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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sui_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sui_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sui dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sui_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tang_to_Yuan_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tang_to_Yuan_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tang to Yuan dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tang_to_Yuan_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_dynasty_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_dynasty_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ming dynasty restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_dynasty_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Qing dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Modern China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Historical sections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jia_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jia_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Jia Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jia_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanyang_New_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanyang_New_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Nanyang New Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanyang_New_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huitong_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huitong_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.3</span> <span>Huitong Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huitong_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jizhou_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jizhou_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4</span> <span>Jizhou Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jizhou_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duke_Huan's_Conduit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duke_Huan's_Conduit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.5</span> <span>Duke Huan's Conduit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duke_Huan's_Conduit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yilou_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yilou_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.6</span> <span>Yilou Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yilou_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern course</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_course-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern course subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jiangnan_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jiangnan_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Jiangnan Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jiangnan_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Inner Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lu_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lu_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lu Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lu_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Southern Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Canal_and_Tonghui_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Canal_and_Tonghui_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Northern Canal and Tonghui River</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Canal_and_Tonghui_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Zhejiang_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Zhejiang_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Eastern Zhejiang Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Zhejiang_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registered_Sections_and_Sites_of_the_World_Heritage_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_Sections_and_Sites_of_the_World_Heritage_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Registered Sections and Sites of the World Heritage complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registered_Sections_and_Sites_of_the_World_Heritage_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Elevations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South-North_Water_Transfer_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South-North_Water_Transfer_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>South-North Water Transfer Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South-North_Water_Transfer_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_travelers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_travelers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable travelers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_travelers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grand Canal (China)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="القناة الصينية الكبرى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القناة الصينية الكبرى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Canal_de_China" title="Gran Canal de China – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gran Canal de China" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="চীনের মহাখাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনের মহাখাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C4%81_%C5%AAn-h%C3%B4" title="Toā Ūn-hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Toā Ūn-hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Вялікі канал Кітая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікі канал Кітая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Tsina)" title="Grand Canal (Tsina) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Grand Canal (Tsina)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Велик китайски канал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велик китайски канал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Canal_(Xina)" title="Gran Canal (Xina) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Canal (Xina)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(kanal_sa_Pangmasang_Republika_sa_T%C5%9Bina,_lat_39,90,_long_116,73)" title="Grand Canal (kanal sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina, lat 39,90, long 116,73) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Grand Canal (kanal sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina, lat 39,90, long 116,73)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%BD_kan%C3%A1l" title="Velký kanál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velký kanál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejserkanalen" title="Kejserkanalen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kejserkanalen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserkanal" title="Kaiserkanal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaiserkanal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_Hiina_kanal" title="Suur Hiina kanal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur Hiina kanal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9_(%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1)" title="Μεγάλο κανάλι (Κίνα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλο κανάλι (Κίνα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Canal_de_China" title="Gran Canal de China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Canal de China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Kanalo_de_%C4%88inio" title="Granda Kanalo de Ĉinio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Kanalo de Ĉinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_Handia_(Txina)" title="Kanal Handia (Txina) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kanal Handia (Txina)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آبراه بزرگ چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبراه بزرگ چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Chine)" title="Grand Canal (Chine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand Canal (Chine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Canal_da_China" title="Gran Canal da China – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Canal da China" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%9A%B4%ED%95%98" title="대운하 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대운하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbar_Hanyar_Ruwa_(China)" title="Babbar Hanyar Ruwa (China) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Babbar Hanyar Ruwa (China)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_kanal" title="Veliki kanal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veliki kanal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terusan_Besar_Tiongkok" title="Terusan Besar Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Terusan Besar Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikliskur%C3%B0ur" title="Mikliskurður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mikliskurður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Canale" title="Gran Canale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gran Canale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_(%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F)" title="התעלה הגדולה (סין) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התעלה הגדולה (סין)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ჩინეთის დიდი არხი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინეთის დიდი არხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ұлы Канал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы Канал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanala_Mezin_a_%C3%87%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Kanala Mezin a Çînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kanala Mezin a Çînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielais_%C4%B6%C4%ABnas_kan%C4%81ls" title="Lielais Ķīnas kanāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielais Ķīnas kanāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didysis_Kinijos_kanalas" title="Didysis Kinijos kanalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didysis Kinijos kanalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy-csatorna" title="Nagy-csatorna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy-csatorna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Голем Канал (Кина) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Голем Канал (Кина)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_il-Kbir_(i%C4%8B-%C4%8Aina)" title="Kanal il-Kbir (iċ-Ċina) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kanal il-Kbir (iċ-Ċina)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="القناه الصينيه الكبرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القناه الصينيه الكبرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terusan_Besar_China" title="Terusan Besar China – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Terusan Besar China" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3_(%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Их суваг (Хятад) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Их суваг (Хятад)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မဟာတူးမြောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဟာတူးမြောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Kanaal_(China)" title="Grote Kanaal (China) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote Kanaal (China)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiserkanalen" title="Keiserkanalen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keiserkanalen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisarkanalen" title="Keisarkanalen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Keisarkanalen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyuk_kanal" title="Buyuk kanal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buyuk kanal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_Kana%C5%82_(Chiny)" title="Wielki Kanał (Chiny) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki Kanał (Chiny)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Canal_da_China" title="Grande Canal da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Canal da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marele_Canal,_China" title="Marele Canal, China – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marele Canal, China" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Великий канал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великий канал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grand Canal (China)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD_kan%C3%A1l" title="Veľký kanál – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľký kanál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_prekop_(Kitajska)" title="Veliki prekop (Kitajska) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veliki prekop (Kitajska)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Велики канал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велики канал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_kineski_kanal" title="Veliki kineski kanal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veliki kineski kanal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisarinkanava" title="Keisarinkanava – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keisarinkanava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stora_kanalen" title="Stora kanalen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stora kanalen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="சீனப் பெரும் கால்வாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனப் பெரும் கால்வாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99)" title="คลองใหญ่ (ประเทศจีน) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลองใหญ่ (ประเทศจีน)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_%C3%87in_Kanal%C4%B1" title="Büyük Çin Kanalı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük Çin Kanalı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Великий китайський канал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий китайський канал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_(%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="گرینڈ کینال (چین) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرینڈ کینال (چین)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_V%E1%BA%ADn_H%C3%A0" title="Đại Vận Hà – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại Vận Hà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="大運河 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="大運河" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="大运河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大运河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="大运河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大运河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31347#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grand_Canal_(China)&params=30_15_41_N_120_13_26_E_region:CN-33_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°15′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°13′26″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.26139°N 120.22389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.26139; 120.22389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System of interconnected canals in China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size: larger; background-color: #CEDEFF">Grand Canal of China</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wanning_Bridge_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Wanning_Bridge_1.jpg/250px-Wanning_Bridge_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Wanning_Bridge_1.jpg/375px-Wanning_Bridge_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Wanning_Bridge_1.jpg/500px-Wanning_Bridge_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The canal in Beijing, by the Wanning Bridge.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand-Canal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Grand-Canal.png/220px-Grand-Canal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Grand-Canal.png/330px-Grand-Canal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Grand-Canal.png/440px-Grand-Canal.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Courses of the Grand Canal</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,776 km (1,104 miles)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction began</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Start point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">End point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Connects to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hai_River" title="Hai River">Hai River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiantang_River" title="Qiantang River">Qiantang River</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">The Grand Canal</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, iii, iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2014 <small>(38th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1443">1443</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Asia-Pacific</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Grand Canal</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canal_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Grand_Canal_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/130px-Grand_Canal_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Grand_Canal_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/195px-Grand_Canal_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Grand_Canal_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/260px-Grand_Canal_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="521" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Grand Canal" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">大运河</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">大運河</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Great Transport River"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dà Yùnhé</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ta<sup>4</sup> Yün<sup>4</sup>-ho<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tâ ŷn.xɤ̌]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Du<sup>平</sup> Yun<sup>上</sup> Ghu<sup>平</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Daaih Wahn-hòh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Daai<sup>6</sup> Wan<sup>6</sup>-ho<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[taj˨ wɐn˨.hɔ˩]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tāi-ūn-hô</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">京杭大运河</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">京杭大運河</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jīng-Háng Dà Yùnhé</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ching<sup>1</sup>-Hang<sup>2</sup> Ta<sup>4</sup> Yün<sup>4</sup>-he<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tɕíŋxǎŋ tâ ŷnxɤ̌]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Cin<sup>平</sup> On<sup>入</sup> Du<sup>平</sup> Yun<sup>上</sup> Ghu<sup>平</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Ging<sup>1</sup> Hong<sup>4</sup> Daai<sup>6</sup> Wan<sup>6</sup> Ho<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Kiaⁿ-hâng-tāi-ūn-hô</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Grand Canal</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">大运河</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dà yùnhé</span></i>) is a system of interconnected <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> linking various major <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East China</a>, serving as an important <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne transport">waterborne transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> between <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">the north and the south</a> during <a href="/wiki/Medieval_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval China">Medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Premodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Premodern">premodern</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. It is the longest artificial <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterway</a> in the world and a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. </p><p>The Grand Canal's <a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">main stem</a>, known to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> as the <b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Jing</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hang</a> Grand Canal</b>, is thought to extend for 1,776 km (1,104 mi) and is divided into 6 main subsections. The <a href="#Jiangnan_Canal">Jiangnan Canal</a> runs from the <a href="/wiki/Qiantang_River" title="Qiantang River">Qiantang River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a>; the <a href="#Inner_Canal">Inner Canal</a> from the Yangtze at <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a>, which for centuries was also its junction with the former course of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>; the <a href="#Middle_Canal">Middle Canal</a> from Huai'an to the <a href="/wiki/Nansi_Lake" title="Nansi Lake">Nansi Lakes</a>; the <a href="#Lu_Canal">Lu Canal</a> from the lakes past <a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a> and the present course of the Yellow River to the <a href="/wiki/Wei_River_(Henan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wei River (Henan)">Wei River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Linqing" title="Linqing">Linqing</a>; the <a href="#Southern_Canal">Southern Canal</a> from Linqing to the <a href="/wiki/Hai_River" title="Hai River">Hai River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>; and the <a href="#Northern_Canal_and_Tonghui_River">Northern Canal</a> from Tianjin to <a href="/wiki/Tongzhou_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzhou District, Beijing">Tongzhou</a> on the outskirts of Beijing. As such, it passes through the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of China">municipalities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, Tianjin, and Beijing. In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese government">Chinese government</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> recognized the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhejiang_Canal" title="Eastern Zhejiang Canal">Eastern Zhejiang Canal</a> from Hangzhou to <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> along the former Tongji and Yongji Canals as official components of the Grand Canal. </p><p>The oldest sections of what is now the Grand Canal were completed in the early <a href="/wiki/5th_century_BC" title="5th century BC">5th century BC</a> during the conflicts of China's <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> to provide supplies and transport routes for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a>. The network was completed by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> in AD 609, linking the fertile <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangnan region">Jiangnan region</a> in the south to his capital at <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> in the west and to <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Sui_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of the Sui Empire">his armies</a> in the far north. His unsuccessful and unpopular wars and the massive amounts of conscripted labor involved in creating the canal were among the chief factors in the rapid fall of the Sui, but the connection of China's major watersheds and population centers proved enormously beneficial. Additional canals supplied <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>) even further west under the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> while stopover towns along the main course became the economic hubs of the empire. Periodic <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_flood_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yellow River flood (disambiguation)">flooding of the Yellow River</a> threatened the safety and functioning of the canal while, during wartime, the rivers' high dikes were sometimes deliberately broken to delay or sweep away advancing enemy troops. Even so, restoration and improvement of the canal and its associated <a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control in China">flood control</a> works was assumed as a duty by each successive dynasty. The canal played a major role in periodically reuniting northern and southern China, and officials in charge of the canal and nearby <a href="/wiki/Salt_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt in China">salt works</a> grew enormously wealthy. Despite damage from <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods in China">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions in China">rebellions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">wars</a>, the canal's importance only grew with the removal of the capital to <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> under <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. Despite the importance of <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways in China">railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_China" title="Roads in China">roads</a> in modern China, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> has worked to improve the navigability of the canal since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and the portion south of the Yellow River remains in heavy use by <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> carrying <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargo</a>. Increasing concern over <a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_China" title="Pollution in China">pollution in China</a> and particularly the use of the Grand Canal as the eastern path of the <a href="/wiki/South-North_Water_Diversion_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="South-North Water Diversion Project">South-North Water Diversion Project</a>—intended to provide clean potable water to the north—has led to regulations and several projects to improve <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> along the waterway. </p><p>The greatest height on the canal is an elevation of 42 m (138 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> reached in the foothills of Shandong.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_307_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_307-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ships in Chinese canals did not have trouble reaching higher elevations after the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> <a href="/wiki/Scholar_bureaucrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar bureaucrat">official</a> and engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiao_Weiyue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiao Weiyue (page does not exist)">Qiao Weiyue</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Pound_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound lock">pound lock</a> in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canal has been admired by many visitors throughout its history, including the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">monk</a> <a href="/wiki/Ennin" title="Ennin">Ennin</a> (794–864), the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Persian</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din Hamadani</a> (1247–1318), the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Korean</a> official <a href="/wiki/Choe_Bu" title="Choe Bu">Choe Bu</a> (1454–1504), and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China mission">missionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> (1552–1610).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_periods">Early periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Fuchai_of_Wu" title="Fuchai of Wu">Fuchai of Wu</a> (whose capital was in present-day <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>), ventured north to attack the <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">State of Qi</a>. He ordered a canal to be constructed for trading purposes, as well as a means to ship ample supplies north in case his forces should engage the northern states of <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_271_272_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_271_272-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became known as the Han or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangou_Canal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hangou Canal (page does not exist)">Hangou Canal</a> <span class="nowrap">(<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">邗溝</span></span>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">邗沟</span></span>,</span> <i>Hángōu</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_271_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_271-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work began in 486 BC, from south of <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a> to north of <a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a> in Jiangsu, and within three years the Han Canal had connected the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a> utilizing existing <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_271_272_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_271_272-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Han Canal is known as the second oldest section of the later Grand Canal since the Hong Canal (<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B4%BB%E6%BA%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:鴻溝">鴻溝</a></span></span>,</span> <small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B8%BF%E6%B2%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:鸿沟">鸿沟</a></span></span>,</span> <i>Hónggōu</i>, "Canal of the Wild Geese" or "Far-Flung Canal") most likely preceded it.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_269_270_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_269_270-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It linked the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Si_River" title="Si River">Si</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bian_River_(China)" title="Bian River (China)">Bian</a> rivers and became the model for the shape of the Grand Canal in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_369_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_369-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact date of the Hong Canal's construction is uncertain; it is first mentioned by the diplomat <a href="/wiki/Su_Qin" title="Su Qin">Su Qin</a> in 330 BC when discussing state boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_270_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_270-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> (145–90 BC) knew of no historical date for it, placing his discussion of it just after the legendary works of <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a>; modern scholars now consider it to belong to the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_270_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_270-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sui_dynasty">Sui dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sui dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China-Grand_canal,_Sui_and_Tang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/China-Grand_canal%2C_Sui_and_Tang.svg/300px-China-Grand_canal%2C_Sui_and_Tang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/China-Grand_canal%2C_Sui_and_Tang.svg/450px-China-Grand_canal%2C_Sui_and_Tang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/China-Grand_canal%2C_Sui_and_Tang.svg/600px-China-Grand_canal%2C_Sui_and_Tang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>The Grand Canal, under Sui and Tang dynasties.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emperor Wen of Sui" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg/175px-Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg/263px-Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg/350px-Sui_Wendi_Tang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emperor Yang of SuiRed cartouche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg/165px-Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg/248px-Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg/330px-Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a>, who launched the project of the Grand Canal (left), alongside his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a>, who completed the first stage of the project (right). Both paintings by Yan Liben.</div></div></div></div> <p>The reunification of China under the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (581–618) ended three centuries of chaos since the <a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">Upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a>, and the renewed political stability allowed both the thorough repair of existing canals and <a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control in China">flood control</a> systems as well as the construction of new canals. The primary consideration of the Sui canals was the need to tap into the expanding economic and agricultural resources of the <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangnan region">Jiangnan region</a> in the southeast to enrich the main Sui capital at <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> to the west and to supply the <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Sui_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of the Sui Empire">Sui armies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo-Sui_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Goguryeo-Sui Wars">Goguryeo-Sui Wars</a> to the northeast. The institution of the Grand Canal also obviated the need for army garrisons to become self-sufficient <a href="/wiki/Tuntian" title="Tuntian">part-time militia-farmers</a> while guarding the dry frontiers between China, <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Göktürk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_116_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_116-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Dyke_(embankment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke (embankment)">dike</a>-building project in 587 along the Yellow River—overseen by engineer Liang Rui—established <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">canal lock gates</a> to regulate water levels for the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_308_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_308-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Double slipways were installed to haul boats over when the difference in water levels was too great for the <a href="/wiki/Flash_lock" title="Flash lock">flash lock</a> to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_308_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_308-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, by the year 600, there were major buildups of <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> on the bottom of the Hong Canal, obstructing river barges whose drafts were too deep for its waters.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_307_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_307-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief engineer of the Sui dynasty, Yuwen Kai, advised the digging of a new canal that would run parallel to the existing canal, diverging from it at Chenliu (<a href="/wiki/Yanzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanzhou">Yanzhou</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_307_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_307-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new canal was to pass not <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a> but <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, to avoid connecting with the Si River and instead make a direct connection with the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a> just west of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hongze" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Hongze">Lake Hongze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_307_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_307-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the recorded labor of five million people under the supervision of Ma Shumou, the first major section of the Grand Canal was completed in the year 605 and was called the Bian Qu.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_308_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_308-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Grand Canal was fully completed from the years 604 to 609 under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_114_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_114-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first by linking his southern capital <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a> northwest to Luoyang by the <b>Tongji Canal</b> <span class="nowrap">(<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:通">通</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BF%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:濟">濟</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:渠">渠</a></span></span>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:通">通</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B5%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:济">济</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:渠">渠</a></span></span>,</span> <i>Tōngjì Qú</i>). He then proceeded to connect Yangzhou southeast to Suzhou and Hangzhou by the <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a> Canal and to connect Luoyang northeast to <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo-Sui_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Goguryeo-Sui Wars">his wars</a> with <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Korea</a> by the <b>Yongji Canal</b> <span class="nowrap">(<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:永">永</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BF%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:濟">濟</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:渠">渠</a></span></span>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:永">永</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B5%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:济">济</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:渠">渠</a></span></span>,</span> <i>Yǒngjì Qú</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_115_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_115-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this network's completion in 609, Emperor Yang was said to have led a flotilla of boats 105 km (65 mi) long from the north<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2023)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> down to his southern capital at Yangzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_116_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_116-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process again involved massive levies of conscripted labor<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_114_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_114-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was detailed at length in the <i>Record of the Opening of the Canal</i> <span class="nowrap">(<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">《<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:開">開</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:河">河</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A8%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:記">記</a>》</span></span>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">《<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:开">开</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:河">河</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AE%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:记">记</a>》</span></span>,</span> <i>Kāihéjì</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_308_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_308-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this point, the Grand Canal continued to use noncontiguous artificial channels and both canalized and natural waterways rather than presenting a single continuous manmade canal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, running alongside and parallel to the course of the canals was an imperial roadway with stables maintained at regular intervals to support a rapid courier system. Enormous lines of trees were also planted along parts of the canal as windbreaks.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_116_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_116-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_308_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_308-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tang_to_Yuan_dynasties">Tang to Yuan dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tang to Yuan dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) capital at <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> was the most thriving metropolis of China in its day, it was the city of <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>—in proximity to the Grand Canal—that was the economic hub of the Tang era.<sup id="cite_ref-benn_46_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_46-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides being the headquarters for the government <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty#Rebuilding_and_recovery" title="Tang dynasty">salt monopoly</a> and the largest pre-modern industrial production center of the empire, Yangzhou was also the geographical midpoint along the north–south trade axis, and so became the major center for southern goods shipped north.<sup id="cite_ref-benn_46_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_46-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the greatest benefits of the canal system in the Tang dynasty—and subsequent dynasties—was that it reduced the cost of <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">shipping grain</a> that had been collected in taxes (caoyun)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze Delta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">northern China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor additions to the canal were made after the Sui period to cut down on travel time, but overall no fundamental differences existed between the Sui Grand Canal and the Tang Grand Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the year 735, it was recorded that about 149,685,400 kilograms (165,000 short tons) of grain were shipped annually along the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_310_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_310-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tang government oversaw canal lock efficiency and built granaries along the route in case a flood or other disaster impeded the path of shipment.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_310_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_310-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure smooth travel of grain shipments, Transport Commissioner Liu Yan (in office from 763 to 779) had special river barge ships designed and constructed to fit the depths of each section of the entire canal.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_311_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_311-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a> (755–763), the economy of North China was greatly damaged and never recovered due to wars and to constant flooding of the Yellow River. Such a case occurred in the year 858 when an enormous flood along the Grand Canal inundated thousands of acres of farmland and killed tens of thousands of people in the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an unfortunate event could reduce the legitimacy of a ruling dynasty by causing others to perceive it as having lost the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a>; this was a good reason for dynastic authorities to maintain a smooth and efficient canal system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal_lock.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Canal_lock.svg/200px-Canal_lock.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Canal_lock.svg/300px-Canal_lock.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Canal_lock.svg/400px-Canal_lock.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The invention of the water-level-adjusting <a href="/wiki/Pound_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound lock">pound lock</a> in the 10th century was done in response to the necessity of greater safety for the travel of barge ships along the rougher waters of the Grand Canal.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> grew to be a major hub, later becoming the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279). Although the Tang and Song dynasty international seaports—the greatest being <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, respectively—and maritime foreign trade brought merchants great fortune, it was the Grand Canal within China that spurred the greatest amount of economic activity and commercial profit.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Song and earlier periods, barge ships occasionally crashed and wrecked along the Shanyang Yundao section of the Grand Canal while passing the double slipways, and more often than not those were then robbed of the tax grain by local bandits.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_350_351_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_350_351-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted Qiao Weiyue, an Assistant Commissioner of Transport for <a href="/wiki/Huainan" title="Huainan">Huainan</a>, to invent a double-gate system known as the <a href="/wiki/Pound_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound lock">pound lock</a> in the year 984.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_351_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_351-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed ships to wait within a gated space while the water could be drained to appropriate levels; the Chinese also built roofed hangars over the space to add further protection for the ships.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_351_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_351-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the Grand Canal was ruined for several years after 1128 when Kaifeng's governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Du_Chong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Du Chong (page does not exist)">Du Chong</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:杜">杜</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:充">充</a></span></span>,</span> <i>Dù Chōng</i>, d.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1141) decided to break the dykes and dams holding back the waters of the Yellow River in order to decimate the oncoming <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> invaders during the <a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a series of floods, this entirely shifted the river south of <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">capturing</a> the course of the <a href="/wiki/Si_River" title="Si River">Si River</a> and emptying the Yellow River into <a href="/wiki/Hongze_Lake" title="Hongze Lake">Hongze Lake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a> for centuries. The Jurchen <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> continually battled with the Song in this region. The warfare led to the dilapidation of the canal until the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> invaded in the 13th century and began necessary repairs.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_311_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_311-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pound_Lock_System.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pound_Lock_System.gif/220px-Pound_Lock_System.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pound_Lock_System.gif/330px-Pound_Lock_System.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pound_Lock_System.gif/440px-Pound_Lock_System.gif 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>The Chinese invention of the pound lock system allows for water levels to be raised or lowered to improve travel in the canal.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368) the capital of China was moved to Beijing, eliminating the need for the canal arm flowing west to Kaifeng or Luoyang.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_227_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_227-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A summit section was dug across the foothills of the Shandong massif during the 1280s, shortening the overall length by as much as 700 km (430 mi), making the total length about 1,800 km (1,100 mi) and linking Hangzhou and Beijing with a direct north–south waterway for the first time. As in the Song and Jin era, the canal fell into disuse and dilapidation during the Yuan dynasty's decline.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Grand Canal as infrastructure has had influence on other architectural works in the west. The <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> in North America is designed and draws inspiration from the Chinese architecture. Many saw the canal as an economic advantage that could bring economic prosperity, like the canal and its benefits. <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>'s Journals describes the canal in great detail documenting the economic prosperity. The pound lock is one of the more notable features of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie canal</a> that is directly connected to the infrastructure of the Grand Canal as it is used in other similar bodies of water.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_dynasty_restoration">Ming dynasty restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ming dynasty restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yongle-Emperor1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yongle-Emperor1.jpg/150px-Yongle-Emperor1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yongle-Emperor1.jpg/225px-Yongle-Emperor1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yongle-Emperor1.jpg/300px-Yongle-Emperor1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> (r. 1402–1424) restored the Grand Canal in the Ming era.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Grand Canal was renovated almost in its entirety between 1411 and 1415 during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644). A magistrate of <a href="/wiki/Jining,_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jining, Shandong">Jining, Shandong</a> sent a memorandum to the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> protesting the current inefficient means of transporting 4,000,000 <i>dan</i> (428,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Liter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liter">liters</a>) of grain a year by means of transferring it along several different rivers and canals in barge types that went from deep to shallow after the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a>, and then transferred back onto deep barges once the shipment of grain reached the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brook_46_47_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_46_47-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese engineers built a <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> to divert the <a href="/wiki/Wen_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Wen River">Wen River</a> to the southwest in order to feed 60% of its water north into the Grand Canal, with the remainder going south.<sup id="cite_ref-brook_47_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_47-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They dug four large <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> to regulate water levels, which allowed them to avoid pumping water from local sources and water tables.<sup id="cite_ref-brook_47_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_47-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1411 and 1415 a total of 165,000 laborers dredged the canal bed in Shandong and built new channels, embankments, and <a href="/wiki/Canal_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal lock">canal locks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brook_47_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_47-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yongle Emperor moved the Ming capital from <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in 1403.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This move deprived Nanjing of its status as chief political center of China. The reopening of the Grand Canal also benefited <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> over Nanjing since the former was in a better position on the main artery of the Grand Canal, and so it became Ming China's greatest economic center.<sup id="cite_ref-brook_74_75_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_74_75-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only other viable contender with Suzhou in the <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a> region was Hangzhou, but it was located 200 km (120 mi) further down the Grand Canal and away from the main delta.<sup id="cite_ref-brook_75_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_75-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the shipwrecked Korean <a href="/wiki/Choe_Bu" title="Choe Bu">Choe Bu</a> (1454–1504)—while traveling for five months throughout China in 1488—acknowledged that Hangzhou served not as a competitor but as an economic feeder into the greater Suzhou market.<sup id="cite_ref-brook_75_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_75-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the Grand Canal served to make or break the economic fortunes of certain cities along its route and served as the economic lifeline of indigenous trade within China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The scholar <a href="/wiki/Gu_Yanwu" title="Gu Yanwu">Gu Yanwu</a> of the early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912) estimated that the previous Ming dynasty had to employ 47,004 full-time laborers recruited by the <i>lijia</i> <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> system in order to maintain the entire canal system.<sup id="cite_ref-brook_48_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_48-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that 121,500 soldiers and officers were needed simply to operate the 11,775 government grain barges in the mid-15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-brook_48_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_48-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides its function as a grain shipment route and major vein of river-borne indigenous trade in China, the Grand Canal had long been a government-operated <a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">courier</a> route as well. In the Ming dynasty, official courier stations were placed at intervals of 35 to 45 km (22 to 28 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-brook_48_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_48-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each courier station was assigned a different name, all of which were popularized in travel songs of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_dynasty">Qing dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VESSELS_PASSING_THROUGH_A_SLUICE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/VESSELS_PASSING_THROUGH_A_SLUICE.jpg/220px-VESSELS_PASSING_THROUGH_A_SLUICE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/VESSELS_PASSING_THROUGH_A_SLUICE.jpg/330px-VESSELS_PASSING_THROUGH_A_SLUICE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/VESSELS_PASSING_THROUGH_A_SLUICE.jpg/440px-VESSELS_PASSING_THROUGH_A_SLUICE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3112" data-file-height="2207" /></a><figcaption>Grand Canal. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_(painter)" title="William Alexander (painter)">William Alexander</a>, draughtsman of the <a href="/wiki/Macartney_Embassy" title="Macartney Embassy">Macartney Embassy</a> to China in 1793.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> invaded China in the mid-17th century, allowed through the northern passes by the Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a> once the Ming capital at Beijing had fallen into the hands of a rebel army. The Manchus established the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912), and under their leadership, the Grand Canal was overseen and maintained just as in earlier times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1855, the Yellow River <a href="/wiki/1851%E2%80%931855_Yellow_River_floods" title="1851–1855 Yellow River floods">flooded and changed its course</a>, severing the course of the canal in Shandong. This was foreseen by a Chinese official in 1447, who remarked that the flood-prone Yellow River made the Grand Canal like a throat that could be easily strangled (leading some officials to request restarting the grain shipments through the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-brook_47_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_47-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855 the dikes of the canal were opened to flood advancing troops of the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition_(Taiping_Rebellion)" title="Northern Expedition (Taiping Rebellion)">Northern Expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_China">Modern China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of various factors—the difficulty of crossing the Yellow River, the increased development of an alternative sea route for grain-ships, and the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Tianjin-Pukou_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianjin-Pukou Railway">Tianjin-Pukou Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jingguang_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingguang Railway">Beijing-Hankou Railway</a>—the canal languished and for decades the northern and southern parts remained separate. Many of the canal sections fell into disrepair, and some parts were returned to flat fields. Even today, the Grand Canal has not fully recovered its importance prior to the floods of the mid-19th century. After the founding of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1949, the need for economic development led the authorities to order heavy reconstruction work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Grand Canal played a major role during <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> as it provided an efficient way to transport grain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="How did it affect the Great Leap Forward and its associated famine? (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was further refurbished following <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up Policy">Reform and Opening Up</a>, with improving economic conditions leading to greater infrastructure investment. The economic importance of the canal will likely continue. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Shandong">provincial governments of Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jiangsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Zhejiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> undertook dredging intended to increase shipping capacity by 40 percent by 2012.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (October 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> The central government has also made the main route of the Grand Canal the eastern path of the <a href="/wiki/South-North_Water_Diversion_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="South-North Water Diversion Project">South-North Water Diversion Project</a>, using enormous pumping stations to redirect water from the Yangtze Delta to the drier north. </p><p>The canal became greatly polluted during China's industrialization. By the 1990s, canal barge crews could tell when they neared Hangzhou by the stench of the visibly black water they passed through. Similarly, fishermen on <a href="/wiki/Dongping_Lake" title="Dongping Lake">Dongping Lake</a> in Shandong objected to the introduction of water from the Yangtze as part of the South-North Water Diversion Project when they saw it noticeably killing fish and affecting their catch. During the 21st century, increasing efforts have been made to improve environmental conditions along the canal. Around Hangzhou, for instance, a $250 million restoration project begun in 2001 improved water quality to the point where it no longer produces a noticeable odor and is once again capable of supporting some fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 June 2014, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Conference on World Heritage</a> listed the Grand Canal as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_sections">Historical sections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical sections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Special:EditPage/Grand Canal (China)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B8%85_%E5%BE%90%E6%8F%9A_%E7%AD%89_%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E5%9C%96_%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%B7%EF%B9%95%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3%E8%87%B3%E8%98%87%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89_%E5%8D%B7-The_Qianlong_Emperor%27s_Southern_Inspection_Tour,_Scroll_Six-_Entering_Suzhou_along_the_Grand_Canal_MET_DP105240_CRD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%E6%B8%85_%E5%BE%90%E6%8F%9A_%E7%AD%89_%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E5%9C%96_%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%B7%EF%B9%95%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3%E8%87%B3%E8%98%87%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89_%E5%8D%B7-The_Qianlong_Emperor%27s_Southern_Inspection_Tour%2C_Scroll_Six-_Entering_Suzhou_along_the_Grand_Canal_MET_DP105240_CRD.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%E6%B8%85_%E5%BE%90%E6%8F%9A_%E7%AD%89_%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E5%9C%96_%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%B7%EF%B9%95%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3%E8%87%B3%E8%98%87%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89_%E5%8D%B7-The_Qianlong_Emperor%27s_Southern_Inspection_Tour%2C_Scroll_Six-_Entering_Suzhou_along_the_Grand_Canal_MET_DP105240_CRD.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%E6%B8%85_%E5%BE%90%E6%8F%9A_%E7%AD%89_%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E5%9C%96_%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%B7%EF%B9%95%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3%E8%87%B3%E8%98%87%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89_%E5%8D%B7-The_Qianlong_Emperor%27s_Southern_Inspection_Tour%2C_Scroll_Six-_Entering_Suzhou_along_the_Grand_Canal_MET_DP105240_CRD.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>'s Southern Inspection Tour, Scroll Six: Entering <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> along the Grand Canal dated 1770.</figcaption></figure> <p>As well as its present-day course, fourteen centuries of canal-building have left the Grand Canal with a number of historical sections. Some of these have disappeared, others are still partially extant, and others form the basis for the modern canal. The following are the most important but do not form an exhaustive list. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jia_Canal">Jia Canal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jia Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 12 BC, in order to solve the problem of the Grand Canal having to use 160 kilometers (100 mi) of the perilous course of the Yellow River in Northern Jiangsu, a man named Li Hualong created the Jia Canal. Named after the Jia River whose course it followed, it ran 140 kilometers (87 mi) from Xiazhen (modern Weishan) on the shore of Shandong's <a href="/wiki/Weishan_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Weishan Lake">Weishan Lake</a> to Suqian in Jiangsu. The construction of the Jia Canal left only 100 kilometers (62 mi) of Yellow River navigation on the Grand Canal, from Suqian to Huai'an, which by 1688 had been removed by the construction of the Middle Canal by Jin Fu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nanyang_New_Canal">Nanyang New Canal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nanyang New Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1566, to escape the problems caused by flooding of the Yellow River around Yutai (now on the western shore of Weishan Lake), the Nanyang New Canal was opened. It ran for 75 kilometers (47 mi) from Nanyang (now Nanyang Town, located in the center of Weishan Lake) to the small settlement of Liucheng (in the vicinity of modern Gaolou Village, Weishan County, Shandong) north of Xuzhou City. This change in effect moved the Grand Canal from the low-lying and flood-prone land west of Weishan Lake onto the marginally higher land to its east. It was fed by rivers flowing from east to west from the borders of the Shandong massif. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Huitong_Canal">Huitong Canal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Huitong Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North of the Jizhou Canal summit section, the Huitong Canal ran downhill, fed principally by the River Wen, to join the Wei River in the city of Linqing. In 1289, a geological survey preceded its one-year construction. The Huitong Canal, built by an engineer called Ma Zhizhen, ran across sharply sloping ground and the high concentration of locks gave it the nicknames <i>chahe</i> or <i>zhahe</i>, i.e. 'the river of locks'. Its great number of feeder springs (between two and four hundred, depending on the counting method and season of the year) also led to it being called the <i>quanhe</i> or 'river of springs'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jizhou_Canal">Jizhou Canal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jizhou Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This, the Grand Canal's first true summit section, was engineered by the Mongol Oqruqči in 1238 to connect Jining to the southern end of the Huitong Canal. It rose to a height of 42 meters (138 ft) above the Yangtze, but environmental and technical factors left it with chronic water shortages until it was re-engineered in 1411 by Song Li of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a>. Song Li's improvements, recommended by a local man named Bai Ying, included damming the rivers Wen and Guang and drawing lateral canals from them to feed <a href="/wiki/Nanwang_water_division_system" title="Nanwang water division system">reservoir lakes at the very summit, at a small town called Nanwang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duke_Huan's_Conduit"><span id="Duke_Huan.27s_Conduit"></span>Duke Huan's Conduit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Duke Huan's Conduit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In AD 369, General <a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen" title="Huan Wen">Huan Wen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Jin dynasty">Eastern Jin dynasty</a> connected the shallow river valleys of the Huai and the Yellow. He achieved this by joining two of these rivers' tributaries, the Si and the Ji respectively, at their closest point, across a low watershed of the Shandong massif. Huan Wen's primitive summit canal became a model for the engineers of the Jizhou Canal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yilou_Canal">Yilou Canal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Yilou Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shanyang Canal originally opened onto the Yangtze a short distance south of <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>. As the north shore of the Yangtze gradually silted up to create the sandbank island of Guazhou, it became necessary for boats crossing to and from the Jiangnan Canal to sail the long way around the eastern edge of that island. After a particularly rough crossing of the Yangtze from Zhenjiang, the local prefect realized that a canal dug directly across Guazhou would reduce the journey time and thus make the crossing safer. The Yilou Canal was opened in 738 and still exists, though not as part of the modern Grand Canal route. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_course">Modern course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Special:EditPage/Grand Canal (China)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grand+Canal%22+China">"Grand Canal" China</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grand+Canal%22+China+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grand+Canal%22+China&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grand+Canal%22+China+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grand+Canal%22+China">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grand+Canal%22+China&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangzhou-Modern-Grand-Canal-boats-3353.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Yangzhou-Modern-Grand-Canal-boats-3353.JPG/220px-Yangzhou-Modern-Grand-Canal-boats-3353.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Yangzhou-Modern-Grand-Canal-boats-3353.JPG/330px-Yangzhou-Modern-Grand-Canal-boats-3353.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Yangzhou-Modern-Grand-Canal-boats-3353.JPG/440px-Yangzhou-Modern-Grand-Canal-boats-3353.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Barges on the modern Grand Canal ("Li Canal" section) near Yangzhou</figcaption></figure> <p>The Grand Canal nominally runs between Beijing and Hangzhou over a total length of 1,794 km (1,115 mi); however, only the section from <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> to <a href="/wiki/Liangshan_County" title="Liangshan County">Liangshan County</a> is currently navigable. Its course is today divided into seven sections. From south to north these are the Jiangnan Canal, the Li Canal, the Inner Canal, the Middle Canal, the Lu Canal, the South Canal, the North Canal, and the Tonghui River. </p><p><b>Man-Made Lake Lianhu</b> </p><p>Training Lake "Lianhu" was used to feed water to the Grand Canal section near Jiangnan. Since the canal was man-made there was not enough naturally flowing water to keep the canal at proper depth so that boats could travel through it. So a man-made lake was used to feed water to the Jiangnan section of the Grand Canal. It was protected by the Government from reclamation and any use of the lake water without proper taxation was deemed illegal. It was supposed to be protected from profitable exploitation, but because the government changed over the years, lake Lianhu had been reclaimed many times and it started to become more shallow. The government changed the lake to become more profitable farmland which led to reclamations and agricultural irrigation using the lake. This began to lead to Lake Lianhu not being able to properly feed water to the Grand Canal. Loss of depth due to reclamation and maintenance costs became too high for the lake to become practical to use. Even though it was a man made lake it was still a beautiful sight. Many different people praised its beauty and various poems have been written about the lake. In recent years recreational uses for the lake have become more popular and may lead to the lake being restored.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jiangnan_Canal">Jiangnan Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jiangnan Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gcjiangnan1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gcjiangnan1.JPG/170px-Gcjiangnan1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gcjiangnan1.JPG/255px-Gcjiangnan1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gcjiangnan1.JPG/340px-Gcjiangnan1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>The Jiangnan Canal</figcaption></figure> <p>This southernmost section of the canal runs from Hangzhou in Zhejiang, where the canal connects with the Qiantang River, to <a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a> in Jiangsu, where it meets the Yangtze. After leaving Hangzhou heading north toward Beijing, the canal passes around the eastern border of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tai" title="Lake Tai">Lake Tai</a>, through the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Jiaxing" title="Jiaxing">Jiaxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a> before reaching <a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canal,_tour_boats,_Suzhou,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Grand_Canal%2C_tour_boats%2C_Suzhou%2C_China.jpg/220px-Grand_Canal%2C_tour_boats%2C_Suzhou%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Grand_Canal%2C_tour_boats%2C_Suzhou%2C_China.jpg/330px-Grand_Canal%2C_tour_boats%2C_Suzhou%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Grand_Canal%2C_tour_boats%2C_Suzhou%2C_China.jpg/440px-Grand_Canal%2C_tour_boats%2C_Suzhou%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2443" /></a><figcaption>Grand Canal tour boats, Suzhou</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jiangnan (or 'South of the Yangtze') Canal is heavily utilized by barge traffic bringing coal, <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">containers</a> and construction materials to the booming delta. It is generally a minimum of 100 meters wide in the congested city centers, and often two or three times this width in the neighboring countryside. In recent years, broad bypass canals have been dug around the major cities to reduce 'traffic jams'. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> section of the Jiangnan Canal flows through the western part of the city. It includes ten city gates and over 20 stone bridges of traditional design and historic areas that have been well preserved as well as temples and pavilions. <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_Canal">Inner Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Inner Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Inner Canal runs between the Yangtze and <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai</a> rivers, skirting the <a href="/wiki/Shaobo_Lake" title="Shaobo Lake">Shaobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Gaoyou" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Gaoyou">Gaoyou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hongze" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Hongze">Hongze</a> lakes of central Jiangsu. This section connects the cities of <a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>. Here the land lying to the west of the canal is higher than its bed while the land to the east is lower. Historically the Shanghe region west of the canal has been prone to frequent flooding, while the Xiahe region to its east has been hit by less frequent but immensely damaging inundations caused by the failure of the Grand Canal levees. Recent works have allowed floodwaters from Shanghe to be diverted safely out to sea. Like the Jiangnan Canal, the Inner Canal is heavily utilized by barge traffic bringing coal, construction materials and increasingly <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">shipping containers</a> around Jiangsu Province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Canal">Middle Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Middle Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gcjining.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gcjining.JPG/170px-Gcjining.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gcjining.JPG/255px-Gcjining.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gcjining.JPG/340px-Gcjining.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>The canal in Jining City</figcaption></figure> <p>This 'Middle Canal' section runs from Huai'an to <a href="/wiki/Weishan_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Weishan Lake">Weishan Lake</a>, passing through <a href="/wiki/Luoma_Lake" title="Luoma Lake">Luoma Lake</a> and following more than one course, the result of the impact of centuries of Yellow River flooding. After <a href="/wiki/Pizhou" title="Pizhou">Pizhou</a>, a northerly course passes through <a href="/wiki/Tai%27erzhuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai'erzhuang">Tai'erzhuang</a> to enter Weishan Lake at Hanzhuang bound for <a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang</a> and Jining (this course is the remnant of the New Nanyang Canal of 1566 – see below). A southerly course passes close by <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a> and enters Weishan Lake near <a href="/wiki/Peixian" class="mw-redirect" title="Peixian">Peixian</a>. This latter course is less used today. Canal is utilized by barge traffic bringing coal and construction materials around northern Jiangsu Province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lu_Canal">Lu Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lu Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Weishan Lake, both courses enter Shandong province. From here to <a href="/wiki/Linqing" title="Linqing">Linqing</a>, the canal is called the Lu or 'Shandong' Canal. It crosses a series of lakes—Zhaoyang, Dushan, and Nanyang—which nominally form a continuous body of water. At present, diversions of water mean that the lakes are often largely dry land. North of the northernmost Nanyang Lake is the city of <a href="/wiki/Jining,_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jining, Shandong">Jining</a>. Further on, about 30 km (19 mi) north of Jining, the highest elevation of the canal (38.5 m or 126 ft above sea level) is reached at the town of <a href="/wiki/Nanwang" title="Nanwang">Nanwang</a>. In the 1950s a new canal was dug to the south of the old summit section. The old summit section is now dry, while the new canal holds too little water to be navigable. About 50 km (31 mi) further north, passing close by <a href="/wiki/Dongping_Lake" title="Dongping Lake">Dongping Lake</a>, the canal reaches the Yellow River. By this point waterless, it no longer connects to the river. It reappears again in <a href="/wiki/Liaocheng" title="Liaocheng">Liaocheng</a> City on the north bank where, intermittently flowing through a renovated stone channel, it reaches the city of Linqing on the <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> border. <a href="/wiki/Liangshan_County" title="Liangshan County">Liangshan County</a> is the northern terminus of the canal for barge traffic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Canal">Southern Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Southern Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Canal_in_CangZhou_Region.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Southern_Canal_in_CangZhou_Region.jpg/220px-Southern_Canal_in_CangZhou_Region.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Southern_Canal_in_CangZhou_Region.jpg/330px-Southern_Canal_in_CangZhou_Region.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Southern_Canal_in_CangZhou_Region.jpg/440px-Southern_Canal_in_CangZhou_Region.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Southern Canal in the CangZhou region</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gcnanyunhe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gcnanyunhe.JPG/220px-Gcnanyunhe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gcnanyunhe.JPG/330px-Gcnanyunhe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gcnanyunhe.JPG/440px-Gcnanyunhe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The junction of the Lu Canal and South Canal</figcaption></figure> <p>The fifth section of the canal extends for a distance of 524 kilometers (326 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Linqing" title="Linqing">Linqing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> along the course of the canalized <a href="/wiki/Wei_River_(Shandong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wei River (Shandong)">Wei River</a>. Though one of the northernmost sections, its name derives from its position relative to Tianjin. The Wei River at this point is <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in China">heavily polluted</a> while drought and industrial water extraction have left it too low to be navigable. The canal, now in Hebei province, passes through the cities of <a href="/wiki/Dezhou" title="Dezhou">Dezhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cangzhou" title="Cangzhou">Cangzhou</a>. Although to spectators, the canal appears to be a deep waterway in these city centers, its depth is maintained by <a href="/wiki/Weirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Weirs">weirs</a> and the canal is all but dry where it passes through the surrounding countryside. At its terminus, the canal joins the Hai River in the center of Tianjin City before turning north-west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Canal_and_Tonghui_River">Northern Canal and Tonghui River</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Northern Canal and Tonghui River"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Tianjin, the canal heads northwest, for a short time following the course of the Yongding, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Hai_River" title="Hai River">Hai River</a>, before branching off toward <a href="/wiki/Tongzhou_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzhou District, Beijing">Tongzhou</a> on the edge of the municipality of Beijing. It is here that the modern canal stops and that a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_Cultural_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Canal Cultural Park (page does not exist)">Grand Canal Cultural Park</a> has been built. During the Yuan dynasty, a further canal on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonghui_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonghui River (page does not exist)">Tonghui River</a> connected Tongzhou with a wharf called the <a href="/wiki/Houhai" title="Houhai">Houhai</a> or "rear sea" in central Beijing. In the Ming and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties, however, the water level in the Tonghui River dropped and ships could not travel from Tongzhou to Beijing. Tongzhou then became the northern shipping terminus of the canal. Cargo was unloaded at Tongzhou and transported to Beijing by land. The Tonghui river still exists as a wide, concrete-lined storm-channel and drain for the suburbs of Beijing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Zhejiang_Canal">Eastern Zhejiang Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Eastern Zhejiang Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhejiang_Canal" title="Eastern Zhejiang Canal">Eastern Zhejiang Canal</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhejiang_Canal" title="Eastern Zhejiang Canal">Eastern Zhejiang Canal</a> runs 239 kilometers (149 mi) across the coastal plain south of <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Bay" title="Hangzhou Bay">Hangzhou Bay</a> in northern Zhejiang. It begins at the <a href="/wiki/Qiantang_River" title="Qiantang River">Qiantang River</a> in Xixing, <a href="/wiki/Binjiang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Binjiang District">Binjiang District</a>, Hangzhou; crosses the <a href="/wiki/Cao%27e_River" title="Cao'e River">Cao'e River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a>; and connects to the <a href="/wiki/Yong_River_(Zhejiang)" title="Yong River (Zhejiang)">Yong River</a> and ports on the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>. </p><p>This Hangzhou–Ningbo canal began as the Shanyin Canal excavated in <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a> official <a href="/wiki/Fan_Li" title="Fan Li">Fan Li</a> in the early 5th century BC during China's <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>. Despite the difficulty of connecting the route's various watersheds, the present route was completed with the construction of the Xixing Canal by the <a href="/wiki/Sima_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sima Jin dynasty">Jin</a> official He Xun in the late 3rd century AD. The canal was an important artery of transport and supply for the region during periods of disunity in medieval China and was particularly prosperous and vital during the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song</a>, who established their capital at <a href="/wiki/Lin%27an_Prefecture" title="Lin'an Prefecture">Lin'an</a> within present-day Hangzhou. During the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a>, the canal diminished in importance but was kept navigable until the development of <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways in China">railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_China" title="Roads in China">roads</a> in the 19th and 20th century. Renovation of the canal for use by modern barges began in 2002, was completed except for areas around Ningbo by 2009, and was fully completed in late 2013. </p><p>In November 2008, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was added to the Grand Canal's UNESCO nomination and, in May 2013, was officially included as part of the Grand Canal and listed among the 7th group of Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level by the Chinese government. In 2014, it was included with the Beijing–Hangzhou and Sui and Tang canals as part of UNESCO's listing for the Grand Canal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registered_Sections_and_Sites_of_the_World_Heritage_complex">Registered Sections and Sites of the World Heritage complex</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Registered Sections and Sites of the World Heritage complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B32%E8%99%9F%E7%A2%BC%E9%A0%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B32%E8%99%9F%E7%A2%BC%E9%A0%AD.jpg/220px-%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B32%E8%99%9F%E7%A2%BC%E9%A0%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B32%E8%99%9F%E7%A2%BC%E9%A0%AD.jpg/330px-%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B32%E8%99%9F%E7%A2%BC%E9%A0%AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B32%E8%99%9F%E7%A2%BC%E9%A0%AD.jpg/440px-%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B32%E8%99%9F%E7%A2%BC%E9%A0%AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Grand Canal Beiyunhe section</figcaption></figure> <p>The Grand Canal World Heritage site is composed of 31 sections and a number of accessory heritage sites.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province </th> <th>Prefecture </th> <th colspan="2">Waterway Section </th> <th>Subsidiary Heritage sites </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="北京市">Beijing</a> </td> <td>TH-01 </td> <td>Tonghui Canal's Beijing Old City section (Old Yuhe Canal) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengqing_Upper_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengqing Upper Lock (page does not exist)">Chengqing Upper Lock</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengqing_Middle_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengqing Middle Lock (page does not exist)">Chengqing Middle Lock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shichahai" title="Shichahai">Shichahai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TH-02 </td> <td>Tonghui Canal's Tongzhou section </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="天津市">Tianjin</a> </td> <td>BY-01 </td> <td>Tianjin Northern and Southern Canal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanchakou_(Tianjin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanchakou (Tianjin) (page does not exist)">Sanchakou section</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="河北省">Hebei</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%A7%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="沧州市">Cangzhou</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">NY-01 </td> <td rowspan="3">Southern Canal's Cangzhou-Hengshui-Dezhou section </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiejia_Dam_of_Lianzhen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiejia Dam of Lianzhen (page does not exist)">Xiejia Dam of Lianzhen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujiakou_Rammed_Earth_Critical_Levee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hujiakou Rammed Earth Critical Levee (page does not exist)">Hujiakou Rammed Earth Critical Levee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="衡水市">Hengshui</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="山东省">Shandong</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="德州市">Dezhou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8A%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="聊城市">Liaocheng</a> </td> <td>HT-01 </td> <td>Huitong Canal's Lingqing section </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linqing_Customs_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linqing Customs Hall (page does not exist)">Linqing Customs Hall</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HT-02 </td> <td>Huitong Canal's Yanggu section </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echeng_Lower_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echeng Lower Lock (page does not exist)">Echeng Lower Lock</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Echeng_Upper_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echeng Upper Lock (page does not exist)">Echeng Upper Lock</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jingmen_Lower_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jingmen Lower Lock (page does not exist)">Jingmen Lower Lock</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jingmen_Upper_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jingmen Upper Lock (page does not exist)">Jingmen Upper Lock</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="泰安市">Taian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">HT-03 </td> <td rowspan="2">Nanwang Water Control Complex & Xiaowen Canal </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daicun_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daicun Dam (page does not exist)">Daicun Dam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8E%E5%AE%81%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="济宁市">Jining</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shili_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shili Lock (page does not exist)">Shili Lock</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xujiankou_Doumen_Ruins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xujiankou Doumen Ruins (page does not exist)">Xujiankou Doumen Ruins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xingtong_Doumen_Ruins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xingtong Doumen Ruins (page does not exist)">Xingtong Doumen Ruins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Wenyun_Canal_Zhuanqi_Dike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Wenyun Canal Zhuanqi Dike (page does not exist)">Upper Wenyun Canal Zhuanqi Dike</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liulin_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liulin Lock (page does not exist)">Liulin Lock</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanwang_Water_Diversion_Point%27s_Dragon_King_Temple_Ruins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanwang Water Diversion Point's Dragon King Temple Ruins (page does not exist)">Nanwang Water Diversion Point's Dragon King Temple Ruins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siqianpu_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siqianpu Lock (page does not exist)">Siqianpu Lock</a> <br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HT-04 </td> <td>Huitong Canal's Weishan section </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lijian_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lijian Lock (page does not exist)">Lijian Lock</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%A3%E5%BA%84%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="枣庄市">Zaozhuang</a> </td> <td>ZH-01 </td> <td>Zhongyun Canal's Tai'erzhuang section (old Moon Canal) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suqian" title="Suqian">Suqian</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ZH-02 </td> <td>Zhongyun Canal's Suqian section </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temporary_Palace_at_the_Dragon_King%27s_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temporary Palace at the Dragon King's Temple (page does not exist)">Temporary Palace at the Dragon King's Temple</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="河南省">Henan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="安阳市">Anyang</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">WH-01 </td> <td rowspan="2">Yongji Canal's Huaxian-Xunxian section (Weihe canal) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%A4%E5%A3%81%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="鹤壁市">Hebi</a> </td> <td>　 </td></tr> <tr> <td>WH-02 </td> <td>Liyang Granary Ruins section </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liyang_Granary_Ruins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liyang Granary Ruins (page does not exist)">Liyang Granary Ruins</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="洛阳市">Luoyang</a> </td> <td>TJ-01 </td> <td>Hanjia Number 160 Granary Ruins section </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TJ-02 </td> <td>Huiluo Granary Ruins section </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="郑州市">Zhengzhou</a> </td> <td>TJ-03 </td> <td>Tongji Canal's Zhengzhou section </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%98%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="商丘市">Shangqiu</a> </td> <td>TJ-04 </td> <td>Tongji Canal's Shanqiu Nanguan section </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TJ-05 </td> <td>Tongji Canal's Shanqiu Xiayi section </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="安徽省">Anhui</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="淮北市">Huaibei</a> </td> <td>TJ-06 </td> <td>Liuzi Canal's Ruins section </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liuzi_Bridge_Ruins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liuzi Bridge Ruins (page does not exist)">Liuzi Bridge Ruins</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="宿州市">Suzhou</a> </td> <td>TJ-07 </td> <td>Tongji Canal's Sixian section </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="江苏省">Jiangsu</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E5%AE%89%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="淮安市">Huai'an</a> </td> <td>HY-01 </td> <td>Qingkuo Water Management Complex <br /> Huaiyang Canal's Huai'an section </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuangjin_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuangjin Lock (page does not exist)">Shuangjin Lock</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qingjiang_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qingjiang Lock (page does not exist)">Qingjiang Lock</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hongze_Lake_Stone_Dyke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hongze Lake Stone Dyke (page does not exist)">Hongze Lake Stone Dyke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HY-02 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Water_Transport_Hall_Ruins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minister of Water Transport Hall Ruins (page does not exist)">Minister of Water Transport Hall Ruins</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AC%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="扬州市">Yangzhou</a> </td> <td>HY-03 </td> <td>Huaiyang Canal's Yangzhou section </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liubao_Lock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liubao Lock (page does not exist)">Liubao Lock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yucheng_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucheng Post">Yucheng Post</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaobo_Old_Dike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaobo Old Dike (page does not exist)">Shaobo Old Dike</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaobo_Wharves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaobo Wharves (page does not exist)">Shaobo Wharves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shouxi_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Shouxi Lake">Shouxi Lake</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianning_Temple_Temporary_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tianning Temple Temporary Palace (page does not exist)">Tianning Temple Temporary Palace</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Geyuan" title="Geyuan">Geyuan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Lumen_Residence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Lumen Residence (page does not exist)">Wang Lumen Residence</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzong_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzong Temple (page does not exist)">Yanzong Temple</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Shaoxu_Residence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu Shaoxu Residence (page does not exist)">Lu Shaoxu Residence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="常州市">Changzhou</a> </td> <td>JN-01 </td> <td>Jiangnan Canal's Changzhou City section </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E9%94%A1%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="无锡市">Wuxi</a> </td> <td>JN-02 </td> <td>Jiangnan Canal's Wuxi City section </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qingming_Bridge_Historical_Quarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qingming Bridge Historical Quarter (page does not exist)">Qingming Bridge Historical Quarter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="苏州市">Suzhou</a> </td> <td>JN-03 </td> <td>江南运河苏州段 Jiangnan Canal Suzhou section </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Panmen">Panmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baodai_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baodai Bridge">Baodai Bridge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shantang_Historical_Quarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shantang Historical Quarter (page does not exist)">Shantang Historical Quarter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingjiang_Historical_Quarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pingjiang Historical Quarter (page does not exist)">Pingjiang Historical Quarter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wujian_Canal_Old_Towpath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wujian Canal Old Towpath (page does not exist)">Wujian Canal Old Towpath</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="浙江省">Zhejiang</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="湖州市">Huzhou</a> </td> <td>JN-05 </td> <td>Jiangnan Canal's Nanxun section </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanxun_Ancient_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanxun Ancient City (page does not exist)">Nanxun Ancient City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%85%B4%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="嘉兴市">Jiaxing</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">JN-04 </td> <td rowspan="2">Jiangnan Canal's Jiaxing-Hanzhou section </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an_Lock_Ruins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chang'an Lock Ruins (page does not exist)">Chang'an Lock Ruins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Changhong_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changhong Bridge (page does not exist)">Changhong Bridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="杭州市">Hangzhou</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fengshan_Water_Gate_Ruins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fengshan Water Gate Ruins (page does not exist)">Fengshan Water Gate Ruins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuyi_Granary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuyi Granary (page does not exist)">Fuyi Granary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gongchen_Bridge" title="Gongchen Bridge">Gongchen Bridge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangji_Bridge_(Hangzhou)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangji Bridge (Hangzhou) (page does not exist)">Guangji Bridge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiaoxi_Historical_Quarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiaoxi Historical Quarter (page does not exist)">Qiaoxi Historical Quarter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ZD-01 </td> <td rowspan="2">Zhedong Canal's Xiaoshan-Shaoxing section </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruins_of_Xixing_Wharf_and_Distribution_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruins of Xixing Wharf and Distribution Center (page does not exist)">Ruins of Xixing Wharf and Distribution Center</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8D%E5%85%B4%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="绍兴市">Shaoxing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bazi_Bridge" title="Bazi Bridge">Bazi Bridge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazi_Bridge_Historical_Quarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bazi Bridge Historical Quarter (page does not exist)">Bazi Bridge Historical Quarter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaoxing_Old_Towpath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaoxing Old Towpath (page does not exist)">Shaoxing Old Towpath</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ZD-02 </td> <td rowspan="2">Zhedong Canal's Shangyu-Yuyao section (old Yuyu Canal) </td> <td>　 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="宁波市">Ningbo</a> </td> <td>　 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ZD-03 </td> <td>Zhedongyun Canal's Ningbo section </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ZD-04 </td> <td>Ningbo Sanjiangkou </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qing%27an_Guild_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing'an Guild Hall">Qing'an Guild Hall</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elevations">Elevations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Elevations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the canal nominally crosses the watersheds of five river systems, in reality, the variation between these is so low that it has only a single summit section. The elevation of the canal bed varies from 1 m below sea level at Hangzhou to 38.5 m above at its summit. At Beijing, it reaches 27 m, fed by streams flowing downhill from the mountains to the west. The water flows from Beijing toward Tianjin, from Nanwang north toward Tianjin, and from Nanwang south toward Yangzhou. The water level in the Jiangnan Canal remains scarcely above sea level (the Zhenjiang ridge is 12 meters higher than that of the Yangtze River).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Special:EditPage/Grand Canal (China)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grand+Canal%22+China">"Grand Canal" China</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grand+Canal%22+China+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grand+Canal%22+China&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grand+Canal%22+China+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grand+Canal%22+China">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grand+Canal%22+China&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pekin_hutong_i_fragment_Wielkiego_Kanalu_Chinskiego_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pekin_hutong_i_fragment_Wielkiego_Kanalu_Chinskiego_05.JPG/200px-Pekin_hutong_i_fragment_Wielkiego_Kanalu_Chinskiego_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pekin_hutong_i_fragment_Wielkiego_Kanalu_Chinskiego_05.JPG/300px-Pekin_hutong_i_fragment_Wielkiego_Kanalu_Chinskiego_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pekin_hutong_i_fragment_Wielkiego_Kanalu_Chinskiego_05.JPG/400px-Pekin_hutong_i_fragment_Wielkiego_Kanalu_Chinskiego_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Grand Canal at its northern terminus at Houhai in Beijing.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the Tang to Qing dynasties, the Grand Canal served as the main artery between northern and southern China and was essential for the transport of grain to Beijing. Although it was mainly used for shipping grain, it also transported other commodities and the corridor along the canal developed into an important economic belt. Records show that, at its height, every year more than 8,000 boats<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transported four to six million <a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement#Mass" title="Chinese units of measurement">dan</a> (240,000–360,000 metric tons) of grain. The convenience of transport also enabled rulers to lead inspection tours to southern China. In the Qing dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong</a> emperors made twelve trips to the south, on all occasions but one reaching Hangzhou. </p><p>The Grand Canal also enabled cultural exchange and political integration to occur between the north and south of China. The canal even made a distinct impression on some of China's early European visitors. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> recounted the Grand Canal's arched bridges as well as the warehouses and prosperous trade of its cities in the 13th century. The famous Roman Catholic missionary <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> traveled from Nanjing to Beijing along the canal at the end of the 16th century. </p><p>Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the canal has been used primarily to transport vast amounts of bulk goods such as bricks, gravel, sand, diesel, and coal. The Jianbi ship locks on the Yangtze are currently handling some 75,000,000 metric tons each year, and the Li Canal is forecast to reach 100,000,000 metric tons in the next few years. When first constructed, the canal served as a major source of transportation, linking northern and southern China. With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">expressways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">high speed railways</a> in modern China, passenger travel on the canal became far less common.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, ships can only travel up to <a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a>. The section from Jining to Beijing is not available for transport due to the silt deposit buildup from the Yellow River and lack of water sources.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are plans for restoring transportation up to <a href="/wiki/Tai%27an" title="Tai'an">Tai'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South-North_Water_Transfer_Project">South-North Water Transfer Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: South-North Water Transfer Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_Central_route_starting_point_taocha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_Central_route_starting_point_taocha.jpg/300px-South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_Central_route_starting_point_taocha.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_Central_route_starting_point_taocha.jpg/450px-South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_Central_route_starting_point_taocha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_Central_route_starting_point_taocha.jpg/600px-South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_Central_route_starting_point_taocha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project" title="South–North Water Transfer Project">South–North Water Transfer Project</a> central route starting point in <a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang</a>. Looking "upstream", toward the <a href="/wiki/Danjiangkou_Reservoir" title="Danjiangkou Reservoir">Danjiangkou Reservoir</a>, from which the water is coming.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Grand Canal has been upgraded to serve as the Eastern Route of the <a href="/wiki/South-North_Water_Transfer_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="South-North Water Transfer Project">South-North Water Transfer Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional water is pumped into the canal from the Yangtze at <a href="/wiki/Jiangdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangdu">Jiangdu</a> near Yangzhou using a 400 m<sup>3</sup>/s (14,000 cu ft/s) pumping station.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and repumped through 23 stations until it reaches the watershed at Nanwang. Afterwards the water flows by gravity, one secondary canal going to the Shandong peninsula,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the main canal bypasses the Yellow River through 7.9 km tunnels<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and flows through a modified route into reservoirs in Tianjin.<sup id="cite_ref-Costly_drops_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costly_drops-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extra waterflow has allowed the start of several projects to reestablish shipping in the northern half of the Grand Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_travelers">Notable travelers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable travelers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1169, with China divided between the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a> dynasty in the south, the Southern Song Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaozong_of_Song" title="Emperor Xiaozong of Song">Xiaozong</a> sent a delegation to the Jurchen to wish their ruler well for the New Year. A scholar-official named Lou Yue, secretary to the delegation, recorded the journey, much of which was made upon the Grand Canal, and submitted his <i>Diary of a Journey to the North</i> to the emperor on his return.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1170, the poet, politician, and historian <a href="/wiki/Lu_You" title="Lu You">Lu You</a> traveled along the Grand Canal from <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a> to the river <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>, recording his progress in a diary.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1200s, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> traveled extensively through China and his trips included time on the Grand Canal, then a major artery for shipping silk, porcelain, and wine.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1345, Maghrebi traveler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> traveled China and journeyed through the Abe Hayat river (Grand Canal) up to the capital Khanbalik (Beijing).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1488, the shipwrecked Korean scholar <a href="/wiki/Choe_Bu" title="Choe Bu">Choe Bu</a> traveled the entire length of the Grand Canal on his way from <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> to Beijing (and on to Korea) and left a detailed account of his trip.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1600, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> traveled to Beijing from Nanjing via the Grand Canal waterway to gain the support of the <a href="/wiki/Wanli_Emperor" title="Wanli Emperor">Wanli Emperor</a> of the Ming dynasty with the help of Wang Zhongde, the Director of the Board of Rites in the central government of China at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1793, after a largely fruitless diplomatic mission to <a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Jehol</a>, a large part of <a href="/wiki/George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney" title="George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney">Lord Macartney</a>'s embassy returned south to the Yangtze delta via the Grand Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fortune" title="Robert Fortune">Robert Fortune</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hang Chow Foo</a> by the Grand Canal in his quest for tea plants.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_canals_in_China" title="History of canals in China">History of canals in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingqu_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingqu Canal">Lingqu Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_water_system" title="Turpan water system">Turpan water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dujiangyan_irrigation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Dujiangyan irrigation system">Dujiangyan irrigation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of China (1912–49)">Economic history of China (1912–49)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">Economic history of China before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">History of Beijing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suqian is in Anhui, not Shangdong, but this is the order in the UNESCO application</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_307-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_307_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_307_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_307_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_307_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 350–352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 308 & 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brook, 40–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_271_272-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_271_272_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_271_272_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 271–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_271-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_271_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_269_270-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_269_270_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 269–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_369-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_369_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_270-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_270_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_270_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_116-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_116_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_116_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_116_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey, <i>Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i>, 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_308-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_308_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_308_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_308_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_308_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_308_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_114-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_114_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_114_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey, <i>Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i>, 114: "[…] the Grand Canal, dug between 605 and 609 by means of enormous levies of conscripted labour."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_115-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_115_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey, <i>Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEbrey,_P.B.2014" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, P.B., Walthall, A (2014). <i>East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history (third)</i>. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+cultural%2C+social%2C+and+political+history+%28third%29&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ebrey%2C+P.B.&rft.aufirst=Walthall%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_46-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_46_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_46_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheobald" class="citation web cs1">Theobald, Ulrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/caoyun.html">"caoyun 漕運 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"</a>. <i>www.chinaknowledge.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221133843/http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/caoyun.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinaknowledge.de&rft.atitle=caoyun+%E6%BC%95%E9%81%8B+%28www.chinaknowledge.de%29&rft.aulast=Theobald&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FTerms%2Fcaoyun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_310-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_310_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_310_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_311-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_311_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_311_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowman, 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairbank, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_350_351-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_350_351_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 350–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_351-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_351_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_351_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_227-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_227_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brook, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanyan1961" class="citation journal cs1">Hanyan, Craig R. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/abs/china-and-the-erie-canal/D64E7B8C376FF602EE0EDB5F9D615CB7">"China and the Erie Canal"</a>. <i>Business History Review</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">558–</span>566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3111758">10.2307/3111758</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2044-768X">2044-768X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3111758">3111758</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154748621">154748621</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026172354/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/abs/china-and-the-erie-canal/D64E7B8C376FF602EE0EDB5F9D615CB7">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+History+Review&rft.atitle=China+and+the+Erie+Canal&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E558-%3C%2Fspan%3E566&rft.date=1961&rft.issn=2044-768X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154748621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3111758%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3111758&rft.aulast=Hanyan&rft.aufirst=Craig+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fbusiness-history-review%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fchina-and-the-erie-canal%2FD64E7B8C376FF602EE0EDB5F9D615CB7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brook_46_47-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brook_46_47_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brook, 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brook_47-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brook_47_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brook_47_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brook_47_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brook_47_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brook, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brook_74_75-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brook_74_75_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brook, 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brook_75-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brook_75_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brook_75_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brook, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brook_48-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brook_48_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brook_48_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brook_48_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brook, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brook, 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu2002" class="citation book cs1">Yu, Maochun (2002). <i>The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution, printed in A Military History of China</i>. David A. Graff & Robin Higham eds. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taiping+Rebellion%3A+A+Military+Assessment+of+Revolution+and+Counterrevolution%2C+printed+in+A+Military+History+of+China&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=David+A.+Graff+%26+Robin+Higham+eds.&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Maochun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLague2007" class="citation news cs1">Lague, David (24 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/world/asia/24canal.html">"On an Ancient Canal, Grunge Gives Way to Grandeur"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202003326/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/world/asia/24canal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+an+Ancient+Canal%2C+Grunge+Gives+Way+to+Grandeur&rft.date=2007-07-24&rft.aulast=Lague&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F24%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F24canal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bj.xinhuanet.com/jsbd/2014-06/22/c_1111256629.htm">中国大运河获准列入世界遗产名录</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064005/http://www.bj.xinhuanet.com/jsbd/2014-06/22/c_1111256629.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vermeer, E.B. 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"The Rise and Fall of a Man-Made Lake: Training in Jiangnan, China, 300–2000 A.D.". <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>51</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852008X307438">10.1163/156852008X307438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Man-Made+Lake%3A+Training+in+Jiangnan%2C+China%2C+300%E2%80%932000+A.D.&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852008X307438&rft.aulast=Vermeer&rft.aufirst=E.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitourchina.com/suzhou/attraction/the-grand-canal.html">"The Grand Canal"</a>. <i>Visit Our China</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126203831/http://www.visitourchina.com/suzhou/attraction/the-grand-canal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Our+China&rft.atitle=The+Grand+Canal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitourchina.com%2Fsuzhou%2Fattraction%2Fthe-grand-canal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadiscovery.com/jiangsu/suzhou/grand-canal.html">"Suzhou Grand Canal – Golden Waterway in China"</a>. <i>China Discovery</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126180858/https://www.chinadiscovery.com/jiangsu/suzhou/grand-canal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Discovery&rft.atitle=Suzhou+Grand+Canal+%E2%80%93+Golden+Waterway+in+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadiscovery.com%2Fjiangsu%2Fsuzhou%2Fgrand-canal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGang_Xu2013" class="citation book cs1">Gang Xu (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nShTAQAAQBAJ&q=Suzhou+section+of+the+Jiangnan+Canal+tourism&pg=PA47"><i>Tourism and Local Development in China: Case Studies of Guilin, Suzhou and Beidaihe</i></a>. Routledge. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136823404" title="Special:BookSources/9781136823404"><bdi>9781136823404</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302165820/https://books.google.com/books?id=nShTAQAAQBAJ&q=Suzhou+section+of+the+Jiangnan+Canal+tourism&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+and+Local+Development+in+China%3A+Case+Studies+of+Guilin%2C+Suzhou+and+Beidaihe&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136823404&rft.au=Gang+Xu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnShTAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DSuzhou%2Bsection%2Bof%2Bthe%2BJiangnan%2BCanal%2Btourism%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState_Administration_of_Cultural_Heritage_of_People's_Republic_of_China" class="citation web cs1">State Administration of Cultural Heritage of People's Republic of China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1443.pdf">"World Heritage Convention Cultural Heritage Nominated by People's Republic of China – The Grand Canal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725150540/http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1443.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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China.org.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121001901/http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-03/29/content_50767319_2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Economist. 9 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130211184642/http://www.economist.com/news/china/21571437-removing-salt-seawater-might-help-slake-some-northern-chinas-thirst-it-comes-high">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E4%BC%A0%E6%89%BF%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81%E3%80%8B%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%B0+%E6%98%8E%E7%A1%AE%E4%B8%8D%E6%90%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91_%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93%E6%96%87%E6%97%85%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%95%86%E6%8A%A5_%E8%B4%A2%E7%BB%8F%E4%BC%A0%E5%AA%92%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbtnews.com.cn%2F2019%2F0510%2F300272.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Arcy Brown, Liam, <i>The Emperor's River: Travels to the Heart of a Resurgent China</i> Eye Books, February 2010. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, Philip, <i>Grand Canal, Great River</i> (Frances Lincoln, 2007). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Hayes2013" class="citation web cs1">Jeffrey Hayes (8 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/4sub8/entry-5456.html">"Marco Polo's Descriptions of China"</a>. Facts and Details. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517010412/https://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/4sub8/entry-5456.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo%27s+Descriptions+of+China&rft.pub=Facts+and+Details&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft.au=Jeffrey+Hayes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fchina%2Fcat2%2F4sub8%2Fentry-5456.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldheritagesite.org/connection/id/923?">"Drifting Across the Sea: A Record of Ming China | For UNESCO World Heritage Travellers"</a>. <i>www.worldheritagesite.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111234658/https://www.worldheritagesite.org/connection/id/923">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldheritagesite.org&rft.atitle=Drifting+Across+the+Sea%3A+A+Record+of+Ming+China+%7C+For+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Travellers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldheritagesite.org%2Fconnection%2Fid%2F923%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224051936/http://www.mildchina.com/hangzhou-attractions/beijing-hangzhou-grand-canal.html">"The missionaries traveled along The Grand Canal – MildChina.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mildchina.com/hangzhou-attractions/beijing-hangzhou-grand-canal.html">the original</a> on 2014-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+missionaries+traveled+along+The+Grand+Canal+%E2%80%93+MildChina.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mildchina.com%2Fhangzhou-attractions%2Fbeijing-hangzhou-grand-canal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peyrefitte, Alan, <i>The Collision of Two Civilisations</i> (Harvill, 1993). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColes2019" class="citation book cs1">Coles, Peter (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhS5DwAAQBAJ&q=robert+fortune+grand+canal&pg=PT91"><i>Mulberry</i></a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789141740" title="Special:BookSources/9781789141740"><bdi>9781789141740</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240705181849/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhS5DwAAQBAJ&q=robert+fortune+grand+canal&pg=PT91#v=snippet&q=robert%20fortune%20grand%20canal&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mulberry&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781789141740&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhS5DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Drobert%2Bfortune%2Bgrand%2Bcanal%26pg%3DPT91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-great-british-tea-heist-9866709/">"The Great British Tea Heist"</a>. <i>The Great British Tea Heist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205020529/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-great-british-tea-heist-9866709/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Great+British+Tea+Heist&rft.atitle=The+Great+British+Tea+Heist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-great-british-tea-heist-9866709%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/China"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/China">"China" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canal+%28China%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Benn, Charles. (2002). <i>China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517665-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517665-0">0-19-517665-0</a>.</li> <li>Bishop, Kevin (1997). <i>China's Imperial Way</i>. Hong Kong: Odyssey.</li> <li>Bowman, John S. (2000). <i>Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Brook_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Brook (historian)">Brook, Timothy</a>. (1998). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Confusions_of_Pleasure:_Commerce_and_Culture_in_Ming_China" class="mw-redirect" title="The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China">The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China</a></i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22154-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22154-0">0-520-22154-0</a></li> <li>Carles, W.R. (1900). <i>The Grand Canal of China</i>. Shanghai: Journal of the North China Branch RAS, Vol. 31, pp. 102–115, 1896–1897 volume, but actually published in 1900.</li> <li>Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X">0-521-66991-X</a> (paperback).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Fairbank" class="mw-redirect" title="John K. Fairbank">Fairbank, John King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merle_Goldman" title="Merle Goldman">Merle Goldman</a> (1992). <i>China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition</i> (2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01828-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01828-1">0-674-01828-1</a></li> <li>Gandar, Dominique (1903). <i>Le Canal Imperial: Etude Historique et Descriptive</i>. Shanghai: Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique. Variétés Sinologiques No. 4.</li> <li>Garnett, J.W. (1907). <i>Report by Mr. J.W. Garnett of a Journey through the Provinces of Shantung and Kiangsu</i>. British Parliamentary Papers, China No.1, CD3500. London: HMSO.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinton,_Harold_C.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinton, Harold C. (page does not exist)">Hinton, Harold C.</a> (1956). <i>The Grain Tribute System of China (1845–1911)</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Liao Pin, ed. (1987). <i>The Grand Canal: An Odyssey</i>. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.</li> <li>Martin, W.A.P. (1897). <i>A Cycle of Cathay</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a>. (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics</i>. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07060-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07060-0">0-521-07060-0</a></li> <li>New China News Ltd. (1984). <i>The Grand Canal of China</i>. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post Ltd. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Staunton, George (1797). <i>An Authentic Account of an Embassy ...to the Emperor of China</i>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/05/chinas-grand-canal/johnson-text">China's Ancient Lifeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128184628/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/05/chinas-grand-canal/johnson-text">Archived</a> 2018-01-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> published May 2013 <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic magazine">National Geographic magazine</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN">中国运河, 竞放、杜家驹主编, 金陵书社 1997年</span></span>; <i>China's Canal</i>, Jing Fang and Du Jiaju eds, Jinling Book Society, 1997.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canal_(China)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zhejiang_topics" title="Template:Zhejiang topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zhejiang_topics" title="Template talk:Zhejiang topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zhejiang_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zhejiang topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zhejiang_topics527" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subdivisions_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subdivisions of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Zhejiang" title="Category:Zhejiang">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang#History" title="Zhejiang">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zhejiang" title="Politics of Zhejiang">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang#Economy" title="Zhejiang">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Zhejiang" title="Category:Geography of Zhejiang">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China#Zhejiang" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangmaojian" title="Huangmaojian">Huangmaojian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mogan" title="Mount Mogan">Mount Mogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_Mountain" title="Tiantai Mountain">Tiantai Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta">Yangtze River Delta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiantang_River" title="Qiantang River">Qiantang River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ou_River_(Zhejiang)" title="Ou River (Zhejiang)">Ou River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoushan_Island" title="Zhoushan Island">Zhoushan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Bay" title="Hangzhou Bay">Hangzhou Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Zhejiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Zhejiang (page does not exist)">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction" title="Double First-Class Construction">Double First-Class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_University" title="Zhejiang University">Zhejiang University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_University" title="Ningbo University">Ningbo University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Art" title="China Academy of Art">China Academy of Art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Zhejiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Zhejiang">List of universities and colleges in Zhejiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang#Culture" title="Zhejiang">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuyue_culture" title="Wuyue culture">Wuyue culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou dialect</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an dialect</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan Min</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_opera" title="Yue opera">Yue opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_cuisine" title="Zhejiang cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longjing_tea" title="Longjing tea">Longjing tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baoguo_Temple_(Zhejiang)" title="Baoguo Temple (Zhejiang)">Baoguo Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guoqing_Temple" title="Guoqing Temple">Guoqing Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Putuo" title="Mount Putuo">Mount Putuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruyi_Bridge" title="Ruyi Bridge">Ruyi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_Mountain" title="Tiantai Mountain">Mount Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiandao_Lake" title="Qiandao Lake">Qiandao Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Tomb of Yu the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Zhejiang" title="Category:Zhejiang">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zhejiang" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zhejiang">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jiangsu_topics523" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jiangsu_topics" title="Template:Jiangsu topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jiangsu_topics" title="Template talk:Jiangsu topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jiangsu_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jiangsu topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jiangsu_topics523" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jiangsu" title="Category:Jiangsu">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu#History" title="Jiangsu">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jiangsu" title="Politics of Jiangsu">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu#Economy" title="Jiangsu">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Jiangsu" title="Category:Geography of Jiangsu">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Jiangsu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the People's Republic of China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishan_Island" title="Xishan Island">Xishan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tai" title="Lake Tai">Lake Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongze_Lake" title="Hongze Lake">Hongze Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangcheng_Lake" title="Yangcheng Lake">Yangcheng Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixia_Mountain" title="Qixia Mountain">Qixia Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Jiangsu" title="List of universities and colleges in Jiangsu">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu_University" title="Jiangsu University">Jiangsu University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_University" title="Southeast University">Southeast University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohai_University" title="Hohai University">Hohai University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Normal_University" title="Nanjing Normal University">Nanjing Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Nanjing University of Science and Technology">Nanjing University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_University" title="Yangzhou University">Yangzhou University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu#Culture" title="Jiangsu">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuyue_culture" title="Wuyue culture">Wuyue culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quyi" title="Quyi">Shuochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu_cuisine" title="Jiangsu cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_opera" title="Suzhou opera">Suzhou opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyuan" title="Geyuan">Geyuan</a> (Yangzhou garden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Mountain_(Nanjing)" title="Purple Mountain (Nanjing)">Purple Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_Mausoleum" title="Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum">Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Xiaoling_Mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum">Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiming_Temple" title="Jiming Temple">Jiming Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Yangtze_River_Bridge" title="Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge">Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Temple" title="Hanshan Temple">Hanshan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huqiu_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Huqiu Tower">Huqiu Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Buddha_at_Ling_Shan" title="Grand Buddha at Ling Shan">Grand Buddha at Ling Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaotian_Palace" title="Chaotian Palace">Chaotian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixia_Temple" title="Qixia Temple">Qixia Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianning_Temple_(Changzhou)" title="Tianning Temple (Changzhou)">Tianning Temple Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhouzhuang" title="Zhouzhuang">Zhouzhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jiangsu" title="Category:Jiangsu">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jiangsu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jiangsu">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transport_in_China703" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transport_in_China" title="Template:Transport in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transport_in_China" title="Template talk:Transport in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transport_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transport in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transport_in_China703" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">History</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Proposed_public_transport_in_China" title="Category:Proposed public transport in China">Proposed public transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">Government<br />agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Administration_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Railway Administration (China)">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Administration_of_China" title="Civil Aviation Administration of China">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Post_Bureau" title="State Post Bureau">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Maritime_Safety_Administration" title="China Maritime Safety Administration">Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Space</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transport_and_Housing_Bureau" title="Transport and Housing Bureau">Hong Kong</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau"><img alt="Macau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Transport_and_Public_Works_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Transport and Public Works (Macau)">Macau</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">Expressways (NTHS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="China National Highways">China National Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_road_numbering" class="mw-redirect" title="China road numbering">Road numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_the_road_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of the road in China">Rules</a> (<a href="/wiki/Road_Traffic_Safety_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Road Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China">Road safety law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_China" title="Vehicle registration plates of China">Licence plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH1" title="AH1">AH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_road" title="Gallery road">Gallery road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Sun_Yat-sen" title="List of streets named after Sun Yat-sen">Zhongshan Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_licence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving licence in China">Driving License</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_China" title="History of rail transport in China">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Eastern-Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Manchuria_Railway" title="South Manchuria Railway">South Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways_in_China" title="Narrow-gauge railways in China">Narrow-gauge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_transport_in_China" title="Passenger rail transport in China">Passenger rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">China Railway High-speed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">High-speed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Harbin,_Beijing%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_(Macau)_corridor" title="Beijing–Harbin, Beijing–Hong Kong (Macau) corridor">Harbin-Beijing–Guangzhou–Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kunming_corridor" title="Beijing–Kunming corridor">Beijing–Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_high-speed_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway">Beijing–Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Continental_Bridge_corridor" title="Eurasia Continental Bridge corridor">Lianyungang–Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Wuhan%E2%80%93Chengdu_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway">Shanghai–Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_railway" title="Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway">Shanghai–Kunming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_lines_in_China" title="List of railway lines in China">Lines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Harbin_railway" title="Beijing–Harbin railway">Beijing–Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai railway">Beijing–Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kowloon_railway" title="Beijing–Kowloon railway">Beijing–Kowloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou_railway" title="Beijing–Guangzhou railway">Beijing–Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhai_railway" title="Longhai railway">Lanzhou–Lianyungang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">Lanzhou–Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa%E2%80%93Shigatse_railway" title="Lhasa–Shigatse railway">Lhasa–Shigatse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_locomotives_in_China" title="List of locomotives in China">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_China" title="Category:Railway stations in China">Stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit_in_China" title="Urban rail transit in China">Rapid transit systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train" title="Shanghai maglev train">Maglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_China" title="List of ports in China">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chongqing" title="Port of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Dalian" title="Port of Dalian">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ningbo-Zhoushan" title="Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan">Ningbo-Zhoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_Port" title="Qingdao Port">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rizhao" title="Port of Rizhao">Rizhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Shanghai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangshan_Port" title="Yangshan Port">Yangshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shenzhen" title="Port of Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Suzhou" title="Port of Suzhou">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tangshan" title="Port of Tangshan">Tangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tianjin" title="Port of Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Xiamen" title="Port of Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Yingkou" title="Port of Yingkou">Yingkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_canals_in_China" title="History of canals in China">Canals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingqu" title="Lingqu">Lingqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_Canal" title="Red Flag Canal">Red Flag Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengguo_Canal" title="Zhengguo Canal">Zhengguo Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Shipbuilding_Industry_Corporation" title="China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation">China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_State_Shipbuilding_Corporation" title="China State Shipbuilding Corporation">China State Shipbuilding Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boat_lifts#China" title="List of boat lifts">Ship lifts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_China" title="List of airlines of China">Major airlines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_China" title="Air China">Air China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathay_Pacific" title="Cathay Pacific">Cathay Pacific</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Southern_Airlines" title="China Southern Airlines">China Southern Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines" title="China Eastern Airlines">China Eastern Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Airlines" title="Hainan Airlines">Hainan Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_Airlines" title="Shandong Airlines">Shandong Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Airlines" title="Shanghai Airlines">Shanghai Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Airlines" title="Shenzhen Airlines">Shenzhen Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Airlines" title="Sichuan Airlines">Sichuan Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XiamenAir" title="XiamenAir">XiamenAir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_China" title="List of airports in China">Airports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_China" title="List of the busiest airports in China">By traffic</a></li> <li>Major Airports: <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport" title="Beijing Daxing International Airport">Beijing Daxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport" title="Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport">Chengdu Shuangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Tianfu_International_Airport" title="Chengdu Tianfu International Airport">Chengdu Tianfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport" title="Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport">Guangzhou Baiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Bao%27an_International_Airport" title="Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport">Shenzhen Bao'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Pudong International Airport">Shanghai Pudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Hongqiao_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport">Shanghai Hongqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Corporation_of_China" title="Aviation Industry Corporation of China">Aviation Industry Corporation of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Aviation_%26_Aerospace_Exhibition" title="China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition">China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comac" title="Comac">Comac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceports_in_China" title="Category:Spaceports in China">Spaceports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLA Aerospace Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_China_by_province_or_autonomous_region" title="Category:Transport in China by province or autonomous region">Transport by province or autonomous region</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_China_by_city" title="Category:Transport in China by city">by city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_China" title="List of bridges in China">Bridges</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tunnels_in_China" title="Category:Tunnels in China">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunyun" title="Chunyun">Chinese New Year Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_disasters_in_China" title="Category:Transport disasters in China">Disasters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* in / related to the <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative regions</a> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_China" title="Category:Transport in China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Communications</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Major_rivers_of_China417" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_China" title="Template:Rivers of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_China" title="Template talk:Rivers of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Major_rivers_of_China417" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Major rivers of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulan_Moron" title="Ulan Moron">Tuotuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangqu" title="Dangqu">Dangqu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chumar_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chumar River (page does not exist)">Chumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongtian_River" title="Tongtian River">Tongtian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinsha_River" title="Jinsha River">Jinsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalong_River" title="Yalong River">Yalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishui_River" title="Baishui River">Baishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_River_(Sichuan)" title="Min River (Sichuan)">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_River" title="Dadu River">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyi_River_(Sichuan)" title="Qingyi River (Sichuan)">Qingyi (Sichuan)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuo_River" title="Tuo River">Tuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_River_(tributary_of_Yangtze_River)" title="Qi River (tributary of Yangtze River)">Qi (Chongqing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jialing_River" title="Jialing River">Jialing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailong_River" title="Bailong River">Bailong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_River_(Sichuan)" title="Fu River (Sichuan)">Fu (Sichuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_River_(Jialing_River_tributary)" title="Qu River (Jialing River tributary)">Qu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_River_(Yangtze_tributary)" title="Wu River (Yangtze tributary)">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingshuihe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingshuihe River">Qingshui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Shaanxi_and_Hubei)" class="mw-redirect" title="Han River (Shaanxi and Hubei)">Hanshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_River" title="Muma River">Muma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_River_(Hanshui)" title="Chi River (Hanshui)">Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_River" title="Du River">Du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_River" title="Bao River">Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_River" title="Qing River">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishui_River" title="Chishui River">Chishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_River" title="Xiao River">Xiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_River" title="Lei River">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_River" title="Qi River">Qi (Hunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_River" title="Mi River">Mi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zi_River" title="Zi River">Zi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_River" title="Yuan River">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishui_River" title="Lishui River">Lishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miluo_River" title="Miluo River">Miluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_River" title="Gan River">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_River_(Jiangxi)" title="Fu River (Jiangxi)">Fu (Jiangxi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_River" title="Xin River">Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyi_River_(Anhui)" title="Qingyi River (Anhui)">Qingyi (Anhui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinhuai_River" title="Qinhuai River">Qinhuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitiao_River" title="Xitiao River">Xitiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangpu_River" title="Huangpu River">Huangpu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Creek" title="Suzhou Creek">Suzhou Creek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariqu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kariqu (page does not exist)">Kariqu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuegu_Zonglie_Qu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuegu Zonglie Qu (page does not exist)">Yuegu Zonglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxia_River" title="Daxia River">Daxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_River" title="Tao River">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshui_River" title="Huangshui River">Huangshui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datong_River" title="Datong River">Datong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuding_River" title="Wuding River">Wuding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen_River" title="Fen River">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jing_River" title="Jing River">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_River_(Shaanxi)" title="Luo River (Shaanxi)"> Luo (Shaanxi)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_River_(Henan)" title="Luo River (Henan)">Luo (Henan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_River_(Shanxi)" title="Qin River (Shanxi)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwen_River" title="Muwen River">Muwen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawen_River" title="Dawen River">Dawen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bei_River" title="Bei River">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_River_(China)" title="Dong River (China)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_River" title="Xi River">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiang_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yujiang River">Yujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_River_(Guangxi)" title="Yong River (Guangxi)">Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_River" title="Xun River">Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_River" title="Qian River">Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshui_River" title="Hongshui River">Hongshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanpan_River" title="Nanpan River">Nanpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipan_River" title="Beipan River">Beipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rong_River_(Guangxi)" title="Rong River (Guangxi)">Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_River_(Guangxi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li River (Guangxi)">Li (Guangxi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui_River" title="Gui River">Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_River" title="Liu River">Liu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Heilongjiang</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Songhua_River" title="Second Songhua River">2nd Songhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nen_River" title="Nen River">Nen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_River" title="Mudan River">Mudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussuri" title="Ussuri">Ussuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argun_(Amur)" title="Argun (Amur)">Argun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherlen_River" title="Kherlen River">Kherlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woken_River" title="Woken River">Woken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huifa_River" title="Huifa River">Huifa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guo_River" title="Guo River">Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_River" title="Ying River">Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiguan_River" title="Shiguan River">Shiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_River" title="Quan River">Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_River" title="Hui River">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_River_(Huai_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong River (Huai River)">Hong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hai_River" title="Hai River">Hai</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaobai_River" title="Chaobai River">Chaobai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongding_River" title="Yongding River">Yongding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutuo_River" title="Hutuo River">Hutuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziya_River" title="Ziya River">Ziya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daqing_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daqing River (page does not exist)">Daqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenyu_River" title="Wenyu River">Wenyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juma_River_(China)" title="Juma River (China)">Juma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggan_River" title="Sanggan River">Sanggan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuyang_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuyang River (page does not exist)">Fuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_River_(Shandong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wei River (Shandong)">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_River" title="Ju River">Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Canal_River" title="Ji Canal River">Jiyunhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hun_River_(Liao_River_tributary)" title="Hun River (Liao River tributary)">Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizi_River" title="Taizi River">Taizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xar_Moron_River" title="Xar Moron River">Xar Moron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinkai_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinkai River (page does not exist)">Xinkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiliao_River" title="Xiliao River">Western Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dongliao_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dongliao River (page does not exist)">Eastern Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other major rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_River" title="Tarim River">Tarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejin_River" title="Ejin River">Ejin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatash_River" title="Karatash River">Karatash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shule_River" title="Shule River">Shule</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dang_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dang River (page does not exist)">Dang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_River" title="Tumen River">Tumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luan_River" title="Luan River">Luan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_River_(Fujian)" title="Min River (Fujian)">Minjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_River_(Fujian)" title="Long River (Fujian)">Longjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Lancang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilun_River" title="Beilun River">Beilun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salween_River" title="Salween River">Nujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Lion Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Elephant Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyang_River" title="Nyang River">Nyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subansiri_River" title="Subansiri River">Subansiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razdolnaya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Razdolnaya River">Suifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiantang_River" title="Qiantang River">Qiantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyang_River" title="Puyang River">Puyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_River_(Shandong)" title="Jiao River (Shandong)">Jiao (Shandong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_River_(Hebei)" title="Dai River (Hebei)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_River" title="Si River">Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_River" title="Shu River">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao%27e_River" title="Cao'e River">Cao'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_River_(Zhejiang)" title="Jiao River (Zhejiang)">Jiao (Zhejiang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ou_River_(Zhejiang)" title="Ou River (Zhejiang)">Ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulan_River" title="Mulan River">Mulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_River_(Fujian)" title="Jin River (Fujian)">Jin (Fujian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Guangdong)" title="Han River (Guangdong)">Han (Guangdong)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mei_River" title="Mei River">Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ting_River" title="Ting River">Ting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandu_River" title="Nandu River">Nandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanquan_River" title="Wanquan River">Wanquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taping_River" title="Taping River">Taping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoqing_River" title="Xiaoqing River">Xiaoqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_canals_in_China" title="History of canals in China">Major canals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingqu" title="Lingqu">Lingqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Jiangsu_Main_Irrigation_Canal" title="North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal">North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhejiang_Canal" title="Eastern Zhejiang Canal">Eastern Zhejiang Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_Canal" title="Red Flag Canal">Red Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengguo_Canal" title="Zhengguo Canal">Zhengguo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_China263" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_China263" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ruins_of_Liangzhu_City" title="Archaeological ruins of Liangzhu City">Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gardens_of_Suzhou" title="Classical Gardens of Suzhou">Classical Gardens of Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lu" title="Mount Lu">Lushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan" title="Huangshan">Huangshan</a></li> <li>Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a> of China (Phase I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sanqing" title="Mount Sanqing">Mount Sanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyi_Mountains" title="Wuyi Mountains">Wuyi Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu" title="Temple of Confucius, Qufu">Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kong_Family_Mansion" title="Kong Family Mansion">Kong Family Mansion</a> in Qufu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xidi" title="Xidi">Xidi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hongcun" title="Hongcun">Hongcun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lake" title="West Lake">West Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulangyu" title="Gulangyu">Kulangsu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese version of UNESCO World Heritage logo"><img alt="Chinese version of UNESCO World Heritage logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/64px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/96px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/128px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient Building Complex in the <a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Macau" title="Historic Centre of Macau">Historic Centre of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia">Shennongjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaolou" title="Diaolou">Kaiping Diaolou and Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes" title="Longmen Grottoes">Longmen Grottoes</a></li> <li>Historic Monuments of <a href="/wiki/Dengfeng" title="Dengfeng">Dengfeng</a>, <span class="wrap">including the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaocheng_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory">Gaocheng Observatory</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuojiang_Huashan_Rock_Art" title="Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art">Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulingyuan" title="Wulingyuan">Wulingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengjiang" title="Chengjiang">Chengjiang Fossil Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanjingshan" title="Fanjingshan">Fanjingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_Rice_Terraces" title="Honghe Hani Rice Terraces">Honghe Hani Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanglong_Scenic_and_Historic_Interest_Area" title="Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area">Huanglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiuzhaigou" title="Jiuzhaigou">Jiuzhaigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_of_Lijiang" title="Old Town of Lijiang">Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Emei" title="Mount Emei">Mount Emei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qingcheng" title="Mount Qingcheng">Mount Qingcheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dujiangyan" title="Dujiangyan">Dujiangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a>, <span class="wrap">including the <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Giant_Panda_Sanctuaries" title="Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries">Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Parallel_Rivers" title="Three Parallel Rivers">Three Parallel Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wutai" title="Mount Wutai">Mount Wutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a>, <span class="wrap">including <a href="/wiki/Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple" title="Putuo Zongcheng Temple">Putuo Zongcheng Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xumi_Fushou_Temple" title="Xumi Fushou Temple">Xumi Fushou Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puning_Temple_(Hebei)" title="Puning Temple (Hebei)">Puning Temple</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoukoudian" title="Zhoukoudian">Zhoukoudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingyao" title="Pingyao">Ancient City of Pingyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Xanadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yungang_Grottoes" title="Yungang Grottoes">Yungang Grottoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Central_Axis" title="Beijing Central Axis">Beijing Central Axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Cities_and_Tombs_of_the_Ancient_Koguryo_Kingdom" title="Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom">Koguryo sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Xinjiang Tianshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoh_Xil" title="Hoh Xil">Qinghai Hoh Xil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Danxia" class="mw-redirect" title="China Danxia">China Danxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Karst" title="South China Karst">South China Karst</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Roads:_the_Routes_Network_of_Chang%27an-Tianshan_Corridor" title="Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor">Silk Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi_Sites" title="Tusi Sites">Tusi Sites</a></li> <li>Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a> of China (Phase II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31347#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata977" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31347#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata977" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31347#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/242300693">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/245395632">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1240454/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4660595-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/3485">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536002205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027494586">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grand_Canal_(China)&params=30_15_41_N_120_13_26_E_region:CN-33_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°15′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°13′26″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.26139°N 120.22389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.26139; 120.22389</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    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