CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-touch" lang="en-US" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/xmlrpc.php"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>What are Open Access Mandates? - MDPI Blog</title> <meta name="description" content="We answer some questions or concerns you may have about Open Access mandates or policies and outline how they work." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="What are Open Access Mandates?" /> <meta property="og:description" content="We answer some questions or concerns you may have about Open Access mandates or policies and outline how they work." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI Blog" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-09-10T07:35:19+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/08/Open-Access-Mandates.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1128" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="631" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="author" content="Jack McKenna" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Jack McKenna" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="5 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/"},"author":{"@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#/schema/person/07a8d9e4681448c57b3682ac0a4cc0da"},"headline":"What are Open Access Mandates?","datePublished":"2024-09-10T07:35:19+00:00","dateModified":"2024-09-10T07:35:19+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/"},"wordCount":962,"commentCount":2,"publisher":{"@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/08/Open-Access-Mandates.png","articleSection":["Academic Resources","Open Access","Open Science"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/","url":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/","name":"What are Open Access Mandates? - MDPI Blog","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/08/Open-Access-Mandates.png","datePublished":"2024-09-10T07:35:19+00:00","dateModified":"2024-09-10T07:35:19+00:00","description":"We answer some questions or concerns you may have about Open Access mandates or policies and outline how they work.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/#primaryimage","url":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/08/Open-Access-Mandates.png","contentUrl":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/08/Open-Access-Mandates.png","width":1128,"height":631},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"What are Open Access Mandates?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#website","url":"https://blog.mdpi.com/","name":"MDPI Blog","description":"A Blog by MDPI: Science and Open Access Publishing","publisher":{"@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://blog.mdpi.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#organization","name":"MDPI AG","url":"https://blog.mdpi.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/04/mdpi-logo-v3-quadrat.png","contentUrl":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/04/mdpi-logo-v3-quadrat.png","width":1416,"height":1416,"caption":"MDPI AG"},"image":{"@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#/schema/logo/image/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#/schema/person/07a8d9e4681448c57b3682ac0a4cc0da","name":"Jack McKenna","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#/schema/person/image/a0c2848986fda4fc1d64db56ff3b8523","url":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/04/profile-pic3-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/04/profile-pic3-scaled.jpg","caption":"Jack McKenna"},"url":"https://blog.mdpi.com/author/jackmckenna/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//blog.mdpi.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Blog » Feed" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Blog » Comments Feed" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Blog » What are Open Access Mandates? Comments Feed" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.4.5"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='thinkup-panels-front-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/thinkup-panels/thinkup-customization/css/thinkup-front.css?ver=2.10.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='layerslider-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/assets/static/layerslider/css/layerslider.css?ver=6.11.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.4.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='menu-icons-extra-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/menu-icons/css/extra.min.css?ver=0.13.13' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.4.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bbp-default-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/data/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/bbpress/templates/default/css/bbpress.min.css?ver=2.6.9' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='rotatingtweets-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/rotatingtweets/css/style.css?ver=6.4.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-ulike-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-ulike/assets/css/wp-ulike.min.css?ver=4.7.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='email-subscribers-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/lite/public/css/email-subscribers-public.css?ver=5.4.15' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='uncode-privacy-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/uncode-privacy/assets/css/uncode-privacy-public.css?ver=2.1.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dry_awp_theme_style-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/advanced-wp-columns/assets/css/awp-columns.css?ver=6.4.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='dry_awp_theme_style-inline-css' type='text/css'> @media screen and (max-width: 1024px) { .csColumn { clear: both !important; float: none !important; text-align: center !important; margin-left: 10% !important; margin-right: 10% !important; width: 80% !important; } .csColumnGap { display: none !important; }} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=2.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='uncode-style-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/css/style.css?ver=136172343' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='uncode-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> @media (min-width: 960px) { .limit-width { max-width: 1200px; margin: auto;}} body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-0.logo-container, body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-2.logo-container, body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-12 .logo-container, body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-4.logo-container { padding-top: 27px; padding-bottom: 27px; } body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-0.logo-container.shrinked, body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-2.logo-container.shrinked, body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-12 .logo-container.shrinked, body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-4.logo-container.shrinked { padding-top: 18px; padding-bottom: 18px; } @media (max-width: 959px) { body.menu-custom-padding .menu-container .logo-container { padding-top: 36px !important; padding-bottom: 36px !important; } } #changer-back-color { transition: background-color 1000ms cubic-bezier(0.25, 1, 0.5, 1) !important; } #changer-back-color > div { transition: opacity 1000ms cubic-bezier(0.25, 1, 0.5, 1) !important; } body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light h1, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light h2, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light h3, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light h4, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light h5, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light h6, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light a, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark h1, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark h2, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark h3, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark h4, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark h5, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark h6, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark a { transition: color 1000ms cubic-bezier(0.25, 1, 0.5, 1) !important; } body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .heading-text-highlight-inner { transition-property: right, background; transition-duration: 1000ms } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='uncode-icons-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/css/uncode-icons.css?ver=136172343' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='uncode-custom-style-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/css/style-custom4.css?ver=136172343' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='uncode-custom-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .style-back_color-167423-bg { background-color:#f7f7f7; }.btn-sep_color-167292 { color:#ffffff !important; background-color:#cccccc !important; border-color:#cccccc !important; }.btn-sep_color-167292:not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.icon-animated):hover, .btn-sep_color-167292:not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.icon-animated):focus, .btn-sep_color-167292:not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.icon-animated):active { background-color:transparent !important; border-color:#cccccc !important;}.btn-sep_color-167292.btn-flat:not(.btn-hover-nobg):hover, .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-flat:not(.btn-hover-nobg):focus, .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-flat:active { background-color:#bfbfbf !important; border-color:#bfbfbf !important;}.btn-sep_color-167292:not(.btn-flat):not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.icon-animated):not(.btn-text-skin):hover, .btn-sep_color-167292:not(.btn-flat):not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.icon-animated):not(.btn-text-skin):focus, .btn-sep_color-167292:not(.btn-flat):not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.icon-animated):not(.btn-text-skin):active { color:#cccccc !important; }.btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline { background-color:transparent !important; border-color:#cccccc !important; }.btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:not(.btn-text-skin) { color:#cccccc !important; }.btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:not(.btn-hover-nobg):hover, .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:not(.btn-hover-nobg):focus, btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:active { background-color:#cccccc !important; border-color:#cccccc !important; }.btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.btn-text-skin):not(.icon-animated):hover, .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.btn-text-skin):not(.icon-animated):focus, btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:active { color:#ffffff !important; }.style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline, .style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin:not(.btn-outline):hover, .style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin:not(.btn-outline):focus, .style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin:not(.btn-outline):active { color:#141618 !important; }.style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline:hover, .style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline:focus, .style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline:active { color:#ffffff !important; }.style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline, .style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin:not(.btn-outline):hover, .style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin:not(.btn-outline):focus, .style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin:not(.btn-outline):active { color:#ffffff !important; }.style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline:hover, .style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline:focus, .style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline:active { color:#141618 !important; }.border-sep_color-167292-color { border-color:#cccccc !important; }.text-text_color-202412-color { color:#808080 !important; fill:#808080 !important; } body.uncode-btn-round .btn:not(.btn-default-shape):not(.btn-square):not(.btn-circle), body.uncode-btn-round input[type="submit"]:not(.btn-default-shape):not(.btn-square):not(.btn-circle), body.uncode-btn-round input[type="reset"]:not(.btn-default-shape):not(.btn-square):not(.btn-circle), body.uncode-btn-round input[type="button"]:not(.btn-default-shape):not(.btn-square):not(.btn-circle), body.uncode-btn-round button[type="submit"]:not(.btn-default-shape):not(.btn-square):not(.btn-circle){border-radius:4px;}.t-entry-meta i{display:none;}.t-entry-author img.avatar-20{display:none!important;}.tmb-content-under.tmb .t-entry p.t-entry-author span, .tmb-content-lateral.tmb .t-entry p.t-entry-author span, .tmb .t-entry p.t-entry-meta span {font-weight:400!important;}span.t-entry-category a{font-weight:bold!important;color:black;text-decoration:none;}span.tmb-username-text{ opacity:0.6;}p.t-entry-author{margin-top:-10px!important;}.tmb .t-entry p.t-entry-author span.tmb-username-wrap {margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.footer-scroll-top:not(.window-scrolled){opacity:1!important;}.footer-scroll-top{display:block!important;bottom:5%!important;}.footer-scroll-top i{width:66px;height:49px;padding-bottom:15px;font-size:30px;}.footer-scroll-top.footer-scroll-circle i{box-shadow:0px 0px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.3)!important;border-color:white!important;background-color:white!important;color:black!important;}.footer-scroll-top.footer-scroll-circle i:hover{box-shadow:0px 0px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.3)!important;border-color:black!important;background-color:black!important;color:white!important;}.style-light input, textarea{background:white!important;box-shadow:none;border:1px solid #CCCCCC!important;}.style-light input:focus, textarea:focus{border:1px solid black!important;}p a, span.tmb-username-text{text-decoration:underline;}.btn {padding:10px 100px !important;}#wpcf7-f4918-o2 input:hover{color:white!important;background:black;}.loadmore-button, .loading-button{width:100%;margin:0;margin-top:18px;margin-bottom:18px;}.row div[class*="col-lg-"].align_left > .uncol > .uncoltable > .uncell > .uncont .btn{transform-origin:center!important;transform:scale(1)!important;}body[class*="hmenu-"]:not(.hormenu-position-right) .menu-borders:not(.needs-after) .navbar-nav + .navbar-cta:not(.hmenu-center-split-child) > :first-child {border-left-width:0px;}.menu-container{border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc;}.menu-light .row-brand, .menu-light .row-menu .row-menu-inner, .menu-container{border-bottom:none;}.navbar a{color:#4F5671!important;}.logo-image{clear:both;width:170px!important;}.logo-image img {float:left;}.logo-image::after{content:"Blog";padding-right:2em;width:100px;float:right;padding-top:12px;height:100%;border-right:1px solid #49526d;color:#4F5671;}li.menu-item-4915 a{padding-right:0!important;}.mobile-menu-button-light .lines > span{background:white;} .mobile-menu-button-light .lines::before, .mobile-menu-button-light .lines::after{background:black;}.menu-horizontal{height:130vh!important;}.dropdown.menu-item-link a, #menu-item-4885 a, #menu-item-4915 a, #menu-item-5877 a, #menu-item-5871 a, #menu-item-5899 a{color:black!important;text-transform:none;font-weight:400!important;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;width:calc(100% - 70px);margin-left:35px;padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:1em;}#menu-item-4885 a, #menu-item-5877 a {border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.nav li.dropdown.menu-item a i{display:inline-block;}.nav .menu-item a i, .nav ul.drop-menu li.menu-item a i{display:none;}.nav ul.drop-menu {padding-bottom:2em;padding-left:35px;visibility:visible!important;display:block;pointer-events:auto;z-index:100!important;}.nav ul.drop-menu li.menu-item{pointer-events:auto;}ul.drop-menu form.search,.nav ul#menu-main-menu_v2 i.fa-dropdown{display:none!important;}.menu-smart a{padding-left:0;}.nav ul.drop-menu li.menu-item{padding-left:1em;border-bottom:0px solid #ccc;}.nav ul.drop-menu li.menu-item a{border-bottom:0px solid #ccc;}.desktop-hidden{display:none!important;}.menu-cta-inner{margin-top:0;}.popup_form .emaillist input{background:white!important;}.popup_form .emaillist input[type="checkbox"] {margin-top:8px;}.popup_form .emaillist .emaillist input[type="submit"]{margin-top:24px;}li.search-icon::after{content:'MDPI.com'!important;display:block!important;text-align:right;padding:1em;padding-right:35px;width:100%;color:#49526d;font-size:22px;margin-right:35px!important;}#menu-item-5625{display:none;}.footer_spacer{display:block;height:5em;background:white;}.footer_links{padding-top:4px;display:block;}.footerlist, .footerlist ul{margin:0!important;padding:left:0;}.footerlist ul{padding-left:1em;}.footerlist ul#menu-posts_1{padding-top:1em;}.footer_socials span{padding-right:1em;color:#808080;}.footer_socials i.fa{background:#808080;border-radius:100%;height:35px;width:35px;margin:auto;text-align:center;padding-top:10px;margin-left:10px;color:white;}.footer_socials i.fa:hover{color:#4F5671;}.disclaimer{font-size:12px;color:#808080;}#wpcf7-f4918-o2 input.wpcf7-text{border:2px solid #CCCCCC;color:black;background:#F7F7F7!important;}.style-light input::placeholder { color:black;opacity:1; }.style-light input:-ms-input-placeholder { color:black;}.style-light input::-ms-input-placeholder { color:black;}div.wpcf7 form .wpcf7-response-output{color:black;}.emaillist input{width:100%;background:#f7f7f7!important;}.emaillist input[type="checkbox"]{width:16px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-top:3px;margin-left:0px;}.emaillist input[type="submit"]{width:100%;padding:10px;border:1px solid black !important;margin-top:1em;}.emaillist input[type="submit"]:hover{color:white;background:black!important;}.emaillist label{display:inline-block!important;font-size:12px;color:#808080;width:calc(100% - 30px);line-height:21px;text-align:left;padding-left:12px;}.emaillist .es-field-wrap label{font-size:16px;width:100%;padding-left:0;}.introduction .style-light h1, .introduction .style-light{color:#4F5671;}.home_new_mobile{display:block;}.home #row-unique-3{display:block;}.newestpost_mobile .t-entry-meta{text-shadow:0px 0px 20px #4F5671;opacity:1;}.newestpost_mobile span.tmb-username-text{ opacity:1;}.newestpost_mobile .t-inside{border-bottom:0px solid black;}.introduction .style-light a{text-decoration:underline;}.newestpost_mobile{display:block;}.newestpost_mobile .tmb-content-overlay .h1{font-size:22px!important;margin-top:20px!important;}.newestpost_mobile .t-entry-category span.t-entry-cat-single span,.newestpost_mobile .t-entry-category span.t-entry-cat-single .cat-comma{font-weight:bold!important;} .newestpost_mobile .t-entry-date{display:inline-block;margin:0;} .newestpost_mobile .t-entry-author{ display:inline-block; min-height:20px; } .newestpost_mobile .t-entry-meta{margin:0!important;height:10px;}.newestpost_mobile .tmb-username-text{ padding-bottom:2px; } .newestpost_general{display:none;}.moreposts{display:none;}.isotope-layout h2.t-entry-title{margin-top:0!important;} .newestpost_general .isotope-layout h2.t-entry-title{ margin-top:9px!important; } .newestpost_general .t-entry-meta{margin-top:0px!important;line-height:1;} .newestpost_general .t-entry-text{ margin-top:20px; }.style-light .panel{border:none;}.posts_menu .panel-body{background-color:#F7F7F7;padding:1em;} .panel-title a{text-decoration:none;}.post_heading_image .t-inside{border:none;}.posts_heading{display:block;}.postpage .author-wrap{display:block!important;}.postpage img.avatar{width:70%;}.author-profile.author-profile-box-left .author-profile-content{display:none;}.postpage span.author-info::before{content:"Post author";font-weight:normal;display:block;}.postpage span.author-info, .postpage span.category-info{font-weight:bold;display:block;margin-bottom:1em;}.postpage span.date-info{color:#4F5671;}.postpage span.category-info:before{content:"Posted in";font-weight:normal;display:block;}.uncode-info-box{font-size:16px;color:#4F5671;margin-top:1em!important;}.uncode-info-box a{color:#4F5671;}.postpage .author_block{border-top:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,1);margin-top:3em;}.postpage .author_block .author-wrap a img{border:0px solid red;float:left;width:150px;margin-right:30px;}.postpage .uncode-ib-separator{display:none;}.postpage iframe{border:1px solid black;}.postpage .wpb_raw_code.share_sidebar, .postpage .uncode-share{width:90px;float:left;height:40px;}.postpage .wpb_raw_code .wpb_raw_html{width:400px;border:1px solid red;}.postpage .uncode-share{width:31px;}.wpulike{padding:0;}.wpulike-default .wp_ulike_btn{background-color:white;}.wpulike-default .count-box{margin-left:0;}.wpulike-default .count-box::before{left:-4px;}div[class*="sharer-"].share-button .social.top{margin-top:30px;}div[class*="sharer-"].share-button .social ul::after{top:0px;transform:rotate(180deg);display:none;}div[class*="sharer-"].share-button .social ul {color:black;margin:auto;padding:10px !important;display:table;border-width:0px 0px 0;border-top-color:none;table-layout:fixed;background-color:white;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 0px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);right:8px;}div[class*="sharer-"].share-button .social ul li:hover, div[class*="sharer-"].share-button .social ul li:active, div[class*="sharer-"].share-button .social ul li:focus{background:white!important;color:#5B6983;}.font-ui-fixed, .post-info, .widget-container .widget-title, #comments .comments-title, #respond .comments-title, #comments #reply-title, #respond #reply-title, .uncode-share h6 {font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif, -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0.00em;text-transform:inherit;font-size:30px;}input[type="submit"]:not(.btn-custom-typo):not(.btn-inherit){font-weight:normal!important;}form p{font-weight:400;}.t-inside{border-bottom:1px solid black;}.relatedposts .t-inside{border-bottom:0px solid black;}.posts_heading .posts_heading_mobile_title{padding-top:13px;}.relatedpostsslider h3.t-entry-title{margin-top:0!important;}#comments p.form-submit input#submit{color:#ffffff !important;background-color:#4f5671 !important;border-color:#4f5671 !important;}#comments p.form-submit input#submit:hover{color:#4f5671 !important;background-color:white !important;border-color:#4f5671 !important;}label.subscribe-label{font-size:13px;padding-left:12px;}input[type=checkbox]:checked:before {color:#141618;}input#subscribe_blog{width:16px!important;border-radius:0!important;border:1px solid #CCC!important;-moz-appearance:inherit!important;-webkit-appearance:inherit!important;}input#wp-comment-cookies-consent{border:1px solid #CCC!important;}p.comment-subscription-form{margin-top:14px;}.blue_h2.archives{padding:18px 0px 0px 0px;}.archives_table{border:none;padding:0;color:#000000;margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}.archives_table td{border:none;padding-left:0;padding:19px;padding-left:0;font-weight:bold;}.archives_table .tr-processed .collumn1, .archives_table .tr-processed .collumn2{border-top:1px solid black!important;}.archives_table td.collumn1{float:left;width:50px;margin-bottom:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}.archives_table td.collumn2{float:left;width:calc(100% - 50px);margin-bottom:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}.archives_table td.collumn3{width:100%;padding-left:35px;display:block;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn1, .archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn2{padding:0!important;border:none;}.archivist_wrapper .permalink {font-weight:400;}.archivist_wrapper img {padding:5px}.archives_table tr {vertical-align:top;}.archives_table tr {display:none;}.archives_table tr.tr-processed {display:table-row;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn1 span {display:none;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn1 {border:0px solid #ccc!important;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn2 span {display:none;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn2 {border:0px solid #ccc!important;}.authorpage .author-profile.author-profile-box-left .author-profile-content{display:block;}.authorpage .author-profile-content{display:table-cell !important;vertical-align:middle !important;}.authorpage .author-profile .uncode-avatar-wrapper, .authorpage .author-profile-content{width:100%!important;display:block!important;text-align:center;}.grid-cat-1098 .t-entry-visual::after{display:block;content:"";background:transparent;background:url("https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/polygon.png");background-size:contain;background-position:50% 50%;background-size:70%;background-repeat:no-repeat;position:absolute;top:5px;left:5px;z-index:9999;border-radius:100%;width:70px;height:70px;padding:1em;margin:auto;}.category-podcasts .post_heading_image .t-entry-visual::after{display:block;content:"";background:transparent;background:url("https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/polygon.png");background-size:contain;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;position:absolute;bottom:10px;z-index:9999;border-radius:100%;width:70px;height:70px;padding:1em;margin:auto;right:10px;}.category-podcasts .category-info a::after{display:none;content:"";background:url("https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/polygon.png");background-size:contain;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;position:absolute;bottom:10px;z-index:9999;width:70px;height:70px;padding:1em;margin:auto;margin-top:10px;left:-4px;margin-top:26px;bottom:-83px;overflow:hidden;}.podcast_heading{padding:17px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:0;}@media only screen and (min-width:569px) {.footer-scroll-top{bottom:50%!important;}.menu-container{ border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#menu-item-4885 a{border-top:0px solid #ccc;}.home_text{border-top:0px solid black;border-bottom:0px solid black;padding-top:0em;padding-bottom:0em;}.introduction .home_text p{color:#4F5671;font-weight:normal;}.home #row-unique-3{ display:none;}.home_new_mobile{display:none;}.newestpost_mobile{display:none;}.newestpost_general{display:block;}.moreposts{display:block;}.t-inside{ border-bottom:0px solid black;}.posts_heading{ display:none;}.uncode-accordion .panel-title a span{color:#4F5671;font-size:30px;font-weight:400!important;letter-spacing:normal; line-height:1.15em; }.posts_menu .wpb_accordion_header{width:90px;}.panel-title > a > span::after{ }.posts_menu .panel-title.active a span::after {transform:translateY(-40%) translateX(-40%) rotate(90deg);}.posts_menu .panel-body ul{ list-style:none;}.posts_menu .panel-body li{ border-bottom:1px dashed #4F5671; padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:4px;}.posts_menu .panel-body li.current_page_item a{font-weight:bold;color:#409F9F;}.menu_row_2{padding:0!important;}.authorpage .author-profile .uncode-avatar-wrapper{width:200px!important;display:table-cell!important;text-align:left;}.authorpage .author-profile-content{width:auto!important;display:table-cell!important;text-align:left;} .authorpage .author-profile-content h2{padding-left:35px;}.archives_table td.collumn1{width:25%;display:table-cell;float:none;}.archives_table td.collumn2{width:25%;display:table-cell;float:none;}.archives_table td.collumn3{width:50%;border-bottom:1px solid black;display:table-cell;float:none;padding-left:0;}.archivist_wrapper .permalink {font-weight:bold;} .archives_table .tr-processed .collumn1, .archives_table .tr-processed .collumn2 {border-top:1px solid black !important;border-bottom:0px solid black !important;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn2, .archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn1{border:none!important;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn3{border:none;}.archives_table td.collumn3{border-top:1px solid black!important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:959px) {.navbar-nav-last{ position:absolute; right:270px;}#menu-item-5625{border-left:1px solid #49526D;margin-left:30px;padding-left:20px;height:40px;display:inline;}#menu-item-5625 a{font-weight:normal;}.menu-horizontal{height:auto!important;}li.menu-item-4915 a{ padding-right:0!important;}.nav li#menu-item-4850 a i, .nav li#menu-item-5878 a i{display:none;}.dropdown.menu-item-link a, #menu-item-4885 a, #menu-item-4915 a, #menu-item-5877 a, #menu-item-5871 a,#menu-item-5899 a{color:#4F5671!important;font-weight:400!important;border-bottom:0px solid #ccc;width:auto;margin-left:0;padding-top:0em;padding-bottom:0em;border-top:0px;}#menu-item-4850 ul.drop-menu, #menu-item-5878 ul.drop-menu{display:none!important;}li.search-icon::after{ display:none!important;}.footerlist ul{display:none;}.authorpage .author-profile-content h2{padding-left:0px;}.postpage .author_block{border-top:0px solid rgba(0,0,0,1);margin-top:0em;}.postpage .author_block .author-wrap a img{border:0px solid red;float:initial;width:auto;margin-right:0px;} .category-podcasts .post_heading_image .t-entry-visual::after{display:none;}.category-podcasts .category-info a::after{display:block;}}@media only screen and (min-width:1149px) {}@media only screen and (max-width:959px) {} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='popup-maker-site-css' href='//mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/pum/pum-site-styles-4.css?generated=1712598085&ver=1.18.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='es_starter_main_css-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/starter/assets/css/starter-main.css?ver=5.4.15' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='es_pro_main_css-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/pro/assets/css/pro-main.css?ver=5.4.15' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='child-style-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode-child/style.css?ver=1746670845' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="layerslider-utils-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var LS_Meta = {"v":"6.11.7","fixGSAP":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/assets/static/layerslider/js/layerslider.utils.js?ver=6.11.7" id="layerslider-utils-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/assets/static/layerslider/js/layerslider.kreaturamedia.jquery.js?ver=6.11.7" id="layerslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/assets/static/layerslider/js/layerslider.transitions.js?ver=6.11.7" id="layerslider-transitions-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/js/ai-uncode.js' id='uncodeAI' data-home='/' data-path='/' data-breakpoints-images='258,516,720,1032,1440,2064,2880" id="ai-uncode-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="uncode-init-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var SiteParameters = {"days":"days","hours":"hours","minutes":"minutes","seconds":"seconds","constant_scroll":"on","scroll_speed":"2","parallax_factor":"0.25","loading":"Loading\u2026","slide_name":"slide","slide_footer":"footer","ajax_url":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce_adaptive_images":"7cbf9a65f4","nonce_srcset_async":"074eb57f2e","enable_debug":"","block_mobile_videos":"","is_frontend_editor":"","mobile_parallax_allowed":"","wireframes_plugin_active":"1","sticky_elements":"off","lazyload_type":"","resize_quality":"100","register_metadata":"","bg_changer_time":"1000","update_wc_fragments":"1","optimize_shortpixel_image":"","custom_cursor_selector":"[href], .trigger-overlay, .owl-next, .owl-prev, .owl-dot, input[type=\"submit\"], button[type=\"submit\"], a[class^=\"ilightbox\"], .ilightbox-thumbnail, .ilightbox-prev, .ilightbox-next, .overlay-close, .unmodal-close, .qty-inset > span, .share-button li","mobile_parallax_animation":"","uncode_adaptive":"1","ai_breakpoints":"258,516,720,1032,1440,2064,2880"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/js/init.js?ver=136172343" id="uncode-init-js"></script>   <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-FS469DJK0K" id="google_gtagjs-js" async></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="google_gtagjs-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["blog.mdpi.com"]}); gtag("js", new Date()); gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true); gtag("config", "G-FS469DJK0K"); /* ]]> */ </script>  <script></script><meta name="generator" content="Powered by LayerSlider 6.11.7 - Multi-Purpose, Responsive, Parallax, Mobile-Friendly Slider Plugin for WordPress." />  <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/13696" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.4.5" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/?p=13696' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mdpi.com%2F2024%2F09%2F10%2Fopen-access-mandates%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mdpi.com%2F2024%2F09%2F10%2Fopen-access-mandates%2F&format=xml" /> <script> function expand(param) { param.style.display = (param.style.display == "none") ? "block" : "none"; } function wpex_toggle(id, more, less) { el = document.getElementById("wpexlink" + id); el.innerHTML = (el.innerHTML == more) ? less : more; expand(document.getElementById("wpex" + id)); } </script> <script> var _mtm = window._mtm = window._mtm || []; _mtm.push({'mtm.startTime': (new Date().getTime()), 'event': 'mtm.Start'}); (function() { var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src='https://matomo.mdpi.com/js/container_5cBZRuFt.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.124.0" />  <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ ( function( w, d, s, l, i ) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push( {'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'} ); var f = d.getElementsByTagName( s )[0], j = d.createElement( s ), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore( j, f ); } )( window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-TMZPD2F' ); /* ]]> */ </script>  <meta name="generator" content="Powered by Slider Revolution 6.5.6 - responsive, Mobile-Friendly Slider Plugin for WordPress with comfortable drag and drop interface." /> <link rel="icon" href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/cropped-mdpilogo2-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/cropped-mdpilogo2-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/cropped-mdpilogo2-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/cropped-mdpilogo2-270x270.png" /> <script type="text/javascript">function setREVStartSize(e){ //window.requestAnimationFrame(function() { window.RSIW = window.RSIW===undefined ? window.innerWidth : window.RSIW; window.RSIH = window.RSIH===undefined ? window.innerHeight : window.RSIH; try { var pw = document.getElementById(e.c).parentNode.offsetWidth, newh; pw = pw===0 || isNaN(pw) ? window.RSIW : pw; e.tabw = e.tabw===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabw); e.thumbw = e.thumbw===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbw); e.tabh = e.tabh===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabh); e.thumbh = e.thumbh===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbh); e.tabhide = e.tabhide===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabhide); e.thumbhide = e.thumbhide===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbhide); e.mh = e.mh===undefined || e.mh=="" || e.mh==="auto" ? 0 : parseInt(e.mh,0); if(e.layout==="fullscreen" || e.l==="fullscreen") newh = Math.max(e.mh,window.RSIH); else{ e.gw = Array.isArray(e.gw) ? e.gw : [e.gw]; for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gw[i]===undefined || e.gw[i]===0) e.gw[i] = e.gw[i-1]; e.gh = e.el===undefined || e.el==="" || (Array.isArray(e.el) && e.el.length==0)? e.gh : e.el; e.gh = Array.isArray(e.gh) ? e.gh : [e.gh]; for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gh[i]===undefined || e.gh[i]===0) e.gh[i] = e.gh[i-1]; var nl = new Array(e.rl.length), ix = 0, sl; e.tabw = e.tabhide>=pw ? 0 : e.tabw; e.thumbw = e.thumbhide>=pw ? 0 : e.thumbw; e.tabh = e.tabhide>=pw ? 0 : e.tabh; e.thumbh = e.thumbhide>=pw ? 0 : e.thumbh; for (var i in e.rl) nl[i] = e.rl[i]<window.RSIW ? 0 : e.rl[i]; sl = nl[0]; for (var i in nl) if (sl>nl[i] && nl[i]>0) { sl = nl[i]; ix=i;} var m = pw>(e.gw[ix]+e.tabw+e.thumbw) ? 1 : (pw-(e.tabw+e.thumbw)) / (e.gw[ix]); newh = (e.gh[ix] * m) + (e.tabh + e.thumbh); } var el = document.getElementById(e.c); if (el!==null && el) el.style.height = newh+"px"; el = document.getElementById(e.c+"_wrapper"); if (el!==null && el) { el.style.height = newh+"px"; el.style.display = "block"; } } catch(e){ console.log("Failure at Presize of Slider:" + e) } //}); };</script> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .comment-form-url{ display:none; } </style> <noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript> <script>!function(e){var n="https://s.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if("True"=="True")e.BOOMR_config=e.BOOMR_config||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams=e.BOOMR_config.PageParams||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams.pci=!0,n="https://s2.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if(window.BOOMR_API_key="2TJEM-2XUEY-5U22L-N6ZT4-UWTHA",function(){function e(){if(!o){var e=document.createElement("script");e.id="boomr-scr-as",e.src=window.BOOMR.url,e.async=!0,i.parentNode.appendChild(e),o=!0}}function t(e){o=!0;var n,t,a,r,d=document,O=window;if(window.BOOMR.snippetMethod=e?"if":"i",t=function(e,n){var t=d.createElement("script");t.id=n||"boomr-if-as",t.src=window.BOOMR.url,BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),e=e||d.body,e.appendChild(t)},!window.addEventListener&&window.attachEvent&&navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE [67]\./))return window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="s",void t(i.parentNode,"boomr-async");a=document.createElement("IFRAME"),a.src="about:blank",a.title="",a.role="presentation",a.loading="eager",r=(a.frameElement||a).style,r.width=0,r.height=0,r.border=0,r.display="none",i.parentNode.appendChild(a);try{O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}catch(_){n=document.domain,a.src="javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain='"+n+"';void(0);",O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}if(n)d._boomrl=function(){this.domain=n,t()},d.write("<bo"+"dy onload='document._boomrl();'>");else if(O._boomrl=function(){t()},O.addEventListener)O.addEventListener("load",O._boomrl,!1);else if(O.attachEvent)O.attachEvent("onload",O._boomrl);d.close()}function a(e){window.BOOMR_onload=e&&e.timeStamp||(new Date).getTime()}if(!window.BOOMR||!window.BOOMR.version&&!window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted){window.BOOMR=window.BOOMR||{},window.BOOMR.snippetStart=(new Date).getTime(),window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted=!0,window.BOOMR.snippetVersion=12,window.BOOMR.url=n+"2TJEM-2XUEY-5U22L-N6ZT4-UWTHA";var i=document.currentScript||document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],o=!1,r=document.createElement("link");if(r.relList&&"function"==typeof r.relList.supports&&r.relList.supports("preload")&&"as"in r)window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="p",r.href=window.BOOMR.url,r.rel="preload",r.as="script",r.addEventListener("load",e),r.addEventListener("error",function(){t(!0)}),setTimeout(function(){if(!o)t(!0)},3e3),BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),i.parentNode.appendChild(r);else t(!1);if(window.addEventListener)window.addEventListener("load",a,!1);else if(window.attachEvent)window.attachEvent("onload",a)}}(),"".length>0)if(e&&"performance"in e&&e.performance&&"function"==typeof e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize)e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize();!function(){if(BOOMR=e.BOOMR||{},BOOMR.plugins=BOOMR.plugins||{},!BOOMR.plugins.AK){var n=""=="true"?1:0,t="",a="bdpnbet4tppksz2gyzga-f-3e503739d-clientnsv4-s.akamaihd.net",i="false"=="true"?2:1,o={"ak.v":"39","ak.cp":"1724130","ak.ai":parseInt("1115759",10),"ak.ol":"0","ak.cr":1,"ak.ipv":4,"ak.proto":"http/1.1","ak.rid":"b9d12eb","ak.r":6099,"ak.a2":n,"ak.m":"dscb","ak.n":"essl","ak.bpcip":"8.222.208.0","ak.cport":49376,"ak.gh":"124.155.222.165","ak.quicv":"","ak.tlsv":"tls1.2","ak.0rtt":"","ak.0rtt.ed":"","ak.csrc":"-","ak.acc":"reno","ak.t":"1732691532","ak.ak":"hOBiQwZUYzCg5VSAfCLimQ==pj1EoXf+brmBx/07WGv5vQ/5VU+i7XF1HJV/Ahi6K//At5VfRTWGxeVAngem+0AE7HKB96+4Xs+YhsNMDwQZ4cIjJthe2yHXiIMFxbWzm7O3sdQHNDg6oI2H5D0iiAIWiXx9ZRkc0zm+MLlUDkss5lC/45rEW+RXFdX3CZWfMwvLUCIRmtgrC6dYIlFrtQDWRd8o2iO4g7UnOEwY+RkKVjCOUUrMlqpT0M87IHUPxXSSH7q+JzR5VBRLkKEUwmEhmZopBwX+Vdv0ibpgJ8yGH8jQBg1M6c9b1LlQNU+gZ26HydDS/EiDShXD+bIs9/qxkLYCXbg2JWUB4JqCB1I15PxqIgbT290u+FRWwU/0285OlLnxoSvcBb/+UcnQpy+ctdKQ1IM8vz2cEdOeNPWZPbtKQ5OtwTaHcmFRFAdky1M=","ak.pv":"6","ak.dpoabenc":"","ak.tf":i};if(""!==t)o["ak.ruds"]=t;var r={i:!1,av:function(n){var t="http.initiator";if(n&&(!n[t]||"spa_hard"===n[t]))o["ak.feo"]=void 0!==e.aFeoApplied?1:0,BOOMR.addVar(o)},rv:function(){var e=["ak.bpcip","ak.cport","ak.cr","ak.csrc","ak.gh","ak.ipv","ak.m","ak.n","ak.ol","ak.proto","ak.quicv","ak.tlsv","ak.0rtt","ak.0rtt.ed","ak.r","ak.acc","ak.t","ak.tf"];BOOMR.removeVar(e)}};BOOMR.plugins.AK={akVars:o,akDNSPreFetchDomain:a,init:function(){if(!r.i){var e=BOOMR.subscribe;e("before_beacon",r.av,null,null),e("onbeacon",r.rv,null,null),r.i=!0}return this},is_complete:function(){return!0}}}}()}(window);</script></head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-13696 single-format-standard style-color-lxmt-bg group-blog hormenu-position-left hmenu hmenu-position-left header-full-width main-center-align menu-custom-padding menu-has-cta mobile-parallax-not-allowed ilb-no-bounce unreg uncode-btn-round qw-body-scroll-disabled wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-7.0 vc_responsive" data-border="0"> <div id="uncode-custom-cursor" class="" data-cursor="" data-skin="light"><span></span><span></span></div> <div id="uncode-custom-cursor-pilot" class="" data-cursor="" data-skin="light"><span></span><span></span></div> <script type="text/javascript">UNCODE.initCursor();</script>  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TMZPD2F" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div class="body-borders" data-border="0"><div class="top-border body-border-shadow"></div><div class="right-border body-border-shadow"></div><div class="bottom-border body-border-shadow"></div><div class="left-border body-border-shadow"></div><div class="top-border style-light-bg"></div><div class="right-border style-light-bg"></div><div class="bottom-border style-light-bg"></div><div class="left-border style-light-bg"></div></div> <div class="box-wrapper"> <div class="box-container"> <script type="text/javascript" id="initBox">UNCODE.initBox();</script> <div class="menu-wrapper menu-sticky menu-no-arrows"> <header id="masthead" class="navbar menu-primary menu-light submenu-light style-light-original menu-with-logo"> <div class="menu-container style-color-xsdn-bg menu-no-borders"> <div class="row-menu limit-width"> <div class="row-menu-inner"> <div id="logo-container-mobile" class="col-lg-0 logo-container middle"> <div id="main-logo" class="navbar-header style-light"> <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/" class="navbar-brand" data-padding-shrink ="18" data-minheight="20"><div class="logo-image main-logo logo-skinnable" data-maxheight="40" style="height: 40px;"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/cropped-mdpilogo2.png" alt="logo" width="512" height="512" class="img-responsive" /></div></a> </div> <div class="mmb-container"><div class="mobile-additional-icons"></div><div class="mobile-menu-button mobile-menu-button-light lines-button"><span class="lines"><span></span></span></div></div> </div> <div class="col-lg-12 main-menu-container middle"> <div class="menu-horizontal"> <div class="menu-horizontal-inner"> <div class="nav navbar-nav navbar-main navbar-nav-first"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="menu-primary-inner menu-smart sm"><li id="menu-item-4850" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-4850 dropdown menu-item-link"><a title="Posts" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts/" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle" data-type="title">Posts<i class="fa fa-angle-down fa-dropdown"></i></a> <ul role="menu" class="drop-menu"> <li id="menu-item-5160" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5160"><a title="Conferences" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_conference/">Conferences<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5159" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5159"><a title="Editorial Process" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_editorial/">Editorial Process<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5157"><a title="Recent Advances" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_feature-highlights/">Recent Advances<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-6156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6156"><a title="Sustainability" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/sustainability/">Sustainability<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5156"><a title="Journals" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_journals/">Journals<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5158"><a title="Interviews" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_interviews/">Interviews<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-6147" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6147"><a title="Academic Resources" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/academic-resources/">Academic Resources<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-4885" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4885 menu-item-link"><a title="Archives" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/archives/">Archives<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5899" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5899 menu-item-link"><a title="Podcasts" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/podcasts/">Podcasts<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> </ul></div><div class="nav navbar-nav navbar-cta"><ul id="menu-secondary-menu" class="menu-cta-inner menu-smart sm"><li id="menu-item-4915" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4915 menu-item-link"><a title="Subscribe" href="#popmake-5266">Subscribe<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5625" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5625 menu-item-link"><a title="MDPI.com" href="https://www.mdpi.com">MDPI.com<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> </ul></div><div class="nav navbar-nav navbar-nav-last"><ul class="menu-smart sm menu-icons"><li class="menu-item-link search-icon style-light dropdown "><a href="#" class="trigger-overlay search-icon" data-area="search" data-container="box-container"> <i class="fa fa-search3"></i><span class="desktop-hidden"><span>Search</span></span><i class="fa fa-angle-down fa-dropdown desktop-hidden"></i> </a><ul role="menu" class="drop-menu desktop-hidden"> <li> <form class="search ccc" method="get" action="https://blog.mdpi.com/"> <input type="search" class="search-field no-livesearch" placeholder="Search…" value="" name="s" title="Search…" /></form> </li> </ul></li></ul></div><div class="desktop-hidden"> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <script type="text/javascript" id="fixMenuHeight">UNCODE.fixMenuHeight();</script> <div class="main-wrapper"> <div class="main-container"> <div class="page-wrapper"> <div class="sections-container"> <script type="text/javascript">UNCODE.initHeader();</script><article id="post-13696" class="page-body style-light-bg post-13696 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-academic-resources category-open-access category-open-science"> <div class="post-wrapper"> <div class="post-body"><div class="post-content un-no-sidebar-layout"><div data-parent="true" class="vc_row postpage inverted-device-order row-container" id="row-unique-1"><div class="row limit-width row-parent"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-2 author_block one-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode-info-box top-avatar" ><span class="author-wrap"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/author/jackmckenna/"><span class="uncode-ib-avatar uncode-ib-avatar-size-xl"><img alt='Jack McKenna' src='https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/04/profile-pic3-scaled.jpg' srcset='https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/04/profile-pic3-scaled.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-80 photo avatar-default' height='80' width='80' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/></span></a><span class="author-info"> <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/author/jackmckenna/">Jack McKenna</a></span></span><span class="uncode-ib-separator"></span><span class="date-info">10 September 2024</span><span class="uncode-ib-separator"></span><span class="category-info"> <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/academic-resources/" title="View all posts in Academic Resources" class="">Academic Resources</a>, <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-access/" title="View all posts in Open Access" class="">Open Access</a>, <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/" title="View all posts in Open Science" class="">Open Science</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-8 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode-single-media post_heading_image text-left"><div class="single-wrapper" style="max-width: 100%;"><div class="tmb tmb-light tmb-media-first tmb-media-last tmb-content-overlay tmb-no-bg"> <div class="t-inside"><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="uncode-single-media-wrapper"> <img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-13697" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/08/Open-Access-Mandates-uai-258x144.png" width="258" height="144" alt="" data-uniqueid="13697-432083" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/08/Open-Access-Mandates.png" data-path="2024/08/Open-Access-Mandates.png" data-width="1128" data-height="631" data-singlew="8" data-singleh="" data-crop="" data-fixed=""></div> </div> </div></div> </div></div></div><div class="vc_custom_heading_wrap "><div class="heading-text el-text" ><h2 class="h2" ><span>What are Open Access Mandates?</span></h2></div><div class="clear"></div></div><div class="uncode_text_column" ><p>Open Access mandates or policies are rules or requirements set by governments, funding agencies, or universities that require work to be published in an Open Access format to varying degrees.</p> <p>In this article, we will answer some questions or concerns you may have about Open Access mandates or policies. We’ll cover how they work, why they are implemented, and highlight some of the major examples.</p> <h2>What are the different types of Open Access mandates?</h2> <p>The word mandate can mean both <a href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/mandate" target="_blank" rel="noopener">to order someone or to give permission to do something</a>. This means there can be a lot of variety in how strict a mandate is, with some suggesting and supporting OA publication and others requiring that all publications be published in a specific repository or OA journal.</p> <p>Also, different requirements will have their own ways of achieving Open Access, whether that’s through green OA (publish in an institutional or disciplinary repository) or gold OA (publish in an OA journal). And they may be called ‘public access’ mandates, instead of Open Access, as in the USA.</p> <p>The differences in mandates revolve around three main factors:</p> <ul> <li>Who implements the mandate: this can be your employer if you work for a higher education institution or research body, the body that is funding the research, or even the government.</li> <li>When the work must be made open: some mandates require immediate Open Access, whilst others contain embargos that allow the work to be published anywhere for a period (usually from 6 to 12 months) before being openly shared.</li> <li>Copyright clause: some mandates give authors rights retention, allowing them to publish wherever they want as long they deposit their work openly. Whereas, others may require authors to give up their copyright to the publisher for a fixed period before being able to publish openly.</li> </ul> <p>It’s important to adhere to the requirements of mandates, so authors should familiarise themselves with the current policies before submitting research for publication.</p> <h2>How to check Open Access requirements</h2> <p>If authors do not adhere to mandates, there can be <a href="https://axial.acs.org/publishing/understanding-open-access-mandates-when-publishing-your-next-article" target="_blank" rel="noopener">penalties like withholding grant payments or ineligibility for future funding</a>.</p> <p>Further, there can be additional conditions to the requirements. For example, researchers may have to share their data in an online repository or share software code.</p> <p>To check if there are any mandates, you should look at your funder’s guidelines, speak to your co-authors, and visit your institution’s website or contact a member of staff. You can also use the <a href="https://roarmap.eprints.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies (ROARMAP)</a>. This is a searchable international registry for OA policies adopted by universities, research institutions, and research funders.</p> <h2>Why institutions and funders implement Open Access policies</h2> <p>The growing popularity of OA is a global phenomenon. This stems from the diverse benefits of OA, <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/08/13/6-benefits-of-open-access/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">which we covered in a recent article</a>. Here is a summary of them:</p> <ul> <li>Open licenses remove confusion about copyright and help speed the process of publication.</li> <li>OA articles gain more citations and from more diverse disciplines, institutions, and locations.</li> <li>Subscription costs for academic articles are very expensive, and heavily burden libraries and universities.</li> <li>OA enables the public to engage with research.</li> <li>OA enables interdisciplinary research by removing barriers between disciplines accessing research.</li> </ul> <p>But do mandates actually encourage people to publish OA?</p> <h3>The impact of Open Access mandates and policies</h3> <p>Because the strictness of OA policies varies, their effectiveness does too.</p> <p>However, even those with less strict requirements still have a great benefit. <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2014/02/12/open-access-mandates-and-open-access-mandates/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">They publicly display an institution’s support for the OA movement</a>. This helps continue the conversation and boost awareness, even if an institution does not yet have the infrastructure or funding to switch to fully OA publication.</p> <p>The first large-scale analysis of compliance with OA rules looked at 1.3 million papers correlated with 12 funding agencies. It found that around 66% of the articles were OA. They concluded that:</p> <p>Our research demonstrates that funders can clearly shape compliance through their mandates … When the proper structure and incentives are in place, researchers comply.</p> <p>This demonstrates the potential of mandates and policies, both in spreading awareness and increasing compliance.</p> <h3>Examples of Open Access policies around the world</h3> <p>Governments and institutions are implementing policies and mandates that are spreading Open Access around the world. Here are some of the leaders in OA policies:</p> <ul> <li>The EU has a range of initiatives dedicated to establishing OA. Plan S mandates “full and immediate Open Access to peer-reviewed scholarly publications from research funded by public and private grants”.</li> <li>Japan requires that all articles resulting from nationally funded research must be made OA immediately on publication as of 2025. Moreover, it has policies that instruct researchers receiving funding to submit their work to national data repositories.</li> <li>The USA mandated that all US-funded research, including the supporting data, be made OA by the end of 2025. This can be satisfied by publishing in an OA journal or by depositing the “almost-final, peer-reviewed, and accepted version into a public repository”.</li> </ul> <p>We outline the OA policies of countries around the world in our article, <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2023/10/18/open-access-policies/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Open Access Policies and Mandates Around the World</a>.</p> <h2>Commitment to Open Science</h2> <p>Mandates are a highly important part of publishing research, as not adhering to their guidelines can result in penalties. It’s always worth checking with your institutions, publisher, funder, or national guidelines.</p> <p><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MDPI is committed to Open Access</a>, giving readers free and unlimited access to the full text of <em>all</em> published articles. It has over 400 journals dedicated to providing the latest findings, many of which publish interdisciplinary research. If you’re interested in submitting your work, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/journals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">see our full list of journals here</a>.</p> <p>Further, we’re dedicated to giving you all the information you need to understand Open Access. Our article <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/06/04/about-open-access/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">All You Need to Know About Open Access</a> covers a range of topics.</p> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-2 no-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"> <div class="wpb_raw_code wpb_content_element wpb_raw_html share_sidebar" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpulike wpulike-default " ><div class="wp_ulike_general_class wp_ulike_is_not_liked"><button type="button" aria-label="Like Button" data-ulike-id="13696" data-ulike-nonce="2390f96f3a" data-ulike-type="post" data-ulike-template="wpulike-default" data-ulike-display-likers="" data-ulike-likers-style="popover" class="wp_ulike_btn wp_ulike_put_image wp_post_btn_13696"></button><span class="count-box wp_ulike_counter_up" data-ulike-counter-value="0"></span> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="uncode-wrapper uncode-share" ><div class="share-button share-buttons share-vertical" data-url=""></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script id="script-row-unique-1" data-row="script-row-unique-1" type="text/javascript" class="vc_controls">UNCODE.initRow(document.getElementById("row-unique-1"));</script></div></div></div></div><div class="post-after row-container"><div data-parent="true" class="vc_row relatedposts row-container" id="row-unique-2"><div class="row single-top-padding no-bottom-padding single-h-padding limit-width row-parent"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-12 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="divider-wrapper " > <hr class="border-color-jevc-color separator-no-padding" style="border-top-width: 1px;" /> </div> <div class="vc_custom_heading_wrap "><div class="heading-text el-text" ><h2 class="h2" ><span>Related posts</span></h2></div><div class="clear"></div></div><div class="owl-carousel-wrapper relatedpostsslider"> <div class="owl-carousel-container owl-carousel-loading single-gutter"> <div id="index-214220" class="owl-carousel owl-element owl-height-auto" data-nav="true" data-navmobile="false" data-navskin="light" data-navspeed="400" data-autoplay="true" data-timeout="3000" data-stagepadding="0" data-lg="3" data-md="3" data-sm="1" data-vp-height="false"> <div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-22 grid-cat-45 tmb-id-13449 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/26/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-prof-gerard-t-hooft/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="0"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-13674" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/08/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-08-07-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="13674-383565" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/08/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-08-07.jpg" data-path="2024/08/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-08-07.jpg" data-width="2256" data-height="1262" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/interview/">Interviews</a><span class="cat-comma">,</span></span><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/26/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-prof-gerard-t-hooft/" target="_self">An Interview with Nobel Laureate Prof Gerard ‘t Hooft</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 grid-cat-1351 tmb-id-14007 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/26/open-access-in-australia/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="1"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14074" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/Australia-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="14074-104892" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/Australia.jpg" data-path="2024/11/Australia.jpg" data-width="1128" data-height="631" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a><span class="cat-comma">,</span></span><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-access/">Open Access</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/26/open-access-in-australia/" target="_self">Open Access in Australia</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 tmb-id-14056 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="2"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14064" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/blog-thumbnail-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="14064-599776" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/blog-thumbnail.jpg" data-path="2024/11/blog-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="1128" data-height="634" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/" target="_self">Bubble Printing of Liquid Metal to Improve Flexible Electronics</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 tmb-id-14032 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/15/fresh-water-fern/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="3"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14049" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/pexels-lucaspezeta-2270164-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="Fresh Water Fern" data-uniqueid="14049-205520" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/pexels-lucaspezeta-2270164.jpg" data-path="2024/11/pexels-lucaspezeta-2270164.jpg" data-width="1128" data-height="631" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/15/fresh-water-fern/" target="_self">Fresh Water Fern Could Provide Solution to Global Food Insecurity</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 tmb-id-14041 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/14/insights-from-mdpi-top-picks-october-2024/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="4"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14042" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-11-13-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="14042-280322" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-11-13.jpg" data-path="2024/11/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-11-13.jpg" data-width="2256" data-height="1262" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/14/insights-from-mdpi-top-picks-october-2024/" target="_self">Insights from MDPI Top Picks: October 2024</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-33 grid-cat-45 tmb-id-14027 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/14/academic-editing-publication-success/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="5"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14030" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/Does-Academic-Editing-Improve-Your-Chances-of-Publication-Success-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="Does Does Academic Editing Improve Your Chances of Publication Success" data-uniqueid="14030-148459" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/Does-Academic-Editing-Improve-Your-Chances-of-Publication-Success.jpg" data-path="2024/11/Does-Academic-Editing-Improve-Your-Chances-of-Publication-Success.jpg" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/academic-resources/">Academic Resources</a><span class="cat-comma">,</span></span><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/14/academic-editing-publication-success/" target="_self">How Academic Editing Impacts Publication Success</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 grid-cat-1351 tmb-id-13980 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/12/benefits-of-preprints/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="6"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-13981" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/10/Benefits-of-preprints-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="13981-844994" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/10/Benefits-of-preprints.jpg" data-path="2024/10/Benefits-of-preprints.jpg" data-width="1128" data-height="631" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a><span class="cat-comma">,</span></span><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-access/">Open Access</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/12/benefits-of-preprints/" target="_self">Benefits of Preprints and Need for Incentives</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 tmb-id-14009 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/11/students-societies-team/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="7"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14011" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/24BLOG-Meet-the-Team-Societies-7-Banner-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="Meet the Team: Societies Students" data-uniqueid="14011-114973" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/24BLOG-Meet-the-Team-Societies-7-Banner.jpg" data-path="2024/11/24BLOG-Meet-the-Team-Societies-7-Banner.jpg" data-width="2256" data-height="1262" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/11/students-societies-team/" target="_self">Meet the Team: Students of the Societies and Acquisition Team</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 tmb-id-13999 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/08/rapid-eye-movements-parkinsons-disease/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="8"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14000" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/vanessa-bumbeers-PkauYYJwdTQ-unsplash-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="14000-251356" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/vanessa-bumbeers-PkauYYJwdTQ-unsplash.jpg" data-path="2024/11/vanessa-bumbeers-PkauYYJwdTQ-unsplash.jpg" data-width="1128" data-height="635" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/08/rapid-eye-movements-parkinsons-disease/" target="_self">Rapid Eye Movements Help People with Parkinson’s Disease</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 tmb-id-13995 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/06/mdpi-articles-cited-in-the-news-october-2024/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="9"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-13996" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-11-04-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="13996-104373" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-11-04.jpg" data-path="2024/11/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-11-04.jpg" data-width="2256" data-height="1262" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/06/mdpi-articles-cited-in-the-news-october-2024/" target="_self">MDPI Articles Cited in the News: October 2024</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="divider-wrapper " > <hr class="border-color-jevc-color separator-no-padding" style="border-top-width: 1px;" /> </div> </div></div></div></div></div><script id="script-row-unique-2" data-row="script-row-unique-2" type="text/javascript" class="vc_controls">UNCODE.initRow(document.getElementById("row-unique-2"));</script></div></div></div></div><div class="post-footer post-footer-light row-container"><div class="row-container"> <div class="row row-parent style-light limit-width no-top-padding double-bottom-padding"> <div data-name="commenta-area"> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <h5 class="comments-title"> 2 Comments </h5> <div class="comment-list"> <section class="comments-list"> <article class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent" id="comment-96199" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Comment"> <div class="comment-content post-content" itemprop="text"> <figure class="gravatar"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1361f7c7a1b3fee7634eeb4935eb1986?s=256&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1361f7c7a1b3fee7634eeb4935eb1986?s=512&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-256 photo' height='256' width='256' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/></figure> <div class="comment-meta post-meta" role="complementary"> <div class="comment-author headings-style"> <span class="comment-author-link">Jessica Wade</span> </div> <time class="comment-meta-item" datetime="2024-09-11T11:09+01:00" itemprop="datePublished"><span>11 September 2024</span></time> <p>Very informative blog regarding open access mandates.</p> <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='#comment-96199' data-commentid="96199" data-postid="13696" data-belowelement="comment-96199" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Jessica Wade" aria-label='Reply to Jessica Wade'><span>Reply</span></a> </div> </div> <section class="child-comments comments-list"> <article class="comment byuser comment-author-jackmckenna bypostauthor odd alt depth-2" id="comment-96204" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Comment"> <div class="comment-content post-content" itemprop="text"> <figure class="gravatar"><img alt='' src='https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/04/profile-pic3-scaled.jpg' srcset='https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/04/profile-pic3-scaled.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-256 photo avatar-default' height='256' width='256' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/></figure> <div class="comment-meta post-meta" role="complementary"> <div class="comment-author headings-style"> <span class="comment-author-link">Jack McKenna</span> </div> <time class="comment-meta-item" datetime="2024-09-11T13:27+01:00" itemprop="datePublished"><span>11 September 2024</span></time> <p>Thank you. We removed the link from your comment, I hope this is okay with you.</p> <p>All the best.</p> <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='#comment-96204' data-commentid="96204" data-postid="13696" data-belowelement="comment-96204" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Jack McKenna" aria-label='Reply to Jack McKenna'><span>Reply</span></a> </div> </div> </article> </section> </article> </section> </div> <div> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Add comment <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-form-comment"><label for="comment">Comment</label> <textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" aria-describedby="form-allowed-tags" aria-required="true"></textarea></p><p class="comment-form-author"><label for="author">Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" maxlength="245" autocomplete="name" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-email"><label for="email">Email <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" maxlength="100" autocomplete="email" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-url"><label for="url">Website</label> <input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" size="30" maxlength="200" autocomplete="url" /></p> <p class="comment-form-cookies-consent"><input id="wp-comment-cookies-consent" name="wp-comment-cookies-consent" type="checkbox" value="yes" /> <label for="wp-comment-cookies-consent">Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.</label></p> <p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="btn" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='13696' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> </p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="afb31d78bc" /></p><p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_1" name="ak_js" value="153"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div data-parent="true" class="vc_row footer_spacer style-color-xsdn-bg row-container" id="row-unique-3"><div class="row no-top-padding no-bottom-padding no-h-padding limit-width row-parent"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-12 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"></div></div></div></div></div><script id="script-row-unique-3" data-row="script-row-unique-3" type="text/javascript" class="vc_controls">UNCODE.initRow(document.getElementById("row-unique-3"));</script></div></div></div><div data-parent="true" class="vc_row footer style-back_color-167423-bg row-container" id="row-unique-4"><div class="row limit-width row-parent" data-height-ratio="20"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-12 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="vc_row row-internal row-container"><div class="row row-child"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_child col-lg-1 footer_link col-sm-100 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column" ><p><a href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/posts/">Posts</a></p> </div><div class="vc_wp_custommenu wpb_content_element footerlist" ><div class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-posts_1-container"><ul id="menu-posts_1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-6543" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6543"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/academic-resources/">Academic Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4910" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4910"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_conference/">Conferences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5067" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5067"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_editorial/">Editorial Process</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6544" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6544"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_interviews/">Interviews</a></li> </ul></div></div></div><div class="vc_wp_custommenu wpb_content_element footerlist" ><div class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-posts_2-container"><ul id="menu-posts_2" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-5183" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5183"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_journals/">Journals</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6538" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6538"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/open-access/">Open Access</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6540" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6540"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/sustainability/">Sustainability</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6541" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6541"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_feature-highlights/">Recent Advances</a></li> </ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_child col-lg-1 col-sm-clear single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column" ><p><a href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/archives">Archives</a></p> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_center align_left_tablet align_left_mobile column_child col-lg-1 col-sm-clear single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column" ><p><a href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></p> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_child col-lg-1 col-sm-clear single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column" ><p><a href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/about-2/">About</a></p> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_center align_left_tablet align_left_mobile column_child col-lg-4 col-sm-clear single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"> <div class="wpb_raw_code wpb_content_element wpb_raw_html" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="footer_socials"><span>Follow us<span> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing/" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-facebook" ></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/mdpiopenaccess" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a> <a href="https://nl.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i></a></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_child col-lg-4 col-sm-clear single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"> <div class="wpb_raw_code wpb_content_element wpb_raw_html" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="emaillist" id="es_form_f2-n2"><form action="/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/#es_form_f2-n2" method="post" class="es_subscription_form es_shortcode_form " id="es_subscription_form_6746c64e2777a" data-source="ig-es"><div class="es-field-wrap"><label><input class="es_required_field es_txt_email ig_es_form_field_email" type="email" name="esfpx_email" value="" placeholder="Email" required="required" /></label></div><input type="hidden" name="esfpx_lists[]" value="acfa50bee68c" /><input type="hidden" name="esfpx_form_id" value="2" /><input type="hidden" name="es" value="subscribe" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es_form_identifier" value="f2-n2" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es_email_page" value="13696" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es_email_page_url" value="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_status" value="Unconfirmed" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es-subscribe" id="es-subscribe-6746c64e2777a" value="d058914db4" /> <label style="position:absolute;top:-99999px;left:-99999px;z-index:-99;"><input type="email" name="esfpx_es_hp_email" class="es_required_field" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="-1" value="" /></label><label style="display: inline"><input type="checkbox" name="es_gdpr_consent" value="true" required="required" /> By signing up below, you agree to stay in touch with MDPI Blog.</label><br /><input type="submit" name="submit" class="es_subscription_form_submit es_submit_button es_textbox_button" id="es_subscription_form_submit_6746c64e2777a" value="Subscribe" /><span class="es_spinner_image" id="spinner-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/lite/public/images/spinner.gif" alt="Loading" /></span></form><span class="es_subscription_message " id="es_subscription_message_6746c64e2777a"></span></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="empty-space empty-single" ><span class="empty-space-inner"></span></div> <div class="divider-wrapper " > <hr class="border-sep_color-167292-color separator-no-padding" /> </div> <div class="vc_row row-internal row-container"><div class="row row-child"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_child col-lg-6 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column text-small text-text_color-202412-color" ><p>© 2023, MDPI Blog is a solution provided by MDPI AG.</p> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_right align_left_mobile column_child col-lg-6 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column text-small text-color-jevc-color" ><p><a href="http://www.mdpi.com">See all MDPI products and services.</a></p> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script id="script-row-unique-4" data-row="script-row-unique-4" type="text/javascript" class="vc_controls">UNCODE.initRow(document.getElementById("row-unique-4"));</script></div></div></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="style-light footer-scroll-top footer-scroll-circle"><a href="#" class="scroll-top"><i class="fa fa-angle-up fa-stack btn-default btn-hover-nobg"></i></a></div> <div class="overlay overlay-sequential style-dark style-dark-bg overlay-search" data-area="search" data-container="box-container"> <div class="mmb-container"><div class="menu-close-search mobile-menu-button menu-button-offcanvas mobile-menu-button-dark lines-button overlay-close close" data-area="search" data-container="box-container"><span class="lines"></span></div></div> <div class="search-container"><form action="https://blog.mdpi.com/" method="get"> <div class="search-container-inner"> <input type="search" class="search-field form-fluid no-livesearch" placeholder="Search…" value="" name="s" title="Search for:"> <i class="fa fa-search3"></i> </div> </form> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> window.RS_MODULES = window.RS_MODULES || {}; window.RS_MODULES.modules = window.RS_MODULES.modules || {}; window.RS_MODULES.waiting = window.RS_MODULES.waiting || []; window.RS_MODULES.defered = true; window.RS_MODULES.moduleWaiting = window.RS_MODULES.moduleWaiting || {}; window.RS_MODULES.type = 'compiled'; </script> if (window._paq) { _paq.push(['disableTracking']); }<div class="gdpr-overlay"></div><div class="gdpr gdpr-privacy-preferences" data-nosnippet="true"> <div class="gdpr-wrapper"> <form method="post" class="gdpr-privacy-preferences-frm" action="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-admin/admin-post.php"> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="uncode_privacy_update_privacy_preferences"> <input type="hidden" id="update-privacy-preferences-nonce" name="update-privacy-preferences-nonce" value="f5d87d2dd9" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/" /> <header> <div class="gdpr-box-title"> <h3>Privacy Preference Center</h3> <span class="gdpr-close"></span> </div> </header> <div class="gdpr-content"> <div class="gdpr-tab-content"> <div class="gdpr-consent-management gdpr-active"> <header> <h4>Privacy Preferences</h4> </header> <div class="gdpr-info"> <p></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <input type="submit" class="btn-accent btn-flat" value="Save Preferences"> </footer> </form> </div> </div> <div id="pum-5266" class="pum pum-overlay pum-theme-5257 pum-theme-default-theme popmake-overlay pum-click-to-close click_open" data-popmake="{"id":5266,"slug":"subscription-pop-up","theme_id":5257,"cookies":[],"triggers":[{"type":"click_open","settings":{"extra_selectors":"","cookie_name":null}}],"mobile_disabled":null,"tablet_disabled":null,"meta":{"display":{"stackable":false,"overlay_disabled":false,"scrollable_content":false,"disable_reposition":false,"size":"tiny","responsive_min_width":"0%","responsive_min_width_unit":false,"responsive_max_width":"100%","responsive_max_width_unit":false,"custom_width":"640px","custom_width_unit":false,"custom_height":"380px","custom_height_unit":false,"custom_height_auto":false,"location":"center top","position_from_trigger":false,"position_top":"100","position_left":"0","position_bottom":"0","position_right":"0","position_fixed":false,"animation_type":"fade","animation_speed":"350","animation_origin":"center top","overlay_zindex":false,"zindex":"1999999999"},"close":{"text":"","button_delay":"0","overlay_click":"1","esc_press":"1","f4_press":"1"},"click_open":[]}}" role="dialog" aria-modal="false" > <div id="popmake-5266" class="pum-container popmake theme-5257 pum-responsive pum-responsive-tiny responsive size-tiny"> <div class="pum-content popmake-content" tabindex="0"> <div data-parent="true" class="vc_row limit-width row-container" id="row-unique-0"><div class="row row-parent"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_center column_parent col-lg-12 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell one-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column text-lead" ><p>From sharing the latest MDPI blog news, to showcasing our most popular articles, the newsletters will keep you in the loop with everything good going on in the science world.</p> </div><div class="empty-space empty-single" ><span class="empty-space-inner"></span></div> <div class="wpb_raw_code wpb_content_element wpb_raw_html popup_form" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="emaillist" id="es_form_f2-n1"><form action="/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/#es_form_f2-n1" method="post" class="es_subscription_form es_shortcode_form " id="es_subscription_form_6746c64da1786" data-source="ig-es"><div class="es-field-wrap"><label><input class="es_required_field es_txt_email ig_es_form_field_email" type="email" name="esfpx_email" value="" placeholder="Email" required="required" /></label></div><input type="hidden" name="esfpx_lists[]" value="acfa50bee68c" /><input type="hidden" name="esfpx_form_id" value="2" /><input type="hidden" name="es" value="subscribe" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es_form_identifier" value="f2-n1" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es_email_page" value="13696" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es_email_page_url" value="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/09/10/open-access-mandates/" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_status" value="Unconfirmed" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es-subscribe" id="es-subscribe-6746c64da1786" value="d058914db4" /> <label style="position:absolute;top:-99999px;left:-99999px;z-index:-99;"><input type="email" name="esfpx_es_hp_email" class="es_required_field" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="-1" value="" /></label><label style="display: inline"><input type="checkbox" name="es_gdpr_consent" value="true" required="required" /> By signing up below, you agree to stay in touch with MDPI Blog.</label><br /><input type="submit" name="submit" class="es_subscription_form_submit es_submit_button es_textbox_button" id="es_subscription_form_submit_6746c64da1786" value="Subscribe" /><span class="es_spinner_image" id="spinner-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/lite/public/images/spinner.gif" alt="Loading" /></span></form><span class="es_subscription_message " id="es_subscription_message_6746c64da1786"></span></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div><script id="script-row-unique-0" data-row="script-row-unique-0" type="text/javascript" class="vc_controls">UNCODE.initRow(document.getElementById("row-unique-0"));</script></div></div></div> </div> <button type="button" class="pum-close popmake-close" aria-label="Close"> X </button> </div> </div>  <script> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://matomo.mdpi.com/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '11']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script>  <script type="text/html" id="wpb-modifications"> window.wpbCustomElement = 1; </script><link rel='stylesheet' id='rs-plugin-settings-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/css/rs6.css?ver=6.5.6' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='rs-plugin-settings-inline-css' type='text/css'> #rs-demo-id {} </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp_ulike-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wp_ulike_params = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","notifications":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-ulike/assets/js/wp-ulike.min.js?ver=4.7.0" id="wp_ulike-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="email-subscribers-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var es_data = {"messages":{"es_empty_email_notice":"Please enter email address","es_rate_limit_notice":"You need to wait for sometime before subscribing again","es_single_optin_success_message":"Successfully Subscribed.","es_email_exists_notice":"Email Address already exists!","es_unexpected_error_notice":"Oops.. Unexpected error occurred.","es_invalid_email_notice":"Invalid email address","es_try_later_notice":"Please try after some time"},"es_ajax_url":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/lite/public/js/email-subscribers-public.js?ver=5.4.15" id="email-subscribers-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/rbtools.min.js?ver=6.5.6" defer async id="tp-tools-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/rs6.min.js?ver=6.5.6" defer async id="revmin-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/uncode-privacy/assets/js/js-cookie.min.js?ver=2.2.0" id="js-cookie-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="uncode-privacy-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var Uncode_Privacy_Parameters = {"accent_color":"#4f5671"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/uncode-privacy/assets/js/uncode-privacy-public.min.js?ver=2.1.3" id="uncode-privacy-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="mediaelement-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var mejsL10n = {"language":"en","strings":{"mejs.download-file":"Download File","mejs.install-flash":"You are using a browser that does not have Flash player enabled or installed. Please turn on your Flash player plugin or download the latest version from https:\/\/get.adobe.com\/flashplayer\/","mejs.fullscreen":"Fullscreen","mejs.play":"Play","mejs.pause":"Pause","mejs.time-slider":"Time Slider","mejs.time-help-text":"Use Left\/Right Arrow keys to advance one second, Up\/Down arrows to advance ten seconds.","mejs.live-broadcast":"Live Broadcast","mejs.volume-help-text":"Use Up\/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume.","mejs.unmute":"Unmute","mejs.mute":"Mute","mejs.volume-slider":"Volume Slider","mejs.video-player":"Video Player","mejs.audio-player":"Audio Player","mejs.captions-subtitles":"Captions\/Subtitles","mejs.captions-chapters":"Chapters","mejs.none":"None","mejs.afrikaans":"Afrikaans","mejs.albanian":"Albanian","mejs.arabic":"Arabic","mejs.belarusian":"Belarusian","mejs.bulgarian":"Bulgarian","mejs.catalan":"Catalan","mejs.chinese":"Chinese","mejs.chinese-simplified":"Chinese (Simplified)","mejs.chinese-traditional":"Chinese (Traditional)","mejs.croatian":"Croatian","mejs.czech":"Czech","mejs.danish":"Danish","mejs.dutch":"Dutch","mejs.english":"English","mejs.estonian":"Estonian","mejs.filipino":"Filipino","mejs.finnish":"Finnish","mejs.french":"French","mejs.galician":"Galician","mejs.german":"German","mejs.greek":"Greek","mejs.haitian-creole":"Haitian Creole","mejs.hebrew":"Hebrew","mejs.hindi":"Hindi","mejs.hungarian":"Hungarian","mejs.icelandic":"Icelandic","mejs.indonesian":"Indonesian","mejs.irish":"Irish","mejs.italian":"Italian","mejs.japanese":"Japanese","mejs.korean":"Korean","mejs.latvian":"Latvian","mejs.lithuanian":"Lithuanian","mejs.macedonian":"Macedonian","mejs.malay":"Malay","mejs.maltese":"Maltese","mejs.norwegian":"Norwegian","mejs.persian":"Persian","mejs.polish":"Polish","mejs.portuguese":"Portuguese","mejs.romanian":"Romanian","mejs.russian":"Russian","mejs.serbian":"Serbian","mejs.slovak":"Slovak","mejs.slovenian":"Slovenian","mejs.spanish":"Spanish","mejs.swahili":"Swahili","mejs.swedish":"Swedish","mejs.tagalog":"Tagalog","mejs.thai":"Thai","mejs.turkish":"Turkish","mejs.ukrainian":"Ukrainian","mejs.vietnamese":"Vietnamese","mejs.welsh":"Welsh","mejs.yiddish":"Yiddish"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelement-and-player.min.js?ver=4.2.17" id="mediaelement-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelement-migrate.min.js?ver=6.4.5" id="mediaelement-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="mediaelement-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var _wpmejsSettings = {"pluginPath":"\/wp-includes\/js\/mediaelement\/","classPrefix":"mejs-","stretching":"responsive","audioShortcodeLibrary":"mediaelement","videoShortcodeLibrary":"mediaelement"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.js?ver=6.4.5" id="wp-mediaelement-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/js/plugins.js?ver=136172343" id="uncode-plugins-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/js/app.js?ver=136172343" id="uncode-app-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.4.5" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="popup-maker-site-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var pum_vars = {"version":"1.18.5","pm_dir_url":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-maker\/","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","restapi":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-json\/pum\/v1","rest_nonce":null,"default_theme":"5257","debug_mode":"","disable_tracking":"","home_url":"\/","message_position":"top","core_sub_forms_enabled":"1","popups":[],"cookie_domain":"","analytics_route":"analytics","analytics_api":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-json\/pum\/v1"}; var pum_sub_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","message_position":"top"}; var pum_popups = {"pum-5266":{"triggers":[],"cookies":[],"disable_on_mobile":false,"disable_on_tablet":false,"atc_promotion":null,"explain":null,"type_section":null,"theme_id":"5257","size":"tiny","responsive_min_width":"0%","responsive_max_width":"100%","custom_width":"640px","custom_height_auto":false,"custom_height":"380px","scrollable_content":false,"animation_type":"fade","animation_speed":"350","animation_origin":"center top","open_sound":"none","custom_sound":"","location":"center top","position_top":"100","position_bottom":"0","position_left":"0","position_right":"0","position_from_trigger":false,"position_fixed":false,"overlay_disabled":false,"stackable":false,"disable_reposition":false,"zindex":"1999999999","close_button_delay":"0","fi_promotion":null,"close_on_form_submission":false,"close_on_form_submission_delay":"0","close_on_overlay_click":true,"close_on_esc_press":true,"close_on_f4_press":true,"disable_form_reopen":false,"disable_accessibility":false,"theme_slug":"default-theme","id":5266,"slug":"subscription-pop-up"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/pum/pum-site-scripts-4.js?defer&generated=1712598085&ver=1.18.5" id="popup-maker-site-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="es_starter_main_js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ig_es_starter_main_js_params = {"show_opt_in_consent":"yes","session_tracking_enabled":"yes","user_logged_in":"no","consent_opt_in_message":"","consent_opt_out_message":"No Thanks","conset_after_opt_out_message":"You won't receive further emails from us, thank you!","ajax_url":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","security":"52dcb6265b"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/starter/assets/js/starter-main.js?ver=5.4.15" id="es_starter_main_js-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/akismet/_inc/akismet-frontend.js?ver=1712597905" id="akismet-frontend-js"></script> <script></script></body> </html>