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葡萄牙历史 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>早期</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-早期-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关早期子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-早期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-史前" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史前"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>史前</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-史前-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-罗马入侵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#罗马入侵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>罗马入侵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-罗马入侵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日耳曼入侵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日耳曼入侵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>日耳曼入侵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日耳曼入侵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>中期</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-中期-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关中期子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-中期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-穆斯林時代(711-1453)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穆斯林時代(711-1453)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>穆斯林時代(711-1453)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-穆斯林時代(711-1453)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-收复失地运动(718-1492)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#收复失地运动(718-1492)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>收复失地运动(718-1492)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-收复失地运动(718-1492)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-王国成立" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#王国成立"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>王国成立</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-王国成立-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-晚期(1383-1807)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#晚期(1383-1807)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>晚期(1383-1807)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-晚期(1383-1807)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>布拉干萨王朝(1640-1910)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-布拉干萨王朝(1640-1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-里斯本大地震" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#里斯本大地震"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>里斯本大地震</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-里斯本大地震-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-七年战争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#七年战争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>七年战争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-七年战争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近代(1807-1910)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代(1807-1910)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>近代(1807-1910)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-近代(1807-1910)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关近代(1807-1910)子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-近代(1807-1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-拿破仑入侵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拿破仑入侵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>拿破仑入侵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拿破仑入侵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-革命(1820)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#革命(1820)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>革命(1820)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-革命(1820)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-巴西独立" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#巴西独立"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>巴西独立</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-巴西独立-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-王位继承危机" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#王位继承危机"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>王位继承危机</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-王位继承危机-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-九月革命" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#九月革命"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>九月革命</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-九月革命-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-殖民地扩张" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#殖民地扩张"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>殖民地扩张</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-殖民地扩张-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代(1910至今)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代(1910至今)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>现代(1910至今)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-现代(1910至今)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关现代(1910至今)子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-现代(1910至今)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-革命(1910)與建立共和" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#革命(1910)與建立共和"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>革命(1910)與建立共和</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-革命(1910)與建立共和-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政变(1926)與萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政变(1926)與萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>政变(1926)與萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政变(1926)與萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-殖民地战争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#殖民地战争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>殖民地战争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-殖民地战争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-康乃馨革命(1974)與重建民主" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#康乃馨革命(1974)與重建民主"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>康乃馨革命(1974)與重建民主</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-康乃馨革命(1974)與重建民主-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-加入欧洲经济共同体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#加入欧洲经济共同体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>加入欧洲经济共同体</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">葡萄牙历史</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。54种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تاريخ البرتغال – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ البرتغال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Portugal" title="Historia de Portugal – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Португалия тарихы – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Португалия тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Партугаліі – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Партугаліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Партугаліі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гісторыя Партугаліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Португалия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Португалия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="পর্তুগালের ইতিহাস – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্তুগালের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istor_Portugal" title="Istor Portugal – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istor Portugal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Portugal" title="Història de Portugal – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Portugalska" title="Dějiny Portugalska – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Portugalska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_Portiwgal" title="Hanes Portiwgal – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes Portiwgal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugals_historie" title="Portugals historie – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portugals historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Portugals" title="Geschichte Portugals – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Portugals" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="History of Portugal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_Portugalio" title="Historio de Portugalio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Portugalio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Portugal" title="Historia de Portugal – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugali_ajalugu" title="Portugali ajalugu – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portugali ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalgo_historia" title="Portugalgo historia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portugalgo historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تاریخ پرتغال – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ پرتغال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalin_historia" title="Portugalin historia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portugalin historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Portugal" title="Histoire du Portugal – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du Portugal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Portugal" title="Historia de Portugal – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9C" title="היסטוריה של פורטוגל – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של פורטוגל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Portugala" title="Povijest Portugala – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Portugala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C3%A1lia_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Portugália történelme – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portugália történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պորտուգալիայի պատմություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտուգալիայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Portugal" title="Sejarah Portugal – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Portugal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Portugal" title="Historio di Portugal – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Portugal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_del_Portogallo" title="Storia del Portogallo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia del Portogallo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="ポルトガルの歴史 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポルトガルの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პორტუგალიის ისტორია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტუგალიის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="포르투갈의 역사 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투갈의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Португалиядин тарих – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Португалиядин тарих" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_de_Portugal" title="Istoria de Portugal – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istoria de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalijos_istorija" title="Portugalijos istorija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portugalijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C4%81les_v%C4%93sture" title="Portugāles vēsture – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portugāles vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на Португалија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Португалија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ria_de_Pertual" title="Stória de Pertual – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stória de Pertual" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Portugal" title="Geschiedenis van Portugal – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Portugal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugals_historie" title="Portugals historie – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portugals historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Portugalii" title="Historia Portugalii – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Portugalii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د پرتګال تاریخ – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د پرتګال تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal" title="História de Portugal – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Portugaliei" title="Istoria Portugaliei – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Portugaliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Португалии – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Португалии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Portugalske" title="Zgodovina Portugalske – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Portugalske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Историја Португалије – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Португалије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugals_historia" title="Portugals historia – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portugals historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Ureno" title="Historia ya Ureno – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Ureno" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="போர்த்துகல் வரலாறு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போர்த்துகல் வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portekiz_tarihi" title="Portekiz tarihi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portekiz tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Історія Португалії – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Португалії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_B%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%A0o_Nha" title="Lịch sử Bồ Đào Nha – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Bồ Đào Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="葡萄牙历史 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="葡萄牙历史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7790#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&oldid=84226840" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&id=84226840&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2591%25A1%25E8%2590%2584%25E7%2589%2599%25E5%258E%2586%25E5%258F%25B2"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2591%25A1%25E8%2590%2584%25E7%2589%2599%25E5%258E%2586%25E5%258F%25B2"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Portugal" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" 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.sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#006600"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">葡萄牙历史</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Portugal from 1647"><img alt="Map of Portugal from 1647" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg/190px-Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg/285px-Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg/380px-Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#FF0000"> <span style="color:white">历史系列条目</span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center">古代历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙史前时期(页面不存在)">葡萄牙史前时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E6%81%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="琉息太尼亞">罗马帝国时代的琉息太尼亞行省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="西哥特人">西哥特人</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E6%B1%87%E4%BA%BA" title="苏维汇人">苏维汇人</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center">中世纪历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%BE%A9%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="收復失地運動">收復失地運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="卡斯蒂利亚王国">卡斯蒂利亚王国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="莱昂王国">萊昂王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD" title="葡萄牙伯国">葡萄牙伯国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙王國">葡萄牙独立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="葡萄牙勃艮第王朝">统一王权的建立</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王朝统治危机(页面不存在)">1383至1385年內战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿維斯王朝">阿维斯王朝</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center">近代历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="地理大发现">葡萄牙航海史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="葡萄牙王位繼承戰爭">葡萄牙王位繼承戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="伊比利亞聯盟">西班牙统治下的葡萄牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BE%A9%E8%BE%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="葡萄牙王政復辟戰爭">葡萄牙王政復辟戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%B2%E8%90%A8%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="布拉干萨王朝">布拉干薩王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1755年里斯本大地震">里斯本大地震</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E7%A7%91%E5%A0%A1-%E5%93%A5%E8%BE%BE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D#葡萄牙国王" title="萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝">布拉干萨-萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%85%A7%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙內战(页面不存在)">葡萄牙內战</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=1826%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1826年宪法(页面不存在)">1826年宪法</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center">現代历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙第一共和國">第一共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="全國獨裁">全國獨裁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="新國家 (葡萄牙)">新國家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="葡萄牙殖民地戰爭">葡萄牙殖民地战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%83%E9%A6%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="康乃馨革命">康乃馨革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="葡萄牙第三共和国">今天的葡萄牙</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center">專題历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙经济史(页面不存在)">经济史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="葡萄牙文化">文化史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙艺术史(页面不存在)">艺术史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙军事史(页面不存在)">军事史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國">殖民史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙文学(页面不存在)">文学史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙王國">王国时代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙第一共和國">共和时代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="葡萄牙君主列表">葡萄牙君主</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙历史年表(页面不存在)">葡萄牙历史年表</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:葡萄牙历史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:葡萄牙历史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:葡萄牙历史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="早期"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F"></span>早期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:早期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg/220px-Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg/330px-Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg/440px-Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="2729" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%9E%E7%89%B9%E8%8C%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿连特茹">阿连特茹</a>地区的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%AD%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="埃武拉罗马神庙">埃武拉罗马神庙</a>,是罗马<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E6%81%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="琉息太尼亚">琉息太尼亚</a>统治的象征</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="史前"><span id=".E5.8F.B2.E5.89.8D"></span>史前</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:史前"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>最初迁入今日的葡萄牙一带的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="尼安德特人">尼安德特人</a>,后来被<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="智人">智人</a>所替代,于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="伊比利亚半岛">伊比利亚半岛</a>北部生活,懂得驯服动物、种植谷物以及捕鱼的技巧<sup id="cite_ref-Birmp1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birmp1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。公元前1千年,有<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="凯尔特人">凯尔特人</a>自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7" title="中欧">中欧</a>迁入,并定居下来、与当地人通婚,形成早期的聚落。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="罗马入侵"><span id=".E7.BD.97.E9.A9.AC.E5.85.A5.E4.BE.B5"></span>罗马入侵</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:罗马入侵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>前219年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="罗马人">罗马人</a>入侵伊比利亚半岛。到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%92%92" class="mw-redirect" title="尤利乌斯·凯撒">尤利乌斯·凯撒</a>统治末期,几乎整个伊比利亚半岛都为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">罗马</a>所征服。同时,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%8C%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="布匿战争">与罗马人作战</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%AA%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="迦太基人">迦太基人</a>也被赶出伊比利亚半岛,他们的海岸殖民地被并入罗马共和国。今日的葡萄牙自此进入了两百多年的罗马统治期,在此期间许多奴隶因抗命而被处决。 </p><p>前150年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E9%87%8C%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="维里阿修斯">维里阿修斯</a>发动叛乱,与罗马人对抗数年。罗马向当地派驻了他们最为优秀的将军和大量的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2" title="罗马军团">军团兵</a>以镇压叛乱,但他们的攻势并未奏效,迫使罗马人改变战略。他们贿赂了维里阿修斯的党羽,唆使其刺杀维氏。 </p><p>前139年,维里阿修斯遇刺,叛乱也得以平息。 </p><p>前140年,罗马人于设立<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E6%81%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="琉息太尼亚">琉息太尼亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81" title="罗马行省">行省</a>,但是该地区的罗马化是在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="西哥特">西哥特</a>时期完成的。 </p><p>在葡萄牙境内存在有诸多<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="铁器时代">铁器时代</a>的遗址,多为山丘古堡,考古学家划为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡斯特罗文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Castro culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡斯特罗文化(页面不存在)">卡斯特罗文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Castro culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Castro culture</span></a></span>)</span></span>。罗马时代遗址亦遍布全国,例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89" title="科英布拉">科英布拉</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0" title="科英布里加">科英布里加遗址</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%9E%E7%89%B9%E8%8C%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿连特茹">阿连特茹</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米罗布里加" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Miróbriga"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E7%BD%97%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米罗布里加(页面不存在)">米罗布里加</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir%C3%B3briga" class="extiw" title="en:Miróbriga"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Miróbriga</span></a></span>)</span></span>遗址,而前者是葡萄牙最大的罗马人定居点。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E7%BD%97%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="保卢斯·奥罗修斯">保卢斯·奥罗修斯</a>(约375-418)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希达蒂乌斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hydatius"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%BE%BE%E8%92%82%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希达蒂乌斯(页面不存在)">希达蒂乌斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydatius" class="extiw" title="en:Hydatius"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hydatius</span></a></span>)</span></span>(约400–469)和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿卡耶·弗拉维亚耶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aquae Flaviae"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%80%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿卡耶·弗拉维亚耶(页面不存在)">阿卡耶·弗拉维亚耶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquae_Flaviae" class="extiw" title="en:Aquae Flaviae"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aquae Flaviae</span></a></span>)</span></span>主教都是当时出生于葡萄牙的著名历史学家,其中弗拉维亚耶主教记载了罗马统治末期、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼人</a>入侵的史实。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日耳曼入侵"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E8.80.B3.E6.9B.BC.E5.85.A5.E4.BE.B5"></span>日耳曼入侵</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:日耳曼入侵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>5世纪早期,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E6%B1%87%E4%BA%BA" title="苏维汇人">苏维汇人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="汪达尔人">汪达尔人</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼部族</a>与同盟的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E8%94%A1" title="奄蔡">奄蔡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="萨尔马提亚人">萨尔马提亚人</a>侵入伊比利亚半岛,建立了<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a>的国家。其中,统治今日葡萄牙一带地区(<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E6%81%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="琉息太尼亚">琉息太尼亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" title="加利西亚 (西班牙)">加利西亚</a>)的国家是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E6%B1%87%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="苏维汇王国">苏维汇王国</a>,首都在布拉卡拉(Bracara,今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%A0" title="布拉加">布拉加</a>)。与其他的日耳曼部族相比,苏维汇人对于今日葡萄牙、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" title="加利西亚 (西班牙)">加利西亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF" title="阿斯图里亚斯">阿斯图里亚斯</a>地区的影响最为显著。 </p><p>500年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="西哥特王国">西哥特王国</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E8%8E%B1%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="托莱多">托莱多</a>建立,并在584至585年征服了苏维汇王国,将苏维汇纳入成为其第六个省。接下来的两个世纪内,整个伊比利亚半岛都逐渐被西哥特纳入统治。 </p><p>711年,南方信仰<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="摩尔人">摩尔人</a>入侵,杀死了国王<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" title="罗德里克">罗德里克</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,结束了西哥特人的统治。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="中期"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E6.9C.9F"></span>中期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:中期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg/220px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg/330px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg/440px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="574" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">720年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E9%BA%A6%E5%8F%B6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="伍麦叶王朝">伍麦叶王朝</a>统治下的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="伊比利亚半岛">伊比利亚半岛</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Andalus_-_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al_Andalus_-_2.png/220px-Al_Andalus_-_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al_Andalus_-_2.png/330px-Al_Andalus_-_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al_Andalus_-_2.png/440px-Al_Andalus_-_2.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="497" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1000年<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E4%BC%8D%E9%BA%A5%E8%91%89%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="後伍麥葉王朝">后伍麦叶王朝</a>统治下的伊比利亚半岛</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="穆斯林時代(711-1453)"><span id=".E7.A9.86.E6.96.AF.E6.9E.97.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3.EF.BC.88711.EF.BC.8D1453.EF.BC.89"></span>穆斯林時代(711-1453)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:穆斯林時代(711-1453)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)"><span id=".E4.BC.8D.E9.BA.A6.E5.8F.B6.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.88711.EF.BC.8D1031.EF.BC.89"></span>伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>8世纪初,信仰<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E9%BA%A6%E5%8F%B6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="伍麦叶王朝">伍麦叶王朝</a>并吞了伊比利亚半岛的绝大部分地区。在半岛北部,<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>的统治持续了一个世纪,末年仅仅剩下名义上的军事和行政管辖权;而在半岛的中部和南部,统治则持续了四到五个世纪。 </p><p>711年伍麦叶王朝击溃<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="西哥特王国">西哥特</a>是此段统治的开端。 </p><p>750年,这个定都于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大马士革">大马士革</a>,东起<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="印度河">印度河</a>流域、西至法兰西南部的庞大帝国宣告覆灭,随后在伊比利亚半岛上,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="阿卜杜拉赫曼一世">阿卜杜拉赫曼一世</a>建立了新的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="科尔多瓦酋长国">科尔多瓦埃米尔国</a>。 </p><p>929年,科尔多瓦<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="埃米尔">埃米尔</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="阿卜杜拉赫曼三世">阿卜杜拉赫曼三世</a>改称<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91" title="哈里发">哈里发</a>,建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%80%AD%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="后倭马亚王朝">科尔多瓦哈里发国</a>,史称“后伍麦叶王朝”。 </p><p>1031年,后伍麦叶王朝分崩离析,解体为至少23个封国,称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%B3%95" title="泰法">泰法</a>。 </p><p>泰法国家的首领多自称埃米尔,并与北方的基督教王国建立了外交联系。当时统治葡萄牙一带的泰法是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴达霍斯泰法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Taifa of Badajoz"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E9%9C%8D%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴达霍斯泰法(页面不存在)">巴达霍斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz" class="extiw" title="en:Taifa of Badajoz"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Taifa of Badajoz</span></a></span>)</span></span>,由<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝">阿拔斯王朝</a>统治;期间的1022年,在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a>曾建立起短命的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里斯本泰法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Taifa of Lisbon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%B0%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里斯本泰法(页面不存在)">泰法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Lisbon" class="extiw" title="en:Taifa of Lisbon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Taifa of Lisbon</span></a></span>)</span></span>政权。南部部分地区后归<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿巴德王朝">阿巴德王朝</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塞维利亚泰法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Taifa of Seville"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%B3%B0%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞维利亚泰法(页面不存在)">塞维利亚泰法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville" class="extiw" title="en:Taifa of Seville"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Taifa of Seville</span></a></span>)</span></span>统治。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)"><span id=".E7.A9.86.E6.8B.89.E6.AF.94.E7.89.B9.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.881086.EF.BC.8D1147.EF.BC.89"></span>穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1086年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="穆拉比特王朝">穆拉比特王朝</a>侵入伊比利亚,于<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="萨拉卡战役">萨拉卡战役</a>击败了基督徒,得以控制半岛。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)"><span id=".E7.A9.86.E7.93.A6.E5.B8.8C.E5.BE.B7.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.881147.EF.BC.8D1249.EF.BC.89"></span>穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1147年,穆拉比特王朝又被<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80" title="马拉喀什">马拉喀什</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="穆瓦希德王朝">穆瓦希德王朝</a>取代<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>穆斯林称伊比利亚半岛为<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="安达卢斯">安达卢斯</a>,并将安达卢斯分为数个不同的地区,称为库拉(Kura),每个库拉皆拥有一座首府。在穆斯林统治的全盛时期,共有10个库拉<sup id="cite_ref-A._R._Disney,_p.55_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._R._Disney,_p.55-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。当时,在穆斯林统治下的葡萄牙地区境内,有<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E9%9B%85" title="貝雅">贝雅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BB%80" title="锡尔维什">锡尔维什</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%A0%A1_(%E5%A1%9E%E5%9C%96%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%80)" title="薩爾堡 (塞圖巴爾區)">薩爾堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%A6_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="圣塔伦 (葡萄牙)">圣塔伦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a>五个主要城市。在安达卢斯,主要的穆斯林人口由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9F%8F%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="柏柏尔人">柏柏尔人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="穆拉迪人">穆拉迪人</a>(皈依伊斯兰教的伊比利亚人)组成。当地的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a>主要是来自<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼">阿曼</a>的王公贵族,组成了安达卢斯的精英阶级。柏柏尔人则是由北非<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" class="mw-redirect" title="阿特拉斯山脉">阿特拉斯山脉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="里夫山脈">里夫山脉</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E7%89%A7%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="游牧民族">游牧民</a>及其后裔组成。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="收复失地运动(718-1492)"><span id=".E6.94.B6.E5.A4.8D.E5.A4.B1.E5.9C.B0.E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8.EF.BC.88718.EF.BC.8D1492.EF.BC.89"></span>收复失地运动(718-1492)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:收复失地运动(718-1492)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>伊比利亚半岛<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督徒</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="收复失地运动">收复失地运动</a>始于718年,时年西哥特贵族<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%A6" title="佩拉约">佩拉约</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF%E5%BC%80%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="比斯开湾">比斯开湾</a>沿岸的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83%E8%BF%9E%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" class="mw-redirect" title="坎塔布连山脉">坎塔布连山区</a>中建立了政权<sup id="cite_ref-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他利用坎塔布连山脉的地形优势守住了王国,并以此为据点重整基督徒军队,意图收复土地。 </p><p>722年,佩拉约于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%93%A6%E6%9D%B1%E5%8A%A0%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="科瓦東加戰役">科瓦东加战役</a>中大获全胜后称王,建立<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="阿斯图里亚斯王国">阿斯图里亚斯王国</a>,开始了旷日持久的基督徒收复失地(Reconquista Cristã)战争<sup id="cite_ref-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>9世纪,阿斯图里亚斯国王<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82)" title="阿方索三世 (莱昂)">阿方索三世</a>的下属<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="维马拉·佩雷斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vímara Peres"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="維馬拉·佩雷斯">维马拉·佩雷斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADmara_Peres" class="extiw" title="en:Vímara Peres"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vímara Peres</span></a></span>)</span></span>率兵攻占了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3" title="杜罗河">杜罗河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="米尼奥河">米尼奥河</a>流域之间的地区,其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="波尔图">波尔图斯-加里</a>(今波尔图)和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%A0" title="布拉加">布拉加</a>两大城市,亦有广大的荒废城镇。他决定将难民迁移至此,以重建该地区<sup id="cite_ref-QuidNovi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuidNovi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,成立<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD" title="葡萄牙伯国">葡萄牙伯国</a>,得名于大港口波尔图斯-加里(Portus Cale)。维马拉·佩雷斯随后建立起一系列新城镇,其中便包括维马拉内斯(今<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="基馬拉斯">吉马良斯</a>),该城市也因此被誉为“葡萄牙民族的出生地”和“摇篮城”(Cidade Berço)<sup id="cite_ref-QuidNovi_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuidNovi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>868年,阿方索三世封维马拉·佩雷斯为波尔图斯-加里第一伯爵<sup id="cite_ref-QuidNovi_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuidNovi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BatalhaOurique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BatalhaOurique.jpg/220px-BatalhaOurique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BatalhaOurique.jpg/330px-BatalhaOurique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BatalhaOurique.jpg/440px-BatalhaOurique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%BA%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="奥里基战役">奥里基战役</a>在葡萄牙<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="收复失地运动">收复失地运动</a>中起到了关键作用</figcaption></figure> <p>阿斯图里亚斯王国后因为王位继承问题而陷入内乱,阿方索三世被其子嗣勒令退位。其長子<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%90%8A%E6%98%82)" title="加西亞一世 (萊昂)">加西亞</a>成為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82" class="mw-disambig" title="莱昂">莱昂</a>國王,次子<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82)" title="奥多尼奥二世 (莱昂)">奥多尼奥</a>統治<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" title="加利西亚 (西班牙)">加利西亞</a>,而幼子<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%B2%81%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82)" title="弗鲁埃拉二世 (莱昂)">弗鲁埃拉</a>接收阿斯圖里亞斯。葡萄牙郡成为加利西亚王国的一部分,葡萄牙人在语言和文化习俗上与加利西亚人相近,但和莱昂人有很大不同,因而导致文化隔阂。 </p><p>924年,在莱昂吞并另两个王国后,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="莱昂王国">莱昂王国</a>宣告成立。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg/220px-Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg/330px-Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg/440px-Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E9%99%A2" title="巴塔利亚修道院">巴塔利亚修道院</a>是为纪念<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E7%A5%96%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿勒祖巴洛特战役">阿勒祖巴洛特战役</a>而建,于1983年被<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>认定为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="世界遗产">世界遗产</a></figcaption></figure> <p>1093年,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿方索六世 (莱昂)">阿方索六世</a>将葡萄牙郡划予<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="勃艮第的亨利">勃艮第的亨利</a>,并将自己的私生女<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%95%BE%E8%8E%8E_(%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82)" class="mw-redirect" title="特蕾莎 (莱昂)">特蕾莎</a>嫁给了他。亨利定都于前古罗马行省首府<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%A0" title="布拉加">布拉加</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="王国成立"><span id=".E7.8E.8B.E5.9B.BD.E6.88.90.E7.AB.8B"></span>王国成立</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:王国成立"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1128年6月24日,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="基馬拉斯">吉马良斯</a>近郊爆发<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="圣马梅德战役" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of São Mamede"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E9%A9%AC%E6%A2%85%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣马梅德战役(页面不存在)">圣马梅德战役</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Mamede" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of São Mamede"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of São Mamede</span></a></span>)</span></span>,此役中,葡萄牙伯爵、亨利之子<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="阿方索一世 (葡萄牙)">阿方索·恩里克斯</a>击败其母特蕾莎及情夫<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="费尔南·佩雷斯·德特拉瓦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fernando Pérez de Traba"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="费尔南·佩雷斯·德特拉瓦(页面不存在)">费尔南·佩雷斯·德特拉瓦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_P%C3%A9rez_de_Traba" class="extiw" title="en:Fernando Pérez de Traba"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fernando Pérez de Traba</span></a></span>)</span></span>,得到葡萄牙郡政权。随后,阿方索·恩里克斯将矛头对准南方的摩尔人,于1139年7月25日<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%BA%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="奥里基战役">奥里基战役</a>大胜,随即阿方索·恩里克斯在军队的支持下宣布为<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙国王">葡萄牙国王</a>,即阿方索一世,<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙王国">葡萄牙王国</a>就此成立。阿方索的国王地位在1143年得到了莱昂国王<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96_(%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿方索七世 (卡斯蒂利亚)">阿方索七世</a>的承认,在1179年得到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="歷山三世">历山三世</a>的承认。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="收复失地运动">收复失地运动</a>时期,基督徒自穆斯林手中夺回了伊比利亚半岛。当时葡萄牙向南进军,于1249年在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="阿方索三世 (葡萄牙)">阿方索三世</a>主导下,吞并<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E7%BB%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔加维">阿尔加维</a>到达南部海岸,完成扩张。此后,葡萄牙的国境线几乎不再发生变动。在随后的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BB%80%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="迪尼什一世">迪尼什一世</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="阿方索四世 (葡萄牙)">阿方索四世</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="佩德羅一世 (葡萄牙)">佩德罗一世</a>的统治下,葡萄牙王国经历了短暂的和平。中世纪的葡萄牙人曾经有过骁勇善战的名声。 </p><p>1348年葡国遭<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病</a>袭击<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,损失惨重。 </p><p>1373年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%91%A1%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="英葡同盟">英葡同盟</a>成立,这是世界上历史最为悠久的同盟关系之一。 </p><p>1383年,国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="斐迪南一世 (葡萄牙)">斐迪南一世</a>死后没有男性继承人,其女婿<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="卡斯蒂利亚">卡斯蒂利亚</a>国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" class="mw-redirect" title="胡安一世 (卡斯蒂利亚)">胡安一世</a>宣布继位,遭到葡萄牙贵族与公众抵制。他们拥立老国王<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="佩德羅一世 (葡萄牙)">佩德罗一世</a>的私生子、阿维斯骑士团的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="若昂一世">若昂一世</a>继位。若昂一世凭借部下<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="努诺·阿尔瓦雷什·佩雷拉">努诺·阿尔瓦雷什·佩雷拉</a>的出色指挥,在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E7%A5%96%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿勒祖巴洛特战役">阿勒祖巴洛特战役</a>中击败了胡安、得以继承王位,开创<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿維斯王朝">阿维斯王朝</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="晚期(1383-1807)"><span id=".E6.99.9A.E6.9C.9F.EF.BC.881383.EF.BC.8D1807.EF.BC.89"></span>晚期(1383-1807)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:晚期(1383-1807)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg/170px-Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg/255px-Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg/340px-Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B_(%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%AE%B6)" class="mw-redirect" title="恩里克 (航海家)">恩里克王子</a>是葡萄牙航海事业的坚定的赞助者和拥护者</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="阿维斯王朝(1383-1580)與殖民時代"><span id=".E9.98.BF.E7.BB.B4.E6.96.AF.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.881383.EF.BC.8D1580.EF.BC.89.E8.88.87.E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3"></span>阿维斯王朝(1383-1580)與殖民時代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节:阿维斯王朝(1383-1580)與殖民時代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg/220px-A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg/330px-A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg/440px-A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>葡萄牙在<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="葡属马六甲">葡属马六甲</a>建立的圣地亚哥城堡,后被<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>人炸毁只剩下城门部分,现在称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%99%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="法摩沙城堡">法摩沙城堡</a></figcaption></figure> <p>葡萄牙王国建立并得以巩固其疆域后,藉由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大航海时代">大航海时代</a>的海上贸易及探索活动,逐渐步入国力鼎盛期,成为欧洲的经济、军事和政治大国,一直持续至16世纪末。葡萄牙人是欧洲全球探险活动和地理大发现的先驱,国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="若昂一世">若昂一世</a>之子<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B_(%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%AE%B6)" class="mw-redirect" title="恩里克 (航海家)">恩里克</a>是葡萄牙航海事业的坚定的赞助者和拥护者。早期的葡萄牙殖民者刚强勇猛,富于宗教狂热和开拓精神,更有新兴贵族和早期资产阶级对于利益的追逐欲望支撑。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1415年8月21日,恩里克王子率领葡萄牙舰队征服了北非的伊斯兰贸易中心<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E8%BE%BE" title="休达">休达</a>,这是葡萄牙的海外探险与殖民活动的开始。随后,葡萄牙的探险船队遍布全球:他们深入<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋">大西洋</a>,发现了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%80%9F%E5%B0%94%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="亚速尔群岛">亚速尔群岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="马德拉群岛">马德拉群岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%A5%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%B2%9B" title="比奥科岛">比奥科岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B2%9B" title="圣多美岛">圣多美岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E5%B2%9B" title="普林西比岛">普林西比岛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%BE%97%E8%A7%92" title="佛得角">佛得角</a>等大西洋岛屿;沿<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲大陸">非洲大陆</a>海岸线航行,建立了早期的殖民地,并开辟了通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%9C%9B%E8%A7%92" title="好望角">好望角</a>航向<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="印度次大陆">印度</a>的航线;在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新大陆">新大陆</a>,葡萄牙人发现<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>;在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>,葡萄牙建立了遍及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">东南亚</a>大部分海洋地区的航线,以进行<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99" title="香料">香料</a>贸易;葡萄牙人亦藉由印度洋航线到达了<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="费尔南·佩雷兹·德·安德拉德">中国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%A0%BB%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="南蠻貿易">日本</a>。葡萄牙人在非洲海岸建立有众多商站,建立起涉及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="欧洲大陆">欧洲大陆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲大陸">非洲大陆</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新大陆">新大陆</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="三角贸易">三角贸易</a>系统,输送<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="银">白银</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="黑奴">黑奴</a>。 </p><p>当时,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E4%BA%BA" title="西班牙人">西班牙人</a>亦拥有强大的海上力量和庞大的海上贸易。1494年,教宗<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="歷山六世">历山六世</a>为解决西葡关于世界贸易权归属的争议问题,主使双方签订了带有“瓜分世界”性质的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="托德西利亚斯条约">托德西利亚斯条约</a>》,规定穿越<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%BE%97%E8%A7%92" title="佛得角">佛得角</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%9B" title="伊斯帕尼奥拉岛">伊斯帕尼奥拉岛</a>连线中点的经线作为两国的势力分界线。 </p><p>1487年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E6%A2%85%E4%B9%8C%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="巴尔托洛梅乌·迪亚士">巴尔托洛梅乌·迪亚士</a>带领船队航行至非洲大陆最南端并发现<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%9C%9B%E8%A7%92" title="好望角">好望角</a>;1498年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦斯科·达伽马">瓦斯科·达伽马</a>的船队经好望角到达<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="印度次大陆">印度次大陆</a>,开辟了航向印度的航线。由此葡萄牙获得了巨大的贸易利润和财富,为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙文艺复兴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese Renaissance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙文艺复兴(页面不存在)">葡萄牙的文艺复兴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese Renaissance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese Renaissance</span></a></span>)</span></span>奠定了物质的基础。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg/220px-Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg/330px-Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg/440px-Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>1640年,葡萄牙人推翻了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="西班牙哈布斯堡王朝">西班牙哈布斯堡王朝</a>的统治,推举<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="若昂四世">布拉干萨公爵若昂</a>登基</figcaption></figure> <p>1500年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94" title="佩德罗·阿尔瓦雷斯·卡布拉尔">佩德罗·阿尔瓦雷斯·卡布拉尔</a>到达<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>,建立了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波图加尔港" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portugal Cove-St. Philip's"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%9B%BE%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波图加尔港(页面不存在)">波图加尔港</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_Cove-St._Philip%27s" class="extiw" title="en:Portugal Cove-St. Philip's"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portugal Cove-St. Philip's</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E5%92%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="纽芬兰和拉布拉多">纽芬兰和拉布拉多</a>两个殖民点,为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙对美洲的殖民" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%AF%B9%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙对美洲的殖民(页面不存在)">葡萄牙在美洲的众多殖民活动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese colonization of the Americas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</span></a></span>)</span></span>之一<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。卡布拉尔亦于1500年发现了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>,并宣称葡萄牙对此地拥有主权<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1510年,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="阿方索·德·阿尔布克尔克">阿方索·德阿尔布克尔克</a>征服了印度的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="果阿">果阿</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="霍尔木兹海峡">霍尔木兹海峡</a>一带的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%96%80%E7%89%B9" title="马斯喀特">马斯喀特</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%BD%E9%87%8C%E6%A8%A1%E5%AD%90" title="忽里模子">忽里模子</a>,以及今属<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="马六甲">马六甲</a>。由此,葡萄牙建立了遍布印度洋和南大西洋的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙殖民帝国">殖民帝国</a>,并垄断了两大地域的商业活动。此外,葡萄牙水手亦在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾岛">台湾岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="帝汶">帝汶</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E9%B9%BF%E5%8A%A0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="摩鹿加群岛">摩鹿加群岛</a>留下了足迹。虽然<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="荷蘭人">荷兰人</a>被广泛视为<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="澳大利亚大陆">澳大利亚大陆</a>的发现者,但亦<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙发现澳洲论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙发现澳洲论(页面不存在)">有证据表明</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" class="extiw" title="en:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</span></a></span>)</span></span>,葡萄牙人在1521年便到达了澳大利亚<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1529年,西葡间又签订《<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E6%88%88%E8%90%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="萨拉戈萨条约">萨拉戈萨条约</a>》,规定了两国在亚洲的势力分界线。 </p><p>随着其他欧洲国家继取得海上霸权后,葡萄牙于欧洲的地位有所下降。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="哈布斯堡王朝(1580-1640)與伊比利亚联盟"><span id=".E5.93.88.E5.B8.83.E6.96.AF.E5.A0.A1.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.881580.EF.BC.8D1640.EF.BC.89.E8.88.87.E4.BC.8A.E6.AF.94.E5.88.A9.E4.BA.9A.E8.81.94.E7.9B.9F"></span>哈布斯堡王朝(1580-1640)與伊比利亚联盟</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节:哈布斯堡王朝(1580-1640)與伊比利亚联盟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1578年,国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E6%98%82_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="塞巴斯蒂昂 (葡萄牙)">塞巴斯蒂昂</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%8E%8B%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="三王战役">三王战役</a>中阵亡,叔公<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%A1%A3%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="红衣主教">红衣主教</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="恩里克一世 (葡萄牙)">恩里克一世</a>被迫还俗即位,但亦于1580年逝世,造成<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1580年葡萄牙王位继承危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1580%E5%B9%B4%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1580年葡萄牙王位继承危机(页面不存在)">王位继承危机</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese succession crisis of 1580"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese succession crisis of 1580</span></a></span>)</span></span>。随后,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="西班牙哈布斯堡王朝">西班牙哈布斯堡王朝</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%88%A9%E4%BD%A9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="费利佩二世 (西班牙)">费利佩二世</a>宣称他作为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="曼努埃尔一世 (葡萄牙)">曼努埃尔一世</a>的外孙,拥有葡萄牙的继承权、并成功继承之,成为西班牙和葡萄牙的共主,建立<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="伊比利亞聯盟">伊比利亚联盟</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同西班牙的联合使葡萄牙卷入<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="八十年战争">八十年战争</a>,并与英国交恶。葡萄牙在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%B9%BE" title="波斯湾">波斯湾</a>的殖民地<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%BD%E9%87%8C%E6%A8%A1%E5%AD%90" title="忽里模子">忽里模子</a>被英国占领;1595年至1663年,又与<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰共和国">荷兰共和国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%91%A1%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="荷葡战争">交战</a>,丧失了在巴西、非洲、印度和远东的部分商业利益,且失去了印度洋贸易的垄断优势。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="布拉干萨王朝(1640-1910)"><span id=".E5.B8.83.E6.8B.89.E5.B9.B2.E8.90.A8.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.881640.EF.BC.8D1910.EF.BC.89"></span>布拉干萨王朝(1640-1910)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节:布拉干萨王朝(1640-1910)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1640年,不满西班牙首相<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="奥利瓦雷斯公爵">奥利瓦雷斯公爵</a>集權政策的葡萄牙贵族,在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a>发动革命,掀起<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BE%A9%E5%8F%A4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙王政復古戰爭">复辟战争</a>,并推举<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%B2%E8%96%A9" title="布拉干薩">布拉干萨</a>公爵<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="若昂四世">若昂</a>登基成为若昂四世,开启<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%B2%E8%90%A8%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="布拉干萨王朝">布拉干萨王朝</a>,结束了西葡<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%BB%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="共主邦联">共主邦联</a>的统治。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O_marques_de_pombal,_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/170px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/255px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/340px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>庞巴尔侯爵<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%BD%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%93%A6%E7%95%A5-%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B" title="塞巴斯蒂昂·若泽·德卡瓦略-梅洛">塞巴斯蒂昂·若泽·德卡瓦略-梅洛</a>于国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%BE%A4%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="若澤一世 (葡萄牙)">若泽一世</a>统治时期任葡国首相,是一名开明的独裁者</figcaption></figure> <p>1738年,庞巴尔侯爵<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%BD%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%93%A6%E7%95%A5-%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B" title="塞巴斯蒂昂·若泽·德卡瓦略-梅洛">塞巴斯蒂昂·若泽·德卡瓦略-梅洛</a>开始了其作为葡国驻<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a>(后为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="维也纳">维也纳</a>)大使的职业任期。葡国王后<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%84%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%A8%9C" title="奧地利的瑪麗亞·安娜">奥地利的玛丽亚·安娜</a>宠信德卡瓦略-梅洛,将奥国陆军元帅<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E6%81%A9" title="利奧波德·約瑟夫·馮·道恩">冯·道恩</a>之女嫁给了丧偶的梅洛。这引起了国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="若昂五世">若昂五世</a>的不满,他于1749年将德卡瓦略-梅洛召回葡国。次年若昂五世驾崩,其子<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%BE%A4%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="若澤一世 (葡萄牙)">若泽一世</a>即位。与其父相反,若泽一世重用德卡瓦略-梅洛,任他为外交部长,随后更加深对梅洛的信任,给予他更多自主权。 </p><p>1755年,德卡瓦略-梅洛出任首相。德卡瓦略-梅洛因其驻伦敦大使之经历,推行了英国式的经济政策,以及其它各式改革。在经济金融方面,他建立了数个商业公司以及主管商业活动的行会。此外,他将葡萄牙和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属印度">葡属印度</a>殖民地的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隶制">奴隶制</a>加以废除,重建了葡国陆海两军,重新开办<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="科英布拉大学">科英布拉大学</a>,并结束了葡萄牙对于国内各次要<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>教派的歧视和迫害。德卡瓦略-梅洛还在国内划分了专门的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E9%85%92" title="波特酒">波特酒</a>产区,以确保酒质——这开创了欧洲国家政府主导控制酒品生产和质量管控的先例。他的治国政策以严格著称,制订了适用于上层贵族到底层工人的完整、严格的法律,建立了审查制度完善的国家税收系统。此改革也使德卡瓦略-梅洛失去贵族(高等贵族尤甚)支持,被贵族视为损害自身利益的暴发户。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755,_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755%2C_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png/220px-Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755%2C_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755%2C_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png/330px-Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755%2C_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755%2C_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png/440px-Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755%2C_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1755%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1755年里斯本大地震">1755年里斯本大地震</a>将葡萄牙首都里斯本夷为平地</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="里斯本大地震"><span id=".E9.87.8C.E6.96.AF.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E5.9C.B0.E9.9C.87"></span>里斯本大地震</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节:里斯本大地震"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1755年11月1日,葡国首都<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a><a href="/wiki/1755%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1755年里斯本大地震">发生了里氏9.0级的大地震</a>,城区被震灾以及随后的海啸和火灾夷为平地<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,死亡人数高达约十万人。德卡瓦略-梅洛自地震中生还,并立即着手重建城市,并留下名言“现在该怎么办?埋葬死者,关心生者。”尽管死伤惨重,里斯本并未爆发瘟疫,并在一年内便完成了初步的重建。里斯本市中心的新式设计特别采用了抗震工艺,而新建的建筑物都要经过模拟实验的检验(通过军队的大规模行军模拟地震)。德卡瓦略-梅洛时代的建筑和广场,至今仍为里斯本的旅游景点之一。此外,德卡瓦略-梅洛在全国各地进行的调查资料对于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%A6" title="地震学">地震学</a>亦拥有特殊贡献。 </p><p>大地震之后,德卡瓦略-梅洛获得更大实权,成为一名强势而进步的独裁者。反对他的势力亦越发壮大,其与贵族的争端亦愈加频繁。1758年若泽一世在一次刺杀中生还,随之而来的快速审判将涉案的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%B2%83%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="塔沃拉家族事件">塔沃拉家族</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿韦罗公爵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Duke of Aveiro"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%9F%A6%E7%BD%97%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿韦罗公爵(页面不存在)">阿韦罗公爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Aveiro" class="extiw" title="en:Duke of Aveiro"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Duke of Aveiro</span></a></span>)</span></span>处死。葡国<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E4%BC%9A" title="耶稣会">耶稣会</a>被驱逐出境,财产亦为国家所没收。德卡瓦略-梅洛起诉了所有疑似涉案者,妇人及儿童亦未能幸免。德卡瓦略-梅洛亦得以排除异己。1759年,若泽一世封德卡瓦略-梅洛为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80" title="奥埃拉什">奥埃拉什</a>伯爵。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="七年战争"><span id=".E4.B8.83.E5.B9.B4.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89"></span>七年战争</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节:七年战争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1762年,葡国卷入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="七年战争">七年战争</a>、并遭西班牙入侵。1763年,双方停火,决定维持原状。1770年,梅洛被封为庞巴尔侯爵。1779年,若泽一世驾崩。即位的女王<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="玛丽亚一世 (葡萄牙)">玛丽亚一世</a>不满于庞巴尔侯爵的专政以及对于塔沃拉家族的无情处决,撤销了庞巴尔侯爵的职务。1782年庞巴尔侯爵死于自家住宅。庞巴尔侯爵的统治给葡国带来高效统治和思想“启蒙”的同时,也遭到了后世的质疑。英国历史学家肯尼思·马克斯韦尔认为,庞巴尔侯爵影响深远的统治,建基于独裁统治,特点为牺牲个人自由(排除异己时最甚)、压制批评言论、殖民地经济剥削、出版物审查以及控制个人利益<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>据统计,在18世纪的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴西淘金潮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Brazilian Gold Rush"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E6%B7%98%E9%87%91%E6%BD%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴西淘金潮(页面不存在)">巴西淘金潮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Gold_Rush" class="extiw" title="en:Brazilian Gold Rush"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Brazilian Gold Rush</span></a></span>)</span></span>中,大约有60万名葡萄牙人移居<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>殖民地<sup id="cite_ref-ibge_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibge-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,是欧洲殖民时代最为庞大的移民浪潮之一。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="近代(1807-1910)"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.BB.A3.EF.BC.881807.EF.BC.8D1910.EF.BC.89"></span>近代(1807-1910)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节:近代(1807-1910)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg/220px-Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg/330px-Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg/440px-Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>1807年<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破仑">拿破仑</a>入侵葡萄牙,里斯本的葡萄牙王室和大贵族为躲避战火,逃往<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拿破仑入侵"><span id=".E6.8B.BF.E7.A0.B4.E4.BB.91.E5.85.A5.E4.BE.B5"></span>拿破仑入侵</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节:拿破仑入侵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1807年秋,<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破仑·波拿巴">拿破仑·波拿巴</a>率<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第一帝国">法国</a>军队取道西班牙、攻入葡国。自1807年至1811年4年间,英葡同盟军同入侵的法军进行了持久的战争(为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="半岛战争">半岛战争</a>一部分)。拿破仑的入侵是葡萄牙走向衰亡的开始。里斯本的葡萄牙王室和大贵族为躲避战火,逃往<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>。1807年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%94%BF%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="摄政王">摄政王</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="若昂六世">若昂六世</a>迁都至<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%BA%A6%E7%83%AD%E5%86%85%E5%8D%A2" title="里约热内卢">里约热内卢</a>。1815年,巴西成为王国,摆脱了殖民地的地位,称为新建立之“<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%EF%BC%8D%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%EF%BC%8D%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E7%BB%B4%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙-巴西-阿尔加维联合王国">葡萄牙-巴西-阿尔加维联合王国</a>”一部分。葡王室驻巴西期间,巴西的政治、经济、军事、教育和科学都获得长足发展,走向近代化。1815年,法军战败,欧洲形势初步安定。1816年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="玛丽亚一世 (葡萄牙)">玛丽亚一世</a>驾崩,若昂六世登基成为葡国国王。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="革命(1820)"><span id=".E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD.EF.BC.881820.EF.BC.89"></span>革命(1820)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节:革命(1820)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1820年,波尔图爆发“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1820年自由革命" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Liberal Revolution of 1820"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1820年自由革命(页面不存在)">自由革命</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" class="extiw" title="en:Liberal Revolution of 1820"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Liberal Revolution of 1820</span></a></span>)</span></span>”,并迅速蔓延至全国。革命者要求废除旧<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="君主专制">君主专制</a>,仿效英国实行<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="君主立宪">君主立宪</a>。1821年,王室应议会回国,若昂六世之子<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF)" title="佩德罗一世 (巴西)">佩德罗</a>留任巴西摄政王。1822年,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent%20Cortes%20of%201820">议会</a>批准实施新<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">宪法</a>。新宪法及君主立宪制度仅实施不满一年,便为<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="米格爾一世 (葡萄牙)">米格尔</a>王子所发动的军事政变所终止,君主专制制度随之恢复。1820年的自由革命尽管最终未能达到目的,但在葡国传播了自由民主的思想,影响了19世纪的葡萄牙的社会面貌。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="巴西独立"><span id=".E5.B7.B4.E8.A5.BF.E7.8B.AC.E7.AB.8B"></span>巴西独立</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节:巴西独立"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>同期,巴西亦发生动乱。1821年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙议会">葡议会</a>决定取消巴西的王国地位,复归里斯本管辖,招致巴西进步人士及摄政王佩德罗不满。随后,葡国驻军与巴西民兵发生了多次武装冲突;1822年1月,议会勒令佩德罗回国,佩氏回绝。8月,葡国议会决定撤销佩德罗的摄政王职务,并出动大军进占巴西。9月,佩德罗宣布独立、改称巴西皇帝,建立了独立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="巴西帝国">巴西帝国</a>,随后爆发<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴西独立战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="War of Independence of Brazil"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴西独立战争(页面不存在)">巴西独立战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Brazil" class="extiw" title="en:War of Independence of Brazil"><span lang="en" dir="auto">War of Independence of Brazil</span></a></span>)</span></span>。葡军无力平息巴西的独立浪潮,1825年,葡萄牙承认<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B" title="巴西独立">巴西独立</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="王位继承危机"><span id=".E7.8E.8B.E4.BD.8D.E7.BB.A7.E6.89.BF.E5.8D.B1.E6.9C.BA"></span>王位继承危机</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节:王位继承危机"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1826年,若昂六世驾崩,而法定的王位继承人是巴西皇帝佩德罗一世,而觊觎王位的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="米格爾一世 (葡萄牙)">米格尔王子</a>拒不承认——这再次造成了葡萄牙的王位继承危机。佩德罗起初宣布继承葡萄牙王位,但遭到葡萄牙人和巴西人双方的反对,放弃继承权,改立其七岁的女儿<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="玛丽亚二世 (葡萄牙)">玛丽亚</a>为葡国女王,姐姐<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊莎贝尔·玛丽亚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%8E%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊莎贝尔·玛丽亚(页面不存在)">伊莎贝尔·玛丽亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Isabel_Maria_of_Portugal" class="extiw" title="en:Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal</span></a></span>)</span></span>担任<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="摄政">摄政</a>。同年,佩德罗颁布“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1826年宪章" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charter of 1826"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1826%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%AA%E7%AB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1826年宪章(页面不存在)">宪章</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_1826" class="extiw" title="en:Charter of 1826"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charter of 1826</span></a></span>)</span></span>”,以重建君主立宪制度。米格尔王子自立为王、并领导专制派武装同佩德罗的宪政派对抗,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙内战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese Civil War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙内战(页面不存在)">内战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese Civil War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese Civil War</span></a></span>)</span></span>爆发。1834年米格尔被击败,流亡至<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a>;佩德罗亦与是年离世。玛丽亚重新成为葡萄牙女王,称玛丽亚二世。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="九月革命"><span id=".E4.B9.9D.E6.9C.88.E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD"></span>九月革命</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节:九月革命"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-disambig" title="九月革命">九月革命</a></div> <p>然而佩德罗宪章的施行并不持久,1836年9月,里斯本爆发革命,革命者推翻了宪章派(Cartistas)政权,宣布改行1822年宪法。他们被称为“九月党人”(Setembristas)。九月党人上任后,宣布废除<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隶制">奴隶制</a>。1837年,宪章派军人发动了失败的军事政变;尽管九月党人保住政权,但内乱随之而生,走向覆亡,1842年被<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安东尼奥·贝尔纳多·达科斯塔·卡布拉尔,第一代托马尔侯爵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, 1st Marquis of Tomar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安东尼奥·贝尔纳多·达科斯塔·卡布拉尔,第一代托马尔侯爵(页面不存在)">安东尼奥·卡布拉尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Bernardo_da_Costa_Cabral,_1st_Marquis_of_Tomar" class="extiw" title="en:António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, 1st Marquis of Tomar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, 1st Marquis of Tomar</span></a></span>)</span></span>推翻,又恢复1826年宪章。卡布拉尔是偏激进的改革者,造成基层农民、特别是妇女的反对。1846年,爆发反卡布拉尔的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="玛丽亚·达丰特革命" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Revolution of Maria da Fonte"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E4%B8%B0%E7%89%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玛丽亚·达丰特革命(页面不存在)">玛丽亚·达丰特革命</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_Maria_da_Fonte" class="extiw" title="en:Revolution of Maria da Fonte"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Revolution of Maria da Fonte</span></a></span>)</span></span>,革命者得到了九月党和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="米格爾一世 (葡萄牙)">米格尔派</a>的支持,又将卡布拉尔政府推翻。随后女王委任军人<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若昂·卡洛斯·德萨尔达尼亚·奥利维拉-道恩,第一代萨尔达尼亚公爵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E6%8B%89-%E9%81%93%E6%81%A9%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若昂·卡洛斯·德萨尔达尼亚·奥利维拉-道恩,第一代萨尔达尼亚公爵(页面不存在)">萨尔达尼亚公爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_de_Saldanha_Oliveira_e_Daun,_1st_Duke_of_Saldanha" class="extiw" title="en:João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha</span></a></span>)</span></span>维持局面。此后政权又几度更迭,1851年,萨尔达尼亚公爵通过政变夺得政权,建立了“复兴党”(Partido Regenerador)的统治。复兴党人修订宪章为新宪法,并重建了选举制度。葡萄牙政坛的主要表征改为了复兴党人和进步党人(Partido Progressista,九月党改组而来)的长时间争斗,但不安局面已经结束。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="殖民地扩张"><span id=".E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E5.9C.B0.E6.89.A9.E5.BC.A0"></span>殖民地扩张</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节:殖民地扩张"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaimite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chaimite.jpg/220px-Chaimite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chaimite.jpg/330px-Chaimite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Chaimite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若阿金·奥古斯托·莫西尼奥·德阿尔布开克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E9%98%BF%E9%87%91%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%80%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若阿金·奥古斯托·莫西尼奥·德阿尔布开克(页面不存在)">莫西尼奥·德阿尔布开克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Augusto_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque" class="extiw" title="en:Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque</span></a></span>)</span></span>俘虏东非<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加扎帝国" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gaza Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E6%89%8E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加扎帝国(页面不存在)">加扎帝国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Gaza Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gaza Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span>皇帝<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冈冈哈纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gungunhana"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%88%E5%86%88%E5%93%88%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冈冈哈纳(页面不存在)">冈冈哈纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungunhana" class="extiw" title="en:Gungunhana"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gungunhana</span></a></span>)</span></span>。19世纪,葡萄牙扩大了其在非洲的殖民地</figcaption></figure> <p>19世纪是欧洲殖民扩张的又一个高峰,但对于葡萄牙来说,19世纪初是本国历史上的低谷,葡国失去了在南美洲的全部殖民地。为恢复其殖民帝国的地位,葡萄牙参与了欧洲列强<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="瓜分非洲">瓜分非洲</a>的浪潮,再次在非洲建立了庞大的殖民地。 </p><p>参与瓜分非洲前,葡国在非洲的旧殖民地包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE" title="罗安达">罗安达</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89" title="本吉拉">本吉拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%BB%8D" title="比绍">比绍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E6%89%98" title="马普托">洛伦索-马克斯</a>(今马普托)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%9A%E5%9B%A0%E6%B8%AF" title="安博因港">安博因港</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E5%B2%9B" title="莫桑比克岛">莫桑比克岛</a>。1884年<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="柏林西非会议">柏林西非会议</a>划定了葡属非洲殖民地的边界线。此后,葡萄牙人在非洲建立或重建了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8D%9A" title="万博">新里斯本</a>(今万博)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E7%8F%AD%E6%88%88" title="盧班戈">萨达班代拉</a>(今卢班戈)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%8E%E6%89%98" title="奎托">席尔瓦港</a>(今奎托)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2" title="馬蘭哲">马兰热</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%89%B9" title="太特">太特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AD%AF%E5%9F%83" title="古魯埃">容凯鲁</a>(今古鲁埃)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%A4" title="希莫尤">佩里</a>(今希莫尤)和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AC%A3%E5%8A%A0" title="利欣加">卡布拉尔</a>(今利欣加)等;<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E6%8B%89" title="贝拉">贝拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E8%B2%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="納米貝">木萨米迪什</a>(今纳米贝)、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%AF%94%E6%89%98" title="洛比托">洛比托</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E8%B3%BD" title="賽賽">若昂贝洛</a>(今赛赛)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="纳卡拉">纳卡拉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%B7%B4" title="彭巴">阿梅利亚港</a>(今彭巴)亦是此时期建立的海岸城市。19世纪与20世纪之交,葡国又出资搭建<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="本格拉鐵路">本格拉铁路</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贝拉铁路公司" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Beira Railroad Corporation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E6%8B%89%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝拉铁路公司(页面不存在)">贝拉铁路</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira_Railroad_Corporation" class="extiw" title="en:Beira Railroad Corporation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Beira Railroad Corporation</span></a></span>)</span></span>,以连接沿海与内陆地区。19世纪末葡萄牙提出<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E7%B4%85%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="粉紅地圖計劃">粉红地图计划</a>,声称自身对<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="葡屬西非">葡属西非</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89" title="安哥拉">安哥拉</a>)和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E6%9D%B1%E9%9D%9E" title="葡屬東非">葡属东非</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B" title="莫桑比克">莫桑比克</a>)之间的土地拥有主权。这个计划与英国人的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%BE%85%EF%BC%8D%E9%96%8B%E6%99%AE%E6%95%A6%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="開羅-開普敦鐵路">開羅-開普敦鐵路</a>计划相冲突,葡国的殖民活动最终导致1890年的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1890年英国最后通牒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1890 British Ultimatum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E9%80%9A%E7%89%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1890年英国最后通牒(页面不存在)">英国最后通牒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_British_Ultimatum" class="extiw" title="en:1890 British Ultimatum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1890 British Ultimatum</span></a></span>)</span></span>,最终葡萄牙人向英国妥协。在亚洲,葡萄牙于1887年与<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="大清">大清</a>签订《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%91%A1%E5%92%8C%E5%A5%BD%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中葡和好通商條約">中葡和好通商條約</a>》,将经营数世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="澳门">澳门</a>正式划为殖民地。 </p><p>到19世纪末,葡萄牙在全球拥有的殖民地有非洲的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E7%B6%AD%E5%BE%B7%E8%A7%92" title="葡屬維德角">葡属佛得角</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%92%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94" title="圣多美和普林西比">圣多美和普林西比</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" title="葡屬幾內亞">葡属几内亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="葡屬西非">葡属西非</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E6%9D%B1%E9%9D%9E" title="葡屬東非">葡属东非</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%8D%B7%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="达荷美">达荷美</a>海岸的圣若昂·巴普蒂斯塔·德阿茹达堡垒以及亚洲的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属印度">葡属印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属帝汶">葡属帝汶</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属澳门">葡属澳门</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="现代(1910至今)"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E4.BB.A3.EF.BC.881910.E8.87.B3.E4.BB.8A.EF.BC.89"></span>现代(1910至今)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节:现代(1910至今)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg/220px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg/330px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg/440px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>19世纪与20世纪之交的葡萄牙经济危机导致<a href="/wiki/1910%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%885%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1910年10月5日革命">1910年10月5日革命</a>——共和派推翻了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%B2%E8%90%A8%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="布拉干萨王朝">布拉干萨王朝</a>的统治,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若泽·雷尔瓦斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="José Relvas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%BD%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若泽·雷尔瓦斯(页面不存在)">若泽·雷尔瓦斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Relvas" class="extiw" title="en:José Relvas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">José Relvas</span></a></span>)</span></span>于里斯本市政厅宣布葡萄牙共和国成立。但是,新的共和政府未能挽救葡萄牙经济的颓势</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="革命(1910)與建立共和"><span id=".E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD.EF.BC.881910.EF.BC.89.E8.88.87.E5.BB.BA.E7.AB.8B.E5.85.B1.E5.92.8C"></span>革命(1910)與建立共和</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节:革命(1910)與建立共和"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>尽管19世纪下半叶葡萄牙迎来了短暂的经济复苏,但好景不长,在世纪之交,葡萄牙经济始现疲态。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="卡洛斯一世 (葡萄牙)">卡洛斯一世</a>统治时期,葡萄牙分别于1892年5月以及1902年5月两次宣布<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E4%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="破产">破产</a>——这造成社会危机,并动摇了葡萄牙历史悠久的君主制的根基。1908年2月1日,卡洛斯一世与王储<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E4%BD%A9_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E5%82%A8)" title="路易斯·菲利佩 (葡萄牙王储)">路易斯·菲利佩</a>在里斯本遭到刺杀,史称<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里斯本弑君事件" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lisbon Regicide"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%BC%91%E5%90%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里斯本弑君事件(页面不存在)">里斯本弑君事件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" class="extiw" title="en:Lisbon Regicide"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lisbon Regicide</span></a></span>)</span></span>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="曼努埃尔二世 (葡萄牙)">曼努埃尔二世</a>继承了王位,但此时葡萄牙<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%B2%E8%90%A8%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="布拉干萨王朝">布拉干萨王朝</a>的统治已几近走到尽头。<a href="/wiki/1910%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%885%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1910年10月5日革命">1910年10月5日革命</a>推翻了布拉干萨王朝,建立共和国。共和政府宣布实行<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB" title="政教分离">政教分离</a>原则,次年颁布新宪法。10月5日被葡萄牙定为<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E6%97%A5" title="葡萄牙共和國成立日">共和国日</a>,作为公众假期。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/170px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/255px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/340px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="安东尼奥·德奥利维拉·萨拉查">安东尼奥·萨拉查</a>对葡萄牙实行了长达36年(1932-1968)的独裁统治</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政变(1926)與萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E5.8F.98.EF.BC.881926.EF.BC.89.E8.88.87.E8.90.A8.E6.8B.89.E6.9F.A5.E7.9A.84.E7.BB.9F.E6.B2.BB.EF.BC.881932.EF.BC.8D1968.EF.BC.89"></span>政变(1926)與萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节:政变(1926)與萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>新建立的共和政府并未改变葡萄牙经济的颓势,且社会局面欠缺稳定,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="罢工">罢工</a>及动乱频发,政权亦不断更迭。 </p><p>從1910到1926年,該國共換了45屆不同類型的政府,1915年曾歷經幾個月的軍人執政,1917到1918年又有過早期<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="法西斯">法西斯</a>特徵的短暫軍人獨裁,這段期間政治暴力日漸猖狂,軍方對無能的多元政治不滿,儘管軍方內部不合卻能推翻政府,像是1925年一場軍事政變雖被挫敗,但隔年軍方克服內部分歧,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在1926年,发生<a href="/wiki/1926%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8828%E6%97%A5%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1926年5月28日政變">5月28日政变</a>,建立“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="全國獨裁">全國獨裁</a>”。1928年<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E6%88%88%E7%B4%A2%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%8E%AB%E7%B4%8D" title="安東尼奧·奧斯卡·德·弗拉戈索·卡爾莫納">安东尼奥·卡尔莫纳</a>于随后的权力争斗中掌权、出任<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="葡萄牙总统">总统</a>;1933年葡萄牙颁布新宪法,建立“<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="新國家 (葡萄牙)">新国家</a>”(Estado Novo)体制,又迎来<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="安东尼奥·德奥利维拉·萨拉查">安东尼奥·萨拉查</a>的右翼独裁统治。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>期间,葡萄牙的右翼親法西斯政權對外宣稱中立,但在取態上親近<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="軸心國">軸心國</a>,葡萄牙本土雖沒有被战火洗礼,惟其殖民地<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="葡屬帝汶">葡屬帝汶</a>卻遭<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="帝汶戰役">日本入侵</a>及佔領。战后,萨拉查政府坚持<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="反共">反共</a>政策,于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a>中偏向美国。葡萄牙成为当时<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="经济合作与发展组织">经济合作与发展组织</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲自由贸易联盟">欧洲自由贸易联盟</a>的创始成员国。萨拉查政权亦制定有多项经济发展计划,此外,还努力推动葡萄牙人前往非洲殖民地定居,以逐步对殖民地完成<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96" title="同化">同化</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="殖民地战争"><span id=".E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E5.9C.B0.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89"></span>殖民地战争</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节:殖民地战争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1954年,葡属印度的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89-%E7%BA%B3%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="达德拉-纳加尔哈维利">达德拉-纳加尔哈维利</a>被独立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="印度共和国">印度共和国</a>并吞<sup id="cite_ref-lele_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lele-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,这是<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙殖民帝国">葡萄牙殖民帝国</a>走向解体的开始。乱局开始于1961年——在亚洲,印军入侵<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="果阿">果阿</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属印度">葡属印度</a>全境<a href="/wiki/1961%E5%B9%B4%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%B9%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="1961年果阿并入印度">并入印度共和国</a>;在西非,<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%8D%B7%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="达荷美共和国">达荷美共和国</a>吞并圣若昂·巴普蒂斯塔·德阿茹达,成为达荷美威达市一部分;<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="葡屬西非">葡属安哥拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属莫桑比克">葡属莫桑比克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" title="葡屬幾內亞">葡属几内亚</a>亦于该年爆发独立斗争,打响<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="葡萄牙殖民地戰爭">葡萄牙殖民地战争</a>。萨拉查政权拒绝放弃殖民地的利益、试图维持领土总面积约2,168,071平方公里的共和国<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>——他主张与殖民地独立武装进行持续作战,随之遭受越来越多的国际异议,使得葡国遭到武器禁运等国际惩罚性<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E8%A3%81" class="mw-disambig" title="制裁">制裁</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="康乃馨革命(1974)與重建民主"><span id=".E5.BA.B7.E4.B9.83.E9.A6.A8.E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD.EF.BC.881974.EF.BC.89.E8.88.87.E9.87.8D.E5.BB.BA.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB"></span>康乃馨革命(1974)與重建民主</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节:康乃馨革命(1974)與重建民主"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1968年,萨拉查因健康问题结束其统治,将大权交给了<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%A1%9E%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E6%96%AF%E5%85%A7%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E4%B8%B9%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="馬爾塞洛·達斯內維斯·阿爾維斯·卡丹奴">马塞洛·卡埃塔诺</a>。尽管葡军在一定程度上控制了战局,但到1973年,连年战争开支不菲、拖累葡国经济,而葡国与其他<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>会员国的外交关系亦发生恶化。1974年4月,里斯本爆发了左派军官领导的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="政变">不流血政变</a>,推翻了“新国家”体制,是为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%83%E9%A6%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="康乃馨革命">康乃馨革命</a>。过渡政权<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="救国军政府">救国军政府</a>宣布进行“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="持续性革命进程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E6%80%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="持续性革命进程(页面不存在)">持续性革命进程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="extiw" title="en:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Processo Revolucionário Em Curso</span></a></span>)</span></span>”,进入<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙民主转型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese transition to democracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙民主转型(页面不存在)">民主转型期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese transition to democracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese transition to democracy</span></a></span>)</span></span>——新的左翼政府试图重建<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>制度,但时年政局欠缺稳定。新政府宣布实行<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="非殖民化">非殖民化</a>政策,放弃其海外殖民地,并召回殖民地政府及驻军;100多万葡人难民因而自殖民地启程回国<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>——其白人身份大多不能得到新国家的认可。政府委派<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E4%BA%9A%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="马里奥·苏亚雷斯">马里奥·苏亚雷斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%81%94%E7%90%9B" title="歐達琛">歐達琛</a>负责处理殖民地的独立事务,到1975年,葡萄牙的全部非洲殖民地得到独立;同年,葡国举行<a href="/wiki/1975%E5%B9%B4%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%AA%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="1975年葡萄牙制宪议会选举">制宪议会选举</a>,是为50年来首次民主选举。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg/220px-25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg/330px-25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg/440px-25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%83%E9%A6%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="康乃馨革命">康乃馨革命</a>推翻了“新国家”的独裁体制,建立左翼民主政权</figcaption></figure> <p>1976年,葡国举行<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙1976年立法选举" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese legislative election, 1976"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%991976%E5%B9%B4%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙1976年立法选举(页面不存在)">立法选举</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_legislative_election,_1976" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese legislative election, 1976"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese legislative election, 1976</span></a></span>)</span></span>,由<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" title="葡萄牙社会党">社会党</a>取得政权、结束过渡政府,7月23日,马里奥·苏亚雷斯出任总理,领衔首届立宪政府。苏亚雷斯政府试图恢复经济,重建“新国家”时期的经济进程。他试图主导葡国加入<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="欧洲经济共同体">欧洲经济共同体</a>,入盟谈判于1977年开启。民主政府成立初期,葡国的政策立场于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="新自由主义">新自由主义</a>间摇摆。政府强迫实施了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="土地改革">土地改革</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="國有化">国有化</a>的政策,为了适应这些带有社会主义色彩的政策,1976年葡国政府颁布了<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙宪法">新宪法</a>。随后在1982年和1989年,葡国两次修订宪法,写入工人权利等相关条款,加重了其中的社会主义和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="社会主义政治经济学">社会主义政治经济学</a>色彩。民主转型期,葡国经济曾在1977年至1978年以及1983年至1985年出现波动,迫使政府请求<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际货币基金组织">国际货币基金组织</a>协助维稳。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="加入欧洲经济共同体"><span id=".E5.8A.A0.E5.85.A5.E6.AC.A7.E6.B4.B2.E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E.E5.85.B1.E5.90.8C.E4.BD.93"></span>加入欧洲经济共同体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节:加入欧洲经济共同体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>民主转型基本完成后,葡国开始积极参与国际事务。1986年,葡国正式加入<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="欧洲经济共同体">欧洲经济共同体</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a>前身),1992年亦顺理成章地成为新欧洲联盟的正式成员。入欧之后,葡萄牙的经济在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="结构与凝聚力基金" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="structural and cohesion funds"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E5%8A%9B%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="结构与凝聚力基金(页面不存在)">结构与凝聚力基金</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/structural_and_cohesion_funds" class="extiw" title="en:structural and cohesion funds"><span lang="en" dir="auto">structural and cohesion funds</span></a></span>)</span></span>的支持下发展迅速;葡国企业亦能够更加便利地进入欧洲市场。1995年3月26日,葡萄牙正式加入<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E6%A0%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="申根区">申根区</a>,取消了与区内国家的边界管制。1996年葡国主导成立了<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="葡萄牙语国家共同体">葡萄牙语国家共同体</a>。1998年,里斯本举行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%9A%E8%A7%88%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="世界博览会">世界博览会</a>。1999年,葡国加入<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83%E5%8C%BA" title="欧元区">欧元区</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="殖民結束"><span id=".E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E7.B5.90.E6.9D.9F"></span>殖民結束</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节:殖民結束"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1999年,葡国同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>完成<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E7%A7%BB%E4%BA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="澳门主权移交">澳门主权移交</a>。2002年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属帝汶">葡属帝汶</a>独立建国成为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="东帝汶">东帝汶</a>,得到了葡国的承认。<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙殖民帝国">葡萄牙殖民帝国</a>就此成为历史。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="里斯本条约及金融危機"><span id=".E9.87.8C.E6.96.AF.E6.9C.AC.E6.9D.A1.E7.BA.A6.E5.8F.8A.E9.87.91.E8.9E.8D.E5.8D.B1.E6.A9.9F"></span>里斯本条约及金融危機</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节:里斯本条约及金融危機"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2004年7月5日,总理<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%BD%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%BD%97%E4%BD%90" title="若泽·曼努埃尔·巴罗佐">若泽·曼努埃尔·巴罗佐</a>就任<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="欧盟委员会主席">欧盟委员会主席</a>。2007年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a>成员国于<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a>签订《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="里斯本条约">里斯本条约</a>》,是为欧盟的体制革新,以进一步推进欧盟的民主合法性、行政效率以及国际协调性改革。条约于2009年正式生效。<a href="/wiki/2007%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%932008%E5%B9%B4%E7%92%B0%E7%90%83%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="2007年–2008年環球金融危機">2007年–2008年環球金融危機</a>严重打击了葡国国民经济。危机给葡萄牙政府带来巨额<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%80%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="公债">公债</a>的同时,也迫使之与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际货币基金组织">国际货币基金组织</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="欧盟">欧盟</a>举行经济层面上的协商谈判,以获得<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91" title="歐洲金融穩定基金">歐洲金融穩定基金</a>等经济援助。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="附註"><span id=".E9.99.84.E8.A8.BB"></span>附註</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节:附註"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Birmp1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birmp1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Birmingham (2003), p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Rohrbacher, "Orosius," in <i>The Historians of Late Antiquity</i> (Routledge, 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TLvK-_fk8TkC&pg=PA135&dq=Orosius+life+OR+biography+OR+born+OR+birth&lr=&num=100&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U2atlXMBUN45DliVbnt_fLlckZInw">pp. 135–137.</a> Rohrbacher bases the date of birth on Augustine's description of Orosius as a "young priest" and a "son by age" in the period 414–418, which would place his age at 30 or younger.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223112452/http://www.notapositiva.com/pt/trbestbs/historia/10_fim_imper_romano.htm">Fim do Império Romano e Chegada dos Suevos</a>. notapositiva.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notapositiva.com/pt/trbestbs/historia/10_fim_imper_romano.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2014-12-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到葡萄牙语网页">(葡萄牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.atitle=Fim+do+Imp%C3%A9rio+Romano+e+Chegada+dos+Suevos&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=notapositiva.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.notapositiva.com%2Fpt%2Ftrbestbs%2Fhistoria%2F10_fim_imper_romano.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728041206/https://www.infoescola.com/povos-germanicos/suevos/">Suevos</a>. infoescola.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoescola.com/povos-germanicos/suevos/">原始内容</a>存档于2020-07-28) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到葡萄牙语网页">(葡萄牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.atitle=Suevos&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infoescola.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoescola.com%2Fpovos-germanicos%2Fsuevos%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0807-89672013000200016">Vestígios da presença sueva no noroeste da península ibérica: na etnologia, na arqueologia e na língua</a>. scielo.mec.pt. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153915/http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0807-89672013000200016">存档</a>于2021-04-14) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到葡萄牙语网页">(葡萄牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.atitle=Vest%C3%ADgios+da+presen%C3%A7a+sueva+no+noroeste+da+pen%C3%ADnsula+ib%C3%A9rica%3A+na+etnologia%2C+na+arqueologia+e+na+l%C3%ADngua&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scielo.mec.pt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.mec.pt%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0807-89672013000200016&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portugal musulman (Le) – VIIIe-XIIIe siècles par Christophe Picard – Maisonneuve et Larose – Collection Occident Musulman – 2001, 500 p., 34 euros. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/2706813989" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2706813989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A._R._Disney,_p.55-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A._R._Disney,_p.55_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 1: From Beginnings to 1807: Portugal (Volume 1) p.55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. V. Livermore, <i>A New History of Portugal</i> (Cambridge University Press: London, 1969) pp. 32-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuidNovi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QuidNovi_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuidNovi_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuidNovi_9-2"><sup><b>9.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ribeiro, Ângelo; Hermano, José. História de Portugal I — A Formação do Território [History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory]. QuidNovi. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/989-554-106-6" title="Special:网络书源/989-554-106-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 989-554-106-6</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到葡萄牙语网页">(葡萄牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.au=Hermano%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=%C3%82ngelo&rft.aulast=Ribeiro&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal+I+%E2%80%94+A+Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+Territ%C3%B3rio&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=989-554-106-6&rft.pub=QuidNovi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/09/13/2031252.htm?site=science/greatmomentsinscience">Black Death</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171014103931/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/09/13/2031252.htm?site=science%2Fgreatmomentsinscience">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), Great Moments in Science, ABC Science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20201222A0CMNB00?no-redirect=1">坚船利炮开局,最后靠风暴逃生?大明屯门海战如何让葡萄牙人惨败_腾讯新闻</a>. new.qq.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-07-08</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708194937/https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20201222A0CMNB00?no-redirect=1">存档</a>于2023-07-08).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.atitle=%E5%9D%9A%E8%88%B9%E5%88%A9%E7%82%AE%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%80%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E9%9D%A0%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4%E9%80%83%E7%94%9F%EF%BC%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E5%B1%AF%E9%97%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E8%AE%A9%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%83%A8%E8%B4%A5_%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=new.qq.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.qq.com%2Frain%2Fa%2F20201222A0CMNB00%3Fno-redirect%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414204151/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/portuguese.html">The Portuguese Explorers: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage</a>. Heritage.nf.ca. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/portuguese.html">原始内容</a>存档于2010-04-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Explorers%3A+Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Heritage&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Heritage.nf.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Fexploration%2Fportuguese.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Vigneras, L.-A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/corte_real_miguel_1E.html">Corte-Real, Miguel</a>. Brown, George Williams (编). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. I (1000–1700) online. University of Toronto Press. 1979 [1966].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.atitle=Corte-Real%2C+Miguel&rft.aufirst=L.-A.&rft.aulast=Vigneras&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.date=1979&rft.edition=online&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fcorte_real_miguel_1E.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcsp.ca/?Content=Visiting%2FAbout_Our_Town%2FHistory">Town of Portugal Cove - St.Philip's : History</a>. pcsp.ca. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123070424/https://pcsp.ca/?Content=Visiting%2FAbout_Our_Town%2FHistory">存档</a>于2020-11-23).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.atitle=Town+of+Portugal+Cove+-+St.Philip%27s+%3A+History&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pcsp.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcsp.ca%2F%3FContent%3DVisiting%252FAbout_Our_Town%252FHistory&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The standard view of historians is that Cabral was blown off course as he was navigating the currents of the South Atlantic, sighted the coast of South America, thereby accidentally discovering Brazil. However, for an alternative account of the discovery of Brazil, see <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="巴西歷史">History of Brazil</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Giles Tremlett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/22/uk.australia">Another nail in Cook's coffin as map suggests he was pipped by Portugal | World news</a>. The Guardian. 22 March 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414131327/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/22/uk.australia">存档</a>于2021-04-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.au=Giles+Tremlett&rft.btitle=Another+nail+in+Cook%27s+coffin+as+map+suggests+he+was+pipped+by+Portugal+%26%23124%3B+World+news&rft.date=2007-03-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fmar%2F22%2Fuk.australia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Debusmann, Bernd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/10575227/Kangaroo-in-400-year-old-manuscript-could-change-Australian-history.html">Kangaroo in 400-year-old manuscript could change Australian history</a>. London: Telegraph. 15 January 2014 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425062308/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/10575227/Kangaroo-in-400-year-old-manuscript-could-change-Australian-history.html">存档</a>于2021-04-25).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.atitle=Kangaroo+in+400-year-old+manuscript+could+change+Australian+history&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.aulast=Debusmann&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Faustraliaandthepacific%2Faustralia%2F10575227%2FKangaroo-in-400-year-old-manuscript-could-change-Australian-history.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Perry, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/21/us-australia-map-idUSSYD3449720070321">Map proves Portuguese discovered Australia: new book</a>. Reuters. 21 March 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018025046/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/21/us-australia-map-idUSSYD3449720070321">存档</a>于2015-10-18).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.atitle=Map+proves+Portuguese+discovered+Australia%3A+new+book&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2007%2F03%2F21%2Fus-australia-map-idUSSYD3449720070321&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=rDlqrxan22AC&pg=PA10&dq=the+spains+%22las+espanas%22#v=onepage&q=the%20spains%20%22las%20espanas%22&f=false">Saint and Nation</a>. Books.google.com. 30 April 2011: 10 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2012]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780271037738" title="Special:网络书源/9780271037738"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780271037738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.btitle=Saint+and+Nation&rft.date=2011-04-30&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780271037738&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Books.google.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DrDlqrxan22AC%26pg%3DPA10%26dq%3Dthe%2Bspains%2B%2522las%2Bespanas%2522%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dthe%2520spains%2520%2522las%2520espanas%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110311082423/http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html">Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake</a>. Nisee.berkeley.edu. 12 November 1998 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2012]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-03-11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.btitle=Historical+Depictions+of+the+1755+Lisbon+Earthquake&rft.date=1998-11-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nisee.berkeley.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnisee.berkeley.edu%2Flisbon%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Maxwell, <i>Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 83, 91–108, 160–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibge-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ibge_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125045233/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html">IBGE teen</a>. Ibge.gov.br. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-01-25).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.btitle=IBGE+teen&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ibge.gov.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fibgeteen%2Fpovoamento%2Fportugueses.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ian Kershew著、林華譯. 地獄之行:1914-1949. 中信出版集團. 2018年12月: 204. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5086-8300-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5086-8300-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-5086-8300-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.au=Ian+Kershew%E8%91%97%E3%80%81%E6%9E%97%E8%8F%AF%E8%AD%AF&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84%E4%B9%8B%E8%A1%8C%3A1914-1949&rft.date=2018-12&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-5086-8300-3&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lele-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lele_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P S Lele, Dadra and Nagar Haveli: past and present, Published by Usha P. Lele, 1987,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052605/http://purl.pt/11440/1/P1.html">Portugal Não É Um País Pequeno</a>. Purl.pt. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2011]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.pt/11440/1/P1.html">原始内容</a>存档于14 May 2011).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.btitle=Portugal+N%C3%A3o+%C3%89+Um+Pa%C3%ADs+Pequeno&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Purl.pt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.pt%2F11440%2F1%2FP1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12079340">Flight from Angola</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130723131954/http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12079340">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> (16 August 1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html">Dismantling the Portuguese Empire</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130723130930/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a> (Monday, 7 July 1975).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="阿尔巴尼亚历史">阿尔巴尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="安道尔历史">安道尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="亚美尼亚历史">亞美尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="奥地利历史">奥地利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="阿塞拜疆历史">亞塞拜然</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="白俄罗斯历史">白俄罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="比利时历史">比利时</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那历史">波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="保加利亚历史">保加利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9F%83%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="克羅埃西亞歷史">克罗地亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="塞浦路斯历史">賽普勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="捷克历史">捷克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="丹麦历史">丹麦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="爱沙尼亚历史">爱沙尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="芬兰历史">芬兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="法国历史">法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="喬治亞歷史">格鲁吉亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="德国历史">德国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="希腊历史">希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="匈牙利历史">匈牙利</a></li> <li><a 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2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">公认<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權">主权实体</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%96%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%9C%98%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬爾他騎士團历史(页面不存在)">馬爾他騎士團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="梵蒂冈历史">梵蒂冈</a><small>(聖座)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="欧洲联盟历史">歐洲聯盟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E6%89%BF%E8%AE%A4%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="有限承认国家列表">未受国际普遍承认国家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="阿布哈茲歷史">阿布哈兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="科索沃历史">科索沃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="北塞浦路斯历史">北塞浦路斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%AF%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南奥塞梯历史(页面不存在)">南奥塞梯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="德涅斯特河沿岸历史">德涅斯特河沿岸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0" title="属地">属地</a>和其他特殊政区</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E5%88%A9%E8%88%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%87%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞克羅提利與德凱利亞历史(页面不存在)">阿克罗蒂里和泽凯利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="奥兰历史">奥兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="法罗群岛历史">法罗群岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="直布罗陀历史">直布羅陀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%9A%E9%A6%AC%E5%BB%B6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="揚馬延历史(页面不存在)">扬马延</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E8%A5%BF%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="根西历史">根西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%A4%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="澤西歷史">澤西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B3%B6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="曼島歷史">马恩岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="斯瓦尔巴历史">斯瓦尔巴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by 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