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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Unified process characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unified_process_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unified process characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unified_process_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iterative_and_incremental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iterative_and_incremental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Iterative and incremental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iterative_and_incremental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture-centric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture-centric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Architecture-centric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-centric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk-focused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk-focused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Risk-focused</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk-focused-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_case_driven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_case_driven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Use case driven</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_case_driven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_lifecycle_(phases_of_unified_process)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_lifecycle_(phases_of_unified_process)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Project lifecycle (phases of unified process)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Project_lifecycle_(phases_of_unified_process)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Project lifecycle (phases of unified process) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Project_lifecycle_(phases_of_unified_process)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inception_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inception_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Inception phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inception_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elaboration_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elaboration_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Elaboration phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elaboration_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Construction phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Transition phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refinements_and_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refinements_and_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Refinements and variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refinements_and_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Process" title="Unified Process – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Unified Process" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Process" title="Unified Process – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unified Process" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_unificado" title="Proceso unificado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proceso unificado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87" title="فرایند یکپارچه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرایند یکپارچه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processus_unifi%C3%A9" title="Processus unifié – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Processus unifié" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%ED%95%A9_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="통합 프로세스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통합 프로세스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Process" title="Unified Process – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unified Process" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Process" title="Unified Process – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Unified Process" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egys%C3%A9ges%C3%ADtett_szoftverfejleszt%C3%A9si_folyamat" title="Egységesített szoftverfejlesztési folyamat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_software_development" title="Adaptive software development">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">DSDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature-driven_development" title="Feature-driven development">FDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">IID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)#Large-scale_Scrum" title="Scrum (software development)">LeSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Model-driven development">MDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solutions_Framework" title="Microsoft Solutions Framework">MSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_software_process" title="Personal software process">PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Unified Process">RUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_agile_framework" title="Scaled agile framework">SAFe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_software_process" title="Team software process">TSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management"> Deployment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_test%E2%80%93driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Acceptance test–driven development">ATDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">BDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming_practices#Collective_code_ownership" title="Extreme programming practices">CCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">DDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification_by_example" title="Specification by example">SBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content 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class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Requirements_Engineering_Board" title="International Requirements Engineering Board">IREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_development_process" title="Template:Software development process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_development_process" title="Template talk:Software development process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_development_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software development process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:UnifiedProcessProjectProfile20060708.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/UnifiedProcessProjectProfile20060708.png" decoding="async" width="455" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Profile of a typical project showing the relative sizes of the four phases of the Unified Process.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>unified software development process</b> or <b>unified process</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">iterative and incremental</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development process</a> framework. The best-known and extensively documented refinement of the unified process is the <a href="/wiki/Rational_unified_process" title="Rational unified process">rational unified process</a> (RUP). Other examples are OpenUP and <a href="/wiki/Agile_unified_process" title="Agile unified process">agile unified process</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unified process is not simply a process, but rather an extensible framework which should be customized for specific organizations or projects. The <i>rational unified process</i> is, similarly, a customizable framework. As a result, it is often impossible to say whether a refinement of the process was derived from UP or from RUP, and so the names tend to be used interchangeably. </p><p>The name <i>unified process</i> as opposed to <i><a href="/wiki/Rational_unified_process" title="Rational unified process">rational unified process</a></i> is generally used to describe the generic process, including those elements which are common to most refinements. The <i>unified process</i> name is also used to avoid potential issues of trademark infringement since <i>Rational Unified Process</i> and <i>RUP</i> are trademarks of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. The first book to describe the process was titled <i>The Unified Software Development Process</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-57169-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-57169-2">0-201-57169-2</a>) and published in 1999 by <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Jacobson" title="Ivar Jacobson">Ivar Jacobson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grady_Booch" title="Grady Booch">Grady Booch</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Rumbaugh" title="James Rumbaugh">James Rumbaugh</a>. Since then various authors unaffiliated with <a href="/wiki/Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a> have published books and articles using the name <i>Unified Process</i>, whereas authors affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a> have favored the name <i>Rational Unified Process</i>. </p><p>In 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">disciplined agile delivery</a> framework was released, a hybrid framework that adopts and extends strategies from unified process, <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">scrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">extreme programming</a>, and other methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unified_process_characteristics">Unified process characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unified process characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iterative_and_incremental">Iterative and incremental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iterative and incremental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unified_Process_Model_for_Iterative_Development.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram illustrating how the relative emphasis of different disciplines change over the course of a project" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Unified_Process_Model_for_Iterative_Development.svg/400px-Unified_Process_Model_for_Iterative_Development.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Unified_Process_Model_for_Iterative_Development.svg/600px-Unified_Process_Model_for_Iterative_Development.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Unified_Process_Model_for_Iterative_Development.svg/800px-Unified_Process_Model_for_Iterative_Development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Diagram illustrating how the relative emphasis of different disciplines changes over the course of the project.</figcaption></figure> <p>The unified process is an <a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">iterative and incremental development</a> process. The elaboration, construction and transition phases are divided into a series of <a href="/wiki/Timeboxing" title="Timeboxing">timeboxed</a> iterations. (The inception phase may also be divided into iterations for a large project.) Each iteration results in an <i>increment</i>, which is a release of the system that contains added or improved functionality compared with the previous release. </p><p>Although most iterations will include work in most of the process disciplines (<i>e.g.</i> requirements, design, implementation, testing) the relative effort and emphasis will change over the course of the project. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture-centric">Architecture-centric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architecture-centric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unified process insists that architecture sits at the heart of the project team's efforts to shape the system. Since no single model is sufficient to cover all aspects of a system, the unified process supports multiple architectural models and views. </p><p>One of the most important deliverables of the process is the executable architecture baseline which is created during the elaboration phase. This partial implementation of the system serves to validate the architecture and act as a foundation for remaining development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk-focused">Risk-focused</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Risk-focused"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unified process requires the project team to focus on addressing the most critical risks early in the project life cycle. The deliverables of each iteration, especially in the elaboration phase, must be selected in order to ensure that the greatest risks are addressed first. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_case_driven">Use case driven</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use case driven"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use cases are the primary modeling tools to define the system functionalities. It also acts as straightforward communication means for technical and non-technical team members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_lifecycle_(phases_of_unified_process)"><span id="Project_lifecycle_.28phases_of_unified_process.29"></span>Project lifecycle (phases of unified process)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Project lifecycle (phases of unified process)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unified process divides the project into four phases: </p> <ul><li>Inception</li> <li>Elaboration (milestone)</li> <li>Construction (release)</li> <li>Transition (final production release)</li></ul> <p>Each phase will generally contain multiple iterations (named I1, E1, E2, C1, etc. in the UP phase illustration). The exact number of iterations in each phase depends on the scale and nature of the project. The UP phase illustration here contains exactly 1, 2, 4 and 2 iterations in the four phases, but this is merely an example of how a specific project could look. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inception_phase">Inception phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inception phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inception is the smallest phase in the project, and ideally, it should be quite short. If the inception phase is long then it may be an indication of excessive up-front specification, which is contrary to the spirit of the unified process. </p><p>Develop an approximate vision of the system, make the business case, define the scope, and produce a rough cost estimate and project schedule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elaboration_phase">Elaboration phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elaboration phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the elaboration phase, the project team is expected to capture a healthy majority of the system requirements. However, the primary goals of Elaboration are to address known risk factors and to establish and validate the system architecture. Common processes undertaken in this phase include the creation of <a href="/wiki/Use_case_diagram" title="Use case diagram">use case diagrams</a>, conceptual diagrams (<a href="/wiki/Class_diagram" title="Class diagram">class diagrams</a> with only basic notation) and <a href="/wiki/Package_diagram" title="Package diagram">package diagrams</a> (architectural diagrams). </p><p>The architecture is validated primarily through the implementation of an executable architecture baseline. This is a partial implementation of the system which includes the core most architecturally significant components. It is built in a series of small time-boxed iterations. By the end of the elaboration phase, the system architecture must have stabilized and the executable architecture baseline must demonstrate that the architecture will support the key system functionality and exhibit the right behavior in terms of performance, scalability, and cost. </p><p>The final elaboration phase deliverable is a plan (including cost and schedule estimates) for the construction phase. At this point the plan should be accurate and credible since it should be based on the elaboration phase experience and since significant risk factors should have been addressed during the elaboration phase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_phase">Construction phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Construction phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Construction is the largest phase of the project. In this phase, the remainder of the system is built on the foundation laid in elaboration. System features are implemented in a series of short, time-boxed iterations. Each iteration results in an executable release of the software. It is customary to write full-text use cases during the construction phase and each one becomes the start of a new iteration. Common <a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">Unified Modeling Language</a> (UML) diagrams used during this phase include <a href="/wiki/Activity_diagram" title="Activity diagram">activity diagrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequence_diagram" title="Sequence diagram">sequence diagrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaboration diagram">collaboration diagrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_diagram_(UML)" class="mw-redirect" title="State diagram (UML)">state transition diagrams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interaction_overview_diagram" title="Interaction overview diagram">interaction overview diagrams</a>. Iterative implementation for the lower risks and easier elements are done. The final construction phase deliverable is software ready to be deployed in the transition phase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_phase">Transition phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transition phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final project phase is transition. In this phase the system is deployed to the target users. Feedback received from an initial release (or initial releases) may result in further refinements to be incorporated over the course of several transition phase iterations. The transition phase also includes system conversions and user training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refinements_and_variations">Refinements and variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Refinements and variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Refinements of the unified process vary from each other in how they categorize the project <i>disciplines</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Workflows" class="mw-redirect" title="Workflows">workflows</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Rational_unified_process" title="Rational unified process">rational unified process</a> defines nine disciplines: <a href="/wiki/Business_process_modeling" title="Business process modeling">business modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Requirement" title="Requirement">requirements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_analysis_and_design" title="Object-oriented analysis and design">analysis and design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">Implementation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Test_(assessment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Test (assessment)">test</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">deployment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">configuration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">change management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environment_discipline" title="Environment discipline">environment</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">enterprise unified process</a> extends RUP through the addition of eight "enterprise" disciplines. Agile refinements of UP such as OpenUP/Basic and the <a href="/wiki/Agile_unified_process" title="Agile unified process">agile unified process</a> simplify RUP by reducing the number of disciplines. </p><p>Refinements also vary in the emphasis placed on different project <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(software_development)" title="Artifact (software development)">artifacts</a>. Agile refinements streamline RUP by simplifying workflows and reducing the number of expected artifacts. </p><p>Refinements also vary in their specification of what happens after the transition phase. In the rational unified process the transition phase is typically followed by a new inception phase. In the <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">enterprise unified process</a> the transition phase is followed by a production phase. </p><p>The number of unified process refinements and variations are countless. Organizations utilizing the unified process invariably incorporate their own modifications and extensions. The following is a list of some of the better known refinements and variations. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_unified_process" title="Agile unified process">Agile unified process</a> (AUP), a lightweight variation developed by <a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Ambler" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott W. Ambler">Scott W. Ambler</a></li> <li>Basic unified process (BUP), a lightweight variation developed by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and a precursor to OpenUP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">Enterprise unified process</a> (EUP), an extension of the rational unified process</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_unified_process" title="Essential unified process">Essential unified process</a> (EssUP), a lightweight variation developed by <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Jacobson" title="Ivar Jacobson">Ivar Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_unified_process&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open unified process (page does not exist)">Open unified process</a> (OpenUP), the Eclipse Process Framework software development process</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_unified_process" title="Rational unified process">Rational unified process</a> (RUP), the <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a> development process</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_unified_method" title="Oracle unified method">Oracle unified method</a> (OUM), the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> development and implementation process</li> <li>Rational Unified Process-System Engineering (RUP-SE), a version of RUP tailored by <a href="/wiki/Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a> for <a href="/wiki/System_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="System Engineering">System Engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_process&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kroll, Per; Kruchten, Philippe (2003). <i>The Rational Unified Process Made Easy: A Practitioner's Guide to the RUP</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-16609-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-16609-4">0-321-16609-4</a>.</li> <li>Kruchten, Philippe (2004). <i>The Rational Unified Process: An Introduction</i> (3rd Ed.). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-19770-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-19770-4">0-321-19770-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbler2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Ambler" title="Scott Ambler">Ambler, Scott</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambysoft.com/books/agileModeling.html"><i>Agile Modeling: Effective Practices for EXtreme Programming and the Unified Process</i></a>. J. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-20282-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-20282-7"><bdi>0-471-20282-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agile+Modeling%3A+Effective+Practices+for+EXtreme+Programming+and+the+Unified+Process&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-471-20282-7&rft.aulast=Ambler&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambysoft.com%2Fbooks%2FagileModeling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+process" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Scott, Kendall (2002). <i>The Unified Process Explained</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-74204-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-74204-7">0-201-74204-7</a>.</li> <li>Bergstrom, Stefan; Raberg, Lotta (2004). <i>Adopting the Rational Unified Process: Success with the RUP</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-20294-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-20294-5">0-321-20294-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmblerConstantine2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Ambler" title="Scott Ambler">Ambler, Scott</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Constantine" title="Larry Constantine">Constantine, Larry</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambysoft.com/books/transitionProductionPhase.html"><i>The Unified Process Transition and Production Phases</i></a>. CMP Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57820-092-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57820-092-X"><bdi>1-57820-092-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unified+Process+Transition+and+Production+Phases&rft.pub=CMP+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57820-092-X&rft.aulast=Ambler&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Constantine%2C+Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambysoft.com%2Fbooks%2FtransitionProductionPhase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+process" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Larman, Craig (2004). <i>Agile and Iterative Development: A Manager's Guide</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-111155-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-111155-8">0-13-111155-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_engineering" title="Template:Software engineering"><abbr title="View this 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engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Software compatibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a 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