CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-touch" lang="en-US" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/xmlrpc.php"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Bubble Printing of Liquid Metal to Improve Flexible Electronics - MDPI Blog</title> <meta name="description" content="Researchers use optical laser bubble printing to generate conductive wires from liquid metal for flexible technology." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Bubble Printing of Liquid Metal to Improve Flexible Electronics" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Researchers use optical laser bubble printing to generate conductive wires from liquid metal for flexible technology." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI Blog" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-22T09:00:57+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-22T12:11:18+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/blog-thumbnail.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1128" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="634" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Suhaylah Ingar" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Suhaylah Ingar" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="3 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/"},"author":{"@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#/schema/person/3eef69f94e069932d2745aea7ca901b2"},"headline":"Bubble Printing of Liquid Metal to Improve Flexible Electronics","datePublished":"2024-11-22T09:00:57+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-22T12:11:18+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/"},"wordCount":606,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/blog-thumbnail.jpg","articleSection":["Open Science"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/","url":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/","name":"Bubble Printing of Liquid Metal to Improve Flexible Electronics - MDPI Blog","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/blog-thumbnail.jpg","datePublished":"2024-11-22T09:00:57+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-22T12:11:18+00:00","description":"Researchers use optical laser bubble printing to generate conductive wires from liquid metal for flexible technology.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/#primaryimage","url":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/blog-thumbnail.jpg","contentUrl":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/blog-thumbnail.jpg","width":1128,"height":634},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Bubble Printing of Liquid Metal to Improve Flexible Electronics"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#website","url":"https://blog.mdpi.com/","name":"MDPI Blog","description":"A Blog by MDPI: Science and Open Access Publishing","publisher":{"@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://blog.mdpi.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#organization","name":"MDPI AG","url":"https://blog.mdpi.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/04/mdpi-logo-v3-quadrat.png","contentUrl":"https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/04/mdpi-logo-v3-quadrat.png","width":1416,"height":1416,"caption":"MDPI AG"},"image":{"@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#/schema/logo/image/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#/schema/person/3eef69f94e069932d2745aea7ca901b2","name":"Suhaylah Ingar","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://blog.mdpi.com/#/schema/person/image/2aeb7283f23cecffe64b2056fd9d8f2e","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fbddbbe7ef3bdc24f4dd5dacbde20bdc?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fbddbbe7ef3bdc24f4dd5dacbde20bdc?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Suhaylah Ingar"},"url":"https://blog.mdpi.com/author/suhaylah/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//blog.mdpi.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Blog » Feed" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Blog » Comments Feed" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Blog » Bubble Printing of Liquid Metal to Improve Flexible Electronics Comments Feed" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.5.5"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='thinkup-panels-front-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/thinkup-panels/thinkup-customization/css/thinkup-front.css?ver=2.10.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='layerslider-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/assets/static/layerslider/css/layerslider.css?ver=6.11.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.5.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='menu-icons-extra-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/menu-icons/css/extra.min.css?ver=0.13.13' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.5.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bbp-default-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/data/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/bbpress/templates/default/css/bbpress.min.css?ver=2.6.9' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='rotatingtweets-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/rotatingtweets/css/style.css?ver=6.5.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-ulike-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-ulike/assets/css/wp-ulike.min.css?ver=4.7.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='email-subscribers-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/lite/public/css/email-subscribers-public.css?ver=5.4.15' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='uncode-privacy-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/uncode-privacy/assets/css/uncode-privacy-public.css?ver=2.1.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dry_awp_theme_style-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/advanced-wp-columns/assets/css/awp-columns.css?ver=6.5.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='dry_awp_theme_style-inline-css' type='text/css'> @media screen and (max-width: 1024px) { .csColumn { clear: both !important; float: none !important; text-align: center !important; margin-left: 10% !important; margin-right: 10% !important; width: 80% !important; } .csColumnGap { display: none !important; }} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=2.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='uncode-style-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/css/style.css?ver=2129730399' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='uncode-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> @media (min-width: 960px) { .limit-width { max-width: 1200px; margin: auto;}} body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-0.logo-container, body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-2.logo-container, body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-12 .logo-container, body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-4.logo-container { padding-top: 27px; padding-bottom: 27px; } body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-0.logo-container.shrinked, body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-2.logo-container.shrinked, body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-12 .logo-container.shrinked, body.menu-custom-padding .col-lg-4.logo-container.shrinked { padding-top: 18px; padding-bottom: 18px; } @media (max-width: 959px) { body.menu-custom-padding .menu-container .logo-container { padding-top: 36px !important; padding-bottom: 36px !important; } } #changer-back-color { transition: background-color 1000ms cubic-bezier(0.25, 1, 0.5, 1) !important; } #changer-back-color > div { transition: opacity 1000ms cubic-bezier(0.25, 1, 0.5, 1) !important; } body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light h1, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light h2, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light h3, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light h4, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light h5, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light h6, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-light a, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark h1, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark h2, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark h3, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark h4, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark h5, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark h6, body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .style-dark a { transition: color 1000ms cubic-bezier(0.25, 1, 0.5, 1) !important; } body.bg-changer-init.disable-hover .main-wrapper .heading-text-highlight-inner { transition-property: right, background; transition-duration: 1000ms } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='uncode-icons-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/css/uncode-icons.css?ver=2129730399' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='uncode-custom-style-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/css/style-custom4.css?ver=2129730399' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='uncode-custom-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .style-back_color-167423-bg { background-color:#f7f7f7; }.btn-sep_color-167292 { color:#ffffff !important; background-color:#cccccc !important; border-color:#cccccc !important; }.btn-sep_color-167292:not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.icon-animated):hover, .btn-sep_color-167292:not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.icon-animated):focus, .btn-sep_color-167292:not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.icon-animated):active { background-color:transparent !important; border-color:#cccccc !important;}.btn-sep_color-167292.btn-flat:not(.btn-hover-nobg):hover, .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-flat:not(.btn-hover-nobg):focus, .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-flat:active { background-color:#bfbfbf !important; border-color:#bfbfbf !important;}.btn-sep_color-167292:not(.btn-flat):not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.icon-animated):not(.btn-text-skin):hover, .btn-sep_color-167292:not(.btn-flat):not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.icon-animated):not(.btn-text-skin):focus, .btn-sep_color-167292:not(.btn-flat):not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.icon-animated):not(.btn-text-skin):active { color:#cccccc !important; }.btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline { background-color:transparent !important; border-color:#cccccc !important; }.btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:not(.btn-text-skin) { color:#cccccc !important; }.btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:not(.btn-hover-nobg):hover, .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:not(.btn-hover-nobg):focus, btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:active { background-color:#cccccc !important; border-color:#cccccc !important; }.btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.btn-text-skin):not(.icon-animated):hover, .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:not(.btn-hover-nobg):not(.btn-text-skin):not(.icon-animated):focus, btn-sep_color-167292.btn-outline:active { color:#ffffff !important; }.style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline, .style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin:not(.btn-outline):hover, .style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin:not(.btn-outline):focus, .style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin:not(.btn-outline):active { color:#141618 !important; }.style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline:hover, .style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline:focus, .style-light .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline:active { color:#ffffff !important; }.style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline, .style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin:not(.btn-outline):hover, .style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin:not(.btn-outline):focus, .style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin:not(.btn-outline):active { color:#ffffff !important; }.style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline:hover, .style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline:focus, .style-light .style-dark .btn-sep_color-167292.btn-text-skin.btn-outline:active { color:#141618 !important; }.border-sep_color-167292-color { border-color:#cccccc !important; }.text-text_color-202412-color { color:#808080 !important; fill:#808080 !important; } body.uncode-btn-round .btn:not(.btn-default-shape):not(.btn-square):not(.btn-circle), body.uncode-btn-round input[type="submit"]:not(.btn-default-shape):not(.btn-square):not(.btn-circle), body.uncode-btn-round input[type="reset"]:not(.btn-default-shape):not(.btn-square):not(.btn-circle), body.uncode-btn-round input[type="button"]:not(.btn-default-shape):not(.btn-square):not(.btn-circle), body.uncode-btn-round button[type="submit"]:not(.btn-default-shape):not(.btn-square):not(.btn-circle){border-radius:4px;}.t-entry-meta i{display:none;}.t-entry-author img.avatar-20{display:none!important;}.tmb-content-under.tmb .t-entry p.t-entry-author span, .tmb-content-lateral.tmb .t-entry p.t-entry-author span, .tmb .t-entry p.t-entry-meta span {font-weight:400!important;}span.t-entry-category a{font-weight:bold!important;color:black;text-decoration:none;}span.tmb-username-text{ opacity:0.6;}p.t-entry-author{margin-top:-10px!important;}.tmb .t-entry p.t-entry-author span.tmb-username-wrap {margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.footer-scroll-top:not(.window-scrolled){opacity:1!important;}.footer-scroll-top{display:block!important;bottom:5%!important;}.footer-scroll-top i{width:66px;height:49px;padding-bottom:15px;font-size:30px;}.footer-scroll-top.footer-scroll-circle i{box-shadow:0px 0px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.3)!important;border-color:white!important;background-color:white!important;color:black!important;}.footer-scroll-top.footer-scroll-circle i:hover{box-shadow:0px 0px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.3)!important;border-color:black!important;background-color:black!important;color:white!important;}.style-light input, textarea{background:white!important;box-shadow:none;border:1px solid #CCCCCC!important;}.style-light input:focus, textarea:focus{border:1px solid black!important;}p a, span.tmb-username-text{text-decoration:underline;}.btn {padding:10px 100px !important;}#wpcf7-f4918-o2 input:hover{color:white!important;background:black;}.loadmore-button, .loading-button{width:100%;margin:0;margin-top:18px;margin-bottom:18px;}.row div[class*="col-lg-"].align_left > .uncol > .uncoltable > .uncell > .uncont .btn{transform-origin:center!important;transform:scale(1)!important;}body[class*="hmenu-"]:not(.hormenu-position-right) .menu-borders:not(.needs-after) .navbar-nav + .navbar-cta:not(.hmenu-center-split-child) > :first-child {border-left-width:0px;}.menu-container{border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc;}.menu-light .row-brand, .menu-light .row-menu .row-menu-inner, .menu-container{border-bottom:none;}.navbar a{color:#4F5671!important;}.logo-image{clear:both;width:170px!important;}.logo-image img {float:left;}.logo-image::after{content:"Blog";padding-right:2em;width:100px;float:right;padding-top:12px;height:100%;border-right:1px solid #49526d;color:#4F5671;}li.menu-item-4915 a{padding-right:0!important;}.mobile-menu-button-light .lines > span{background:white;} .mobile-menu-button-light .lines::before, .mobile-menu-button-light .lines::after{background:black;}.menu-horizontal{height:130vh!important;}.dropdown.menu-item-link a, #menu-item-4885 a, #menu-item-4915 a, #menu-item-5877 a, #menu-item-5871 a, #menu-item-5899 a{color:black!important;text-transform:none;font-weight:400!important;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;width:calc(100% - 70px);margin-left:35px;padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:1em;}#menu-item-4885 a, #menu-item-5877 a {border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.nav li.dropdown.menu-item a i{display:inline-block;}.nav .menu-item a i, .nav ul.drop-menu li.menu-item a i{display:none;}.nav ul.drop-menu {padding-bottom:2em;padding-left:35px;visibility:visible!important;display:block;pointer-events:auto;z-index:100!important;}.nav ul.drop-menu li.menu-item{pointer-events:auto;}ul.drop-menu form.search,.nav ul#menu-main-menu_v2 i.fa-dropdown{display:none!important;}.menu-smart a{padding-left:0;}.nav ul.drop-menu li.menu-item{padding-left:1em;border-bottom:0px solid #ccc;}.nav ul.drop-menu li.menu-item a{border-bottom:0px solid #ccc;}.desktop-hidden{display:none!important;}.menu-cta-inner{margin-top:0;}.popup_form .emaillist input{background:white!important;}.popup_form .emaillist input[type="checkbox"] {margin-top:8px;}.popup_form .emaillist .emaillist input[type="submit"]{margin-top:24px;}li.search-icon::after{content:'MDPI.com'!important;display:block!important;text-align:right;padding:1em;padding-right:35px;width:100%;color:#49526d;font-size:22px;margin-right:35px!important;}#menu-item-5625{display:none;}.footer_spacer{display:block;height:5em;background:white;}.footer_links{padding-top:4px;display:block;}.footerlist, .footerlist ul{margin:0!important;padding:left:0;}.footerlist ul{padding-left:1em;}.footerlist ul#menu-posts_1{padding-top:1em;}.footer_socials span{padding-right:1em;color:#808080;}.footer_socials i.fa{background:#808080;border-radius:100%;height:35px;width:35px;margin:auto;text-align:center;padding-top:10px;margin-left:10px;color:white;}.footer_socials i.fa:hover{color:#4F5671;}.disclaimer{font-size:12px;color:#808080;}#wpcf7-f4918-o2 input.wpcf7-text{border:2px solid #CCCCCC;color:black;background:#F7F7F7!important;}.style-light input::placeholder { color:black;opacity:1; }.style-light input:-ms-input-placeholder { color:black;}.style-light input::-ms-input-placeholder { color:black;}div.wpcf7 form .wpcf7-response-output{color:black;}.emaillist input{width:100%;background:#f7f7f7!important;}.emaillist input[type="checkbox"]{width:16px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-top:3px;margin-left:0px;}.emaillist input[type="submit"]{width:100%;padding:10px;border:1px solid black !important;margin-top:1em;}.emaillist input[type="submit"]:hover{color:white;background:black!important;}.emaillist label{display:inline-block!important;font-size:12px;color:#808080;width:calc(100% - 30px);line-height:21px;text-align:left;padding-left:12px;}.emaillist .es-field-wrap label{font-size:16px;width:100%;padding-left:0;}.introduction .style-light h1, .introduction .style-light{color:#4F5671;}.home_new_mobile{display:block;}.home #row-unique-3{display:block;}.newestpost_mobile .t-entry-meta{text-shadow:0px 0px 20px #4F5671;opacity:1;}.newestpost_mobile span.tmb-username-text{ opacity:1;}.newestpost_mobile .t-inside{border-bottom:0px solid black;}.introduction .style-light a{text-decoration:underline;}.newestpost_mobile{display:block;}.newestpost_mobile .tmb-content-overlay .h1{font-size:22px!important;margin-top:20px!important;}.newestpost_mobile .t-entry-category span.t-entry-cat-single span,.newestpost_mobile .t-entry-category span.t-entry-cat-single .cat-comma{font-weight:bold!important;} .newestpost_mobile .t-entry-date{display:inline-block;margin:0;} .newestpost_mobile .t-entry-author{ display:inline-block; min-height:20px; } .newestpost_mobile .t-entry-meta{margin:0!important;height:10px;}.newestpost_mobile .tmb-username-text{ padding-bottom:2px; } .newestpost_general{display:none;}.moreposts{display:none;}.isotope-layout h2.t-entry-title{margin-top:0!important;} .newestpost_general .isotope-layout h2.t-entry-title{ margin-top:9px!important; } .newestpost_general .t-entry-meta{margin-top:0px!important;line-height:1;} .newestpost_general .t-entry-text{ margin-top:20px; }.style-light .panel{border:none;}.posts_menu .panel-body{background-color:#F7F7F7;padding:1em;} .panel-title a{text-decoration:none;}.post_heading_image .t-inside{border:none;}.posts_heading{display:block;}.postpage .author-wrap{display:block!important;}.postpage img.avatar{width:70%;}.author-profile.author-profile-box-left .author-profile-content{display:none;}.postpage span.author-info::before{content:"Post author";font-weight:normal;display:block;}.postpage span.author-info, .postpage span.category-info{font-weight:bold;display:block;margin-bottom:1em;}.postpage span.date-info{color:#4F5671;}.postpage span.category-info:before{content:"Posted in";font-weight:normal;display:block;}.uncode-info-box{font-size:16px;color:#4F5671;margin-top:1em!important;}.uncode-info-box a{color:#4F5671;}.postpage .author_block{border-top:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,1);margin-top:3em;}.postpage .author_block .author-wrap a img{border:0px solid red;float:left;width:150px;margin-right:30px;}.postpage .uncode-ib-separator{display:none;}.postpage iframe{border:1px solid black;}.postpage .wpb_raw_code.share_sidebar, .postpage .uncode-share{width:90px;float:left;height:40px;}.postpage .wpb_raw_code .wpb_raw_html{width:400px;border:1px solid red;}.postpage .uncode-share{width:31px;}.wpulike{padding:0;}.wpulike-default .wp_ulike_btn{background-color:white;}.wpulike-default .count-box{margin-left:0;}.wpulike-default .count-box::before{left:-4px;}div[class*="sharer-"].share-button .social.top{margin-top:30px;}div[class*="sharer-"].share-button .social ul::after{top:0px;transform:rotate(180deg);display:none;}div[class*="sharer-"].share-button .social ul {color:black;margin:auto;padding:10px !important;display:table;border-width:0px 0px 0;border-top-color:none;table-layout:fixed;background-color:white;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 0px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);right:8px;}div[class*="sharer-"].share-button .social ul li:hover, div[class*="sharer-"].share-button .social ul li:active, div[class*="sharer-"].share-button .social ul li:focus{background:white!important;color:#5B6983;}.font-ui-fixed, .post-info, .widget-container .widget-title, #comments .comments-title, #respond .comments-title, #comments #reply-title, #respond #reply-title, .uncode-share h6 {font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif, -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0.00em;text-transform:inherit;font-size:30px;}input[type="submit"]:not(.btn-custom-typo):not(.btn-inherit){font-weight:normal!important;}form p{font-weight:400;}.t-inside{border-bottom:1px solid black;}.relatedposts .t-inside{border-bottom:0px solid black;}.posts_heading .posts_heading_mobile_title{padding-top:13px;}.relatedpostsslider h3.t-entry-title{margin-top:0!important;}#comments p.form-submit input#submit{color:#ffffff !important;background-color:#4f5671 !important;border-color:#4f5671 !important;}#comments p.form-submit input#submit:hover{color:#4f5671 !important;background-color:white !important;border-color:#4f5671 !important;}label.subscribe-label{font-size:13px;padding-left:12px;}input[type=checkbox]:checked:before {color:#141618;}input#subscribe_blog{width:16px!important;border-radius:0!important;border:1px solid #CCC!important;-moz-appearance:inherit!important;-webkit-appearance:inherit!important;}input#wp-comment-cookies-consent{border:1px solid #CCC!important;}p.comment-subscription-form{margin-top:14px;}.blue_h2.archives{padding:18px 0px 0px 0px;}.archives_table{border:none;padding:0;color:#000000;margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}.archives_table td{border:none;padding-left:0;padding:19px;padding-left:0;font-weight:bold;}.archives_table .tr-processed .collumn1, .archives_table .tr-processed .collumn2{border-top:1px solid black!important;}.archives_table td.collumn1{float:left;width:50px;margin-bottom:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}.archives_table td.collumn2{float:left;width:calc(100% - 50px);margin-bottom:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}.archives_table td.collumn3{width:100%;padding-left:35px;display:block;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn1, .archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn2{padding:0!important;border:none;}.archivist_wrapper .permalink {font-weight:400;}.archivist_wrapper img {padding:5px}.archives_table tr {vertical-align:top;}.archives_table tr {display:none;}.archives_table tr.tr-processed {display:table-row;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn1 span {display:none;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn1 {border:0px solid #ccc!important;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn2 span {display:none;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn2 {border:0px solid #ccc!important;}.authorpage .author-profile.author-profile-box-left .author-profile-content{display:block;}.authorpage .author-profile-content{display:table-cell !important;vertical-align:middle !important;}.authorpage .author-profile .uncode-avatar-wrapper, .authorpage .author-profile-content{width:100%!important;display:block!important;text-align:center;}.grid-cat-1098 .t-entry-visual::after{display:block;content:"";background:transparent;background:url("https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/polygon.png");background-size:contain;background-position:50% 50%;background-size:70%;background-repeat:no-repeat;position:absolute;top:5px;left:5px;z-index:9999;border-radius:100%;width:70px;height:70px;padding:1em;margin:auto;}.category-podcasts .post_heading_image .t-entry-visual::after{display:block;content:"";background:transparent;background:url("https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/polygon.png");background-size:contain;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;position:absolute;bottom:10px;z-index:9999;border-radius:100%;width:70px;height:70px;padding:1em;margin:auto;right:10px;}.category-podcasts .category-info a::after{display:none;content:"";background:url("https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/polygon.png");background-size:contain;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;position:absolute;bottom:10px;z-index:9999;width:70px;height:70px;padding:1em;margin:auto;margin-top:10px;left:-4px;margin-top:26px;bottom:-83px;overflow:hidden;}.podcast_heading{padding:17px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:0;}@media only screen and (min-width:569px) {.footer-scroll-top{bottom:50%!important;}.menu-container{ border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#menu-item-4885 a{border-top:0px solid #ccc;}.home_text{border-top:0px solid black;border-bottom:0px solid black;padding-top:0em;padding-bottom:0em;}.introduction .home_text p{color:#4F5671;font-weight:normal;}.home #row-unique-3{ display:none;}.home_new_mobile{display:none;}.newestpost_mobile{display:none;}.newestpost_general{display:block;}.moreposts{display:block;}.t-inside{ border-bottom:0px solid black;}.posts_heading{ display:none;}.uncode-accordion .panel-title a span{color:#4F5671;font-size:30px;font-weight:400!important;letter-spacing:normal; line-height:1.15em; }.posts_menu .wpb_accordion_header{width:90px;}.panel-title > a > span::after{ }.posts_menu .panel-title.active a span::after {transform:translateY(-40%) translateX(-40%) rotate(90deg);}.posts_menu .panel-body ul{ list-style:none;}.posts_menu .panel-body li{ border-bottom:1px dashed #4F5671; padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:4px;}.posts_menu .panel-body li.current_page_item a{font-weight:bold;color:#409F9F;}.menu_row_2{padding:0!important;}.authorpage .author-profile .uncode-avatar-wrapper{width:200px!important;display:table-cell!important;text-align:left;}.authorpage .author-profile-content{width:auto!important;display:table-cell!important;text-align:left;} .authorpage .author-profile-content h2{padding-left:35px;}.archives_table td.collumn1{width:25%;display:table-cell;float:none;}.archives_table td.collumn2{width:25%;display:table-cell;float:none;}.archives_table td.collumn3{width:50%;border-bottom:1px solid black;display:table-cell;float:none;padding-left:0;}.archivist_wrapper .permalink {font-weight:bold;} .archives_table .tr-processed .collumn1, .archives_table .tr-processed .collumn2 {border-top:1px solid black !important;border-bottom:0px solid black !important;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn2, .archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn1{border:none!important;}.archives_table .tr-additional-row .collumn3{border:none;}.archives_table td.collumn3{border-top:1px solid black!important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:959px) {.navbar-nav-last{ position:absolute; right:270px;}#menu-item-5625{border-left:1px solid #49526D;margin-left:30px;padding-left:20px;height:40px;display:inline;}#menu-item-5625 a{font-weight:normal;}.menu-horizontal{height:auto!important;}li.menu-item-4915 a{ padding-right:0!important;}.nav li#menu-item-4850 a i, .nav li#menu-item-5878 a i{display:none;}.dropdown.menu-item-link a, #menu-item-4885 a, #menu-item-4915 a, #menu-item-5877 a, #menu-item-5871 a,#menu-item-5899 a{color:#4F5671!important;font-weight:400!important;border-bottom:0px solid #ccc;width:auto;margin-left:0;padding-top:0em;padding-bottom:0em;border-top:0px;}#menu-item-4850 ul.drop-menu, #menu-item-5878 ul.drop-menu{display:none!important;}li.search-icon::after{ display:none!important;}.footerlist ul{display:none;}.authorpage .author-profile-content h2{padding-left:0px;}.postpage .author_block{border-top:0px solid rgba(0,0,0,1);margin-top:0em;}.postpage .author_block .author-wrap a img{border:0px solid red;float:initial;width:auto;margin-right:0px;} .category-podcasts .post_heading_image .t-entry-visual::after{display:none;}.category-podcasts .category-info a::after{display:block;}}@media only screen and (min-width:1149px) {}@media only screen and (max-width:959px) {} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='popup-maker-site-css' href='//mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/pum/pum-site-styles-4.css?generated=1712598085&ver=1.18.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='es_starter_main_css-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/starter/assets/css/starter-main.css?ver=5.4.15' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='es_pro_main_css-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/pro/assets/css/pro-main.css?ver=5.4.15' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='child-style-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode-child/style.css?ver=643312317' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="layerslider-utils-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var LS_Meta = {"v":"6.11.7","fixGSAP":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/assets/static/layerslider/js/layerslider.utils.js?ver=6.11.7" id="layerslider-utils-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/assets/static/layerslider/js/layerslider.kreaturamedia.jquery.js?ver=6.11.7" id="layerslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/assets/static/layerslider/js/layerslider.transitions.js?ver=6.11.7" id="layerslider-transitions-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/js/ai-uncode.js' id='uncodeAI' data-home='/' data-path='/' data-breakpoints-images='258,516,720,1032,1440,2064,2880" id="ai-uncode-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="uncode-init-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var SiteParameters = {"days":"days","hours":"hours","minutes":"minutes","seconds":"seconds","constant_scroll":"on","scroll_speed":"2","parallax_factor":"0.25","loading":"Loading\u2026","slide_name":"slide","slide_footer":"footer","ajax_url":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce_adaptive_images":"7cbf9a65f4","nonce_srcset_async":"074eb57f2e","enable_debug":"","block_mobile_videos":"","is_frontend_editor":"","mobile_parallax_allowed":"","wireframes_plugin_active":"1","sticky_elements":"off","lazyload_type":"","resize_quality":"100","register_metadata":"","bg_changer_time":"1000","update_wc_fragments":"1","optimize_shortpixel_image":"","custom_cursor_selector":"[href], .trigger-overlay, .owl-next, .owl-prev, .owl-dot, input[type=\"submit\"], button[type=\"submit\"], a[class^=\"ilightbox\"], .ilightbox-thumbnail, .ilightbox-prev, .ilightbox-next, .overlay-close, .unmodal-close, .qty-inset > span, .share-button li","mobile_parallax_animation":"","uncode_adaptive":"1","ai_breakpoints":"258,516,720,1032,1440,2064,2880"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/js/init.js?ver=2129730399" id="uncode-init-js"></script>   <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-FS469DJK0K" id="google_gtagjs-js" async></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="google_gtagjs-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["blog.mdpi.com"]}); gtag("js", new Date()); gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true); gtag("config", "G-FS469DJK0K"); /* ]]> */ </script>  <script></script><meta name="generator" content="Powered by LayerSlider 6.11.7 - Multi-Purpose, Responsive, Parallax, Mobile-Friendly Slider Plugin for WordPress." />  <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/14056" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.5.5" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/?p=14056' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mdpi.com%2F2024%2F11%2F22%2Fbubble-printing-flexible-electronics%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mdpi.com%2F2024%2F11%2F22%2Fbubble-printing-flexible-electronics%2F&format=xml" /> <script> function expand(param) { param.style.display = (param.style.display == "none") ? "block" : "none"; } function wpex_toggle(id, more, less) { el = document.getElementById("wpexlink" + id); el.innerHTML = (el.innerHTML == more) ? less : more; expand(document.getElementById("wpex" + id)); } </script> <script> var _mtm = window._mtm = window._mtm || []; _mtm.push({'mtm.startTime': (new Date().getTime()), 'event': 'mtm.Start'}); (function() { var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src='https://matomo.mdpi.com/js/container_5cBZRuFt.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.124.0" />  <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ ( function( w, d, s, l, i ) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push( {'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'} ); var f = d.getElementsByTagName( s )[0], j = d.createElement( s ), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore( j, f ); } )( window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-TMZPD2F' ); /* ]]> */ </script>  <meta name="generator" content="Powered by Slider Revolution 6.5.6 - responsive, Mobile-Friendly Slider Plugin for WordPress with comfortable drag and drop interface." /> <link rel="icon" href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/cropped-mdpilogo2-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/cropped-mdpilogo2-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/cropped-mdpilogo2-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/cropped-mdpilogo2-270x270.png" /> <script type="text/javascript">function setREVStartSize(e){ //window.requestAnimationFrame(function() { window.RSIW = window.RSIW===undefined ? window.innerWidth : window.RSIW; window.RSIH = window.RSIH===undefined ? window.innerHeight : window.RSIH; try { var pw = document.getElementById(e.c).parentNode.offsetWidth, newh; pw = pw===0 || isNaN(pw) ? window.RSIW : pw; e.tabw = e.tabw===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabw); e.thumbw = e.thumbw===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbw); e.tabh = e.tabh===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabh); e.thumbh = e.thumbh===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbh); e.tabhide = e.tabhide===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabhide); e.thumbhide = e.thumbhide===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbhide); e.mh = e.mh===undefined || e.mh=="" || e.mh==="auto" ? 0 : parseInt(e.mh,0); if(e.layout==="fullscreen" || e.l==="fullscreen") newh = Math.max(e.mh,window.RSIH); else{ e.gw = Array.isArray(e.gw) ? e.gw : [e.gw]; for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gw[i]===undefined || e.gw[i]===0) e.gw[i] = e.gw[i-1]; e.gh = e.el===undefined || e.el==="" || (Array.isArray(e.el) && e.el.length==0)? e.gh : e.el; e.gh = Array.isArray(e.gh) ? e.gh : [e.gh]; for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gh[i]===undefined || e.gh[i]===0) e.gh[i] = e.gh[i-1]; var nl = new Array(e.rl.length), ix = 0, sl; e.tabw = e.tabhide>=pw ? 0 : e.tabw; e.thumbw = e.thumbhide>=pw ? 0 : e.thumbw; e.tabh = e.tabhide>=pw ? 0 : e.tabh; e.thumbh = e.thumbhide>=pw ? 0 : e.thumbh; for (var i in e.rl) nl[i] = e.rl[i]<window.RSIW ? 0 : e.rl[i]; sl = nl[0]; for (var i in nl) if (sl>nl[i] && nl[i]>0) { sl = nl[i]; ix=i;} var m = pw>(e.gw[ix]+e.tabw+e.thumbw) ? 1 : (pw-(e.tabw+e.thumbw)) / (e.gw[ix]); newh = (e.gh[ix] * m) + (e.tabh + e.thumbh); } var el = document.getElementById(e.c); if (el!==null && el) el.style.height = newh+"px"; el = document.getElementById(e.c+"_wrapper"); if (el!==null && el) { el.style.height = newh+"px"; el.style.display = "block"; } } catch(e){ console.log("Failure at Presize of Slider:" + e) } //}); };</script> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .comment-form-url{ display:none; } </style> <noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript> <script>!function(e){var n="https://s.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if("True"=="True")e.BOOMR_config=e.BOOMR_config||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams=e.BOOMR_config.PageParams||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams.pci=!0,n="https://s2.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if(window.BOOMR_API_key="2TJEM-2XUEY-5U22L-N6ZT4-UWTHA",function(){function e(){if(!o){var e=document.createElement("script");e.id="boomr-scr-as",e.src=window.BOOMR.url,e.async=!0,i.parentNode.appendChild(e),o=!0}}function t(e){o=!0;var n,t,a,r,d=document,O=window;if(window.BOOMR.snippetMethod=e?"if":"i",t=function(e,n){var t=d.createElement("script");t.id=n||"boomr-if-as",t.src=window.BOOMR.url,BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),e=e||d.body,e.appendChild(t)},!window.addEventListener&&window.attachEvent&&navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE [67]\./))return window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="s",void t(i.parentNode,"boomr-async");a=document.createElement("IFRAME"),a.src="about:blank",a.title="",a.role="presentation",a.loading="eager",r=(a.frameElement||a).style,r.width=0,r.height=0,r.border=0,r.display="none",i.parentNode.appendChild(a);try{O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}catch(_){n=document.domain,a.src="javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain='"+n+"';void(0);",O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}if(n)d._boomrl=function(){this.domain=n,t()},d.write("<bo"+"dy onload='document._boomrl();'>");else if(O._boomrl=function(){t()},O.addEventListener)O.addEventListener("load",O._boomrl,!1);else if(O.attachEvent)O.attachEvent("onload",O._boomrl);d.close()}function a(e){window.BOOMR_onload=e&&e.timeStamp||(new Date).getTime()}if(!window.BOOMR||!window.BOOMR.version&&!window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted){window.BOOMR=window.BOOMR||{},window.BOOMR.snippetStart=(new Date).getTime(),window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted=!0,window.BOOMR.snippetVersion=12,window.BOOMR.url=n+"2TJEM-2XUEY-5U22L-N6ZT4-UWTHA";var i=document.currentScript||document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],o=!1,r=document.createElement("link");if(r.relList&&"function"==typeof r.relList.supports&&r.relList.supports("preload")&&"as"in r)window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="p",r.href=window.BOOMR.url,r.rel="preload",r.as="script",r.addEventListener("load",e),r.addEventListener("error",function(){t(!0)}),setTimeout(function(){if(!o)t(!0)},3e3),BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),i.parentNode.appendChild(r);else t(!1);if(window.addEventListener)window.addEventListener("load",a,!1);else if(window.attachEvent)window.attachEvent("onload",a)}}(),"".length>0)if(e&&"performance"in e&&e.performance&&"function"==typeof e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize)e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize();!function(){if(BOOMR=e.BOOMR||{},BOOMR.plugins=BOOMR.plugins||{},!BOOMR.plugins.AK){var n=""=="true"?1:0,t="",a="bdpnbeqxglupez2gmkla-f-96862119b-clientnsv4-s.akamaihd.net",i="false"=="true"?2:1,o={"ak.v":"39","ak.cp":"1724130","ak.ai":parseInt("1115759",10),"ak.ol":"0","ak.cr":0,"ak.ipv":4,"ak.proto":"http/1.1","ak.rid":"52c5471","ak.r":40747,"ak.a2":n,"ak.m":"dscb","ak.n":"essl","ak.bpcip":"8.222.208.0","ak.cport":60150,"ak.gh":"23.50.232.238","ak.quicv":"","ak.tlsv":"tls1.2","ak.0rtt":"","ak.0rtt.ed":"","ak.csrc":"-","ak.acc":"reno","ak.t":"1732666006","ak.ak":"hOBiQwZUYzCg5VSAfCLimQ==kDlS7PI8qNir/OH9xzJLtvcdtFbSGlEhIKqgDVbbC04t0oMInpRxvBEkpIiPHHsNXjFLpus4+jiHatVBlc2cPMJ52p67IAWjaGpwEbJkQYcr2kSkFqXYi87vDN64g4234SGM8LxKH9mUjdTe3iCiUwCy1SBo8YXEIG/nYrnMuaX5JxATlSmubAPFJDI4AyctZJR6TPpXH89sik3zct9f+lE72TsLXJKwBXB2z4/3XmPGS1/yYlaOUSUEQIDBHehOzrVgOrgsICP14krhiUs0qV0yOf74zr3GXX2d+F5qUPg06pAGjwnrFhMlyMj47L6ilMK/FNDbkh0dbCDzDwNlk2ozp9SsLQ8SZh1lMQsuetPHTMED3YvFNV5VXxFQvB3cpkB8a9QP2fOh4RsevVbvWaXMBr1uT5XGKUjs7Sl8I7k=","ak.pv":"6","ak.dpoabenc":"","ak.tf":i};if(""!==t)o["ak.ruds"]=t;var r={i:!1,av:function(n){var t="http.initiator";if(n&&(!n[t]||"spa_hard"===n[t]))o["ak.feo"]=void 0!==e.aFeoApplied?1:0,BOOMR.addVar(o)},rv:function(){var e=["ak.bpcip","ak.cport","ak.cr","ak.csrc","ak.gh","ak.ipv","ak.m","ak.n","ak.ol","ak.proto","ak.quicv","ak.tlsv","ak.0rtt","ak.0rtt.ed","ak.r","ak.acc","ak.t","ak.tf"];BOOMR.removeVar(e)}};BOOMR.plugins.AK={akVars:o,akDNSPreFetchDomain:a,init:function(){if(!r.i){var e=BOOMR.subscribe;e("before_beacon",r.av,null,null),e("onbeacon",r.rv,null,null),r.i=!0}return this},is_complete:function(){return!0}}}}()}(window);</script></head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-14056 single-format-standard style-color-lxmt-bg group-blog hormenu-position-left hmenu hmenu-position-left header-full-width main-center-align menu-custom-padding menu-has-cta mobile-parallax-not-allowed ilb-no-bounce unreg uncode-btn-round qw-body-scroll-disabled wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-7.0 vc_responsive" data-border="0"> <div id="uncode-custom-cursor" class="" data-cursor="" data-skin="light"><span></span><span></span></div> <div id="uncode-custom-cursor-pilot" class="" data-cursor="" data-skin="light"><span></span><span></span></div> <script type="text/javascript">UNCODE.initCursor();</script>  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TMZPD2F" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div class="body-borders" data-border="0"><div class="top-border body-border-shadow"></div><div class="right-border body-border-shadow"></div><div class="bottom-border body-border-shadow"></div><div class="left-border body-border-shadow"></div><div class="top-border style-light-bg"></div><div class="right-border style-light-bg"></div><div class="bottom-border style-light-bg"></div><div class="left-border style-light-bg"></div></div> <div class="box-wrapper"> <div class="box-container"> <script type="text/javascript" id="initBox">UNCODE.initBox();</script> <div class="menu-wrapper menu-sticky menu-no-arrows"> <header id="masthead" class="navbar menu-primary menu-light submenu-light style-light-original menu-with-logo"> <div class="menu-container style-color-xsdn-bg menu-no-borders"> <div class="row-menu limit-width"> <div class="row-menu-inner"> <div id="logo-container-mobile" class="col-lg-0 logo-container middle"> <div id="main-logo" class="navbar-header style-light"> <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/" class="navbar-brand" data-padding-shrink ="18" data-minheight="20"><div class="logo-image main-logo logo-skinnable" data-maxheight="40" style="height: 40px;"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/cropped-mdpilogo2.png" alt="logo" width="512" height="512" class="img-responsive" /></div></a> </div> <div class="mmb-container"><div class="mobile-additional-icons"></div><div class="mobile-menu-button mobile-menu-button-light lines-button"><span class="lines"><span></span></span></div></div> </div> <div class="col-lg-12 main-menu-container middle"> <div class="menu-horizontal"> <div class="menu-horizontal-inner"> <div class="nav navbar-nav navbar-main navbar-nav-first"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="menu-primary-inner menu-smart sm"><li id="menu-item-4850" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-4850 dropdown menu-item-link"><a title="Posts" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts/" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle" data-type="title">Posts<i class="fa fa-angle-down fa-dropdown"></i></a> <ul role="menu" class="drop-menu"> <li id="menu-item-5160" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5160"><a title="Conferences" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_conference/">Conferences<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5159" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5159"><a title="Editorial Process" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_editorial/">Editorial Process<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5157"><a title="Recent Advances" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_feature-highlights/">Recent Advances<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-6156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6156"><a title="Sustainability" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/sustainability/">Sustainability<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5156"><a title="Journals" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_journals/">Journals<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5158"><a title="Interviews" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_interviews/">Interviews<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-6147" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6147"><a title="Academic Resources" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/academic-resources/">Academic Resources<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-4885" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4885 menu-item-link"><a title="Archives" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/archives/">Archives<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5899" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5899 menu-item-link"><a title="Podcasts" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/podcasts/">Podcasts<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> </ul></div><div class="nav navbar-nav navbar-cta"><ul id="menu-secondary-menu" class="menu-cta-inner menu-smart sm"><li id="menu-item-4915" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4915 menu-item-link"><a title="Subscribe" href="#popmake-5266">Subscribe<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5625" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5625 menu-item-link"><a title="MDPI.com" href="https://www.mdpi.com">MDPI.com<i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-dropdown"></i></a></li> </ul></div><div class="nav navbar-nav navbar-nav-last"><ul class="menu-smart sm menu-icons"><li class="menu-item-link search-icon style-light dropdown "><a href="#" class="trigger-overlay search-icon" data-area="search" data-container="box-container"> <i class="fa fa-search3"></i><span class="desktop-hidden"><span>Search</span></span><i class="fa fa-angle-down fa-dropdown desktop-hidden"></i> </a><ul role="menu" class="drop-menu desktop-hidden"> <li> <form class="search ccc" method="get" action="https://blog.mdpi.com/"> <input type="search" class="search-field no-livesearch" placeholder="Search…" value="" name="s" title="Search…" /></form> </li> </ul></li></ul></div><div class="desktop-hidden"> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <script type="text/javascript" id="fixMenuHeight">UNCODE.fixMenuHeight();</script> <div class="main-wrapper"> <div class="main-container"> <div class="page-wrapper"> <div class="sections-container"> <script type="text/javascript">UNCODE.initHeader();</script><article id="post-14056" class="page-body style-light-bg post-14056 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-open-science"> <div class="post-wrapper"> <div class="post-body"><div class="post-content un-no-sidebar-layout"><div data-parent="true" class="vc_row postpage inverted-device-order row-container" id="row-unique-1"><div class="row limit-width row-parent"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-2 author_block one-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode-info-box top-avatar" ><span class="author-wrap"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/author/suhaylah/"><span class="uncode-ib-avatar uncode-ib-avatar-size-xl"><img alt='Suhaylah Ingar' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fbddbbe7ef3bdc24f4dd5dacbde20bdc?s=80&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fbddbbe7ef3bdc24f4dd5dacbde20bdc?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-80 photo' height='80' width='80' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/></span></a><span class="author-info"> <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/author/suhaylah/">Suhaylah Ingar</a></span></span><span class="uncode-ib-separator"></span><span class="date-info">22 November 2024</span><span class="uncode-ib-separator"></span><span class="category-info"> <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/" title="View all posts in Open Science" class="">Open Science</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-8 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode-single-media post_heading_image text-left"><div class="single-wrapper" style="max-width: 100%;"><div class="tmb tmb-light tmb-media-first tmb-media-last tmb-content-overlay tmb-no-bg"> <div class="t-inside"><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="uncode-single-media-wrapper"> <img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14064" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/blog-thumbnail-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="14064-135101" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/blog-thumbnail.jpg" data-path="2024/11/blog-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="1128" data-height="634" data-singlew="8" data-singleh="" data-crop="" data-fixed=""></div> </div> </div></div> </div></div></div><div class="vc_custom_heading_wrap "><div class="heading-text el-text" ><h2 class="h2" ><span>Bubble Printing of Liquid Metal to Improve Flexible Electronics</span></h2></div><div class="clear"></div></div><div class="uncode_text_column" ><p>Wiring technology plays an integral role in our daily life. It has important uses like connecting electrical devices to power sources or carrying signals between devices. Wiring technology typically uses solid aluminium or copper wires and rigid circuit boards. These traditional setups pose challenges for the growing demand for wearable technologies, which could benefit from more flexible wiring technologies.</p> <p>A new Editor’s Choice article by researchers from <a href="https://www.ynu.ac.jp/english/">Yokohama National University, Japan</a>, published in the Open Access journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials"><em>Nanomaterials</em></a> explores <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/20/1665">bubble printing of liquid metals</a> as an alternative to traditional wiring.</p> <blockquote> <p>Conventional wiring technologies rely on rigid conductive materials, which are unsuitable for flexible electronics that need to bend and stretch – Professor Shoji Maruo, an author of the study.</p> </blockquote> <p><iframe title="22 11 Nanomaterials 16x9 final x3" width="840" height="473" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZWCTYOa5vR0?feature=oembed&width=840&height=1000&discover=1" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p> <h2>Bubble printing method</h2> <p>Bubble printing is a method used to pattern and create high-precision wiring, usually for flexible electronics. The technology uses a laser beam in a liquid to generate a steady flow of bubbles around which the metal particles aggregate. Previously, studies focused on using solid metal particles to generate conductive patterns.</p> <p>However, the new study published by Mukai et al. reports that bubble printing using liquid metal colloids (dispersed particles) can produce conductive patterns.</p> <blockquote> <p>Liquid metals provide both flexibility and high conductivity, yet they present issues in wiring size, patterning freedom, and electrical resistance of its oxide layer. – Assistant Professor Masaru Mukai, first author of the study.</p> </blockquote> <h2>Testing bubble printing with liquid metal</h2> <p>The researchers were able to successfully pattern liquid metal colloids onto a glass substrate. To do this, they set up an optical laser system which consists of a femtosecond laser and a Galvano scanner, which reflects the laser in 2D patterns. Here, the laser would then pass through a splitting cube onto a glass substrate to generate conductive lines on the non-conductive surface.</p> <p>In the study, eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) colloids were used to generate the conductive lines. Unlike other studies, the researchers were able to improve the conductivity of the material by immersing it in a silver nitrate solution. This meant that the surface oxide particles were replaced with conductive silver particles. This type of process is referred to as the galvanic replacement of metals.</p> <p>Furthermore, the researchers saw how the laser beam was able to generate a conductive line using EGaIn colloids, with the EGaIn aggregating around bubbles and along the laser trajectory. The resulting fine line was confirmed as conductive.</p> <figure style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding="async" class="" src="https://www.mdpi.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01665/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01665-g007.png" alt="Nanomaterials 14 01665 g007" width="600" height="325" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Metal wire made by bubble printing of liquid metal colloids. The image shows how the line can be used as wiring.</em></figcaption></figure> <blockquote> <p>Our liquid metal wiring, with a minimum line width of 3.4 μm, demonstrated a high conductivity of 1.5 × 10<sup>5</sup> S/m and maintained stable conductivity even when bent, highlighting its potential for flexible electronic applications – Assistant Prof. Mukai</p> </blockquote> <h2>Applications of bubble printing technology</h2> <p>Bubble printing technology could be highly useful in developing wiring for flexible technology, specifically wearable sensor devices, such as smart watches, electronic skin patches, and many other healthcare applications.</p> <blockquote> <p>Our ultimate goal is to integrate this method with electronic components, such as organic devices, enabling practical, flexible devices for everyday use,” Maruo said. “We see potential applications in areas like wearable sensors, medical devices, and other technologies that require flexible, durable wiring – Assistant Prof. Maruo</p> </blockquote> <p>Liquid metal wiring provides a promising new approach to powering the future generations of wearable technologies and other electronic devices. To learn more about research like this, access the journal <em>Nanomaterials</em> to explore some of the latest technologies, or access MDPI’s <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/journals">journal list</a> where all articles are free to read immediately.</p> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-2 no-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"> <div class="wpb_raw_code wpb_content_element wpb_raw_html share_sidebar" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpulike wpulike-default " ><div class="wp_ulike_general_class wp_ulike_is_not_liked"><button type="button" aria-label="Like Button" data-ulike-id="14056" data-ulike-nonce="73d66b552d" data-ulike-type="post" data-ulike-template="wpulike-default" data-ulike-display-likers="" data-ulike-likers-style="popover" class="wp_ulike_btn wp_ulike_put_image wp_post_btn_14056"></button><span class="count-box wp_ulike_counter_up" data-ulike-counter-value="0"></span> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="uncode-wrapper uncode-share" ><div class="share-button share-buttons share-vertical" data-url=""></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script id="script-row-unique-1" data-row="script-row-unique-1" type="text/javascript" class="vc_controls">UNCODE.initRow(document.getElementById("row-unique-1"));</script></div></div></div></div><div class="post-after row-container"><div data-parent="true" class="vc_row relatedposts row-container" id="row-unique-2"><div class="row single-top-padding no-bottom-padding single-h-padding limit-width row-parent"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-12 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="divider-wrapper " > <hr class="border-color-jevc-color separator-no-padding" style="border-top-width: 1px;" /> </div> <div class="vc_custom_heading_wrap "><div class="heading-text el-text" ><h2 class="h2" ><span>Related posts</span></h2></div><div class="clear"></div></div><div class="owl-carousel-wrapper relatedpostsslider"> <div class="owl-carousel-container owl-carousel-loading single-gutter"> <div id="index-214220" class="owl-carousel owl-element owl-height-auto" data-nav="true" data-navmobile="false" data-navskin="light" data-navspeed="400" data-autoplay="true" data-timeout="3000" data-stagepadding="0" data-lg="3" data-md="3" data-sm="1" data-vp-height="false"> <div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 grid-cat-22 tmb-id-13449 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/26/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-prof-gerard-t-hooft/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="0"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-13674" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/08/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-08-07-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="13674-138080" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/08/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-08-07.jpg" data-path="2024/08/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-08-07.jpg" data-width="2256" data-height="1262" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a><span class="cat-comma">,</span></span><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/interview/">Interviews</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/26/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-prof-gerard-t-hooft/" target="_self">An Interview with Nobel Laureate Prof Gerard ‘t Hooft</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-1351 grid-cat-45 tmb-id-14007 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/26/open-access-in-australia/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="1"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14074" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/Australia-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="14074-134189" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/Australia.jpg" data-path="2024/11/Australia.jpg" data-width="1128" data-height="631" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-access/">Open Access</a><span class="cat-comma">,</span></span><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/26/open-access-in-australia/" target="_self">Open Access in Australia</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 tmb-id-14032 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/15/fresh-water-fern/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="2"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14049" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/pexels-lucaspezeta-2270164-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="Fresh Water Fern" data-uniqueid="14049-127197" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/pexels-lucaspezeta-2270164.jpg" data-path="2024/11/pexels-lucaspezeta-2270164.jpg" data-width="1128" data-height="631" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/15/fresh-water-fern/" target="_self">Fresh Water Fern Could Provide Solution to Global Food Insecurity</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 tmb-id-14041 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/14/insights-from-mdpi-top-picks-october-2024/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="3"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14042" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-11-13-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="14042-517641" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-11-13.jpg" data-path="2024/11/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-11-13.jpg" data-width="2256" data-height="1262" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/14/insights-from-mdpi-top-picks-october-2024/" target="_self">Insights from MDPI Top Picks: October 2024</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 grid-cat-33 tmb-id-14027 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/14/academic-editing-publication-success/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="4"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14030" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/Does-Academic-Editing-Improve-Your-Chances-of-Publication-Success-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="Does Does Academic Editing Improve Your Chances of Publication Success" data-uniqueid="14030-844347" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/Does-Academic-Editing-Improve-Your-Chances-of-Publication-Success.jpg" data-path="2024/11/Does-Academic-Editing-Improve-Your-Chances-of-Publication-Success.jpg" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a><span class="cat-comma">,</span></span><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/academic-resources/">Academic Resources</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/14/academic-editing-publication-success/" target="_self">How Academic Editing Impacts Publication Success</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-1351 grid-cat-45 tmb-id-13980 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/12/benefits-of-preprints/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="5"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-13981" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/10/Benefits-of-preprints-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="13981-205012" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/10/Benefits-of-preprints.jpg" data-path="2024/10/Benefits-of-preprints.jpg" data-width="1128" data-height="631" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-access/">Open Access</a><span class="cat-comma">,</span></span><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/12/benefits-of-preprints/" target="_self">Benefits of Preprints and Need for Incentives</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 tmb-id-14009 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/11/students-societies-team/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="6"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14011" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/24BLOG-Meet-the-Team-Societies-7-Banner-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="Meet the Team: Societies Students" data-uniqueid="14011-456011" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/24BLOG-Meet-the-Team-Societies-7-Banner.jpg" data-path="2024/11/24BLOG-Meet-the-Team-Societies-7-Banner.jpg" data-width="2256" data-height="1262" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/11/students-societies-team/" target="_self">Meet the Team: Students of the Societies and Acquisition Team</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 tmb-id-13999 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/08/rapid-eye-movements-parkinsons-disease/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="7"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-14000" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/vanessa-bumbeers-PkauYYJwdTQ-unsplash-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="14000-200814" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/vanessa-bumbeers-PkauYYJwdTQ-unsplash.jpg" data-path="2024/11/vanessa-bumbeers-PkauYYJwdTQ-unsplash.jpg" data-width="1128" data-height="635" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/08/rapid-eye-movements-parkinsons-disease/" target="_self">Rapid Eye Movements Help People with Parkinson’s Disease</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-45 tmb-id-13995 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/06/mdpi-articles-cited-in-the-news-october-2024/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="8"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-13996" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-11-04-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="13996-674526" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/11/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-11-04.jpg" data-path="2024/11/24CORP-Blog-Banner-24-11-04.jpg" data-width="2256" data-height="1262" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/06/mdpi-articles-cited-in-the-news-october-2024/" target="_self">MDPI Articles Cited in the News: October 2024</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="tmb tmb-carousel atc-typography-inherit tmb-iso-h33 tmb-light tmb-overlay-text-anim tmb-overlay-anim tmb-content-left tmb-bordered grid-cat-1351 grid-cat-45 tmb-id-13956 tmb-img-ratio tmb-content-under tmb-media-first tmb-no-bg" > <div class="t-inside" ><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="t-entry-visual-cont"><div class="dummy" style="padding-top: 56.2%;"></div><a tabindex="-1" href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/05/open-science-monitoring/" class="pushed" target="_self" data-lb-index="9"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay"><div class="t-entry-visual-overlay-in style-color-xsdn-bg" style="opacity: 0.2;"></div></div> <div class="t-overlay-wrap"> <div class="t-overlay-inner"> <div class="t-overlay-content"> <div class="t-overlay-text no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry t-single-line"></div></div></div></div></div><img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-13957" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/10/open-science-monitoring-uai-258x145.jpg" width="258" height="145" alt="" data-uniqueid="13957-733193" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/10/open-science-monitoring.jpg" data-path="2024/10/open-science-monitoring.jpg" data-width="1128" data-height="631" data-singlew="4" data-singleh="2.25" data-crop="1" /></a></div> </div> </div><div class="t-entry-text"> <div class="t-entry-text-tc no-block-padding"><div class="t-entry"><p class="t-entry-meta"><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><i class="fa fa-archive2 fa-push-right"></i><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-access/">Open Access</a><span class="cat-comma">,</span></span><span class="t-entry-category t-entry-tax"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/">Open Science</a></span></p><h3 class="t-entry-title h3"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/05/open-science-monitoring/" target="_self">What Open Science Monitoring is and Why We Need It</a></h3><div class="spacer spacer-one half-space"></div></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="divider-wrapper " > <hr class="border-color-jevc-color separator-no-padding" style="border-top-width: 1px;" /> </div> </div></div></div></div></div><script id="script-row-unique-2" data-row="script-row-unique-2" type="text/javascript" class="vc_controls">UNCODE.initRow(document.getElementById("row-unique-2"));</script></div></div></div></div><div class="post-footer post-footer-light row-container"><div class="row-container"> <div class="row row-parent style-light limit-width no-top-padding double-bottom-padding"> <div data-name="commenta-area"> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <div> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Add comment <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-form-comment"><label for="comment">Comment</label> <textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" aria-describedby="form-allowed-tags" aria-required="true"></textarea></p><p class="comment-form-author"><label for="author">Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" maxlength="245" autocomplete="name" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-email"><label for="email">Email <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" maxlength="100" autocomplete="email" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-url"><label for="url">Website</label> <input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" size="30" maxlength="200" autocomplete="url" /></p> <p class="comment-form-cookies-consent"><input id="wp-comment-cookies-consent" name="wp-comment-cookies-consent" type="checkbox" value="yes" /> <label for="wp-comment-cookies-consent">Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.</label></p> <p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="btn" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='14056' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> </p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="8dd3dacb3a" /></p><p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_1" name="ak_js" value="170"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div data-parent="true" class="vc_row footer_spacer style-color-xsdn-bg row-container" id="row-unique-3"><div class="row no-top-padding no-bottom-padding no-h-padding limit-width row-parent"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-12 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"></div></div></div></div></div><script id="script-row-unique-3" data-row="script-row-unique-3" type="text/javascript" class="vc_controls">UNCODE.initRow(document.getElementById("row-unique-3"));</script></div></div></div><div data-parent="true" class="vc_row footer style-back_color-167423-bg row-container" id="row-unique-4"><div class="row limit-width row-parent" data-height-ratio="20"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-12 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="vc_row row-internal row-container"><div class="row row-child"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_child col-lg-1 footer_link col-sm-100 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column" ><p><a href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/posts/">Posts</a></p> </div><div class="vc_wp_custommenu wpb_content_element footerlist" ><div class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-posts_1-container"><ul id="menu-posts_1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-6543" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6543"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/academic-resources/">Academic Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4910" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4910"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_conference/">Conferences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5067" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5067"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_editorial/">Editorial Process</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6544" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6544"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_interviews/">Interviews</a></li> </ul></div></div></div><div class="vc_wp_custommenu wpb_content_element footerlist" ><div class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-posts_2-container"><ul id="menu-posts_2" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-5183" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5183"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_journals/">Journals</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6538" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6538"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/open-access/">Open Access</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6540" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6540"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/sustainability/">Sustainability</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6541" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6541"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/posts_feature-highlights/">Recent Advances</a></li> </ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_child col-lg-1 col-sm-clear single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column" ><p><a href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/archives">Archives</a></p> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_center align_left_tablet align_left_mobile column_child col-lg-1 col-sm-clear single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column" ><p><a href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></p> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_child col-lg-1 col-sm-clear single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column" ><p><a href="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/about-2/">About</a></p> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_center align_left_tablet align_left_mobile column_child col-lg-4 col-sm-clear single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"> <div class="wpb_raw_code wpb_content_element wpb_raw_html" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="footer_socials"><span>Follow us<span> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing/" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-facebook" ></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/mdpiopenaccess" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a> <a href="https://nl.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i></a></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_child col-lg-4 col-sm-clear single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"> <div class="wpb_raw_code wpb_content_element wpb_raw_html" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="emaillist" id="es_form_f2-n2"><form action="/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/#es_form_f2-n2" method="post" class="es_subscription_form es_shortcode_form " id="es_subscription_form_67466297903f2" data-source="ig-es"><div class="es-field-wrap"><label><input class="es_required_field es_txt_email ig_es_form_field_email" type="email" name="esfpx_email" value="" placeholder="Email" required="required" /></label></div><input type="hidden" name="esfpx_lists[]" value="acfa50bee68c" /><input type="hidden" name="esfpx_form_id" value="2" /><input type="hidden" name="es" value="subscribe" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es_form_identifier" value="f2-n2" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es_email_page" value="14056" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es_email_page_url" value="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_status" value="Unconfirmed" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es-subscribe" id="es-subscribe-67466297903f2" value="d058914db4" /> <label style="position:absolute;top:-99999px;left:-99999px;z-index:-99;"><input type="email" name="esfpx_es_hp_email" class="es_required_field" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="-1" value="" /></label><label style="display: inline"><input type="checkbox" name="es_gdpr_consent" value="true" required="required" /> By signing up below, you agree to stay in touch with MDPI Blog.</label><br /><input type="submit" name="submit" class="es_subscription_form_submit es_submit_button es_textbox_button" id="es_subscription_form_submit_67466297903f2" value="Subscribe" /><span class="es_spinner_image" id="spinner-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/lite/public/images/spinner.gif" alt="Loading" /></span></form><span class="es_subscription_message " id="es_subscription_message_67466297903f2"></span></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="empty-space empty-single" ><span class="empty-space-inner"></span></div> <div class="divider-wrapper " > <hr class="border-sep_color-167292-color separator-no-padding" /> </div> <div class="vc_row row-internal row-container"><div class="row row-child"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_child col-lg-6 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column text-small text-text_color-202412-color" ><p>© 2023, MDPI Blog is a solution provided by MDPI AG.</p> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_right align_left_mobile column_child col-lg-6 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column text-small text-color-jevc-color" ><p><a href="http://www.mdpi.com">See all MDPI products and services.</a></p> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script id="script-row-unique-4" data-row="script-row-unique-4" type="text/javascript" class="vc_controls">UNCODE.initRow(document.getElementById("row-unique-4"));</script></div></div></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="style-light footer-scroll-top footer-scroll-circle"><a href="#" class="scroll-top"><i class="fa fa-angle-up fa-stack btn-default btn-hover-nobg"></i></a></div> <div class="overlay overlay-sequential style-dark style-dark-bg overlay-search" data-area="search" data-container="box-container"> <div class="mmb-container"><div class="menu-close-search mobile-menu-button menu-button-offcanvas mobile-menu-button-dark lines-button overlay-close close" data-area="search" data-container="box-container"><span class="lines"></span></div></div> <div class="search-container"><form action="https://blog.mdpi.com/" method="get"> <div class="search-container-inner"> <input type="search" class="search-field form-fluid no-livesearch" placeholder="Search…" value="" name="s" title="Search for:"> <i class="fa fa-search3"></i> </div> </form> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> window.RS_MODULES = window.RS_MODULES || {}; window.RS_MODULES.modules = window.RS_MODULES.modules || {}; window.RS_MODULES.waiting = window.RS_MODULES.waiting || []; window.RS_MODULES.defered = true; window.RS_MODULES.moduleWaiting = window.RS_MODULES.moduleWaiting || {}; window.RS_MODULES.type = 'compiled'; </script> if (window._paq) { _paq.push(['disableTracking']); }<div class="gdpr-overlay"></div><div class="gdpr gdpr-privacy-preferences" data-nosnippet="true"> <div class="gdpr-wrapper"> <form method="post" class="gdpr-privacy-preferences-frm" action="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-admin/admin-post.php"> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="uncode_privacy_update_privacy_preferences"> <input type="hidden" id="update-privacy-preferences-nonce" name="update-privacy-preferences-nonce" value="f5d87d2dd9" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/" /> <header> <div class="gdpr-box-title"> <h3>Privacy Preference Center</h3> <span class="gdpr-close"></span> </div> </header> <div class="gdpr-content"> <div class="gdpr-tab-content"> <div class="gdpr-consent-management gdpr-active"> <header> <h4>Privacy Preferences</h4> </header> <div class="gdpr-info"> <p></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <input type="submit" class="btn-accent btn-flat" value="Save Preferences"> </footer> </form> </div> </div> <div id="pum-5266" class="pum pum-overlay pum-theme-5257 pum-theme-default-theme popmake-overlay pum-click-to-close click_open" data-popmake="{"id":5266,"slug":"subscription-pop-up","theme_id":5257,"cookies":[],"triggers":[{"type":"click_open","settings":{"extra_selectors":"","cookie_name":null}}],"mobile_disabled":null,"tablet_disabled":null,"meta":{"display":{"stackable":false,"overlay_disabled":false,"scrollable_content":false,"disable_reposition":false,"size":"tiny","responsive_min_width":"0%","responsive_min_width_unit":false,"responsive_max_width":"100%","responsive_max_width_unit":false,"custom_width":"640px","custom_width_unit":false,"custom_height":"380px","custom_height_unit":false,"custom_height_auto":false,"location":"center top","position_from_trigger":false,"position_top":"100","position_left":"0","position_bottom":"0","position_right":"0","position_fixed":false,"animation_type":"fade","animation_speed":"350","animation_origin":"center top","overlay_zindex":false,"zindex":"1999999999"},"close":{"text":"","button_delay":"0","overlay_click":"1","esc_press":"1","f4_press":"1"},"click_open":[]}}" role="dialog" aria-modal="false" > <div id="popmake-5266" class="pum-container popmake theme-5257 pum-responsive pum-responsive-tiny responsive size-tiny"> <div class="pum-content popmake-content" tabindex="0"> <div data-parent="true" class="vc_row limit-width row-container" id="row-unique-0"><div class="row row-parent"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_center column_parent col-lg-12 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell one-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode_text_column text-lead" ><p>From sharing the latest MDPI blog news, to showcasing our most popular articles, the newsletters will keep you in the loop with everything good going on in the science world.</p> </div><div class="empty-space empty-single" ><span class="empty-space-inner"></span></div> <div class="wpb_raw_code wpb_content_element wpb_raw_html popup_form" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="emaillist" id="es_form_f2-n1"><form action="/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/#es_form_f2-n1" method="post" class="es_subscription_form es_shortcode_form " id="es_subscription_form_674662972e95f" data-source="ig-es"><div class="es-field-wrap"><label><input class="es_required_field es_txt_email ig_es_form_field_email" type="email" name="esfpx_email" value="" placeholder="Email" required="required" /></label></div><input type="hidden" name="esfpx_lists[]" value="acfa50bee68c" /><input type="hidden" name="esfpx_form_id" value="2" /><input type="hidden" name="es" value="subscribe" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es_form_identifier" value="f2-n1" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es_email_page" value="14056" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es_email_page_url" value="https://blog.mdpi.com/2024/11/22/bubble-printing-flexible-electronics/" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_status" value="Unconfirmed" /> <input type="hidden" name="esfpx_es-subscribe" id="es-subscribe-674662972e95f" value="d058914db4" /> <label style="position:absolute;top:-99999px;left:-99999px;z-index:-99;"><input type="email" name="esfpx_es_hp_email" class="es_required_field" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="-1" value="" /></label><label style="display: inline"><input type="checkbox" name="es_gdpr_consent" value="true" required="required" /> By signing up below, you agree to stay in touch with MDPI Blog.</label><br /><input type="submit" name="submit" class="es_subscription_form_submit es_submit_button es_textbox_button" id="es_subscription_form_submit_674662972e95f" value="Subscribe" /><span class="es_spinner_image" id="spinner-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/lite/public/images/spinner.gif" alt="Loading" /></span></form><span class="es_subscription_message " id="es_subscription_message_674662972e95f"></span></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div><script id="script-row-unique-0" data-row="script-row-unique-0" type="text/javascript" class="vc_controls">UNCODE.initRow(document.getElementById("row-unique-0"));</script></div></div></div> </div> <button type="button" class="pum-close popmake-close" aria-label="Close"> X </button> </div> </div>  <script> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://matomo.mdpi.com/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '11']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script>  <script type="text/html" id="wpb-modifications"> window.wpbCustomElement = 1; </script><link rel='stylesheet' id='rs-plugin-settings-css' href='https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/css/rs6.css?ver=6.5.6' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='rs-plugin-settings-inline-css' type='text/css'> #rs-demo-id {} </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp_ulike-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wp_ulike_params = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","notifications":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-ulike/assets/js/wp-ulike.min.js?ver=4.7.0" id="wp_ulike-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="email-subscribers-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var es_data = {"messages":{"es_empty_email_notice":"Please enter email address","es_rate_limit_notice":"You need to wait for sometime before subscribing again","es_single_optin_success_message":"Successfully Subscribed.","es_email_exists_notice":"Email Address already exists!","es_unexpected_error_notice":"Oops.. Unexpected error occurred.","es_invalid_email_notice":"Invalid email address","es_try_later_notice":"Please try after some time"},"es_ajax_url":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/lite/public/js/email-subscribers-public.js?ver=5.4.15" id="email-subscribers-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/rbtools.min.js?ver=6.5.6" defer async id="tp-tools-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/rs6.min.js?ver=6.5.6" defer async id="revmin-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/uncode-privacy/assets/js/js-cookie.min.js?ver=2.2.0" id="js-cookie-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="uncode-privacy-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var Uncode_Privacy_Parameters = {"accent_color":"#4f5671"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/uncode-privacy/assets/js/uncode-privacy-public.min.js?ver=2.1.3" id="uncode-privacy-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="mediaelement-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var mejsL10n = {"language":"en","strings":{"mejs.download-file":"Download File","mejs.install-flash":"You are using a browser that does not have Flash player enabled or installed. Please turn on your Flash player plugin or download the latest version from https:\/\/get.adobe.com\/flashplayer\/","mejs.fullscreen":"Fullscreen","mejs.play":"Play","mejs.pause":"Pause","mejs.time-slider":"Time Slider","mejs.time-help-text":"Use Left\/Right Arrow keys to advance one second, Up\/Down arrows to advance ten seconds.","mejs.live-broadcast":"Live Broadcast","mejs.volume-help-text":"Use Up\/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume.","mejs.unmute":"Unmute","mejs.mute":"Mute","mejs.volume-slider":"Volume Slider","mejs.video-player":"Video Player","mejs.audio-player":"Audio Player","mejs.captions-subtitles":"Captions\/Subtitles","mejs.captions-chapters":"Chapters","mejs.none":"None","mejs.afrikaans":"Afrikaans","mejs.albanian":"Albanian","mejs.arabic":"Arabic","mejs.belarusian":"Belarusian","mejs.bulgarian":"Bulgarian","mejs.catalan":"Catalan","mejs.chinese":"Chinese","mejs.chinese-simplified":"Chinese (Simplified)","mejs.chinese-traditional":"Chinese (Traditional)","mejs.croatian":"Croatian","mejs.czech":"Czech","mejs.danish":"Danish","mejs.dutch":"Dutch","mejs.english":"English","mejs.estonian":"Estonian","mejs.filipino":"Filipino","mejs.finnish":"Finnish","mejs.french":"French","mejs.galician":"Galician","mejs.german":"German","mejs.greek":"Greek","mejs.haitian-creole":"Haitian Creole","mejs.hebrew":"Hebrew","mejs.hindi":"Hindi","mejs.hungarian":"Hungarian","mejs.icelandic":"Icelandic","mejs.indonesian":"Indonesian","mejs.irish":"Irish","mejs.italian":"Italian","mejs.japanese":"Japanese","mejs.korean":"Korean","mejs.latvian":"Latvian","mejs.lithuanian":"Lithuanian","mejs.macedonian":"Macedonian","mejs.malay":"Malay","mejs.maltese":"Maltese","mejs.norwegian":"Norwegian","mejs.persian":"Persian","mejs.polish":"Polish","mejs.portuguese":"Portuguese","mejs.romanian":"Romanian","mejs.russian":"Russian","mejs.serbian":"Serbian","mejs.slovak":"Slovak","mejs.slovenian":"Slovenian","mejs.spanish":"Spanish","mejs.swahili":"Swahili","mejs.swedish":"Swedish","mejs.tagalog":"Tagalog","mejs.thai":"Thai","mejs.turkish":"Turkish","mejs.ukrainian":"Ukrainian","mejs.vietnamese":"Vietnamese","mejs.welsh":"Welsh","mejs.yiddish":"Yiddish"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelement-and-player.min.js?ver=4.2.17" id="mediaelement-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelement-migrate.min.js?ver=6.5.5" id="mediaelement-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="mediaelement-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var _wpmejsSettings = {"pluginPath":"\/wp-includes\/js\/mediaelement\/","classPrefix":"mejs-","stretching":"responsive","audioShortcodeLibrary":"mediaelement","videoShortcodeLibrary":"mediaelement"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.js?ver=6.5.5" id="wp-mediaelement-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/js/plugins.js?ver=2129730399" id="uncode-plugins-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/themes/uncode/library/js/app.js?ver=2129730399" id="uncode-app-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.5.5" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="popup-maker-site-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var pum_vars = {"version":"1.18.5","pm_dir_url":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-maker\/","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","restapi":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-json\/pum\/v1","rest_nonce":null,"default_theme":"5257","debug_mode":"","disable_tracking":"","home_url":"\/","message_position":"top","core_sub_forms_enabled":"1","popups":[],"cookie_domain":"","analytics_route":"analytics","analytics_api":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-json\/pum\/v1"}; var pum_sub_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","message_position":"top"}; var pum_popups = {"pum-5266":{"triggers":[],"cookies":[],"disable_on_mobile":false,"disable_on_tablet":false,"atc_promotion":null,"explain":null,"type_section":null,"theme_id":"5257","size":"tiny","responsive_min_width":"0%","responsive_max_width":"100%","custom_width":"640px","custom_height_auto":false,"custom_height":"380px","scrollable_content":false,"animation_type":"fade","animation_speed":"350","animation_origin":"center top","open_sound":"none","custom_sound":"","location":"center top","position_top":"100","position_bottom":"0","position_left":"0","position_right":"0","position_from_trigger":false,"position_fixed":false,"overlay_disabled":false,"stackable":false,"disable_reposition":false,"zindex":"1999999999","close_button_delay":"0","fi_promotion":null,"close_on_form_submission":false,"close_on_form_submission_delay":"0","close_on_overlay_click":true,"close_on_esc_press":true,"close_on_f4_press":true,"disable_form_reopen":false,"disable_accessibility":false,"theme_slug":"default-theme","id":5266,"slug":"subscription-pop-up"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/pum/pum-site-scripts-4.js?defer&generated=1712598085&ver=1.18.5" id="popup-maker-site-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="es_starter_main_js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ig_es_starter_main_js_params = {"show_opt_in_consent":"yes","session_tracking_enabled":"yes","user_logged_in":"no","consent_opt_in_message":"","consent_opt_out_message":"No Thanks","conset_after_opt_out_message":"You won't receive further emails from us, thank you!","ajax_url":"https:\/\/blog.mdpi.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","security":"52dcb6265b"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers-premium/starter/assets/js/starter-main.js?ver=5.4.15" id="es_starter_main_js-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/plugins/akismet/_inc/akismet-frontend.js?ver=1712597905" id="akismet-frontend-js"></script> <script></script></body> </html>