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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Part of speech</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woordsoort" title="Woordsoort – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Woordsoort" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="أقسام الكلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أقسام الكلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3)" title="পদ (ব্যাকৰণ) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পদ (ব্যাকৰণ)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitq_hiss%C9%99si" title="Nitq hissəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nitq hissəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3)" title="পদ (ব্যাকরণ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদ (ব্যাকরণ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BB-s%C3%A8ng" title="Sû-sèng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sû-sèng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D2%AF%D2%99_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Һүҙ төркөмдәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һүҙ төркөмдәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Часціны мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Часціны мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Часьціна мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Часьціна мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A" title="पार्ट ऑफ़ स्पीच – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पार्ट ऑफ़ स्पीच" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Част на речта – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Част на речта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woatoart" title="Woatoart – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Woatoart" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrste_rije%C4%8Di" title="Vrste riječi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vrste riječi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rummenn_yezhadurel" title="Rummenn yezhadurel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rummenn yezhadurel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria_gramatical" title="Categoria gramatical – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Categoria gramatical" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Пуплев пайĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пуплев пайĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovn%C3%AD_druh" title="Slovní druh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slovní druh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachinim%27_Pubu" title="Bachinim' Pubu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bachinim' Pubu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordklasse" title="Ordklasse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ordklasse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortart" title="Wortart – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wortart" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5naliik" title="Sõnaliik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõnaliik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Μέρη του λόγου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέρη του λόγου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa_gramatical" title="Categoría gramatical – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Categoría gramatical" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortospeco" title="Vortospeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vortospeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اجزای کلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اجزای کلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%B0aflokkur" title="Orðaflokkur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Orðaflokkur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(grammaire)" title="Nature (grammaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nature (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurdsoarte" title="Wurdsoarte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wurdsoarte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa_gramatical" title="Categoría gramatical – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Categoría gramatical" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%92%88%EC%82%AC" title="품사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="품사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangaren_magana" title="Bangaren magana – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bangaren magana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խոսքի մասեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խոսքի մասեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortospeco" title="Vortospeco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vortospeco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelas_kata" title="Kelas kata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelas kata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria_grammatic" title="Categoria grammatic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Categoria grammatic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%B0flokkur" title="Orðflokkur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orðflokkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_del_discorso" title="Parti del discorso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parti del discorso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8" title="חלקי הדיבר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלקי הדיבר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dake_ning_Metung_a_Salita" title="Dake ning Metung a Salita – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Dake ning Metung a Salita" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მეტყველების ნაწილები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტყველების ნაწილები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C3%A9le_m%C3%B2w%C3%AB" title="Dzéle mòwë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Dzéle mòwë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Сөз табы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сөз табы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aina_za_maneno" title="Aina za maneno – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aina za maneno" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%B7_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BC%D2%AF" title="Сөз түркүмү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сөз түркүмү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partes_orationis" title="Partes orationis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Partes orationis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81rd%C5%A1%C4%B7ira" title="Vārdšķira – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vārdšķira" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbos_dalis" title="Kalbos dalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalbos dalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3faj" title="Szófaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szófaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Зборовна група – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зборовна група" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokajin-teny" title="Sokajin-teny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sokajin-teny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_kata" title="Golongan kata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Golongan kata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Корхтама пялькссь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Корхтама пялькссь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82" title="ဝါစင်္ဂ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝါစင်္ဂ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woordsoort" title="Woordsoort – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Woordsoort" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%81%E8%A9%9E" title="品詞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="品詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordklasse" title="Ordklasse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ordklasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordklasse" title="Ordklasse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ordklasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CA%BBz_turkumlari" title="Soʻz turkumlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soʻz turkumlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%81" title="کلمہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلمہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99" title="ថ្នាក់ពាក្យ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ថ្នាក់ពាក្យ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woortaart" title="Woortaart – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Woortaart" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_mowy" title="Część mowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Część mowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_gramatical" title="Classe gramatical – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Classe gramatical" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parte_de_vorbire" title="Parte de vorbire – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parte de vorbire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96" title="Части речі – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Части речі" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Часть речи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Часть речи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0" title="Саҥа чааһа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саҥа чааһа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairts_o_speech" title="Pairts o speech – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pairts o speech" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woudoard" title="Woudoard – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Woudoard" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjes%C3%ABt_e_ligj%C3%ABrat%C3%ABs" title="Pjesët e ligjëratës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pjesët e ligjëratës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_of_speech" title="Parts of speech – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parts of speech" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovn%C3%BD_druh" title="Slovný druh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slovný druh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besedna_vrsta" title="Besedna vrsta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Besedna vrsta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Врсте речи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Врсте речи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaluokka" title="Sanaluokka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sanaluokka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordklass" title="Ordklass – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ordklass" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahagi_ng_pananalita" title="Bahagi ng pananalita – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bahagi ng pananalita" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="சொற்களின் வகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொற்களின் வகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%B7_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Сүз төркемнәре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сүз төркемнәре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="భాషా భాగాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భాషా భాగాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3" title="ชนิดของคำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชนิดของคำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D2%9B" title="Ҳиссаҳои нутқ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳиссаҳои нутқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Частини мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Частини мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%81" title="کلمہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلمہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_lo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Từ loại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Từ loại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="词类 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="词类" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="詞性" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E9%A1%9E" title="詞類 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詞類" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82042#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Part_of_speech" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Category of words based on shared grammatical properties in a clause</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album by Dessa, see <a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Speech_(album)" title="Parts of Speech (album)">Parts of Speech (album)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, a <b>part of speech</b> or <b>part-of-speech</b> (<a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviated</a> as <b>POS</b> or <b>PoS</b>, also known as <b>word class</b><sup id="cite_ref-rijkhoff2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rijkhoff2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>grammatical category</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a category of words (or, more generally, of <a href="/wiki/Lexical_item" title="Lexical item">lexical items</a>) that have similar <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> properties. Words that are assigned to the same part of speech generally display similar <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> behavior (they play similar roles within the grammatical structure of sentences), sometimes similar <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> behavior in that they undergo <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> for similar properties and even similar <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a> behavior. Commonly listed <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> parts of speech are <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numeral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiner</a>. </p><p>Other terms than <i>part of speech</i>—particularly in modern <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> classifications, which often make more precise distinctions than the traditional scheme does—include <b>word class</b>, <b>lexical class</b>, and <b>lexical category</b>. Some authors restrict the term <i>lexical category</i> to refer only to a particular type of <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_category" title="Syntactic category">syntactic category</a>; for them the term excludes those parts of speech that are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">function words</a>, such as pronouns. The term <b>form class</b> is also used, although this has various conflicting definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word classes may be classified as <a href="#Open_and_closed_classes">open or closed</a>: <i>open classes</i> (typically including nouns, verbs and adjectives) acquire new members constantly, while <i>closed classes</i> (such as pronouns and conjunctions) acquire new members infrequently, if at all. </p><p>Almost all languages have the word classes noun and verb, but beyond these two there are significant variations among different languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Krueger_2005_35_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krueger_2005_35-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> has as many as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">three classes of adjectives</a>, where <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> has one.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> have a class of <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">nominal classifiers</a>.</li> <li>Many languages do not distinguish between adjectives and adverbs, or between adjectives and verbs (see <a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">stative verb</a>).</li></ul> <p>Because of such variation in the number of categories and their identifying properties, analysis of parts of speech must be done for each individual language. Nevertheless, the labels for each category are assigned on the basis of universal criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Krueger_2005_35_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krueger_2005_35-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_of_speech&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classification of words into lexical categories is found from the earliest moments in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">history of linguistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_of_speech&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></i>, written in the 6th or 5th century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> grammarian <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ska" title="Yāska">Yāska</a> defined four main categories of words:<sup id="cite_ref-Matilal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matilal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>नाम <i>nāma</i> – <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> (including adjective)</li> <li>आख्यात <i>ākhyāta</i> – <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a></li> <li>उपसर्ग <i>upasarga</i> – pre-verb or <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a></li> <li>निपात <i>nipāta</i> – <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a>, invariant word (perhaps <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a>)</li></ol> <p>These four were grouped into two larger classes: <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectable</a> (nouns and verbs) and uninflectable (pre-verbs and particles). </p><p>The ancient work on the grammar of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a></i>, argued to have been written around 2nd century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-Mahadevan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahadevan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> classifies Tamil words as <i>peyar</i> (பெயர்; noun), <i>vinai</i> (வினை; verb), <i>idai</i> (part of speech which modifies the relationships between verbs and nouns), and <i>uri</i> (word that further qualifies a noun or verb).<sup id="cite_ref-Ilakkuvan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilakkuvan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_tradition">Western tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_of_speech&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Western tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A century or two after the work of Yāska, the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Greek</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)"><i>Cratylus</i> dialogue</a>, "sentences are, I conceive, a combination of verbs [<i>rhêma</i>] and nouns [<i>ónoma</i>]".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> added another class, "conjunction" [<i>sýndesmos</i>], which included not only the words known today as <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctions</a>, but also other parts (the interpretations differ; in one interpretation it is <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 2nd century BCE, grammarians had expanded this classification scheme into eight categories, seen in the <i><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Grammar">Art of Grammar</a></i>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>'Name' (<i>ónoma</i>) translated as "<i>Noun</i>": a part of speech inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>, signifying a concrete or abstract entity. It includes various <i>species</i> like <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, proper nouns, appellatives, collectives, ordinals, numerals and more.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a> (<i>rhêma</i>): a part of speech without case inflection, but inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, signifying an activity or process performed or undergone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a> (<i>metokhḗ</i>): a part of speech sharing features of the verb and the noun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a> (<i>árthron</i>): a declinable part of speech, taken to include the definite article, but also the basic <a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">relative pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a> (<i>antōnymíā</i>): a part of speech substitutable for a noun and marked for a person</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">Preposition</a> (<i>próthesis</i>): a part of speech placed before other words in composition and in syntax</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a> (<i>epírrhēma</i>): a part of speech without inflection, in modification of or in addition to a verb, adjective, clause, sentence, or other adverb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">Conjunction</a> (<i>sýndesmos</i>): a part of speech binding together the discourse and filling gaps in its interpretation</li></ol> <p>It can be seen that these parts of speech are defined by <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> criteria. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a> grammarian <a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 500 CE) modified the above eightfold system, excluding "article" (since the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a>, unlike Greek, does not have articles) but adding "<a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latin names for the parts of speech, from which the corresponding modern English terms derive, were <i>nomen</i>, <i>verbum</i>, <i>participium</i>, <i>pronomen</i>, <i>praepositio</i>, <i>adverbium</i>, <i>conjunctio</i> and <i>interjectio</i>. The category <i>nomen</i> included <a href="/wiki/Substantive" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantive">substantives</a> (<i>nomen substantivum</i>, corresponding to what are today called nouns in English), <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> <i>(nomen adjectivum)</i> and <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> <i>(nomen numerale)</i>. This is reflected in the older English terminology <i>noun substantive</i>, <i>noun adjective</i> and <i>noun numeral</i>. Later<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the adjective became a separate class, as often did the numerals, and the English word <i>noun</i> came to be applied to substantives only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification"><span class="anchor" id="Types_of_Part_of_Speech"></span>Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_of_speech&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Works of <a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English grammar</a> generally follow the pattern of the European tradition as described above, except that participles are now usually regarded as forms of verbs rather than as a separate part of speech, and numerals are often conflated with other parts of speech: nouns (<a href="/wiki/Cardinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal number (linguistics)">cardinal numerals</a>, e.g., "one", and <a href="/wiki/Collective_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective numeral">collective numerals</a>, e.g., "dozen"), adjectives (<a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinal number (linguistics)">ordinal numerals</a>, e.g., "first", and <a href="/wiki/Multiplier_(linguistics)" title="Multiplier (linguistics)">multiplier numerals</a>, e.g., "single") and adverbs (<a href="/wiki/English_numerals#Multiplicative_adverbs_and_adjectives" title="English numerals">multiplicative numerals</a>, e.g., "once", and <a href="/wiki/Distributive_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributive number">distributive numerals</a>, e.g., "singly"). Eight or nine parts of speech are commonly listed: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiner</a></li></ol> <p>Some traditional classifications consider articles to be adjectives, yielding eight parts of speech rather than nine. And some modern classifications define further classes in addition to these. For discussion see the sections below. </p><p>Additionally, there are other parts of speech including <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particles</a> (<i>yes</i>, <i>no</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-yes_no_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yes_no-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a> (<i>ago</i>, <i>notwithstanding</i>) although many fewer words are in these categories. </p><p>The classification below, or slight expansions of it, is still followed in most <a href="/wiki/Dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionaries">dictionaries</a>: </p> <dl><dt>Noun (names)</dt> <dd>a word or lexical item denoting any abstract (abstract noun: e.g. <i>home</i>) or concrete entity (concrete noun: e.g. <i>house</i>); a person (<i>police officer</i>, <i>Michael</i>), place (<i>coastline</i>, <i>London</i>), thing (<i>necktie</i>, <i>television</i>), idea (<i>happiness</i>), or quality (<i>bravery</i>). Nouns can also be classified as <a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">count nouns</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">non-count nouns</a>; some can belong to either category. The most common part of speech; they are called naming words.</dd> <dt>Pronoun (replaces or places again)</dt> <dd>a substitute for a noun or noun phrase (<i>them, he</i>). Pronouns make sentences shorter and clearer since they replace nouns.</dd> <dt>Adjective (describes, limits)</dt> <dd>a modifier of a noun or pronoun (<i>big, brave</i>). Adjectives make the meaning of another word (noun) more precise.</dd> <dt>Verb (states action or being)</dt> <dd>a word denoting an action (<i>walk</i>), occurrence (<i>happen</i>), or state of being (<i>be</i>). Without a verb, a group of words cannot be a clause or sentence.</dd> <dt>Adverb (describes, limits)</dt> <dd>a modifier of an adjective, verb, or another adverb (<i>very, quite</i>). Adverbs make language more precise.</dd> <dt>Preposition (relates)</dt> <dd>a word that relates words to each other in a phrase or sentence and aids in syntactic context (<i>in, of</i>). Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun with another word in the sentence.</dd> <dt>Conjunction (connects)</dt> <dd>a syntactic connector; links words, phrases, or clauses (<i>and, but</i>). Conjunctions connect words or group of words.</dd> <dt>Interjection (expresses feelings and emotions)</dt> <dd>an emotional greeting or exclamation (<i>Huzzah, Alas</i>). Interjections express strong feelings and emotions.</dd> <dt>Article (describes, limits)</dt> <dd>a grammatical marker of definiteness (<i>the</i>) or indefiniteness (<i>a, an</i>). The article is not always listed separately as its own part of speech. It is considered by some grammarians to be a type of adjective<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sometimes the term '<a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiner</a>' (a broader class) is used.</dd></dl> <p>English words are not generally <a href="/wiki/Marker_(linguistics)" title="Marker (linguistics)">marked</a> as belonging to one part of speech or another; this contrasts with many other European languages, which use <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> more extensively, meaning that a given word form can often be identified as belonging to a particular part of speech and having certain additional <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">grammatical properties</a>. In English, most words are uninflected, while the inflected endings that exist are mostly ambiguous: <i><a href="/wiki/-ed" class="mw-redirect" title="-ed">-ed</a></i> may mark a verbal past tense, a participle or a fully adjectival form; <i><a href="/wiki/-s_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="-s (disambiguation)">-s</a></i> may mark a plural noun, a possessive noun, or a present-tense verb form; <i><a href="/wiki/-ing" title="-ing">-ing</a></i> may mark a participle, <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a>, or pure adjective or noun. Although <i><a href="/wiki/-ly" title="-ly">-ly</a></i> is a frequent adverb marker, some adverbs (e.g. <i>tomorrow</i>, <i>fast</i>, <i>very</i>) do not have that ending, while many adjectives do have it (e.g. <i>friendly</i>, <i>ugly</i>, <i>lovely</i>), as do occasional words in other parts of speech (e.g. <i>jelly</i>, <i>fly</i>, <i>rely</i>). </p><p>Many English words can belong to more than one part of speech. Words like <i>neigh</i>, <i>break</i>, <i>outlaw</i>, <i>laser</i>, <i>microwave</i>, and <i>telephone</i> might all be either verbs or nouns. In certain circumstances, even words with primarily grammatical functions can be used as verbs or nouns, as in, "We must look to the <i>hows</i> and not just the <i>whys</i>." The process whereby a word comes to be used as a different part of speech is called <a href="/wiki/Conversion_(word_formation)" title="Conversion (word formation)">conversion</a> or zero derivation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functional_classification">Functional classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_of_speech&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Functional classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguists">Linguists</a> recognize that the above list of eight or nine word classes is drastically simplified.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, "adverb" is to some extent a catch-all class that includes words with many different functions. Some have even argued that the most basic of category distinctions, that of nouns and verbs, is unfounded,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or not applicable to certain languages.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern linguists have proposed many different schemes whereby the words of English or other languages are placed into more specific categories and subcategories based on a more precise understanding of their grammatical functions. </p><p>Common lexical category set defined by function may include the following (not all of them will necessarily be applicable in a given language): </p> <ul><li>Categories that will usually be <a href="#Open_and_closed_classes">open classes</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> (except auxiliary verbs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a></li></ul></li> <li>Categories that will usually be closed classes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">coverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determiner_(class)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (class)">determiners</a> (<a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier (linguistics)">quantifiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiners" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive determiners">possessives</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">measure words</a> or <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition">adpositions</a> (prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal number (linguistics)">cardinal numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particles</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Within a given category, subgroups of words may be identified based on more precise grammatical properties. For example, verbs may be specified according to the number and type of <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">objects</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Complement_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complement (grammar)">complements</a> which they take. This is called <a href="/wiki/Subcategorization" title="Subcategorization">subcategorization</a>. </p><p>Many modern descriptions of grammar include not only lexical categories or word classes, but also <i>phrasal categories</i>, used to classify <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrases</a>, in the sense of groups of words that form units having specific grammatical functions. Phrasal categories may include <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a> (NP), <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrases</a> (VP) and so on. Lexical and phrasal categories together are called <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_categories" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntactic categories">syntactic categories</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EnglishGrammarCategories.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/EnglishGrammarCategories.png/600px-EnglishGrammarCategories.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/EnglishGrammarCategories.png/900px-EnglishGrammarCategories.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/EnglishGrammarCategories.png/1200px-EnglishGrammarCategories.png 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A diagram showing some of the posited English <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_categories" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntactic categories">syntactic categories</a></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_and_closed_classes">Open and closed classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_of_speech&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Open and closed classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">Function word</a> and <a href="/wiki/Content_word" title="Content word">Content word</a></div> <p>Word classes may be either open or closed. An <b>open class</b> is one that commonly accepts the addition of new words, while a <b>closed class</b> is one to which new items are very rarely added. Open classes normally contain large numbers of words, while closed classes are much smaller. Typical open classes found in English and many other languages are <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary verbs">auxiliary verbs</a>, if these are regarded as a separate class), <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophones</a> are often an open class, though less familiar to English speakers,<sup id="cite_ref-guide99_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide99-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ideophones_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ideophones-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are often open to <a href="/wiki/Nonce_word" title="Nonce word">nonce words</a>. Typical closed classes are <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> (or postpositions), <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunctions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The open–closed distinction is related to the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_category" title="Syntactic category">lexical and functional categories</a>, and to that between <a href="/wiki/Content_word" title="Content word">content words</a> and <a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">function words</a>, and some authors consider these identical, but the connection is not strict. Open classes are generally lexical categories in the stricter sense, containing words with greater semantic content,<sup id="cite_ref-Lexical_and_Functional_categories_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexical_and_Functional_categories-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while closed classes are normally functional categories, consisting of words that perform essentially grammatical functions. This is not universal: in many languages verbs and adjectives<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dixon2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dixon2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guide97_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide97-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are closed classes, usually consisting of few members, and in Japanese the formation of new pronouns from existing nouns is relatively common, though to what extent these form a distinct word class is debated. </p><p>Words are added to open classes through such processes as <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">derivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coining_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coining (linguistics)">coining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borrowing_(linguistics)" title="Borrowing (linguistics)">borrowing</a>. When a new word is added through some such process, it can subsequently be used grammatically in sentences in the same ways as other words in its class.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A closed class may obtain new items through these same processes, but such changes are much rarer and take much more time. A closed class is normally seen as part of the core language and is not expected to change. In English, for example, new nouns, verbs, etc. are being added to the language constantly (including by the common process of <a href="/wiki/Verbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbing">verbing</a> and other types of <a href="/wiki/Conversion_(word_formation)" title="Conversion (word formation)">conversion</a>, where an existing word comes to be used in a different part of speech). However, it is very unusual for a new pronoun, for example, to become accepted in the language, even in cases where there may be felt to be a need for one, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral_pronoun#English" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-neutral pronoun">gender-neutral pronouns</a>. </p><p>The open or closed status of word classes varies between languages, even assuming that corresponding word classes exist. Most conspicuously, in many languages verbs and adjectives form closed classes of content words. An extreme example is found in <a href="/wiki/Jingulu_language" title="Jingulu language">Jingulu</a>, which has only three verbs, while even the modern Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> has no more than a few hundred simple verbs, a great deal of which are archaic. (Some twenty Persian verbs are used as <a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">light verbs</a> to form compounds; this lack of lexical verbs is shared with other Iranian languages.) Japanese is similar, having few lexical verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Basque_verbs" title="Basque verbs">Basque verbs</a> are also a closed class, with the vast majority of verbal senses instead expressed periphrastically. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, verbs and adjectives are closed classes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon197748_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon197748-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though these are quite large, with about 700 adjectives,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guide96_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide96-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and verbs have opened slightly in recent years. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">Japanese adjectives</a> are closely related to verbs (they can predicate a sentence, for instance). New verbal meanings are nearly always expressed periphrastically by appending <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">suru</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">する</span></span>, to do)</span> to a noun, as in <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">undō suru</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">運動する</span></span>, to (do) exercise)</span>, and new adjectival meanings are nearly always expressed by <a href="/wiki/Adjectival_noun_(Japanese)" title="Adjectival noun (Japanese)">adjectival nouns</a>, using the suffix <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">-na</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">〜な</span></span>)</span> when an adjectival noun modifies a noun phrase, as in <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hen-na ojisan</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">変なおじさん</span></span>, strange man)</span>. The closedness of verbs has weakened in recent years, and in a few cases new verbs are created by appending <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">-ru</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">〜る</span></span>)</span> to a noun or using it to replace the end of a word. This is mostly in casual speech for borrowed words, with the most well-established example being <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sabo-ru</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">サボる</span></span>, cut class; play hooky)</span>, from <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sabotāju</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">サボタージュ</span></span>, sabotage)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This recent innovation aside, the huge contribution of <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a> was almost entirely borrowed as nouns (often verbal nouns or adjectival nouns). Other languages where adjectives are closed class include Swahili,<sup id="cite_ref-guide97_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide97-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</a>. </p><p>By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Japanese pronouns</a> are an open class and nouns become used as pronouns with some frequency; a recent example is <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jibun</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">自分</span></span>, self)</span>, now used by some as a first-person pronoun. The status of Japanese pronouns as a distinct class is disputed, however, with some considering it only a use of nouns, not a distinct class. The case is similar in languages of Southeast Asia, including Thai and Lao, in which, like Japanese, pronouns and terms of address vary significantly based on relative social standing and respect.<sup id="cite_ref-guide98_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide98-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some word classes are universally closed, however, including demonstratives and interrogative words.<sup id="cite_ref-guide98_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide98-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_of_speech&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging" title="Part-of-speech tagging">Part-of-speech tagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_window_based_part-of-speech_tagging" title="Sliding window based part-of-speech tagging">Sliding window based part-of-speech tagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_grammar" title="Traditional grammar">Traditional grammar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_of_speech&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-yes_no-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yes_no_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yes and no are sometimes classified as interjections.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ideophones-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ideophones_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ideophones do not always form a single grammatical word class, and their classification varies between languages, sometimes being split across other word classes. Rather, they are a phonosemantic word class, based on derivation, but may be considered part of the category of "expressives",<sup id="cite_ref-guide99_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide99-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which thus often form an open class due to the productivity of ideophones. Further, "[i]n the vast majority of cases, however, ideophones perform an adverbial function and are closely linked with verbs."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_of_speech&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rijkhoff2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rijkhoff2007_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRijkhoff2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rijkhoff, Jan (2007). "Word Classes". <i>Language and Linguistics Compass</i>. <b>1</b> (6). Wiley: 709–726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-818x.2007.00030.x">10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00030.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-818X">1749-818X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5404720">5404720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Linguistics+Compass&rft.atitle=Word+Classes&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=709-726&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5404720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1749-818X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-818x.2007.00030.x&rft.aulast=Rijkhoff&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">Grammatical category</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1997" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Thomas E. (1997). <i>Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511805066" title="Special:BookSources/9780511805066"><bdi>9780511805066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Describing+morphosyntax%3A+a+guide+for+field+linguists&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780511805066&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Lyons, <i>Semantics</i>, CUP 1977, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krueger_2005_35-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krueger_2005_35_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krueger_2005_35_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrueger2005" class="citation book cs1">Krueger, Paul (2005). <i>Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01653-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01653-7"><bdi>978-0-521-01653-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyzing+Grammar%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01653-7&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobins_RH1989" class="citation book cs1">Robins RH (1989). <i>General Linguistics</i> (4th ed.). London: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Linguistics&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Robins+RH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matilal-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matilal_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBimal_Krishna_Matilal1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bimal_Krishna_Matilal" title="Bimal Krishna Matilal">Bimal Krishna Matilal</a> (1990). <i>The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language (Chapter 3)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+word+and+the+world%3A+India%27s+contribution+to+the+study+of+language+%28Chapter+3%29&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Bimal+Krishna+Matilal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahadevan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahadevan_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahadevan2014" class="citation book cs1">Mahadevan, I. (2014). <i>Early Tamil Epigraphy - From the Earliest Times to the Sixth century C.E., 2nd Edition</i>. p. 271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Tamil+Epigraphy+-+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Sixth+century+C.E.%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=271&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Mahadevan&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilakkuvan-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ilakkuvan_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlakkuvanar_S1994" class="citation book cs1">Ilakkuvanar S (1994). <i>Tholkappiyam in English with critical studies</i> (2nd ed.). Educational Publisher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tholkappiyam+in+English+with+critical+studies&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Educational+Publisher&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Ilakkuvanar+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cratylus 431b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Rhetoric, Poetic and Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle</i>, translated by Thomas Taylor, London 1811, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a>. τέχνη γραμματική (Art of Grammar), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante02/DionysiosThrax/dio_tech.html#11">ια´ περὶ λέξεως (11. On the word)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015105/http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante02/DionysiosThrax/dio_tech.html#11">Archived</a> 2015-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <dl><dd>λέξις ἐστὶ μέρος ἐλάχιστον τοῦ κατὰ σύνταξιν λόγου.<br />λόγος δέ ἐστι πεζῆς λέξεως σύνθεσις διάνοιαν αὐτοτελῆ δηλοῦσα.<br />τοῦ δὲ λόγου μέρη ἐστὶν ὀκτώ· ὄνομα, ῥῆμα,<br /> μετοχή, ἄρθρον, ἀντωνυμία, πρόθεσις, ἐπίρρημα, σύνδεσμος. ἡ γὰρ προσηγορία ὡς εἶδος τῶι ὀνόματι ὑποβέβληται.</dd> <dd>A word is the smallest part of organized speech.<br />Speech is the putting together of an ordinary word to express a complete thought.<br />The class of word consists of eight categories: noun, verb,<br />participle, article, pronoun, preposition, adverb, conjunction. A common noun in form is classified as a noun.</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/onoma" class="extiw" title="wikt:onoma">onoma</a>' at <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a>, <i>Τέχνη γραμματική</i> (Art of Grammar), <a class="external text" href="https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Τέχνη_Γραμματική#14">14. Περὶ ὀνόματος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220910222435/https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE#14">Archived</a> 2022-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> translated by Thomas Davidson, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_grammar_of_Dionysios_Thrax#10">On the noun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804023008/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_grammar_of_Dionysios_Thrax#10">Archived</a> 2020-08-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <dl><dd>καὶ αὐτὰ εἴδη προσαγορεύεται· κύριον, προσηγορικόν, ἐπίθετον, πρός τι ἔχον, ὡς πρός τι ἔχον, ὁμώνυμον, συνώνυμον, διώνυμον, ἐπώνυμον, ἐθνικόν, ἐρωτηματικόν, ἀόριστον, ἀναφορικὸν ὃ καὶ ὁμοιωματικὸν καὶ δεικτικὸν καὶ ἀνταποδοτικὸν καλεῖται, περιληπτικόν, ἐπιμεριζόμενον, περιεκτικόν, πεποιημένον, γενικόν, ἰδικόν, τακτικόν, ἀριθμητικόν, ἀπολελυμένον, μετουσιαστικόν.</dd> <dd>also called <i>Species</i>: proper, appellative, adjective, relative, quasi-relative, homonym, synonym, pheronym, dionym, eponym, national, interrogative, indefinite, anaphoric (also called assimilative, demonstrative, and retributive), collective, distributive, inclusive, onomatopoetic, general, special, ordinal, numeral, participative, independent.</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/1B*.html This translation of Quintilian's <i>Institutio Oratoria</i> reads: "Our own language (Note: i.e. Latin) dispenses with the articles (Note: Latin doesn't have articles), which are therefore distributed among the other parts of speech. But interjections must be added to those already mentioned."]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/quintilian/quintilian.institutio1.shtml">"Quintilian: Institutio Oratoria I"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120203103/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/quintilian/quintilian.institutio1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quintilian%3A+Institutio+Oratoria+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fquintilian%2Fquintilian.institutio1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example Beauzée, Nicolas, <i>Grammaire générale, ou exposition raisonnée des éléments nécessaires du langage</i> (Paris, 1767), and earlier Jakob Redinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7BeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Comeniana Grammatica Primae Classi Franckenthalensis Latinae Scholae destinata ...</i></a> (1659, in German and Latin).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar</i> by Bas Aarts, Sylvia Chalker & Edmund Weine. OUP Oxford 2014. Page 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwicky2006" class="citation web cs1">Zwicky, Arnold (30 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002974.html">"What part of speech is "the"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Log" title="Language Log">Language Log</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091227122103/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002974.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2009</span>. <q>...the school tradition about parts of speech is so desperately impoverished</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Log&rft.atitle=What+part+of+speech+is+%22the%22&rft.date=2006-03-30&rft.aulast=Zwicky&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitre.cis.upenn.edu%2F~myl%2Flanguagelog%2Farchives%2F002974.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopperThompson1985" class="citation book cs1">Hopper, P; Thompson, S (1985). "The Iconicity of the Universal Categories 'Noun' and 'Verbs'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In John Haiman (ed.). <i>Typological Studies in Language: Iconicity and Syntax</i>. Vol. 6. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 151–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Iconicity+of+the+Universal+Categories+%27Noun%27+and+%27Verbs%27&rft.btitle=Typological+Studies+in+Language%3A+Iconicity+and+Syntax&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=151-183&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Thompson%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauney1994" class="citation book cs1">Launey, Michel (1994). <i>Une grammaire omniprédicative: essai sur la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique</i>. Paris: CNRS Editions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+grammaire+omnipr%C3%A9dicative%3A+essai+sur+la+morphosyntaxe+du+nahuatl+classique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=CNRS+Editions&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Launey&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroschart1997" class="citation journal cs1">Broschart, Jürgen (1997). "Why Tongan does it differently: Categorial Distinctions in a Language without Nouns and Verbs". <i>Linguistic Typology</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 123–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Flity.1997.1.2.123">10.1515/lity.1997.1.2.123</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121039930">121039930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Typology&rft.atitle=Why+Tongan+does+it+differently%3A+Categorial+Distinctions+in+a+Language+without+Nouns+and+Verbs&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-165&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Flity.1997.1.2.123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121039930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Broschart&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide99-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guide99_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide99_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Art of Grammar: A Practical Guide,</i> Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFBVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99">p. 99</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Tucker Childs, "African ideophones", in <i>Sound Symbolism,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uov84NavOR8C&pg=PA179">p. 179</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Tucker Childs, "African ideophones", in <i>Sound Symbolism,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uov84NavOR8C&pg=PA181">p. 181</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strazny.com/encyclopedia/sample-function-words.html">"Sample Entry: Function Words / Encyclopedia of Linguistics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830211625/http://www.strazny.com/encyclopedia/sample-function-words.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sample+Entry%3A+Function+Words+%2F+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrazny.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fsample-function-words.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexical_and_Functional_categories-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lexical_and_Functional_categories_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnie2012" class="citation book cs1">Carnie, Andrew (2012). <i>Syntax: A Generative Introduction</i>. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65531-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65531-3"><bdi>978-0-470-65531-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax%3A+A+Generative+Introduction&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65531-3&rft.aulast=Carnie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon" title="Robert M. W. Dixon">Dixon, Robert M. W.</a> (1977). "Where Have all the Adjectives Gone?". <i>Studies in Language</i>. <b>1</b>: 19–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fsl.1.1.04dix">10.1075/sl.1.1.04dix</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Language&rft.atitle=Where+Have+all+the+Adjectives+Gone%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=19-80&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fsl.1.1.04dix&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dixon2006-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dixon2006_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Adjective classes: a cross-linguistic typology,</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon" title="Robert M. W. Dixon">Robert M. W. Dixon</a>, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, OUP Oxford, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide97-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guide97_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide97_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Art of Grammar: A Practical Guide,</i> Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFBVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">p. 97</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoff2014" class="citation book cs1">Hoff, Erika (2014). <i>Language Development</i>. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-93909-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-93909-2"><bdi>978-1-133-93909-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Development&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-133-93909-2&rft.aulast=Hoff&rft.aufirst=Erika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Categorial Features: A Generative Theory of Word Class Categories,</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanagiotidis2014" class="citation book cs1">Panagiotidis, Phoevos (4 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QoNIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT54"><i>p. 54</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316194638" title="Special:BookSources/9781316194638"><bdi>9781316194638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=p.+54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-12-04&rft.isbn=9781316194638&rft.aulast=Panagiotidis&rft.aufirst=Phoevos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoNIBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon197748-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon197748_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDixon1977">Dixon 1977</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Typology of Adjectival Predication,</i> Harrie Wetzer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORUUwhdDPpUC&pg=PA311">p. 311</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide96-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guide96_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Art of Grammar: A Practical Guide,</i> Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFBVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">p. 96</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam2011" class="citation web cs1">Adam (2011-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japaneselevelup.com/homage-to-%E3%82%8Bru-the-magical-verbifier/">"Homage to る(ru), The Magical Verbifier"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115210949/https://japaneselevelup.com/homage-to-%E3%82%8Bru-the-magical-verbifier/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homage+to+%E3%82%8B%28ru%29%2C+The+Magical+Verbifier&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft.au=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjapaneselevelup.com%2Fhomage-to-%25E3%2582%258Bru-the-magical-verbifier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APart+of+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide98-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guide98_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide98_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Art of Grammar: A Practical Guide,</i> Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFBVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">p. 98</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_of_speech&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to enumerating the known parts of speech in any language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Parts_of_speech" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Parts of speech"><i><b>Parts of speech</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to English vocabulary organized by part of speech, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_lemmas" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:English lemmas"><i><b>English lemmas</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parts_of_speech" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parts of speech">Parts of speech</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arts.uottawa.ca/writingcentre/en/hypergrammar/the-parts-of-speech">The parts of speech</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/">Guide to Grammar and Writing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060912045001/http://email.eva.mpg.de/~haspelmt/2001wcl.pdf">Martin Haspelmath. 2001. "Word Classes and Parts of Speech." In: Baltes, Paul B. & Smelser, Neil J. (eds.) <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences</i>. Amsterdam: Pergamon, 16538–16545.</a> (PDF)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lexical_categories" title="Template talk:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lexical_categories_and_their_features" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lexical categories</a> and their features</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract / Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjectival_noun_(Japanese)" title="Adjectival noun (Japanese)">Adjectival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_nouns" title="Bare nouns">Bare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">Converb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">Defective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_verbs" title="Pure verbs">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Anti-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Non-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Pure intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Relative subsective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Subsective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_particle" title="Noun particle">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">Preverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedure_word" title="Procedure word">Procedure word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">Pro-form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-verb" title="Pro-verb">Pro-verb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pro-sentence" title="Pro-sentence">Pro-sentence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop-word" class="mw-redirect" title="Prop-word">Prop-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">Yes and no</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table 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