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Overview for clausal negations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_Verb_-_Overview_for_clausal_negations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Estonian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_Verb_-_Strategies_in_clausal_negations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_Verb_-_Strategies_in_clausal_negations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Negative Verb - Strategies in clausal negations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_Verb_-_Strategies_in_clausal_negations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skolt_Saami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skolt_Saami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Skolt Saami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skolt_Saami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_Verb_-_Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_Verb_-_Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Negative Verb - Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_Verb_-_Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Saami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Saami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>South Saami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Saami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_Verb_-_Strategies_in_clausal_negations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_Verb_-_Strategies_in_clausal_negations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Negative Verb - Strategies in clausal negations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_Verb_-_Strategies_in_clausal_negations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inari_Sami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inari_Sami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Inari Sami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inari_Sami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Sami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Sami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Northern Sami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Sami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lule_Sami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lule_Sami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Lule Sami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lule_Sami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Komi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_Verb_-_Strategies_in_clausal_negations_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_Verb_-_Strategies_in_clausal_negations_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.1</span> <span>Negative Verb - Strategies in clausal negations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_Verb_-_Strategies_in_clausal_negations_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Korean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Negative verb</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_negatiu" title="Verb negatiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Verb negatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biehttalanvearba" title="Biehttalanvearba – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Biehttalanvearba" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%A6%E5%AE%9A%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="否定動詞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="否定動詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negasjonsverb" title="Negasjonsverb – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Negasjonsverb" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84)" title="منفي فعل (عمل) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منفي فعل (عمل)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieltoverbi" title="Kieltoverbi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kieltoverbi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Negative_verb" title="Special:EditPage/Negative verb">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Negative+verb%22">"Negative verb"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Negative+verb%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Negative+verb%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Negative+verb%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Negative+verb%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Negative+verb%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dryer" title="Matthew Dryer">Dryer</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defined three different types of negative markers in language. Beside negative particles and negative <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a>, <b>negative verbs</b> play a role in various languages. The negative verb is used to implement a <b>clausal negation</b>. The negative predicate counts as a semantic function and is localized and therefore grammaticalized in different languages. Negation verbs are often used as an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary</a> type which also carries <a href="/wiki/%CE%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Φ">φ</a>-feature content. This could be visualized for example in the <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> character of the negation verb while combined with the main verb. Dryer<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observes a tendency to place the negation verb before the finite verb. Miestamo<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> researched four different types of negations and proposed a distinction between <i>symmetric</i> negation in which a negative marker is added and <i>asymmetric</i> negation in which, beside the added negation marker, other structural changes appear. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In English, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_negation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard negation (page does not exist)">standard negation</a> (SN) is used to negate <a href="/wiki/Declarative_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative sentence">declarative</a> main clauses. The verbal negation predicate is '<a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">not</a>'. To negate other clauses, the negation construction differs from SN. The English auxiliary 'do', in combination with the negative verb, indicates whether one or multiple individuals are involved, while the verb referring to the negated activity remains non-inflected. Concluding this, ordinary verbs take the auxiliary <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/do" class="extiw" title="wikt:do">do</a></i> when negated by <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/not" class="extiw" title="wikt:not">not</a></i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Tense </th> <th rowspan="2">Affirmative </th> <th colspan="2">Negative </th></tr> <tr> <th>With a negative verb </th> <th>With a negative adverb </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nonpast </th> <td><i>I go there<br />he goes there</i> </td> <td><i>I <b>don't</b> go there<br />he <b>doesn't</b> go there</i> </td> <td><i>I never go there<br />he never goes there</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past </th> <td><i>I went there<br />he went there</i> </td> <td><i>I <b>didn't</b> go there<br />he <b>didn't</b> go there</i> </td> <td><i>I never went there<br />he never went there</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uralic_languages">Uralic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uralic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uralic languages differ from each other in the particulars of negation predicate use but continue to show specific similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For defining different patterns of negation predicates it is necessary to know about the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">lexical verb</a> (LV) and the <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite form</a> (FE). Miestamo defined four types of asymmetry in negation verbs. The first type shows a prominent appearance in Uralic languages. It is defined as A/Fin (A = asymmetry | Fin = finiteness) and describes that influenced by the negation verb, the finiteness of the LV is reduced or lost. For example, the LV loses the finiteness because the clause is marked by the de-verbalizing negative morpheme. Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> is added as a type that holds the finite status (FE). In some <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, speakers produce<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title=""speaker" and "produce" seem to refer to the subject and the finite verb, respectively, in this clause, but they do not match in number, which they should if they are indeed meant as subject and finite verb; unclear is whether they are meant as singular (in which case the finite verb gets an "s"-ending) or as plural (in which case the subject gets an "s"-ending (August 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Connegative" title="Connegative">connegatives</a> to construct the syntactically acceptable word form used in negative clauses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish">Finnish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard negation (SN) in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish language</a> is realized by a verbal complex.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First the LV with a non-finite character is formed followed by the finite element which is presented as the negative auxiliary. The root of the auxiliary is 'e-'. The ending gives information about <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. The marker for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> is not presented on the auxiliary and is only dependent on the clausal context. Therefore, tense is marked on the LV separated from the auxiliary and appears as connegative form in present tense and past participle in past tense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negative_Verb_-_Overview_for_clausal_negations">Negative Verb - Overview for clausal negations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Negative Verb - Overview for clausal negations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>SN in main clauses</b> </td> <td>- AUX(iliary) 'ei': 'e-' + Person/Number marking <p>- Main verb: connegative or participle </p><p>- Asymmetric </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Non-verbal predicates</b> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td>SN </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Imperatives/Prohibitive sentences</b> </td> <td>AUX 'äl-' + idiosyncratic Person and mood marking </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Negation in dependent clauses</b> </td> <td>Finite: SN </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">Indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potential_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential mood">potential</a></b> </p> <table style="border: 1px #000000 solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Person </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Singular </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">1. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">en </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">emme </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">2. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">et </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ette </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">3. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ei </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eivät </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a></b> </p> <table style="border: 1px #000000 solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Person </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Singular </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">1. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">- </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">älkäämme </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">2. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">älä </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">älkää </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">3. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">älköön </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">älkööt </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonian">Estonian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Estonian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a> uses a particle-like non-inflectional negative auxiliary<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is hierarchically presented on a pre-verbal slot. The auxiliary is realized as 'ei'. A special form differs from the SN while forming the connegative in the present tense, in the past form, or in the active past participle. In the Estonian language, the flectional character doesn't seem to be a necessary feature for the negative auxiliary, which differs from other Uralic languages. This is important because the question appears, if the auxiliary has to show a flectional marker even if the LV is not showing any flectional marker without using the negation modus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negative_Verb_-_Strategies_in_clausal_negations">Negative Verb - Strategies in clausal negations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Negative Verb - Strategies in clausal negations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Clausal SN; finite: indicative, conditional, evidental</b> </td> <td>'ei-' (uninflected) + verb in connegative </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Prohibitive sentences</b> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td>'ära' (inflected) + verb in connegative or inflected (variation) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Negation in locative, equative, inclusive, attributive constructions</b> </td> <td>'ei' (uninflected) + copula in connegative </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">Indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inferential_mood" title="Inferential mood">oblique</a></b> </p> <table style="border: 1px #000000 solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Person </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Singular </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">1. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ei </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ei </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">2. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ei </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ei </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">3. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ei </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ei </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a></b> </p> <table style="border: 1px #000000 solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Person </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Singular </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">1. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">- </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ärgem; ärme </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">2. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ära </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ärge </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">3. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ärgu </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ärgu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skolt_Saami">Skolt Saami</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Skolt Saami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Skolt_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sami language">Skolt Saami</a> the SN shows a negative auxiliary compared with a non-finite LV. For imperative a special case is provided.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negative_Verb_-_Summary">Negative Verb - Summary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Negative Verb - Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>SN</b> </td> <td>- Negation AUX: 'ij' + LV <p>- Negation copula (replaces Positive copula) + verb </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Negation of imperatives</b> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td>Negation AUX + Imperative + verb </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Negation of non-verbal predicates</b> </td> <td>-SN <p>- Negation copula (general stative negator, alternative to SN) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Negation in dependent clauses</b> </td> <td>- finite: SN <p>- non-finite: verbal <a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">abessive</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Saami">South Saami</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South Saami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sami language">South Saami</a>, the SN is realized by a negative auxiliary. This form is used in present tense and the preterite. The LV is presented as a connegative form. A special case is presented while creating the imperative.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case the negative auxiliary gets a full personal paradigm except for the third person '<a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>'. The third person in singular in present tense of the negative auxiliary is prohibited as a negative reply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negative_Verb_-_Strategies_in_clausal_negations_2">Negative Verb - Strategies in clausal negations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Negative Verb - Strategies in clausal negations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>SN</b> </td> <td>Negative AUX + connegative verb </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Imperative/prohibitive sentences</b> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td>- Negative AUX 'aell-' (prohibitive) + connegative verb <p>- Negative AUX 'oll-' (apprehensive) + connegative verb </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Negation of non-verbal predicates</b> </td> <td>Negative AUX + connegative verb </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Negation in dependent clauses</b> </td> <td>Negative AUX + connegative verb </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inari_Sami">Inari Sami</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inari Sami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The negative verb is conjugated in moods and personal forms in <a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari Sami</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">Indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potential_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential mood">potential mood</a></b> </p> <table style="border: 1px #000000 solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Person </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Singular </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Dual </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">1. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">jie´m </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eän </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ep </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">2. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">jie´h </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eppee </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eppeđ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">3. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ij </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eä´vá </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eä </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a></b> </p> <table style="border: 1px #000000 solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Person </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Singular </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Dual </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">1. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eällum </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eäl´loon </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eällup </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">2. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ele </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ellee </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">elleđ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">3. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eä´lus </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eällus </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eällus </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Sami">Northern Sami</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northern Sami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The negative verb is conjugated in moods and personal forms in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami language">Northern Sami</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">Indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potential_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential mood">potential mood</a></b> </p> <table style="border: 1px #000000 solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Person </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Singular </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Dual </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">1. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">in </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ean </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eat </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">2. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">it </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eahppi </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ehpet </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">3. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ii </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eaba </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">eai </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a></b> </p> <table style="border: 1px #000000 solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Person </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Singular </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Dual </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">1. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">allon </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">allu </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">allot </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">2. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ale </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">alli </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">allet </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">3. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">allos </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">alloska </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">alloset </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lule_Sami">Lule Sami</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lule Sami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The negative verb is conjugated in moods and personal forms in <a href="/wiki/Lule_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sami language">Lule Sami</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">Indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potential_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential mood">potential mood</a></b> </p> <table style="border: 1px #000000 solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Person </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Singular </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Dual </th> <th style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">1. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">iv </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">en </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ep </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">2. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">i </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ähppe </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ehpit </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">3. </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">ij </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">äbá </td> <td style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;">e </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hungarian has lost most evidence of a negative verb, but the negation particle 'nem' becomes 'ne' before verbs in the jussive/imperative (also sometimes called the conditional mood or J-mood). Furthermore, the 3rd person present indicative of the copular verb ('lenni') has unique negative forms 'nincs(en)' and 'nincsenek' as opposed to 'nem van' and 'nem vannak', but only when the particle and verb would occur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjacently&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjacently (page does not exist)">adjacently</a>. In all other instances, the copular verb acts regularly. These forms are also unique in that they have an existential role "there is (not)" and "there are (not)". In the present indicative 3rd person, copular verbs are not used; rather the absence of a verb (with or without a negation particle) implies the copula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komi">Komi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Komi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi language</a>, the negative marker and the form of the negative construction are dependent on the clausal tense.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the corresponding affirmative predicate is based on a verbal form, a negative auxiliary is used. This is not convertible for affirmative verbs with nominal forms. The negative auxiliary is used in present tense, future tense, 1st past tense of indicative, and in the imperative and optative mood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negative_Verb_-_Strategies_in_clausal_negations_3">Negative Verb - Strategies in clausal negations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Negative Verb - Strategies in clausal negations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>SN</b><br /> </td> <td>- present & future tense <p>- 1st past tense </p><p>- 2nd past tense </p><p>- 3rd past tense </p><p>- 4th past tense </p><p>- 5th past tense </p><p>- 6th past tense </p> </td> <td>'o-' + V - Connegative (CNG) <p>'e-' + V - Connegative </p><p>'abu' + V </p><p>'veli' + 'o-' + V - Connegative </p><p>a) 'abu' + 'veli' + V </p><p>b) 'e-' + 'be' - CNG + V </p><p>'velem' + 'o-' + V - CNG </p><p>'velem' + 'ab' + V </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Negation of imperatives</b> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td>Imperative (2nd person only) <p>Optative (3rd person only) </p><p>Conditional (all tenses) </p> </td> <td>'e-' + V - CNG <p>'med' + 'o-' + V - CNG </p><p>'(v)éske(u)' + SN </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Negation in dependent/subordinate clauses</b> </td> <td>- finite subordinate clauses <p>- non-finite subordinate verb forms: </p><p>i. Infinitives </p><p>ii. participles </p><p>iii. converbs </p> </td> <td>SN <p>'ńe' + V-infinitve </p><p>V + 'tem' </p><p>V + 'teg' </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korean">Korean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Korean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Korean_verbs" title="Korean verbs">Korean verbs</a> can be negated by the negative verbs <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%95%8A%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:않다">않다</a> <i>anta</i> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%AA%BB%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:못하다">못하다</a> <i>mothada</i> or by the negative adverbs <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%95%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:안">안</a> <i>an</i> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%AA%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:못">못</a> <i>mot</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:이다">이다</a> <i>ida</i> has a corresponding negative copula <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8B%88%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:아니다">아니다</a> <i>anida</i>. (<i>anida</i> is an independent word like <i>anta</i> and <i>mothada</i>, unlike <i>ida</i> which cannot stand on its own and must be attached to a noun.) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Verb </th> <th rowspan="2">Tense </th> <th rowspan="2">Affirmative </th> <th colspan="2">With a negative verb </th> <th colspan="2">With a negative adverb </th></tr> <tr> <th>않다 <i>anta</i> </th> <th>못하다 <i>mothada</i> </th> <th>안 <i>an</i> </th> <th>못 <i>mot</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">가다<br /><i>gada</i><br /><i>to go</i> </th> <td>Nonpast </td> <td>간다<br /><i>ganda</i> </td> <td>가지 않는다<br /><i>gaji anneunda</i> </td> <td>가지 못한다<br /><i>gaji mothanda</i> </td> <td>안 간다<br /><i>an ganda</i> </td> <td>못 간다<br /><i>mot ganda</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Past </td> <td>갔다<br /><i>gatda</i> </td> <td>가지 않았다<br /><i>gaji anatda</i> </td> <td>가지 못했다<br /><i>gaji mothaetda</i> </td> <td>안 갔다<br /><i>an gatda</i> </td> <td>못 갔다<br /><i>mot gatda</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">먹다<br /><i>meokda</i><br /><i>to eat</i> </th> <td>Nonpast </td> <td>먹는다<br /><i>meongneunda</i> </td> <td>먹지 않는다<br /><i>meokji anneunda</i> </td> <td>먹지 못한다<br /><i>meokji mothanda</i> </td> <td>안 먹는다<br /><i>an meongneunda</i> </td> <td>못 먹는다<br /><i>mot meongneunda</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Past </td> <td>먹었다<br /><i>meogeotda</i> </td> <td>먹지 않았다<br /><i>meokji anatda</i> </td> <td>먹지 못했다<br /><i>meokji mothaetda</i> </td> <td>안 먹었다<br /><i>an meogeotda</i> </td> <td>못 먹었다<br /><i>mot meogeotda</i> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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(Japanese)">Adjectival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_nouns" title="Bare nouns">Bare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">Converb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">Defective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_verbs" title="Pure verbs">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Anti-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Non-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Pure intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Relative subsective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Subsective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_particle" title="Noun particle">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">Preverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedure_word" title="Procedure word">Procedure word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">Pro-form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-verb" title="Pro-verb">Pro-verb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pro-sentence" title="Pro-sentence">Pro-sentence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop-word" class="mw-redirect" title="Prop-word">Prop-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">Yes and no</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchulze2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schulze, Wolfgang (2007). "Haspelmath, Martin & Matthew S. Dryer & Davil Gil & Bernard Comrie. 2005.The World Atlas of Language Structures". <i>Studies in Language</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 445–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fsl.31.2.08sch">10.1075/sl.31.2.08sch</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-4177">0378-4177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Language&rft.atitle=Haspelmath%2C+Martin+%26+Matthew+S.+Dryer+%26+Davil+Gil+%26+Bernard+Comrie.+2005.The+World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=445-463&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fsl.31.2.08sch&rft.issn=0378-4177&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegative+verb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryer2011" class="citation book cs1">Dryer, Matthews (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/chapter/143"><i>Order of negative morpheme and verb</i></a>. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Order+of+negative+morpheme+and+verb&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Digital+Library&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Dryer&rft.aufirst=Matthews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Fchapter%2F143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegative+verb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiestamo2008" class="citation book cs1">Miestamo, Matti (2008). <i>Standard Negation</i>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co.KG. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110197631">10.1515/9783110197631</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019763-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019763-1"><bdi>978-3-11-019763-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Negation&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co.KG&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110197631&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019763-1&rft.aulast=Miestamo&rft.aufirst=Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegative+verb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiestamoTammWagner-Nagy2015" class="citation book cs1">Miestamo; Tamm; Wagner-Nagy (2015). "3.2". <i>Negation in Uralic Languages</i>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company. pp. 13–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027206893" title="Special:BookSources/9789027206893"><bdi>9789027206893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.2&rft.btitle=Negation+in+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pages=13-22&rft.pub=John+Benjamin+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789027206893&rft.au=Miestamo&rft.au=Tamm&rft.au=Wagner-Nagy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegative+verb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilkuna2015" class="citation book cs1">Vilkuna, Maria (2015). <i>Negation in Uralic Languages</i>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company. pp. 457–487. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027206893" title="Special:BookSources/9789027206893"><bdi>9789027206893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negation+in+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pages=457-487&rft.pub=John+Benjamin+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789027206893&rft.aulast=Vilkuna&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegative+verb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna2015" class="citation book cs1">Anna, Tamm (2015). <i>Negation in Uralic Languages</i>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company. pp. 399–433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027206893" title="Special:BookSources/9789027206893"><bdi>9789027206893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negation+in+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pages=399-433&rft.pub=John+Benjamin+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789027206893&rft.aulast=Anna&rft.aufirst=Tamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegative+verb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiestamo2015" class="citation book cs1">Miestamo, Matti (2015). <i>Negation in Uralic Languages</i>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company. pp. 353–377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027206893" title="Special:BookSources/9789027206893"><bdi>9789027206893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negation+in+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pages=353-377&rft.pub=John+Benjamin+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789027206893&rft.aulast=Miestamo&rft.aufirst=Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegative+verb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlokland2015" class="citation book cs1">Blokland, Rogier (2015). <i>Negation in Uralic Languages</i>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company. pp. 377–399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027206893" title="Special:BookSources/9789027206893"><bdi>9789027206893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negation+in+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pages=377-399&rft.pub=John+Benjamin+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789027206893&rft.aulast=Blokland&rft.aufirst=Rogier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegative+verb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamari2015" class="citation book cs1">Hamari, Arja (2015). <i>Negation in Uralic Languages</i>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company. pp. 239–265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027206893" title="Special:BookSources/9789027206893"><bdi>9789027206893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negation+in+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pages=239-265&rft.pub=John+Benjamin+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789027206893&rft.aulast=Hamari&rft.aufirst=Arja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegative+verb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&oldid=1233233109">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negative_verb&oldid=1233233109</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Verb_types" title="Category:Verb types">Verb types</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2020">Articles needing additional references from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from May 2021">Articles that may contain original research from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 July 2024, at 00:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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