya ... Among the movement's notables were Shaykh Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi, Shaykh 'Abd al-Razzaq al-Bitar, and Shaykh Tahir Bin al-Tazairy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Islamic+Fundamentalist+Movements+in+the+Arab+World%2C+Iran+and+Turkey&rft.place=Folkestone%2C+Kent&rft.pages=258-59&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0810836092&rft.aulast=S.+Moussalli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattar2004" class="citation book cs1">Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference. p. 1923. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/002865773X" title="Special:BookSources/002865773X"><bdi>002865773X</bdi></a>. <q>Rida made the Islamic umma (community) his central concern, asking why it had declined relative to the modern West and blaming the decline on medieval additions to Islam—such as the reverence for Sufi saints—which had obscured the pure religion of the ancestors (salaf, from which comes the name for the Salafiyya movement)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=1923&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=002865773X&rft.aulast=Mattar&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Moussalli1999" class="citation book cs1">S. Moussalli, Ahmad (1999). Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran and Turkey. Folkestone, Kent: The Scarecrow Press. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810836092" title="Special:BookSources/0810836092"><bdi>0810836092</bdi></a>. <q>Al-Salafiya ... The Salafi call in Arab East was secretive until the end of World War I. After that, the Salafi ideas spread and were established among the intelligentsia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Islamic+Fundamentalist+Movements+in+the+Arab+World%2C+Iran+and+Turkey&rft.place=Folkestone%2C+Kent&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0810836092&rft.aulast=S.+Moussalli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Martin2016" class="citation book cs1">C. Martin, Richard (2016). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. p. 955. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866269-5"><bdi>978-0-02-866269-5</bdi></a>. <q>He was also much more politically oriented... seeing the institution of an Islamic state as the precursor to the application of Islamic law and the promotion of Islamic social mores. Rida thus laid the intellectual foundations for a more conservative strand of Salafi reformism, one that is associated with the Muslim Brotherhood. The reformism of Hasan al-Banna (1906–1949) and Sayyid Qutb (1906–1966), the principal ideologues of the Brotherhood, reflects Rida's influence in its advocacy of a holistic conception of Islamic state and society, in which sharia regulates all spheres of life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=955&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866269-5&rft.aulast=C.+Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettShepard2013" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton; Shepard, William (2013). "6: Salafi Islam: The Study of Contemporary Religious-Political Movements". The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies. London: Bloomsbury. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441127884" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441127884"><bdi>978-1441127884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+Salafi+Islam%3A+The+Study+of+Contemporary+Religious-Political+Movements&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+Islamic+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1441127884&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft.au=Shepard%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Abu Saʿd al-Tamimi al-Samʿani, al-Ansab, ed. ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn Yahya al-Muʿallimi al-Yamani, vol. 7 (Hayderabad: Matbaʿat Majlis Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-ʿUthmaniyya, 1976), 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-LZ63-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LZ63_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LZ63_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauzière2008" class="citation book cs1">Lauzière, Henri (2008). The Evolution of the Salafiyya in the Twentieth Century through the life and thought of Taqi al-Din al-Hilali. Phd Dissertation Georgetown University. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Salafiyya+in+the+Twentieth+Century+through+the+life+and+thought+of+Taqi+al-Din+al-Hilali&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Phd+Dissertation+Georgetown+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lauzi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LZ65-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LZ65_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LZ65_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauzière2008" class="citation book cs1">Lauzière, Henri (2008). The Evolution of the Salafiyya in the Twentieth Century through the life and thought of Taqi al-Din al-Hilali. Phd Dissertation Georgetown University. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Salafiyya+in+the+Twentieth+Century+through+the+life+and+thought+of+Taqi+al-Din+al-Hilali&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Phd+Dissertation+Georgetown+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lauzi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridgeon_2015_3,_15-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ridgeon_2015_3,_15_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridgeon_2015_3,_15_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgeon2015" class="citation book cs1">Ridgeon, Lloyd (2015). Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3, 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472523877" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472523877"><bdi>978-1472523877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufis+and+Salafis+in+the+Contemporary+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3%2C+15&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1472523877&rft.aulast=Ridgeon&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁgoston,_Masters2009" class="citation book cs1">Ágoston, Masters, Gábor, Bruce (2009). "Salafiyya". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts on File. pp. 500–01. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816062591" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816062591"><bdi>978-0816062591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salafiyya&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=500-01&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0816062591&rft.aulast=%C3%81goston%2C+Masters&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2008" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&q=salafism+first+half+18th+century&pg=PA975">The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 975. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851098422" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851098422"><bdi>978-1851098422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History+%5B4+volumes%5D%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=975&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1851098422&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAd8efHdVzIC%26q%3Dsalafism%2Bfirst%2Bhalf%2B18th%2Bcentury%26pg%3DPA975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinan_Siyech2020" class="citation web cs1">Sinan Siyech, Mohammed (4 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/what-makes-movement-violent-comparing-ahle-hadith-salafists-india-and-pakistan">"What Makes a Movement Violent: Comparing the Ahle Hadith (Salafists) in India and Pakistan"</a>. MEI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418223600/https://www.mei.edu/publications/what-makes-movement-violent-comparing-ahle-hadith-salafists-india-and-pakistan">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MEI&rft.atitle=What+Makes+a+Movement+Violent%3A+Comparing+the+Ahle+Hadith+%28Salafists%29+in+India+and+Pakistan&rft.date=2020-02-04&rft.aulast=Sinan+Siyech&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fwhat-makes-movement-violent-comparing-ahle-hadith-salafists-india-and-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2020" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Rehan (3 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-personalities/rehan-khan/shah-ismail-dehlawi-grandson-shah-waliullah-dehlawi-represented-fusion-sufism-with-salafism/d/121025">"Shah Ismail Dehlawi, a Grandson of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, Represented a Fusion of Sufism with Salafism"</a>. New Age Islam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509084123/https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-personalities/rehan-khan/shah-ismail-dehlawi-grandson-shah-waliullah-dehlawi-represented-fusion-sufism-with-salafism/d/121025">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Age+Islam&rft.atitle=Shah+Ismail+Dehlawi%2C+a+Grandson+of+Shah+Waliullah+Dehlawi%2C+Represented+a+Fusion+of+Sufism+with+Salafism&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Rehan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newageislam.com%2Fislamic-personalities%2Frehan-khan%2Fshah-ismail-dehlawi-grandson-shah-waliullah-dehlawi-represented-fusion-sufism-with-salafism%2Fd%2F121025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204162700/http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2181">"Shawkani, Muhammad al-"</a>. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2181">the original</a> on 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.atitle=Shawkani%2C+Muhammad+al-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe2181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rrg.sg/salafism/">"Salafism"</a>. RRG. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318101448/https://www.rrg.sg/salafism/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RRG&rft.atitle=Salafism&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rrg.sg%2Fsalafism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Brown1999" class="citation book cs1">W. Brown, Daniel (1999). "2: The emergence of modern Challenges to tradition". Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge, MA; London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521653947" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521653947"><bdi>978-0521653947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+The+emergence+of+modern+Challenges+to+tradition&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Tradition+in+Modern+Islamic+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA%3B+London&rft.pages=22-26&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0521653947&rft.aulast=W.+Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhsan1987" class="citation book cs1">Ahsan, Sayyid (1987). "IV Foundations of the Saudi State – II : Reforms of Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab". Trends in Islam in Saudi Arabia. Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 141–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV+Foundations+of+the+Saudi+State+%E2%80%93+II+%3A+Reforms+of+Muhammad+Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Islam+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Department+of+Islamic+Studies%2C+Aligarh+Muslim+University%2C+Aligarh&rft.pages=141-42&rft.pub=Aligarh+Muslim+University&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Ahsan&rft.aufirst=Sayyid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evstatiev-2016-213-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Evstatiev-2016-213_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvstatiev2016" class="citation book cs1">Evstatiev, Simeon (2016). "8: The Qāḍīzādeli Movement and the Revival of takfīr in the Ottoman Age". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004307834/B9789004307834_010.xml">Accusations of Unbelief in Islam</a>. Brill. pp. 213–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004307834_010">10.1163/9789004307834_010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004307834" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004307834"><bdi>978-9004307834</bdi></a>. 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Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden: Brill Publishers: 206–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1570060011201286">10.1163/1570060011201286</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1571353">1571353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Between+%E1%B9%A2%C5%ABf%C4%AB+Reformism+and+Modernist+Rationalism%3A+A+Reappraisal+of+the+Origins+of+the+Salafiyya+from+the+Damascene+Angle&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=206-37&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1570060011201286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1571353%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weismann&rft.aufirst=Itzchak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1571353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean_Commins1990" class="citation book cs1">Dean Commins, David (1990). Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 24–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061039" title="Special:BookSources/0195061039"><bdi>0195061039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Reform%3A+Politics+and+Social+Change+in+Late+Ottoman+Syria&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=24-26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0195061039&rft.aulast=Dean+Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeismann2001" class="citation book cs1">Weismann, Itzchak (2001). Taste of Modernity: Sufism, Salafiyya, and Arabism in Late Ottoman Damascus. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 263–71, 273–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004119086" title="Special:BookSources/9004119086"><bdi>9004119086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taste+of+Modernity%3A+Sufism%2C+Salafiyya%2C+and+Arabism+in+Late+Ottoman+Damascus&rft.place=Koninklijke+Brill+nv%2C+Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=263-71%2C+273-76&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004119086&rft.aulast=Weismann&rft.aufirst=Itzchak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubarak2022" class="citation book cs1">Mubarak, Hadia (2022). "1: Ruptures and Continuities in Modern Islamic Thought". Rebellious Wives, Neglectful Husbands: Controversies in Modern Qurʾanic Commentaries. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 39–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197553305" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197553305"><bdi>978-0197553305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Ruptures+and+Continuities+in+Modern+Islamic+Thought&rft.btitle=Rebellious+Wives%2C+Neglectful+Husbands%3A+Controversies+in+Modern+Qur%CA%BEanic+Commentaries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39-41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197553305&rft.aulast=Mubarak&rft.aufirst=Hadia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeismann2001" class="citation book cs1">Weismann, Itzchak (2001). Taste of Modernity: Sufism, Salafiyya, and Arabism in Late Ottoman Damascus. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 273–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004119086" title="Special:BookSources/9004119086"><bdi>9004119086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taste+of+Modernity%3A+Sufism%2C+Salafiyya%2C+and+Arabism+in+Late+Ottoman+Damascus&rft.place=Koninklijke+Brill+nv%2C+Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=273-74&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004119086&rft.aulast=Weismann&rft.aufirst=Itzchak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeismann2001" class="citation journal cs1">Weismann, Itzchak (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1571353">"Between Ṣūfī Reformism and Modernist Rationalism: A Reappraisal of the Origins of the Salafiyya from the Damascene Angle"</a>. Die Welt des Islams. 41 (2). Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden: Brill Publishers: 206–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1570060011201286">10.1163/1570060011201286</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1571353">1571353</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917142639/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1571353">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Between+%E1%B9%A2%C5%ABf%C4%AB+Reformism+and+Modernist+Rationalism%3A+A+Reappraisal+of+the+Origins+of+the+Salafiyya+from+the+Damascene+Angle&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=206-37&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1570060011201286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1571353%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weismann&rft.aufirst=Itzchak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1571353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgeon2015" class="citation book cs1">Ridgeon, Lloyd (2015). Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3, 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472523877" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472523877"><bdi>978-1472523877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufis+and+Salafis+in+the+Contemporary+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3%2C+16&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1472523877&rft.aulast=Ridgeon&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrampton2018" class="citation book cs1">Frampton, Martyn (2018). The Muslim Brotherhood and the West: A History of Enmity and Engagement. Cambridge, MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674970700" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674970700"><bdi>978-0674970700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+and+the+West%3A+A+History+of+Enmity+and+Engagement&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA%3B+London&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0674970700&rft.aulast=Frampton&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail2021" class="citation book cs1">Ismail, Raihan (2021). "Transnational Networks". Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi ʿUlama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190948955" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190948955"><bdi>978-0190948955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transnational+Networks&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Salafism%3A+The+Transnational+Networks+of+Salafi+%CA%BFUlama+in+Egypt%2C+Kuwait%2C+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0190948955&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Raihan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubarak2022" class="citation book cs1">Mubarak, Hadia (2022). "1: Ruptures and Continuities in Modern Islamic Thought". Rebellious Wives, Neglectful Husbands: Controversies in Modern Qurʾanic Commentaries. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197553305" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197553305"><bdi>978-0197553305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Ruptures+and+Continuities+in+Modern+Islamic+Thought&rft.btitle=Rebellious+Wives%2C+Neglectful+Husbands%3A+Controversies+in+Modern+Qur%CA%BEanic+Commentaries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197553305&rft.aulast=Mubarak&rft.aufirst=Hadia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeismann2001" class="citation book cs1">Weismann, Itzchak (2001). "Introduction". Taste of Modernity: Sufism, Salafiyya, and Arabism in Late Ottoman Damascus. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004119086" title="Special:BookSources/9004119086"><bdi>9004119086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Taste+of+Modernity%3A+Sufism%2C+Salafiyya%2C+and+Arabism+in+Late+Ottoman+Damascus&rft.place=Koninklijke+Brill+nv%2C+Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004119086&rft.aulast=Weismann&rft.aufirst=Itzchak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Moussalli1999" class="citation book cs1">S. Moussalli, Ahmad (1999). Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran and Turkey. Folkestone, Kent: The Scarecrow Press. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810836092" title="Special:BookSources/0810836092"><bdi>0810836092</bdi></a>. <q>Al-Salafiya ... In Damascus, many Jordanian students were influenced by the Muslim Brotherhood's Shaykh Mustapha al-Siba'i and 'Isam al-'Attar, both with a long history in al-Salafiyya. In Damascus, the movement had a large following, including Allama Shaykh Muhammad Bahjat al-Bitar, 'Ali al-Tantawi, Shaykh Nasir al-Din al-Albani, Shaykh 'Abd al-Fattah al-Imam, Mazhar al-'Azma, Shaykh al-Bashir al Ibrahimi, Dr. Taqiy al-Din al-Hilal, Shaykh Muhiy al Din al-Qulaybi and Shaykh 'Abd Allah al-Qalqayli. The Islamic Bookstore in Lebanon owned by Zuhayr Shawish printed many of the movement's books.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Islamic+Fundamentalist+Movements+in+the+Arab+World%2C+Iran+and+Turkey&rft.place=Folkestone%2C+Kent&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0810836092&rft.aulast=S.+Moussalli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauziere2016" class="citation book cs1">Lauziere, Henri (2016). The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 46–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231175500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231175500"><bdi>978-0231175500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Salafism%3A+Islamic+Reform+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=46-49&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0231175500&rft.aulast=Lauziere&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauziere2016" class="citation book cs1">Lauziere, Henri (2016). The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231175500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231175500"><bdi>978-0231175500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Salafism%3A+Islamic+Reform+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0231175500&rft.aulast=Lauziere&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeismann,_Adawi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Weismann, Adawi, Itzchak, Rokaya (17 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/50006508">"Muhammad Bahjat al-Bitar and the Decline of Modernist Salafism in Twentieth-century Syria"</a>. Journal of Islamic Studies. 32 (2): 237–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2Fetab017">10.1093/jis/etab017</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411085511/https://www.academia.edu/50006508">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Muhammad+Bahjat+al-Bitar+and+the+Decline+of+Modernist+Salafism+in+Twentieth-century+Syria&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-56&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2Fetab017&rft.aulast=Weismann%2C+Adawi&rft.aufirst=Itzchak%2C+Rokaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F50006508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer2014" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel (2014). "Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism". Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 47, 59–60, 63–64, 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199333431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199333431"><bdi>978-0199333431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Revolution+and+Apoliticism%3A+Nasir+al-Din+al-Albani+and+his+Impact+on+the+Shaping+of+Contemporary+Salafism&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47%2C+59-60%2C+63-64%2C+73&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199333431&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlidort2015" class="citation book cs1">Olidort, Jacob (2015). "A New Curriculum: Rashīd Riḍā and Traditionalist Salafism". In Defense of Tradition: Muhammad Naşir Al-Dīn Al-Albānī and the Salafī Method. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University. pp. 49, 52–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+New+Curriculum%3A+Rash%C4%ABd+Ri%E1%B8%8D%C4%81+and+Traditionalist+Salafism&rft.btitle=In+Defense+of+Tradition%3A+Muhammad+Na%C5%9Fir+Al-D%C4%ABn+Al-Alb%C4%81n%C4%AB+and+the+Salaf%C4%AB+Method&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=49%2C+52-54&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Olidort&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubarak2022" class="citation book cs1">Mubarak, Hadia (2022). "1: Ruptures and Continuities in Modern Islamic Thought". Rebellious Wives, Neglectful Husbands: Controversies in Modern Qurʾanic Commentaries. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197553305" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197553305"><bdi>978-0197553305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Ruptures+and+Continuities+in+Modern+Islamic+Thought&rft.btitle=Rebellious+Wives%2C+Neglectful+Husbands%3A+Controversies+in+Modern+Qur%CA%BEanic+Commentaries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197553305&rft.aulast=Mubarak&rft.aufirst=Hadia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray-Miller2022" class="citation book cs1">Murray-Miller, Gavin (2022). "3: Pan-Islamism and Ottoman Imperialism". Empire Unbound: France and the Muslim Mediterranean, 1880–1918. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192863119" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192863119"><bdi>978-0192863119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Pan-Islamism+and+Ottoman+Imperialism&rft.btitle=Empire+Unbound%3A+France+and+the+Muslim+Mediterranean%2C+1880%E2%80%931918&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0192863119&rft.aulast=Murray-Miller&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-2017-17-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Wood-2017-17_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2017" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Graeme (2017). The Way of the Strangers. Random House. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+of+the+Strangers&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaykel2009" class="citation book cs1">Haykel, Bernard (2009). Meijer, Roel (ed.). Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. Columbia University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231154208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231154208"><bdi>978-0231154208</bdi></a>. <q>Salafi teachings and ideas have become pervasive in recent decades so that many modern Muslims – even ones who do not identify formally as being Salafi – are attracted to certain aspects of Salafism, namely its exclusive emphasis on textual forms of authority, its theology that attacks Ashari voluntarism, its pared down version of legal interpretation and its call for reform of Muslim belief and practice by, among other things, returning to the model of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0231154208&rft.aulast=Haykel&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacroix-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lacroix_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacroix_122-1">b</a> Stephane Lacroix, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17210/ISIM_21_Al-Albani-s_Revolutionary_Approach_to_Hadith.pdf?sequence=1">"Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091919/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17210/ISIM_21_Al-Albani-s_Revolutionary_Approach_to_Hadith.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>'s ISIM Review, Spring 2008, #21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kepel2006-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel2006_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel2006_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel2006" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC">Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845112578" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845112578"><bdi>978-1845112578</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1845112578&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLvTNk75hUoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamestown.org-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jamestown.org_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jamestown.org_124-1">b</a> For example: "Salafism originated in the mid to late 19th-century as an intellectual movement at al-Azhar University, led by Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905), Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839–1897) and Rashid Rida (1865–1935)." from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=528&no_cache=1">Understanding the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303065210/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews&">Archived</a> 3 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Trevor Stanley. Terrorism Monitor Volume 3, Issue 14. 15 July 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-KepelJihad-125"><a href="#cite_ref-KepelJihad_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel2006" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=islamism">Jihad By Gilles Kepel, Anthony F. Roberts</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845112578" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845112578"><bdi>978-1845112578</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+By+Gilles+Kepel%2C+Anthony+F.+Roberts&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+PLC&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1845112578&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLvTNk75hUoC%26q%3Dislamism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-haykel-126"><a href="#cite_ref-haykel_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaykel" class="citation web cs1">Haykel, Bernard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019213538/http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/sufism-and-salafism-in-syria-by-itzchak-weismann/">"Sufism and Salafism in Syria"</a>. 11 May 2007. Syria Comment. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/sufism-and-salafism-in-syria-by-itzchak-weismann/">the original</a> on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013. <q>The Salafis of the Muhammad Abduh variety no longer exist, as far as I can tell, and certainly are not thought of by others as Salafis since this term has been appropriated/co-opted fully by Salafis of the Ahl al-Hadith/Wahhabi variety.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=11+May+2007&rft.atitle=Sufism+and+Salafism+in+Syria&rft.aulast=Haykel&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joshualandis.com%2Fblog%2Fsufism-and-salafism-in-syria-by-itzchak-weismann%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijerHaykel2013" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel; Haykel, Bernard (2013). "On the Nature of Salafi thought and Action". Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199333431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199333431"><bdi>978-0199333431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Nature+of+Salafi+thought+and+Action&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199333431&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rft.au=Haykel%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauziere2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lauziere, Henri (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743810000401">"The Construction Ofsalafiyya: Reconsidering Salafism from the Perspective of Conceptual History"</a>. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 42 (3): 369–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743810000401">10.1017/S0020743810000401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Construction+Ofsalafiyya%3A+Reconsidering+Salafism+from+the+Perspective+of+Conceptual+History&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369-89&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743810000401&rft.aulast=Lauziere&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020743810000401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Oliver Leaman The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia Taylor & Francis, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415326391" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415326391">978-0415326391</a> p. 632 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauziere2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lauziere, Henri (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743810000401">"The Construction Ofsalafiyya: Reconsidering Salafism from the Perspective of Conceptual History"</a>. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 42 (3): 371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743810000401">10.1017/S0020743810000401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Construction+Ofsalafiyya%3A+Reconsidering+Salafism+from+the+Perspective+of+Conceptual+History&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743810000401&rft.aulast=Lauziere&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020743810000401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauvin2013" class="citation book cs1">Gauvin, Richard (2013). Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God. New York: Routledge: Taylor & Francis. pp. 38, 47, 274, 291, 298, 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203124826" title="Special:BookSources/978-0203124826"><bdi>978-0203124826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafi+Ritual+Purity%3A+In+the+Presence+of+God&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=38%2C+47%2C+274%2C+291%2C+298%2C+348&rft.pub=Routledge%3A+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0203124826&rft.aulast=Gauvin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauziere2016" class="citation book cs1">Lauziere, Henri (2016). The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231175500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231175500"><bdi>978-0231175500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Salafism%3A+Islamic+Reform+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0231175500&rft.aulast=Lauziere&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer2014" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel (2014). "Between Revolution and Apoliticism, Salafism In Pakistan". Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 58–78, 127–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199333431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199333431"><bdi>978-0199333431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Revolution+and+Apoliticism%2C+Salafism+In+Pakistan&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=58-78%2C+127-42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199333431&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umm-ul-qura.org/2017/04/03/biography-of-shaykh-al-islam-thanaullah-amritsari/">"Biography of Shaykh Al-Islam Thanaullah Amritsari"</a>. Umm-ul-Qura Publications. 3 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115014753/https://umm-ul-qura.org/2017/04/03/biography-of-shaykh-al-islam-thanaullah-amritsari/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Umm-ul-Qura+Publications&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Shaykh+Al-Islam+Thanaullah+Amritsari&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fumm-ul-qura.org%2F2017%2F04%2F03%2Fbiography-of-shaykh-al-islam-thanaullah-amritsari%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QW-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QW_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QW_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QW_135-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/WIKTOROWICZ_2006_Anatomy_of_the_Salafi_Movement.pdf">Anatomy of the Salafi Movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803194142/http://archives.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/WIKTOROWICZ_2006_Anatomy_of_the_Salafi_Movement.pdf">Archived</a> 3 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Quintan Wiktorowicz, Washington, D.C. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Natana J. DeLong-Bas, in Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad, </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdo2017" class="citation book cs1">Abdo, Geneive (2017). "2: The Sunni Salafists". The New Sectarianism: The Arab Uprisings and the Rebirth of the Shi'a-Sunni Divide. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46, 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190233143" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190233143"><bdi>978-0190233143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+The+Sunni+Salafists&rft.btitle=The+New+Sectarianism%3A+The+Arab+Uprisings+and+the+Rebirth+of+the+Shi%27a-Sunni+Divide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45-46%2C+48-49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190233143&rft.aulast=Abdo&rft.aufirst=Geneive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Hamid, Sadek. "The development of British salafism." Isim Review 21.1 (2008): 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Whatever_Happened_to_the_Islamists-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whatever_Happened_to_the_Islamists_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whatever_Happened_to_the_Islamists_139-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fDZwf-3NnxoC&dq=%22yet+another+field+in+which+the+Salafi+creed+has+to+be+applied%22&pg=PA161">Whatever Happened to the Islamists?</a> edited by Olivier Roy and Amel Boubekeur, Columbia University Press, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Rumman,_Abu_Hanieh2010" class="citation book cs1">Abu Rumman, Abu Hanieh, Mohammad, Hassan (2010). Jordanian Salafism: A Strategy for the "Islamization of Society" and an Ambiguous Relationship with the State. Amman, Jordan: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. pp. 74–77, 138–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9957484132" title="Special:BookSources/978-9957484132"><bdi>978-9957484132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordanian+Salafism%3A+A+Strategy+for+the+%22Islamization+of+Society%22+and+an+Ambiguous+Relationship+with+the+State&rft.place=Amman%2C+Jordan&rft.pages=74-77%2C+138-40&rft.pub=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9957484132&rft.aulast=Abu+Rumman%2C+Abu+Hanieh&rft.aufirst=Mohammad%2C+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-rich41-141"><a href="#cite_ref-rich41_141-0">^</a> Richard Gauvain, Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God, p. 41. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Routledge, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roel_Meijer_pg._49-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Roel_Meijer_pg._49_142-0">^</a> Roel Meijer, Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement, p. 49. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-jof-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jof_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jof_143-1">b</a> George Joffé, Islamist Radicalisation in Europe and the Middle East: Reassessing the Causes of Terrorism, p. 317. 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New York: Oxford University Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197522011" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197522011"><bdi>978-0197522011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epilogue%3A+Islam+Today&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Islamic+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0197522011&rft.aulast=Morrissey&rft.aufirst=Fitzroy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meij48-146"><a href="#cite_ref-meij48_146-0">^</a> Meijer, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2015/06/25/politics-and-the-puritanical">"Salafism: Politics and the puritanical"</a>. The Economist. 25 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002082341/https://amp.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2015/06/25/politics-and-the-puritanical">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Salafism%3A+Politics+and+the+puritanical&rft.date=2015-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2015%2F06%2F25%2Fpolitics-and-the-puritanical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Co-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Co_148-0">^</a> Commins, David, The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia, I. B. Tauris, 2006, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mo-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Mo_149-0">^</a> Mohie-Eldin, Fatima. The Evolution of Salafism A History of Salafi Doctrine. Al-Noor, Fall 2015. pp. 44–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdo2017" class="citation book cs1">Abdo, Geneive (2017). "2: The Sunni Salafists". The New Sectarianism: The Arab Uprisings and the Rebirth of the Shi'a-Sunni Divide. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46, 49, 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190233143" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190233143"><bdi>978-0190233143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+The+Sunni+Salafists&rft.btitle=The+New+Sectarianism%3A+The+Arab+Uprisings+and+the+Rebirth+of+the+Shi%27a-Sunni+Divide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45-46%2C+49%2C+55-56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190233143&rft.aulast=Abdo&rft.aufirst=Geneive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenz-Raymann2014" class="citation book cs1">Lenz-Raymann, Kathrin (2014). "3: Salafi Isalm: Social Transformation and Political Islam". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1fxgjp.7">Securitization of Islam: A Vicious Circle: Counter-Terrorism and Freedom of Religion in Central Asia</a>. United Kingdom: Transcript Verlag. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3837629040" title="Special:BookSources/978-3837629040"><bdi>978-3837629040</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1fxgjp.7">j.ctv1fxgjp.7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527222848/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1fxgjp.7">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Salafi+Isalm%3A+Social+Transformation+and+Political+Islam&rft.btitle=Securitization+of+Islam%3A+A+Vicious+Circle%3A+Counter-Terrorism+and+Freedom+of+Religion+in+Central+Asia&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1fxgjp.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-3837629040&rft.aulast=Lenz-Raymann&rft.aufirst=Kathrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1fxgjp.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSazanov,_Ploom2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sazanov, Ploom, Vladimir, Illimar (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/50040064">"Some Remarks on the Ideological Core and Political Pillars of the So-Called Islamic State"</a>. Modern Management Review. 26 (1): 59–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7862%2Frz.2021.mmr.06">10.7862/rz.2021.mmr.06</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237957039">237957039</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411085512/https://www.academia.edu/50040064">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2021 – via Academia.edu. <q>The third Salafi branch is the most populous branch of the Salafi movement, usually referred to as mainstream Salafism or political Salafism. It condemns violence, but contrary to the Purist and Madkhalist branches, they are quite actively engaged in the political processes in their home countries and societies..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Some+Remarks+on+the+Ideological+Core+and+Political+Pillars+of+the+So-Called+Islamic+State&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-80&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7862%2Frz.2021.mmr.06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237957039%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sazanov%2C+Ploom&rft.aufirst=Vladimir%2C+Illimar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F50040064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-abukhadeejah.com-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abukhadeejah.com_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abukhadeejah.com_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abukhadeejah.com/jamal-aldin-afghani-muhammad-abduh-rashid-rida-hasan-albanna-radicals-modernists/">"Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, Rashid Rida, Hasan al-Banna: Modernism, Revolution and the Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. www.abukhadeejah.com. 23 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828092102/https://www.abukhadeejah.com/jamal-aldin-afghani-muhammad-abduh-rashid-rida-hasan-albanna-radicals-modernists/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2019. 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Contemporary Islam. 17 (2): 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11562-023-00524-x">10.1007/s11562-023-00524-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257933043">257933043</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508090448/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-023-00524-x">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023 – via Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Islam&rft.atitle=Salafism+in+the+contemporary+age%3A+Wiktorowicz+revisited&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11562-023-00524-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257933043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Amghar%2C+Cavatorta&rft.aufirst=Samir%2C+Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11562-023-00524-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-MHafez-162"><a href="#cite_ref-MHafez_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafez2017" class="citation book cs1">Hafez, Mohammed M. 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Contemporary Islam. 17 (2): 223–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11562-023-00518-9">10.1007/s11562-023-00518-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257938255">257938255</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505124624/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-023-00518-9">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023. 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Contemporary Islam. 17 (2): 195–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11562-023-00524-x">10.1007/s11562-023-00524-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257933043">257933043</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508090448/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-023-00524-x">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023 – via Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Islam&rft.atitle=Salafism+in+the+contemporary+age%3A+Wiktorowicz+revisited&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-204&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11562-023-00524-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257933043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Amghar%2C+Cavatorta&rft.aufirst=Samir%2C+Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11562-023-00524-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaioli2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ramaioli, Massimo (13 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11562-023-00514-z">"Salafism as Gramscian informed vanguardism"</a>. Contemporary Islam. 17 (2): 297–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11562-023-00514-z">10.1007/s11562-023-00514-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256867289">256867289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Islam&rft.atitle=Salafism+as+Gramscian+informed+vanguardism&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=297-318&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11562-023-00514-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256867289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ramaioli&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11562-023-00514-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Quintan Wiktorowicz, Anatomy of the Salafi Movement, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-thinnly-175"><a href="#cite_ref-thinnly_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2006" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKf3AgAAQBAJ&q=wahhabi+nejd+thinly+populated&pg=PA7">The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia</a>. 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Stump, Roger (2008). The Geography of Religion: Faith, Place, and Space. US: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. pp. 199, 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742510807" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742510807"><bdi>978-0742510807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Religion%3A+Faith%2C+Place%2C+and+Space&rft.place=US&rft.pages=199%2C+200&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0742510807&rft.aulast=W.+Stump&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Khan,_Jones1968" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad Khan, Jones, Mu'īnuddīn, Harford (March 1968). "A Diplomat's Report on Wahhabism of Arabia". Islamic Studies. 7 (1): 33–46. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20832903">20832903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Diplomat%27s+Report+on+Wahhabism+of+Arabia&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-46&rft.date=1968-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20832903%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ahmad+Khan%2C+Jones&rft.aufirst=Mu%27%C4%ABnudd%C4%ABn%2C+Harford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito333-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Esposito333_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2003">Esposito 2003</a>, p. 333 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEsposito2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Roy (2006). "Muhammad Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab (1703–1792)". Fifty Key Figures in Islam. New York: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 162–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415354676" title="Special:BookSources/0415354676"><bdi>0415354676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muhammad+Ibn+Abd+Al-Wahhab+%281703%E2%80%931792%29&rft.btitle=Fifty+Key+Figures+in+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=162-63&rft.pub=Routledge%3A+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0415354676&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Roy (2006). "Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792)". Fifty Key Figures in Islam. New York: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 161–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415354676" title="Special:BookSources/0415354676"><bdi>0415354676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab+%281703%E2%80%931792%29&rft.btitle=Fifty+Key+Figures+in+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=161-63&rft.pub=Routledge%3A+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0415354676&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2006" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Caryle (5 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_pf.html">"For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210234500/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_pf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2017. <q>The kind of Islam practiced at Dar-us-Salaam, known as Salafism, once had a significant foothold among area Muslims, in large part because of an aggressive missionary effort by the government of Saudi Arabia. Salafism and its strict Saudi version, known as Wahhabism, struck a chord with many Muslim immigrants who took a dim view of the United States' sexually saturated pop culture and who were ambivalent about participating in a secular political system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=For+Conservative+Muslims%2C+Goal+of+Isolation+a+Challenge&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Caryle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F09%2F04%2FAR2006090401107_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-salaf-182"><a href="#cite_ref-lewis-salaf_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2006" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Bernard (27 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2006/04/27/islam-and-the-west-a-conversation-with-bernard-lewis/">"Islam and the West: A Conversation with Bernard Lewis (transcript)"</a>. pewforum.org. Pew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130910015148/http://www.pewforum.org/2006/04/27/islam-and-the-west-a-conversation-with-bernard-lewis/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2014. <q>There are others, the so-called Salafia. It's run along parallel lines to the Wahhabis, but they are less violent and less extreme – still violent and extreme but less so than the Wahhabis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pewforum.org&rft.atitle=Islam+and+the+West%3A+A+Conversation+with+Bernard+Lewis+%28transcript%29&rft.date=2006-04-27&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2006%2F04%2F27%2Fislam-and-the-west-a-conversation-with-bernard-lewis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Durie2013" class="citation web cs1">Mark Durie (6 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/3541/salafis-muslim-brotherhood">"Salafis and the Muslim Brotherhood: What is the difference?"</a>. Middle East Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324135429/http://www.meforum.org/3541/salafis-muslim-brotherhood">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015. <q>What is called Wahhabism – the official religious ideology of the Saudi state – is a form of Salafism. Strictly speaking, 'Wahhabism' is not a movement, but a label used mainly by non-Muslims to refer to Saudi Salafism, referencing the name of an influential 18th-century Salafi teacher, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. ... The continuing impact of Salafi dogma in Saudi Arabia means that Saudi leaders are active and diligent in funding and promoting Salafism all around the world. If there is a mosque receiving Saudi funding in your city today, in every likelihood it is a Salafi mosque. Saudi money has also leveraged Salafi teachings through TV stations, websites and publications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salafis+and+the+Muslim+Brotherhood%3A+What+is+the+difference%3F&rft.pub=Middle+East+Forum&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft.au=Mark+Durie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F3541%2Fsalafis-muslim-brotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moussalli-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Moussalli_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoussalli2009" class="citation book cs1">Moussalli, Ahmad (30 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140623113340/http://conflictsforum.org/briefings/Wahhabism-Salafism-and-Islamism.pdf">Wahhabism, Salafism and Islamism: Who Is The Enemy?</a> (PDF). A Conflicts Forum Monograph. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conflictsforum.org/briefings/Wahhabism-Salafism-and-Islamism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabism%2C+Salafism+and+Islamism%3A+Who+Is+The+Enemy%3F&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=A+Conflicts+Forum+Monograph&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.aulast=Moussalli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconflictsforum.org%2Fbriefings%2FWahhabism-Salafism-and-Islamism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon" class="citation web cs1">Dillon, Michael R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf">"Wahhabism: Is It a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?"</a> (PDF). September 2009. Naval Post-Graduate School. pp. 3–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090159/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014. <q>Hamid Algar [...] emphasizes the strong influence of the Saudi petrodollar in the propagation of Wahhabism, but also attributes the political situation of the Arab world at the time as a contributing factor that led to the co-opting of Salafism. [...] Khaled Abou El Fadl, [...] expresses the opinion that Wahhabism would not have been able to spread in the modern Muslim world [...] it would have to be spread under the banner of Salafism.8 This attachment of Wahhabism to Salafism was needed as Salafism was a much more 'credible paradigm in Islam'; making it an ideal medium for Wahhabism. [...] The co-opting of Salafism by Wahhabism was not completed until the 1970s when the Wahhabis stripped away some of their extreme intolerance and co-opted the symbolism and language of Salafism; making them practically indistinguishable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=September+2009&rft.atitle=Wahhabism%3A+Is+It+a+Factor+in+the+Spread+of+Global+Terrorism%3F&rft.pages=3-4&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa509109.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fadl-75-186"><a href="#cite_ref-fadl-75_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2005" class="citation book cs1">Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greattheftwrestl00abou">The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists</a>. Harper San Francisco. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greattheftwrestl00abou/page/75">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060563394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060563394"><bdi>978-0060563394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Theft%3A+Wrestling+Islam+from+the+Extremists&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Harper+San+Francisco&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0060563394&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreattheftwrestl00abou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_187-1">b</a> Dawood al-Shirian, 'What Is Saudi Arabia Going to Do?' Al-Hayat, 19 May 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Abou al Fadl, Khaled, The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists, Harper San Francisco, 2005, pp. 48–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Kepel, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy,_Caryle_p._32-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy,_Caryle_p._32_190-0">^</a> Murphy, Caryle, Passion for Islam – Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Simon & Schuster, 2002 p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Coolsaet-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Coolsaet_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolsaet2013" class="citation book cs1">Coolsaet, Rik (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOKhAgAAQBAJ&q=wahabi+difference+salafi&pg=PT126">"7. Cycles of Revolutionary Terrorism"</a>. In Rik Coolsaet (ed.). Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409476450" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409476450"><bdi>978-1409476450</bdi></a>. <q>The proliferation of brochures, free qurans and new Islamic centres in Malaga, Madrid, Milat, Mantes-la-Jolie, Edinburgh, Brussels, Lisbon, Zagreb, Washington, Chicago, and Toronto; the financing of Islamic Studies chairs in American universities; the growth of Internet sites: all of these elements have facilitated access to Wahhabi teachings and the promotion of Wahhabism as the sole legitimate guardian of Islamic thought.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Cycles+of+Revolutionary+Terrorism&rft.btitle=Jihadi+Terrorism+and+the+Radicalisation+Challenge%3A+European+and+American&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1409476450&rft.aulast=Coolsaet&rft.aufirst=Rik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOKhAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwahabi%2Bdifference%2Bsalafi%26pg%3DPT126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent_1jul2007-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent_1jul2007_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_1jul2007_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/wahhabism-a-deadly-scripture-5924632.html">"Wahhabism: A deadly scripture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. 1 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005094746/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/wahhabism-a-deadly-scripture-5924632.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Wahhabism%3A+A+deadly+scripture&rft.date=2007-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fwahhabism-a-deadly-scripture-5924632.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKepel2002">Kepel 2002</a>, pp. 69–75 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKepel2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Radical_Islam_in_Central_Asia-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Radical_Islam_in_Central_Asia_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kashmirherald.com/featuredarticle/radicalislam.html">"Radical Islam in Central Asia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030845/http://www.kashmirherald.com/featuredarticle/radicalislam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radical+Islam+in+Central+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kashmirherald.com%2Ffeaturedarticle%2Fradicalislam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuan_Yew_LeeAli_Wyne2012" class="citation book cs1">Kuan Yew Lee; Ali Wyne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=geiCymK1IWIC&q=lee+kuan+yew+%22gold+standard%22+islam&pg=PA71">Lee Kuan Yew: The Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States, and .</a> MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262019125" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262019125"><bdi>978-0262019125</bdi></a>. <q>But over the last 30-odd years, since the oil crisis and the petrodollars became a major factor in the Muslim world, the extremists have been proleytizing, building mosques, religious schools where they teach Wahhabism [...] sending out preachers, and having conferences. Globalizing, networking. And slowly they have convinced the Southeast Asian Muslims, and indeed Muslims throughout the world, that the gold standard is Saudi Arabia, that that is the real good Muslim.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lee+Kuan+Yew%3A+The+Grand+Master%27s+Insights+on+China%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+..&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0262019125&rft.au=Kuan+Yew+Lee&rft.au=Ali+Wyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgeiCymK1IWIC%26q%3Dlee%2Bkuan%2Byew%2B%2522gold%2Bstandard%2522%2Bislam%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Laurent Bonnefoy, Salafism in Yemen: Transnationalism and Religious Identity, Columbia University Press/Hurst, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849041317" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849041317">978-1849041317</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdo2017" class="citation book cs1">Abdo, Geneive (2017). "2: The Sunni Salafists". The New Sectarianism: The Arab Uprisings and the Rebirth of the Shi'a-Sunni Divide. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 47, 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190233143" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190233143"><bdi>978-0190233143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+The+Sunni+Salafists&rft.btitle=The+New+Sectarianism%3A+The+Arab+Uprisings+and+the+Rebirth+of+the+Shi%27a-Sunni+Divide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47%2C+48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190233143&rft.aulast=Abdo&rft.aufirst=Geneive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODI2-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODI2_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI2_198-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI2_198-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada">"Ahl-i Hadith"</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195125580" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195125580"><bdi>978-0195125580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl-i+Hadith&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0195125580&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00bada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-islamism-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roy-islamism_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy-islamism_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivierSfeir2007" class="citation book cs1">Olivier, Roy; Sfeir, Antoine, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&pg=PA27">The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231146401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231146401"><bdi>978-0231146401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+World+Dictionary+of+Islamism&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0231146401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNrMilgHKKEC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Rabasa, Angel M. The Muslim World After 9/11 By Angel M. Rabasa, p. 275 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Alex Strick Van Linschoten and Felix Kuehn, An Enemy We Created: The Myth of the Taliban-Al Qaeda Merger in Afghanistan, p. 427. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199927319" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199927319">978-0199927319</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieven2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven">Lieven, Anatol</a> (2011). Pakistan: A Hard Country. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610390231" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610390231"><bdi>978-1610390231</bdi></a>. <q>Ahl-e-Hadith ... a branch of the international Salafi ... tradition, heavily influenced by Wahabism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Hard+Country&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1610390231&rft.aulast=Lieven&rft.aufirst=Anatol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Brown1999" class="citation book cs1">W. Brown, Daniel (1999). "2: The emergence of modern Challenges to tradition". Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25, 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/970521653947" title="Special:BookSources/970521653947"><bdi>970521653947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+The+emergence+of+modern+Challenges+to+tradition&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Tradition+in+Modern+Islamic+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%3B+London&rft.pages=25%2C+27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=W.+Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: length (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2020" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Imtiaz (15 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millichronicle.com/2020/08/from-wahabi-movement-to-1857-revolt-muslims-in-indias-freedom-struggle/">"From Wahabi Movement to 1857 Revolt: Muslims in India's Freedom Struggle"</a>. The Milli Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309192600/https://millichronicle.com/2020/08/from-wahabi-movement-to-1857-revolt-muslims-in-indias-freedom-struggle/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Milli+Chronicle&rft.atitle=From+Wahabi+Movement+to+1857+Revolt%3A+Muslims+in+India%27s+Freedom+Struggle&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Imtiaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillichronicle.com%2F2020%2F08%2Ffrom-wahabi-movement-to-1857-revolt-muslims-in-indias-freedom-struggle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gktoday.in/topic/wahabi-movement/">"What was Wahabi Movement?"</a>. GK Today. 13 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210913031227/https://www.gktoday.in/topic/wahabi-movement/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GK+Today&rft.atitle=What+was+Wahabi+Movement%3F&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gktoday.in%2Ftopic%2Fwahabi-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Brown1999" class="citation book cs1">W. Brown, Daniel (1999). "2: The emergence of modern Challenges to tradition". Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/970521653947" title="Special:BookSources/970521653947"><bdi>970521653947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+The+emergence+of+modern+Challenges+to+tradition&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Tradition+in+Modern+Islamic+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%3B+London&rft.pages=27-29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=W.+Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: length (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerala.com/kerala_Celebrities/celebrity.php?recid=102">"Kerala Celebrity,Celebrity of the week"</a>. Kerala.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002215522/http://www.kerala.com/kerala_Celebrities/celebrity.php?recid=102">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kerala.com&rft.atitle=Kerala+Celebrity%2CCelebrity+of+the+week&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kerala.com%2Fkerala_Celebrities%2Fcelebrity.php%3Frecid%3D102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1976" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Roland E. (1976). Mappila Muslims of Kerala: Study in Islamic Trends. Madras: Orient Longman Limited. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0863112706" title="Special:BookSources/0863112706"><bdi>0863112706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mappila+Muslims+of+Kerala%3A+Study+in+Islamic+Trends&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Orient+Longman+Limited&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0863112706&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Roland+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-art-209"><a href="#cite_ref-art_209-0">^</a> Arthur F Buehler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDsFTw76GZMC&dq=ahl+e+hadith+followers&pg=PA179">Sufi Heirs of the Prophet: the Indian Naqshbandiyya and the Rise of the Mediating Sufi Shaykh</a>, p. 179. Part of the Studies in Comparative Religion series. <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570032011" title="Special:BookSources/978-1570032011">978-1570032011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Daniel W. Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought: Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, p. 32. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521653947" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521653947">978-0521653947</a>. Quote: "Ahl-i-Hadith [...] consciously identified themselves with Zahiri doctrine." </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Rubin, p. 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Sushant Sareen, The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making, p. 282. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: Har Anand Publications, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandavilleLacroix2022" class="citation book cs1">Mandaville, Peter; Lacroix, Stéphane (2022). "13: Unpacking the Saudi-Salafi Connection in Egypt". Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 255–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197532577" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197532577"><bdi>978-0197532577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13%3A+Unpacking+the+Saudi-Salafi+Connection+in+Egypt&rft.btitle=Wahhabism+and+the+World%3A+Understanding+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Global+Influence+on+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=255-64&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197532577&rft.aulast=Mandaville&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SE-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SE_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SE_214-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018115141/http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/egypt/salafists/salafi-groups-egypt">"Salafi Groups in Egypt"</a>. www.islamopediaonline.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/egypt/salafists/salafi-groups-egypt">the original</a> on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.islamopediaonline.org&rft.atitle=Salafi+Groups+in+Egypt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamopediaonline.org%2Fcountry-profile%2Fegypt%2Fsalafists%2Fsalafi-groups-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/commentary/2011-an-arab-springtime/">"2011: An Arab Springtime?"</a>. Monthly Review. 2 June 2011. <q>The introduction of Wahhabite Islam into Egypt was begun by Rachid Reda in the 1920's...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=2011%3A+An+Arab+Springtime%3F&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2Fcommentary%2F2011-an-arab-springtime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Youssef_1985_57-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Youssef_1985_57_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Youssef_1985_57_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoussef1985" class="citation book cs1">Youssef, Michael (1985). "9: Egyptian Nationalism at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century". Revolt Against Modernity: Muslim Zealots and the West. E.J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004075593" title="Special:BookSources/9004075593"><bdi>9004075593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9%3A+Egyptian+Nationalism+at+the+Dawn+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=Revolt+Against+Modernity%3A+Muslim+Zealots+and+the+West&rft.place=E.J.+Brill%2C+Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9004075593&rft.aulast=Youssef&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandavilleLacroix2022" class="citation book cs1">Mandaville, Peter; Lacroix, Stéphane (2022). "13: Unpacking the Saudi-Salafi Connection in Egypt". Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197532577" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197532577"><bdi>978-0197532577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13%3A+Unpacking+the+Saudi-Salafi+Connection+in+Egypt&rft.btitle=Wahhabism+and+the+World%3A+Understanding+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Global+Influence+on+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197532577&rft.aulast=Mandaville&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauvain2013" class="citation book cs1">Gauvain, Richard (2013). Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God. New York: Routledge. pp. 38, 46–47, 284–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafi+Ritual+Purity%3A+In+the+Presence+of+God&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=38%2C+46-47%2C+284-86&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gauvain&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3171/al-nour-party">Al-Nour Party</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111202150750/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3171/al-nour-party">Archived</a> 2 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Jadaliyya. 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Retrieved 19 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=The+unexpected+rise+of+Salafists+has+complicated+Egyptian+politics&rft.date=2012-01-06&rft.au=Omar+Ashour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FOpinion%2FCommentary%2F2012%2FJan-06%2F159027-the-unexpected-rise-of-salafists-has-complicated-egyptian-politics.ashx%23ixzz1iz2mHPKa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_221-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/12/20/salafis-and-sufis-in-egypt/8fj4">Salafis and Sufis in Egypt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007124029/http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/12/20/salafis-and-sufis-in-egypt/8fj4">Archived</a> 7 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jonathan Brown, Carnegie Paper, December 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Kingsley2013" class="citation news cs1">Patrick Kingsley (7 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/07/egypt-salafist-al-nour-party">"Egypt's Salafist al-Nour party wields new influence on post-Morsi coalition | World news"</a>. 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Ahram Online. 15 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129030206/http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/115574.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=Cairo+court+adjourns+case+on+dissolution+of+Islamist+Nour+Party&rft.date=2014-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNews%2F115574.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuf2014" class="citation news cs1">Auf, Yussef (25 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/egyptsource/political-islam-s-fate-in-egypt-lies-in-the-hands-of-the-courts">"Political Islam's Fate in Egypt Lies in the Hands of the Courts"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Political+Islam%27s+Fate+in+Egypt+Lies+in+the+Hands+of+the+Courts&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Auf&rft.aufirst=Yussef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fegyptsource%2Fpolitical-islam-s-fate-in-egypt-lies-in-the-hands-of-the-courts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/11/26/court-claims-jurisdiction-religiously-affiliated-parties/">"Court claims no jurisdiction over religiously affiliated parties"</a>. Daily News Egypt. 26 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403020411/https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/11/26/court-claims-jurisdiction-religiously-affiliated-parties/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&rft.atitle=Court+claims+no+jurisdiction+over+religiously+affiliated+parties&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewsegypt.com%2F2014%2F11%2F26%2Fcourt-claims-jurisdiction-religiously-affiliated-parties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahram-227"><a href="#cite_ref-ahram_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan" class="citation web cs1">Hassan, Ammar Ali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228170628/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/502/32/Muslim%20Brothers%20and%20Salafis.aspx">"Muslim Brothers and Salafis"</a>. 06-12-2012. Al Ahram. 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Transaction Publishers. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412826167" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412826167"><bdi>978-1412826167</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 March 2015. <q>When Prince Muhammad al-Faysal of Saudi Arabia visited Malaysia in December 1980, he offered $100 million for an interest-free finance corporation. Not surprisingly, the Malaysian finance minister responded by announcing that the government would study the possibility of establishing an `Islamic economic system.` Two years later, the Saudis helped finance the government-sponsored Bank Islam Malaysia. 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Retrieved 29 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=How+Arabization+changed+Islam+in+Asia&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft.aulast=Kingston&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatimes.com%2F2019%2F12%2Fhow-arabization-changed-islam-in-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2022" class="citation news cs1">Hunter, Murray (13 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurasiareview.com/13062022-malaysia-power-struggle-between-wahhabi-salafism-and-muslim-brotherhood-analysis/">"Malaysia: Power Struggle Between Wahhabi-Salafism And Muslim Brotherhood – Analysis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629175109/https://www.eurasiareview.com/13062022-malaysia-power-struggle-between-wahhabi-salafism-and-muslim-brotherhood-analysis/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Malaysia%3A+Power+Struggle+Between+Wahhabi-Salafism+And+Muslim+Brotherhood+%E2%80%93+Analysis&rft.date=2022-06-13&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiareview.com%2F13062022-malaysia-power-struggle-between-wahhabi-salafism-and-muslim-brotherhood-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarak_A._SalmoniBryce_LoidoltMadeleine_Wells2010" class="citation book cs1">Barak A. Salmoni; Bryce Loidolt; Madeleine Wells (2010). Regime and Periphery in Northern Yemen: The Huthi Phenomenon. 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Retrieved 9 June 2014. <q>It also reveals that Salafism was cited in 2010 as the fastest growing Islamic movement on the planet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+wins+NEH+grant+to+study+Salafism&rft.pub=Arizona+State+University&rft.au=Barby+Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsrc.asu.edu%2Fnews%2Fcenter-wins-neh-grant-study-salafism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Shuster2013" class="citation news cs1">Simon Shuster (3 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/08/03/comment-underground-islam-russia">"Comment: Underground Islam in Russia"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 June 2014. <q>It is the fastest-growing movement within the fastest-growing religion in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Comment%3A+Underground+Islam+in+Russia&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft.au=Simon+Shuster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2013%2F08%2F03%2Fcomment-underground-islam-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian,_Caryl2012" class="citation news cs1">Christian, Caryl (12 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102161251/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/12/the_salafi_moment">"The Salafi Moment"</a>. FP. 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Retrieved 9 June 2014. <q>The service [German domestic intelligence service] said in its most recent annual report dating from 2010 that Salafism was the fastest growing Islamic movement in the world...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AFP&rft.atitle=Uproar+in+Germany+Over+Salafi+Drive+to+Hand+Out+Millions+of+Qurans&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fnews%2F20120416150547.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/salafism-infiltrates-turkish-religious-discourse">"Salafism Infiltrates Turkish Religious Discourse"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Salafism+Infiltrates+Turkish+Religious+Discourse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fsalafism-infiltrates-turkish-religious-discourse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, Andrew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743817000319">"Salafi Thought in Turkish Public Discourse Since 1980"</a>. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 49 (3). Cambridge University Press: 417–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743817000319">10.1017/S0020743817000319</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149269334">149269334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Salafi+Thought+in+Turkish+Public+Discourse+Since+1980&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=417-35&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743817000319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149269334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0020743817000319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0070.xml">Salafism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224194307/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0070.xml">Archived</a> 24 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Modernist Salafism from the 20th Century to the Present </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjeilen2020" class="citation web cs1">Kjeilen, Tore (30 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831211509/http://i-cias.com/e.o/salafism.htm">"Salafism – LookLex Encyclopaedia"</a>. i-cias.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-cias.com/e.o/salafism.htm">the original</a> on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=i-cias.com&rft.atitle=Salafism+%E2%80%93+LookLex+Encyclopaedia&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft.aulast=Kjeilen&rft.aufirst=Tore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi-cias.com%2Fe.o%2Fsalafism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/glossary/salafism">Salafism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311113435/http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/glossary/salafism">Archived</a> 11 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tony Blair Faith Foundation </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgeon2015" class="citation book cs1">Ridgeon, Lloyd (2015). "Introduction". Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472523877" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472523877"><bdi>978-1472523877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Sufis+and+Salafis+in+the+Contemporary+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1472523877&rft.aulast=Ridgeon&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=528&">Understanding the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329081128/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=528&">Archived</a> 29 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>| Terrorism Monitor| Volume 3 Issue: 14| 15 July 2005| by: Trevor Stanley </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090159/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf">"Dillon, Michael R"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dillon%2C+Michael+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa509109.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qadhi-275"><a href="#cite_ref-qadhi_275-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muslimmatters.org/2014/04/22/on-salafi-islam-dr-yasir-qadhi/5/">On Salafi Islam | IV Conclusion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220205421/http://muslimmatters.org/2014/04/22/on-salafi-islam-dr-yasir-qadhi/5/">Archived</a> 20 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>| Yasir Qadhi 22 April 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-WIK-276"><a href="#cite_ref-WIK_276-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/WIKTOROWICZ_2006_Anatomy_of_the_Salafi_Movement.pdf">Anatomy of the Salafi Movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803194142/http://archives.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/WIKTOROWICZ_2006_Anatomy_of_the_Salafi_Movement.pdf">Archived</a> 3 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Quintan Wiktorowicz, Washington, D.C. p. 212 </li> <li id="cite_note-conflictsforum.org-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conflictsforum.org_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-conflictsforum.org_277-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conflictsforum.org/briefings/Wahhabism-Salafism-and-Islamism.pdf">Wahhabism, Salafismm and Islamism Who Is The Enemy?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140623113340/http://conflictsforum.org/briefings/Wahhabism-Salafism-and-Islamism.pdf">Archived</a> 23 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Pfr. Ahmad Mousali | American University of Beirut | p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> "'Abduh clearly did not claim to be a Salafi nor identified his followers as Salafis. He simply referred al-Salafiyyin in the context of theological debates as Sunni Muslims who differed from Ash'arites based on their strict adherence to 'aqidat al-salaf (the creed of the forefather) (Lauziere, 2010)" </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2015" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Ridgeon (2015). "Introduction". Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age. London: Bloomsbury. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472523877" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472523877"><bdi>978-1472523877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Sufis+and+Salafis+in+the+Contemporary+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1472523877&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Ridgeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/the-split-between-qatar-and-the-gcc-wont-be-permanent">The split between Qatar and the GCC won't be permanent</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117173729/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/the-split-between-qatar-and-the-gcc-wont-be-permanent">Archived</a> 17 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "However, the intra-Sunni divides have not been so clear to foreign observers. Those divides include the following: purist Salafism (which many call "Wahhabism"), modernist Salafism (which is the main intellectual ancestor of the Muslim Brotherhood) and classical Sunnism (which is the mainstream of Islamic religious institutions in the region historically" </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129080121/http://ikhwanonline.net/Article.asp?ArtID=120&SecID=0">"ikhwanonline.net"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ikhwanonline.net/Article.asp?ArtID=120&SecID=0">the original</a> on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ikhwanonline.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fikhwanonline.net%2FArticle.asp%3FArtID%3D120%26SecID%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=528&">Understanding al-Khajnadee, Muhammad Abduh, the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329081128/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=528&">Archived</a> 29 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.jamestown.org </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Račius, Egdūnas. "Islamic Law in Lithuania? Its Institutionalisation, Limits and Prospects for Application." Exploring the Multitude of Muslims in Europe: Essays in Honour of Jørgen S. Nielsen (2018): p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ide.go.jp/Japanese/Publish/Download/Seisaku/pdf/201307_mide_08.pdf">Wahhābis and the Development of Salafism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033133/http://www.ide.go.jp/Japanese/Publish/Download/Seisaku/pdf/201307_mide_08.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Sadashi Fukuda| p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Esposito2003" class="citation book cs1">L. Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 10, 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195125584" title="Special:BookSources/0195125584"><bdi>0195125584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10%2C+333&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0195125584&rft.aulast=L.+Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Martin2004" class="citation book cs1">C. Martin, Richard (2004). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Macmillan Reference. pp. 26–27, 608–09, 727–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/002656032" title="Special:BookSources/002656032"><bdi>002656032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pages=26-27%2C+608-09%2C+727-28&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=C.+Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: length (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpwisReisman2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felicitas_Opwis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felicitas Opwis (page does not exist)">Opwis, Felicitas</a>; Reisman, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAK5Ale9-sAC&pg=PA458">Islamic Philosophy, Science, Culture, and Religion: Studies in Honor of Dimitri Gutas</a>. Brill. p. 458. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20274-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20274-0"><bdi>978-90-04-20274-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Philosophy%2C+Science%2C+Culture%2C+and+Religion%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Dimitri+Gutas&rft.pages=458&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20274-0&rft.aulast=Opwis&rft.aufirst=Felicitas&rft.au=Reisman%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWAK5Ale9-sAC%26pg%3DPA458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzutsu_井筒1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toshihiko_Izutsu" title="Toshihiko Izutsu">Izutsu 井筒, Toshihiko 俊彦</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GPT9uAypnOEC&pg=PA49">Sufism and Taoism: A Comparative Study of Key Philosophical Concepts</a>. University of California Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520052642" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520052642"><bdi>978-0520052642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufism+and+Taoism%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Key+Philosophical+Concepts&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0520052642&rft.aulast=Izutsu+%E4%BA%95%E7%AD%92&rft.aufirst=Toshihiko+%E4%BF%8A%E5%BD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGPT9uAypnOEC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFنور" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">نور, مكتبة. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A9-pdf">"Detailed Response to Ash'aris (pdf)"</a>. www.noor-book.com (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212501/https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A9-pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.noor-book.com&rft.atitle=Detailed+Response+to+Ash%27aris+%28pdf%29&rft.aulast=%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1&rft.aufirst=%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noor-book.com%2F%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/albijory">"تحقيق المقام علي كفايه العوام في علم الكلام"</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbijory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/bpsc.html#:~:text=A%20man%20joins%20the%20fold,%3B%20Muhammad%20is%20His%20Prophet.)">"Islam: Basic Principles and Characteristics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405021656/https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/bpsc.html#:~:text=A%20man%20joins%20the%20fold,%3B%20Muhammad%20is%20His%20Prophet.)">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Basic+Principles+and+Characteristics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iium.edu.my%2Fdeed%2Farticles%2Fbpsc.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DA%2520man%2520joins%2520the%2520fold%2C%253B%2520Muhammad%2520is%2520His%2520Prophet.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_292-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_292-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauvain2012" class="citation book cs1">Gauvain, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCL5fElYbnYC">Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God</a>. Routledge. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136446931" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136446931"><bdi>978-1136446931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafi+Ritual+Purity%3A+In+the+Presence+of+God&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1136446931&rft.aulast=Gauvain&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCL5fElYbnYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauvain2012" class="citation book cs1">Gauvain, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCL5fElYbnYC">Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God</a>. Routledge. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136446931" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136446931"><bdi>978-1136446931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafi+Ritual+Purity%3A+In+the+Presence+of+God&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1136446931&rft.aulast=Gauvain&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCL5fElYbnYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauvain2012" class="citation book cs1">Gauvain, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCL5fElYbnYC">Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God</a>. Routledge. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136446931" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136446931"><bdi>978-1136446931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafi+Ritual+Purity%3A+In+the+Presence+of+God&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1136446931&rft.aulast=Gauvain&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCL5fElYbnYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2018" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Rohan (2018). Western Imaginings: The Intellectual Contest to Define Wahhabism. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774168642" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774168642"><bdi>978-9774168642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Imaginings%3A+The+Intellectual+Contest+to+Define+Wahhabism&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9774168642&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Rohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauzire2015" class="citation book cs1">Lauzire, Henri (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHjICgAAQBAJ">The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231540179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231540179"><bdi>978-0231540179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Salafism%3A+Islamic+Reform+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0231540179&rft.aulast=Lauzire&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNHjICgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_297-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish2011" class="citation book cs1">Fish, M. Steven (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eBA0fZpetBgC">Are Muslims Distinctive?: A Look at the Evidence</a>. Oxford University Press, US. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199769209" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199769209"><bdi>978-0199769209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+Muslims+Distinctive%3F%3A+A+Look+at+the+Evidence&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199769209&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=M.+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeBA0fZpetBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> Abou El Fadl, Khaled, The Great Theft, Harper San Francisco, 2005, p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-dont-more-muslims-speak-out-against-the-wanton-destruction-of-meccas-holy-sites-8229682.html">The Independent</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725211428/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-dont-more-muslims-speak-out-against-the-wanton-destruction-of-meccas-holy-sites-8229682.html">Archived</a> 25 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Why don't more Muslims speak out against the wanton destruction of Mecca's holy sites?, by Jerome Taylor, 28 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2018" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Jerome (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-rich-islam-s-holiest-site-turning-vegas-2360114.html">"Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas'"</a>. Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104143004/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-rich-islam-s-holiest-site-turning-vegas-2360114.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Mecca+for+the+rich%3A+Islam%27s+holiest+site+%27turning+into+Vegas%27&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fmecca-rich-islam-s-holiest-site-turning-vegas-2360114.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-301"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_301-0">^</a> Elliot, Andrea (17 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/magazine/mag-20Salafis-t.html/">"Why Yasir Qadhi Wants to Talk About Jihad"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130427064314/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/magazine/mag-20Salafis-t.html">Archived</a> 27 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Xo8ykbyYIgI">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607005353/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xo8ykbyYIgI&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xo8ykbyYIgI">"Dr. Yasir Qadhi on why he left Salafi or Wahabi movement of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahab"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 10 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Dr.+Yasir+Qadhi+on+why+he+left+Salafi+or+Wahabi+movement+of+Muhammad+Ibn+Abd+al-Wahab.&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DXo8ykbyYIgI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/hZv5eKzoA8Y">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622050538/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZv5eKzoA8Y">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZv5eKzoA8Y">"[Ex-Salafi] Yasir Qadhi talks about Salafies & Wahabies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=%5BEx-Salafi%5D+Yasir+Qadhi+talks+about+Salafies+%26+Wahabies&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhZv5eKzoA8Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8GYkedPkxlI&feature=youtu.be">"Have you left the way of the Salaf? ~ Dr. Yasir Qadhi"</a>. www.youtube.com. 9 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/8GYkedPkxlI">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youtube.com&rft.atitle=Have+you+left+the+way+of+the+Salaf%3F+~+Dr.+Yasir+Qadhi&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8GYkedPkxlI%26feature%3Dyoutu.be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-verfassungsschuetz-305"><a href="#cite_ref-verfassungsschuetz_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217003940/http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/en/en_fields_of_work/islamism/">"Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz) 7/18/2012: latest 2011 report on Islamic Salafist extremism in Germany (English)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/en/en_fields_of_work/islamism/">the original</a> on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Office+for+the+Protection+of+the+Constitution+%28Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Verfassungsschutz%29+7%2F18%2F2012%3A+latest+2011+report+on+Islamic+Salafist+extremism+in+Germany+%28English%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungsschutz.de%2Fen%2Fen_fields_of_work%2Fislamism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,15935366,00.html">"Salafist extremism spreading in Germany"</a>, Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com), 8 May 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.atitle=Salafist+extremism+spreading+in+Germany&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C15935366%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520190058/http://www.pipeline.de/www/index.php?&kat=10&artikel=110085213&red=1&ausgabe=">"Verfassungsschutzbericht warnt vor Salafisten"</a> [Constitutional protection report warns of Salafists], Pipeline, 17 June 2012, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pipeline.de/www/index.php?&kat=10&artikel=110085213&red=1&ausgabe=">the original</a> on 20 May 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pipeline&rft.atitle=Verfassungsschutzbericht+warnt+vor+Salafisten&rft.date=2012-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pipeline.de%2Fwww%2Findex.php%3F%26kat%3D10%26artikel%3D110085213%26red%3D1%26ausgabe%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Thorsten Gerald Schneiders Salafismus in Deutschland: Ursprünge und Gefahren einer islamisch-fundamentalistischen Bewegung transcript Verlag 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3839427118" title="Special:BookSources/978-3839427118">978-3839427118</a> p. 392 </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens,_O'hara2015" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, O'hara, David, Kieron (2015). The Devil's Long Tail: Religious and Other Radicals in the Internet Marketplace. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199396245" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199396245"><bdi>978-0199396245</bdi></a>. <q>They do not represent an Islamic tradition; on the contrary they break with the religion of their parents. When they convert or become born-again, they always adopt some sort of Salafism, which is a scriptualist version of Islam that discards traditional Muslim culture. They do not revert to traditions: for instance when they marry, it is with the sisters of their friends or with converts, and not with a bride from the country of origin chosen by their parents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Long+Tail%3A+Religious+and+Other+Radicals+in+the+Internet+Marketplace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0199396245&rft.aulast=Stevens%2C+O%27hara&rft.aufirst=David%2C+Kieron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/hearings/hearing3/witness_sageman.htm">Third public hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States</a>, Statement of Marc Sageman to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 9 July 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2015" class="citation book cs1">Li, Darryl (2015). The Universal Enemy: Jihad, Empire, and the Challenge of Solidarity. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 105–06. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1503610873" title="Special:BookSources/978-1503610873"><bdi>978-1503610873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Enemy%3A+Jihad%2C+Empire%2C+and+the+Challenge+of+Solidarity&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=105-06&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1503610873&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Darryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer2014" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel (2014). "Introduction". In Meijer, Roel (ed.). Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. Oxford University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231154208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231154208"><bdi>978-0231154208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0231154208&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abd-al-Aziz-ibn-Abdallah-ibn-Baz">"ʿAbd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn Baz | Saudi Arabian cleric"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAbd+al-Aziz+ibn+Abdallah+ibn+Baz+%26%23124%3B+Saudi+Arabian+cleric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAbd-al-Aziz-ibn-Abdallah-ibn-Baz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Esposito1998" class="citation book cs1">L. Esposito, John (1998). Islam : the straight path. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511234-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511234-2"><bdi>0-19-511234-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+%3A+the+straight+path&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-511234-2&rft.aulast=L.+Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauzière2008" class="citation book cs1">Lauzière, Henri (2008). The Evolution of the Salafiyya in the Twentieth Century through the life and thought of Taqi al-Din al-Hilali. Washington, DC: Georgetown University. pp. 126, 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Salafiyya+in+the+Twentieth+Century+through+the+life+and+thought+of+Taqi+al-Din+al-Hilali&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=126%2C+136&rft.pub=Georgetown+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lauzi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> Bowen, Innes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhcoBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Abdur+Raheem+Green%22+salafi&pg=PT73">Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam</a>, Quote: "He remained a Salafi but became a popular speaker at events organised by a wide range of Islamic organisations" </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/9/24/abu-qatada-acquitted.html">"Jordanian cleric Abu Qatada acquitted of terror charges"</a>. america.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=america.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Jordanian+cleric+Abu+Qatada+acquitted+of+terror+charges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F9%2F24%2Fabu-qatada-acquitted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCesari2013" class="citation book cs1">Cesari, Jocelyne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QV6YAAAAQBAJ">Why the West Fears Islam: An Exploration of Muslims in Liberal Democracies</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137258205" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137258205"><bdi>978-1137258205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+West+Fears+Islam%3A+An+Exploration+of+Muslims+in+Liberal+Democracies&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1137258205&rft.aulast=Cesari&rft.aufirst=Jocelyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQV6YAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2014" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Innes (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhcoBgAAQBAJ">Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam</a>. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849045308" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849045308"><bdi>978-1849045308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medina+in+Birmingham%2C+Najaf+in+Brent%3A+Inside+British+Islam&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1849045308&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Innes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhcoBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/controversial-imam-bilal-philips-says-banning-him-wont-stop-his-message/article20611079/">The Globe and Mail: "Controversial imam Bilal Philips says banning him won't stop his message"</a> 15 September 2014 |"If Salafi means that you're a traditionalist that follows the scripture according to the early traditions, then yeah. I'm not a modernist. I'm not a person who makes his own individual interpretations according to the times." </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_321-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed,_Pio,_Kamran,_ZaidiSewag2016" class="citation book cs1">Syed, Pio, Kamran, Zaidi, Jawad, Edwina, Tahir, Abbas; Sewag, Zulqarnain (2016). "11: The Intra-Sunni Conflicts in Pakistan". Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-94966-3">10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349949656" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349949656"><bdi>978-1349949656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11%3A+The+Intra-Sunni+Conflicts+in+Pakistan&rft.btitle=Faith-Based+Violence+and+Deobandi+Militancy+in+Pakistan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-349-94966-3&rft.isbn=978-1349949656&rft.aulast=Syed%2C+Pio%2C+Kamran%2C+Zaidi&rft.aufirst=Jawad%2C+Edwina%2C+Tahir%2C+Abbas&rft.au=Sewag%2C+Zulqarnain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmittSchmidtBarry2013" class="citation news cs1">Schmitt, Eric; Schmidt, Michael S.; Barry, Ellen (20 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/boston-marathon-bombings.html?pagewanted=all">"Bombing Inquiry Turns to Motive and Russian Trip"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bombing+Inquiry+Turns+to+Motive+and+Russian+Trip&rft.date=2013-04-20&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Michael+S.&rft.au=Barry%2C+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F04%2F21%2Fus%2Fboston-marathon-bombings.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2014" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Innes (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhcoBgAAQBAJ&q=Haitham+al-Haddad+salafi&pg=PT75">Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam</a>. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849045308" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849045308"><bdi>978-1849045308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medina+in+Birmingham%2C+Najaf+in+Brent%3A+Inside+British+Islam&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1849045308&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Innes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhcoBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DHaitham%2Bal-Haddad%2Bsalafi%26pg%3DPT75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahlehadeethbd.org-324"><a href="#cite_ref-ahlehadeethbd.org_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahlehadeethbd.org/index.html">"আহলেহাদীছ আন্দোলন বাংলাদেশ"</a>. www.ahlehadeethbd.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ahlehadeethbd.org&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9B+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahlehadeethbd.org%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205102912/http://ahlehadeethbd.org/porichitienglish.html"><bdi lang="bn">আহলেহাদীছ আন্দোলন বাংলাদেশ</bdi></a>. Ahlehadeethbd.org (in Bengali). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahlehadeethbd.org/porichitienglish.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahlehadeethbd.org&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9B+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahlehadeethbd.org%2Fporichitienglish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-at-tahreek1-326"><a href="#cite_ref-at-tahreek1_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.at-tahreek.com/"><bdi lang="bn">মাসিক আত-তাহরীক – জানুয়ারী ২০১৬</bdi></a>. At-tahreek.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 2 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=At-tahreek.com&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95+%E2%80%93+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80+%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.at-tahreek.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studies.aljazeera.net/ResourceGallery/media/Documents/2014/12/10/2014121095530494580Arab-World-Journalism.pdf">Al Jazeera Studies: "Arab World Journalism in a Post-Beheading Era" by Thembisa Fakude</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323195238/http://studies.aljazeera.net/ResourceGallery/media/Documents/2014/12/10/2014121095530494580Arab-World-Journalism.pdf">Archived</a> 23 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2013 |"Al-Munajjid is considered one of the respected scholars of the Salafi movement, an Islamic school of thought whose teachings are said to inspire radical movements in the Arab world, including al-Qaeda and a group called al-Dawla al-Islamiya fil Iraq wal Sham (also known as the Islamic State, IS or Daesh)." </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryle_Murphy2010" class="citation web cs1">Caryle Murphy (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505024018/http://islamdag.info/story/415">"A Kingdom Divided"</a>. GlobalPost. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamdag.info/story/415">the original</a> on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014. <q>First, there is the void created by the 1999 death of the elder Bin Baz and that of another senior scholar, Muhammad Salih al Uthaymin, two years later. Both were regarded as giants in conservative Salafi Islam and are still revered by its adherents. Since their death no one "has emerged with that degree of authority in the Saudi religious establishment," said David Dean Commins, history professor at <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</a> and author of The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Kingdom+Divided&rft.pub=GlobalPost&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.au=Caryle+Murphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamdag.info%2Fstory%2F415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrampton2018" class="citation book cs1">Frampton, Martyn (2018). The Muslim Brotherhood and the West: A History of Enmity and Engagement. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674970700" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674970700"><bdi>978-0674970700</bdi></a>. <q>(Rida)... is often seen as one of the fathers of the modern Salafist movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+and+the+West%3A+A+History+of+Enmity+and+Engagement&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%3B+London&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0674970700&rft.aulast=Frampton&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aal-330"><a href="#cite_ref-aal_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322021833/http://themuslim500.com/profile/sheikh-rabi-ibn-haadi-umayr-al-madkhali">"Profile: Sheikh Rabi' Ibn Haadi 'Umayr Al Madkhali"</a>. The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims. The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre (MABDA المركز الملكي للبحوث و الدراسات الإسلامية ), see <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aal_al-Bayt_Institute_for_Islamic_Thought" title="Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought">Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themuslim500.com/profile/sheikh-rabi-ibn-haadi-umayr-al-madkhali">the original</a> on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+500%3A+The+World%27s+Most+Influential+Muslims&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Sheikh+Rabi%27+Ibn+Haadi+%27Umayr+Al+Madkhali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemuslim500.com%2Fprofile%2Fsheikh-rabi-ibn-haadi-umayr-al-madkhali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> Omayma Abdel-Latif, "Trends in Salafism." Taken from Islamist Radicalisation: The Challenge for Euro-Mediterranean Relations, p. 74. Eds. Michael Emerson, Kristina Kausch and Richard Youngs. <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>: <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_European_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for European Policy Studies">Centre for European Policy Studies</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9290798651" title="Special:BookSources/978-9290798651">978-9290798651</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami2011" class="citation book cs1">Swami, Praveen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=spGlo1WbpAoC&pg=PA61">"Islamist terrorism in India"</a>. In Warikoo, Kulbhushan (ed.). Religion and Security in South and Central Asia. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415575904" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415575904"><bdi>978-0415575904</bdi></a>. <q>To examine this infrastructure, it is useful to consider the case of Zakir Naik, perhaps the most influential Salafi ideologue in India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamist+terrorism+in+India&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Security+in+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415575904&rft.aulast=Swami&rft.aufirst=Praveen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DspGlo1WbpAoC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agami24.com/biography/articles/2081/abdur-razzak-bin-yousuf">"আব্দুর রাজ্জাক বিন ইউসুফ-Biography of Abdur Razzak bin Yousuf"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB-Biography+of+Abdur+Razzak+bin+Yousuf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagami24.com%2Fbiography%2Farticles%2F2081%2Fabdur-razzak-bin-yousuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Salafi movement at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Salafi_movement" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Salafi movement">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Salafism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Salafism">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Salafism" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Salafism">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Salafi_movement" class="extiw" title="q:Salafi movement">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Salafi_movement" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Salafi movement">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Salafi_movement" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Salafi movement">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Salafi_movement" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Salafi movement">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1610691776" title="Special:BookSources/1610691776">1610691776</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotobekov2021" class="citation book cs1">Botobekov, Uran (2021). "How Central Asian Salafi-Jihadi Groups are Exploiting the Covid-19 Pandemic: New Opportunities and Challenges". In Käsehage, Nina (ed.). Religious Fundamentalism in the Age of Pandemic. Religionswissenschaft. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a>: Transcript Verlag. pp. 107–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14361%2F9783839454855-005">10.14361/9783839454855-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3837654851" title="Special:BookSources/978-3837654851"><bdi>978-3837654851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Central+Asian+Salafi-Jihadi+Groups+are+Exploiting+the+Covid-19+Pandemic%3A+New+Opportunities+and+Challenges&rft.btitle=Religious+Fundamentalism+in+the+Age+of+Pandemic&rft.place=Bielefeld&rft.series=Religionswissenschaft&rft.pages=107-48&rft.pub=Transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14361%2F9783839454855-005&rft.isbn=978-3837654851&rft.aulast=Botobekov&rft.aufirst=Uran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalafi+movement" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> Principles (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Milestones (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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