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葡萄牙历史 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-hans" title="我们推荐您登录,但这不是强制性的[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="有关本IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-早期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>早期</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-早期-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关早期子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-早期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-史前" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史前"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>史前</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-史前-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-罗马入侵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#罗马入侵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>罗马入侵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-罗马入侵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日耳曼入侵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日耳曼入侵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>日耳曼入侵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日耳曼入侵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>中期</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-中期-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关中期子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-中期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-穆斯林時代(711-1453)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穆斯林時代(711-1453)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>穆斯林时代(711-1453)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-穆斯林時代(711-1453)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-收复失地运动(718-1492)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#收复失地运动(718-1492)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>收复失地运动(718-1492)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-收复失地运动(718-1492)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-王国成立" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#王国成立"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>王国成立</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-王国成立-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-晚期(1383-1807)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#晚期(1383-1807)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>晚期(1383-1807)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-晚期(1383-1807)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关晚期(1383-1807)子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-晚期(1383-1807)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-阿维斯王朝(1383-1580)與殖民時代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#阿维斯王朝(1383-1580)與殖民時代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>阿维斯王朝(1383-1580)与殖民时代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-阿维斯王朝(1383-1580)與殖民時代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哈布斯堡王朝(1580-1640)與伊比利亚联盟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哈布斯堡王朝(1580-1640)與伊比利亚联盟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>哈布斯堡王朝(1580-1640)与伊比利亚联盟</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哈布斯堡王朝(1580-1640)與伊比利亚联盟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-布拉干萨王朝(1640-1910)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#布拉干萨王朝(1640-1910)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>布拉干萨王朝(1640-1910)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-布拉干萨王朝(1640-1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-里斯本大地震" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#里斯本大地震"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>里斯本大地震</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-里斯本大地震-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-七年战争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#七年战争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>七年战争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-七年战争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近代(1807-1910)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代(1807-1910)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>近代(1807-1910)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-近代(1807-1910)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关近代(1807-1910)子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-近代(1807-1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-拿破仑入侵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拿破仑入侵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>拿破仑入侵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拿破仑入侵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-革命(1820)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#革命(1820)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>革命(1820)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-革命(1820)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-巴西独立" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#巴西独立"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>巴西独立</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-巴西独立-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-王位继承危机" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#王位继承危机"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>王位继承危机</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-王位继承危机-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-九月革命" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#九月革命"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>九月革命</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-九月革命-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-殖民地扩张" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#殖民地扩张"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>殖民地扩张</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-殖民地扩张-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代(1910至今)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代(1910至今)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>现代(1910至今)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-现代(1910至今)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关现代(1910至今)子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-现代(1910至今)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-革命(1910)與建立共和" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#革命(1910)與建立共和"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>革命(1910)与建立共和</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-革命(1910)與建立共和-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政变(1926)與萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政变(1926)與萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>政变(1926)与萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政变(1926)與萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-殖民地战争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#殖民地战争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>殖民地战争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-殖民地战争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-康乃馨革命(1974)與重建民主" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#康乃馨革命(1974)與重建民主"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>康乃馨革命(1974)与重建民主</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-康乃馨革命(1974)與重建民主-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-加入欧洲经济共同体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#加入欧洲经济共同体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>加入欧洲经济共同体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-加入欧洲经济共同体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-殖民結束" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#殖民結束"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>殖民结束</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-殖民結束-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-里斯本条约及金融危機" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#里斯本条约及金融危機"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>里斯本条约及金融危机</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-里斯本条约及金融危機-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-附註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#附註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>附注</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-附註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">葡萄牙历史</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。54种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تاريخ البرتغال – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ البرتغال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Portugal" title="Historia de Portugal – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Португалия тарихы – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Португалия тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Партугаліі – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Партугаліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Партугаліі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гісторыя Партугаліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Португалия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Португалия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="পর্তুগালের ইতিহাস – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্তুগালের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istor_Portugal" title="Istor Portugal – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istor Portugal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Portugal" title="Història de Portugal – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Portugalska" title="Dějiny Portugalska – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Portugalska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_Portiwgal" title="Hanes Portiwgal – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes Portiwgal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugals_historie" title="Portugals historie – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portugals historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Portugals" title="Geschichte Portugals – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Portugals" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="History of Portugal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_Portugalio" title="Historio de Portugalio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Portugalio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Portugal" title="Historia de Portugal – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugali_ajalugu" title="Portugali ajalugu – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portugali ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalgo_historia" title="Portugalgo historia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portugalgo historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تاریخ پرتغال – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ پرتغال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalin_historia" title="Portugalin historia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portugalin historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Portugal" title="Histoire du Portugal – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du Portugal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Portugal" title="Historia de Portugal – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9C" title="היסטוריה של פורטוגל – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של פורטוגל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Portugala" title="Povijest Portugala – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Portugala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C3%A1lia_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Portugália történelme – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portugália történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պորտուգալիայի պատմություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտուգալիայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Portugal" title="Sejarah Portugal – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Portugal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Portugal" title="Historio di Portugal – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Portugal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_del_Portogallo" title="Storia del Portogallo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia del Portogallo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="ポルトガルの歴史 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポルトガルの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პორტუგალიის ისტორია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტუგალიის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="포르투갈의 역사 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투갈의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Португалиядин тарих – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Португалиядин тарих" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_de_Portugal" title="Istoria de Portugal – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istoria de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalijos_istorija" title="Portugalijos istorija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portugalijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C4%81les_v%C4%93sture" title="Portugāles vēsture – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portugāles vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на Португалија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Португалија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ria_de_Pertual" title="Stória de Pertual – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stória de Pertual" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Portugal" title="Geschiedenis van Portugal – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Portugal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugals_historie" title="Portugals historie – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portugals historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Portugalii" title="Historia Portugalii – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Portugalii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د پرتګال تاریخ – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د پرتګال تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal" title="História de Portugal – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Portugaliei" title="Istoria Portugaliei – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Portugaliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Португалии – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Португалии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Portugalske" title="Zgodovina Portugalske – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Portugalske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Историја Португалије – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Португалије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugals_historia" title="Portugals historia – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portugals historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Ureno" title="Historia ya Ureno – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Ureno" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="போர்த்துகல் வரலாறு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போர்த்துகல் வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portekiz_tarihi" title="Portekiz tarihi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portekiz tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Історія Португалії – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Португалії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_B%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%A0o_Nha" title="Lịch sử Bồ Đào Nha – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Bồ Đào Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="葡萄牙历史 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="葡萄牙历史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7790#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#006600"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">葡萄牙历史</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Portugal from 1647"><img alt="Map of Portugal from 1647" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg/190px-Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg/285px-Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg/380px-Portugallia_et_Algarbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#FF0000"> <span style="color:white">历史系列条目</span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center">古代历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙史前时期(页面不存在)">葡萄牙史前时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E6%81%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="琉息太尼亚">罗马帝国时代的琉息太尼亚行省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="西哥特人">西哥特人</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E6%B1%87%E4%BA%BA" title="苏维汇人">苏维汇人</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center">中世纪历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%BE%A9%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="收复失地运动">收复失地运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="卡斯蒂利亚王国">卡斯蒂利亚王国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="莱昂王国">莱昂王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD" title="葡萄牙伯国">葡萄牙伯国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙王国">葡萄牙独立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="葡萄牙勃艮第王朝">统一王权的建立</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="王朝统治危机(页面不存在)">1383至1385年内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿维斯王朝">阿维斯王朝</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center">近代历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="地理大发现">葡萄牙航海史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="葡萄牙王位继承战争">葡萄牙王位继承战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="伊比利亚联盟">西班牙统治下的葡萄牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BE%A9%E8%BE%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="葡萄牙王政复辟战争">葡萄牙王政复辟战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%B2%E8%90%A8%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="布拉干萨王朝">布拉干萨王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1755年里斯本大地震">里斯本大地震</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E7%A7%91%E5%A0%A1-%E5%93%A5%E8%BE%BE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D#葡萄牙国王" title="萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝">布拉干萨-萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%85%A7%E6%88%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙内战(页面不存在)">葡萄牙内战</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=1826%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1826年宪法(页面不存在)">1826年宪法</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center">现代历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙第一共和国">第一共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="全国独裁">全国独裁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="新国家 (葡萄牙)">新国家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="葡萄牙殖民地战争">葡萄牙殖民地战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%83%E9%A6%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="康乃馨革命">康乃馨革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="葡萄牙第三共和国">今天的葡萄牙</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center">专题历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙经济史(页面不存在)">经济史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="葡萄牙文化">文化史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙艺术史(页面不存在)">艺术史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙军事史(页面不存在)">军事史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝国">殖民史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙文学(页面不存在)">文学史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙王国">王国时代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙第一共和国">共和时代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="葡萄牙君主列表">葡萄牙君主</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙历史年表(页面不存在)">葡萄牙历史年表</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:葡萄牙历史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:葡萄牙历史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:葡萄牙历史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="早期"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F"></span>早期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:早期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg/220px-Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg/330px-Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg/440px-Evora-RomanTemple_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="2729" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%9E%E7%89%B9%E8%8C%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿连特茹">阿连特茹</a>地区的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%AD%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="埃武拉罗马神庙">埃武拉罗马神庙</a>,是罗马<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E6%81%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="琉息太尼亚">琉息太尼亚</a>统治的象征</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="史前"><span id=".E5.8F.B2.E5.89.8D"></span>史前</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:史前"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>最初迁入今日的葡萄牙一带的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="尼安德特人">尼安德特人</a>,后来被<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="智人">智人</a>所替代,于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="伊比利亚半岛">伊比利亚半岛</a>北部生活,懂得驯服动物、种植谷物以及捕鱼的技巧<sup id="cite_ref-Birmp1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birmp1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。公元前1千年,有<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="凯尔特人">凯尔特人</a>自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7" title="中欧">中欧</a>迁入,并定居下来、与当地人通婚,形成早期的聚落。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="罗马入侵"><span id=".E7.BD.97.E9.A9.AC.E5.85.A5.E4.BE.B5"></span>罗马入侵</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:罗马入侵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>前219年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="罗马人">罗马人</a>入侵伊比利亚半岛。到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%92%92" class="mw-redirect" title="尤利乌斯·凯撒">尤利乌斯·凯撒</a>统治末期,几乎整个伊比利亚半岛都为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">罗马</a>所征服。同时,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%8C%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="布匿战争">与罗马人作战</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%AA%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="迦太基人">迦太基人</a>也被赶出伊比利亚半岛,他们的海岸殖民地被并入罗马共和国。今日的葡萄牙自此进入了两百多年的罗马统治期,在此期间许多奴隶因抗命而被处决。 </p><p>前150年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E9%87%8C%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="维里阿修斯">维里阿修斯</a>发动叛乱,与罗马人对抗数年。罗马向当地派驻了他们最为优秀的将军和大量的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2" title="罗马军团">军团兵</a>以镇压叛乱,但他们的攻势并未奏效,迫使罗马人改变战略。他们贿赂了维里阿修斯的党羽,唆使其刺杀维氏。 </p><p>前139年,维里阿修斯遇刺,叛乱也得以平息。 </p><p>前140年,罗马人于设立<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E6%81%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="琉息太尼亚">琉息太尼亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81" title="罗马行省">行省</a>,但是该地区的罗马化是在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="西哥特">西哥特</a>时期完成的。 </p><p>在葡萄牙境内存在有诸多<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="铁器时代">铁器时代</a>的遗址,多为山丘古堡,考古学家划为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡斯特罗文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Castro culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡斯特罗文化(页面不存在)">卡斯特罗文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Castro culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Castro culture</span></a></span>)</span></span>。罗马时代遗址亦遍布全国,例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89" title="科英布拉">科英布拉</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0" title="科英布里加">科英布里加遗址</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%9E%E7%89%B9%E8%8C%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿连特茹">阿连特茹</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米罗布里加" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Miróbriga"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E7%BD%97%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="米罗布里加(页面不存在)">米罗布里加</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir%C3%B3briga" class="extiw" title="en:Miróbriga"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Miróbriga</span></a></span>)</span></span>遗址,而前者是葡萄牙最大的罗马人定居点。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E7%BD%97%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="保卢斯·奥罗修斯">保卢斯·奥罗修斯</a>(约375-418)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希达蒂乌斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hydatius"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%BE%BE%E8%92%82%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="希达蒂乌斯(页面不存在)">希达蒂乌斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydatius" class="extiw" title="en:Hydatius"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hydatius</span></a></span>)</span></span>(约400–469)和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿卡耶·弗拉维亚耶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aquae Flaviae"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%80%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿卡耶·弗拉维亚耶(页面不存在)">阿卡耶·弗拉维亚耶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquae_Flaviae" class="extiw" title="en:Aquae Flaviae"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aquae Flaviae</span></a></span>)</span></span>主教都是当时出生于葡萄牙的著名历史学家,其中弗拉维亚耶主教记载了罗马统治末期、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼人</a>入侵的史实。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日耳曼入侵"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E8.80.B3.E6.9B.BC.E5.85.A5.E4.BE.B5"></span>日耳曼入侵</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:日耳曼入侵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>5世纪早期,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E6%B1%87%E4%BA%BA" title="苏维汇人">苏维汇人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="汪达尔人">汪达尔人</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼部族</a>与同盟的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E8%94%A1" title="奄蔡">奄蔡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="萨尔马提亚人">萨尔马提亚人</a>侵入伊比利亚半岛,建立了<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a>的国家。其中,统治今日葡萄牙一带地区(<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E6%81%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="琉息太尼亚">琉息太尼亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" title="加利西亚 (西班牙)">加利西亚</a>)的国家是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E6%B1%87%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="苏维汇王国">苏维汇王国</a>,首都在布拉卡拉(Bracara,今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%A0" title="布拉加">布拉加</a>)。与其他的日耳曼部族相比,苏维汇人对于今日葡萄牙、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" title="加利西亚 (西班牙)">加利西亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF" title="阿斯图里亚斯">阿斯图里亚斯</a>地区的影响最为显著。 </p><p>500年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="西哥特王国">西哥特王国</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E8%8E%B1%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="托莱多">托莱多</a>建立,并在584至585年征服了苏维汇王国,将苏维汇纳入成为其第六个省。接下来的两个世纪内,整个伊比利亚半岛都逐渐被西哥特纳入统治。 </p><p>711年,南方信仰<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="摩尔人">摩尔人</a>入侵,杀死了国王<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" title="罗德里克">罗德里克</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,结束了西哥特人的统治。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="中期"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E6.9C.9F"></span>中期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:中期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al_Andalus_-_2.png/440px-Al_Andalus_-_2.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="497" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1000年<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E4%BC%8D%E9%BA%A5%E8%91%89%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="后伍麦叶王朝">后伍麦叶王朝</a>统治下的伊比利亚半岛</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="穆斯林時代(711-1453)"><span id=".E7.A9.86.E6.96.AF.E6.9E.97.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3.EF.BC.88711.EF.BC.8D1453.EF.BC.89"></span>穆斯林时代(711-1453)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:穆斯林时代(711-1453)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)"><span id=".E4.BC.8D.E9.BA.A6.E5.8F.B6.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.88711.EF.BC.8D1031.EF.BC.89"></span>伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:伍麦叶王朝(711-1031)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>8世纪初,信仰<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E9%BA%A6%E5%8F%B6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="伍麦叶王朝">伍麦叶王朝</a>并吞了伊比利亚半岛的绝大部分地区。在半岛北部,<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>的统治持续了一个世纪,末年仅仅剩下名义上的军事和行政管辖权;而在半岛的中部和南部,统治则持续了四到五个世纪。 </p><p>711年伍麦叶王朝击溃<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="西哥特王国">西哥特</a>是此段统治的开端。 </p><p>750年,这个定都于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大马士革">大马士革</a>,东起<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="印度河">印度河</a>流域、西至法兰西南部的庞大帝国宣告覆灭,随后在伊比利亚半岛上,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="阿卜杜拉赫曼一世">阿卜杜拉赫曼一世</a>建立了新的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="科尔多瓦酋长国">科尔多瓦埃米尔国</a>。 </p><p>929年,科尔多瓦<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="埃米尔">埃米尔</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="阿卜杜拉赫曼三世">阿卜杜拉赫曼三世</a>改称<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91" title="哈里发">哈里发</a>,建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%80%AD%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="后倭马亚王朝">科尔多瓦哈里发国</a>,史称“后伍麦叶王朝”。 </p><p>1031年,后伍麦叶王朝分崩离析,解体为至少23个封国,称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%B3%95" title="泰法">泰法</a>。 </p><p>泰法国家的首领多自称埃米尔,并与北方的基督教王国建立了外交联系。当时统治葡萄牙一带的泰法是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴达霍斯泰法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Taifa of Badajoz"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E9%9C%8D%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="巴达霍斯泰法(页面不存在)">巴达霍斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz" class="extiw" title="en:Taifa of Badajoz"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Taifa of Badajoz</span></a></span>)</span></span>,由<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝">阿拔斯王朝</a>统治;期间的1022年,在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a>曾建立起短命的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里斯本泰法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Taifa of Lisbon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%B0%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="里斯本泰法(页面不存在)">泰法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Lisbon" class="extiw" title="en:Taifa of Lisbon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Taifa of Lisbon</span></a></span>)</span></span>政权。南部部分地区后归<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿巴德王朝">阿巴德王朝</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塞维利亚泰法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Taifa of Seville"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%B3%B0%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="塞维利亚泰法(页面不存在)">塞维利亚泰法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville" class="extiw" title="en:Taifa of Seville"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Taifa of Seville</span></a></span>)</span></span>统治。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)"><span id=".E7.A9.86.E6.8B.89.E6.AF.94.E7.89.B9.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.881086.EF.BC.8D1147.EF.BC.89"></span>穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:穆拉比特王朝(1086-1147)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1086年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="穆拉比特王朝">穆拉比特王朝</a>侵入伊比利亚,于<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="萨拉卡战役">萨拉卡战役</a>击败了基督徒,得以控制半岛。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)"><span id=".E7.A9.86.E7.93.A6.E5.B8.8C.E5.BE.B7.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.881147.EF.BC.8D1249.EF.BC.89"></span>穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:穆瓦希德王朝(1147-1249)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1147年,穆拉比特王朝又被<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80" title="马拉喀什">马拉喀什</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="穆瓦希德王朝">穆瓦希德王朝</a>取代<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>穆斯林称伊比利亚半岛为<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="安达卢斯">安达卢斯</a>,并将安达卢斯分为数个不同的地区,称为库拉(Kura),每个库拉皆拥有一座首府。在穆斯林统治的全盛时期,共有10个库拉<sup id="cite_ref-A._R._Disney,_p.55_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._R._Disney,_p.55-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。当时,在穆斯林统治下的葡萄牙地区境内,有<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E9%9B%85" title="贝雅">贝雅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BB%80" title="锡尔维什">锡尔维什</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%A0%A1_(%E5%A1%9E%E5%9C%96%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%80)" title="萨尔堡 (塞图巴尔区)">萨尔堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%A6_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="圣塔伦 (葡萄牙)">圣塔伦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a>五个主要城市。在安达卢斯,主要的穆斯林人口由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9F%8F%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="柏柏尔人">柏柏尔人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="穆拉迪人">穆拉迪人</a>(皈依伊斯兰教的伊比利亚人)组成。当地的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a>主要是来自<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼">阿曼</a>的王公贵族,组成了安达卢斯的精英阶级。柏柏尔人则是由北非<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" class="mw-redirect" title="阿特拉斯山脉">阿特拉斯山脉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="里夫山脉">里夫山脉</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E7%89%A7%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="游牧民族">游牧民</a>及其后裔组成。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="收复失地运动(718-1492)"><span id=".E6.94.B6.E5.A4.8D.E5.A4.B1.E5.9C.B0.E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8.EF.BC.88718.EF.BC.8D1492.EF.BC.89"></span>收复失地运动(718-1492)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:收复失地运动(718-1492)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>伊比利亚半岛<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督徒</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="收复失地运动">收复失地运动</a>始于718年,时年西哥特贵族<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%A6" title="佩拉约">佩拉约</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF%E5%BC%80%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="比斯开湾">比斯开湾</a>沿岸的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83%E8%BF%9E%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" class="mw-redirect" title="坎塔布连山脉">坎塔布连山区</a>中建立了政权<sup id="cite_ref-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。他利用坎塔布连山脉的地形优势守住了王国,并以此为据点重整基督徒军队,意图收复土地。 </p><p>722年,佩拉约于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%93%A6%E6%9D%B1%E5%8A%A0%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="科瓦东加战役">科瓦东加战役</a>中大获全胜后称王,建立<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="阿斯图里亚斯王国">阿斯图里亚斯王国</a>,开始了旷日持久的基督徒收复失地(Reconquista Cristã)战争<sup id="cite_ref-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>9世纪,阿斯图里亚斯国王<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82)" title="阿方索三世 (莱昂)">阿方索三世</a>的下属<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="维马拉·佩雷斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vímara Peres"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="维马拉·佩雷斯">维马拉·佩雷斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADmara_Peres" class="extiw" title="en:Vímara Peres"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vímara Peres</span></a></span>)</span></span>率兵攻占了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3" title="杜罗河">杜罗河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="米尼奥河">米尼奥河</a>流域之间的地区,其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="波尔图">波尔图斯-加里</a>(今波尔图)和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%A0" title="布拉加">布拉加</a>两大城市,亦有广大的荒废城镇。他决定将难民迁移至此,以重建该地区<sup id="cite_ref-QuidNovi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuidNovi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,成立<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD" title="葡萄牙伯国">葡萄牙伯国</a>,得名于大港口波尔图斯-加里(Portus Cale)。维马拉·佩雷斯随后建立起一系列新城镇,其中便包括维马拉内斯(今<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="基马拉斯">吉马良斯</a>),该城市也因此被誉为“葡萄牙民族的出生地”和“摇篮城”(Cidade Berço)<sup id="cite_ref-QuidNovi_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuidNovi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>868年,阿方索三世封维马拉·佩雷斯为波尔图斯-加里第一伯爵<sup id="cite_ref-QuidNovi_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuidNovi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BatalhaOurique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BatalhaOurique.jpg/220px-BatalhaOurique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BatalhaOurique.jpg/330px-BatalhaOurique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BatalhaOurique.jpg/440px-BatalhaOurique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%BA%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="奥里基战役">奥里基战役</a>在葡萄牙<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="收复失地运动">收复失地运动</a>中起到了关键作用</figcaption></figure> <p>阿斯图里亚斯王国后因为王位继承问题而陷入内乱,阿方索三世被其子嗣勒令退位。其长子<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%90%8A%E6%98%82)" title="加西亚一世 (莱昂)">加西亚</a>成为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82" class="mw-disambig" title="莱昂">莱昂</a>国王,次子<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82)" title="奥多尼奥二世 (莱昂)">奥多尼奥</a>统治<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" title="加利西亚 (西班牙)">加利西亚</a>,而幼子<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%B2%81%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82)" title="弗鲁埃拉二世 (莱昂)">弗鲁埃拉</a>接收阿斯图里亚斯。葡萄牙郡成为加利西亚王国的一部分,葡萄牙人在语言和文化习俗上与加利西亚人相近,但和莱昂人有很大不同,因而导致文化隔阂。 </p><p>924年,在莱昂吞并另两个王国后,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="莱昂王国">莱昂王国</a>宣告成立。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg/220px-Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg/330px-Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg/440px-Portugal_110716_Batalha_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E9%99%A2" title="巴塔利亚修道院">巴塔利亚修道院</a>是为纪念<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E7%A5%96%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿勒祖巴洛特战役">阿勒祖巴洛特战役</a>而建,于1983年被<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>认定为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="世界遗产">世界遗产</a></figcaption></figure> <p>1093年,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿方索六世 (莱昂)">阿方索六世</a>将葡萄牙郡划予<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="勃艮第的亨利">勃艮第的亨利</a>,并将自己的私生女<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%95%BE%E8%8E%8E_(%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82)" class="mw-redirect" title="特蕾莎 (莱昂)">特蕾莎</a>嫁给了他。亨利定都于前古罗马行省首府<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%A0" title="布拉加">布拉加</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="王国成立"><span id=".E7.8E.8B.E5.9B.BD.E6.88.90.E7.AB.8B"></span>王国成立</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:王国成立"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1128年6月24日,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="基马拉斯">吉马良斯</a>近郊爆发<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="圣马梅德战役" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of São Mamede"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E9%A9%AC%E6%A2%85%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="圣马梅德战役(页面不存在)">圣马梅德战役</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Mamede" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of São Mamede"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of São Mamede</span></a></span>)</span></span>,此役中,葡萄牙伯爵、亨利之子<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="阿方索一世 (葡萄牙)">阿方索·恩里克斯</a>击败其母特蕾莎及情夫<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="费尔南·佩雷斯·德特拉瓦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fernando Pérez de Traba"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="费尔南·佩雷斯·德特拉瓦(页面不存在)">费尔南·佩雷斯·德特拉瓦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_P%C3%A9rez_de_Traba" class="extiw" title="en:Fernando Pérez de Traba"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fernando Pérez de Traba</span></a></span>)</span></span>,得到葡萄牙郡政权。随后,阿方索·恩里克斯将矛头对准南方的摩尔人,于1139年7月25日<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%BA%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="奥里基战役">奥里基战役</a>大胜,随即阿方索·恩里克斯在军队的支持下宣布为<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙国王">葡萄牙国王</a>,即阿方索一世,<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙王国">葡萄牙王国</a>就此成立。阿方索的国王地位在1143年得到了莱昂国王<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96_(%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿方索七世 (卡斯蒂利亚)">阿方索七世</a>的承认,在1179年得到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="历山三世">历山三世</a>的承认。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="收复失地运动">收复失地运动</a>时期,基督徒自穆斯林手中夺回了伊比利亚半岛。当时葡萄牙向南进军,于1249年在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="阿方索三世 (葡萄牙)">阿方索三世</a>主导下,吞并<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E7%BB%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔加维">阿尔加维</a>到达南部海岸,完成扩张。此后,葡萄牙的国境线几乎不再发生变动。在随后的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BB%80%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="迪尼什一世">迪尼什一世</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="阿方索四世 (葡萄牙)">阿方索四世</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="佩德罗一世 (葡萄牙)">佩德罗一世</a>的统治下,葡萄牙王国经历了短暂的和平。中世纪的葡萄牙人曾经有过骁勇善战的名声。 </p><p>1348年葡国遭<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病</a>袭击<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,损失惨重。 </p><p>1373年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%91%A1%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="英葡同盟">英葡同盟</a>成立,这是世界上历史最为悠久的同盟关系之一。 </p><p>1383年,国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="斐迪南一世 (葡萄牙)">斐迪南一世</a>死后没有男性继承人,其女婿<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="卡斯蒂利亚">卡斯蒂利亚</a>国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" class="mw-redirect" title="胡安一世 (卡斯蒂利亚)">胡安一世</a>宣布继位,遭到葡萄牙贵族与公众抵制。他们拥立老国王<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="佩德罗一世 (葡萄牙)">佩德罗一世</a>的私生子、阿维斯骑士团的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="若昂一世">若昂一世</a>继位。若昂一世凭借部下<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="努诺·阿尔瓦雷什·佩雷拉">努诺·阿尔瓦雷什·佩雷拉</a>的出色指挥,在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E7%A5%96%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿勒祖巴洛特战役">阿勒祖巴洛特战役</a>中击败了胡安、得以继承王位,开创<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿维斯王朝">阿维斯王朝</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="晚期(1383-1807)"><span id=".E6.99.9A.E6.9C.9F.EF.BC.881383.EF.BC.8D1807.EF.BC.89"></span>晚期(1383-1807)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:晚期(1383-1807)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg/170px-Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg/255px-Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg/340px-Henry_the_Navigator1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B_(%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%AE%B6)" class="mw-redirect" title="恩里克 (航海家)">恩里克王子</a>是葡萄牙航海事业的坚定的赞助者和拥护者</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="阿维斯王朝(1383-1580)與殖民時代"><span id=".E9.98.BF.E7.BB.B4.E6.96.AF.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.881383.EF.BC.8D1580.EF.BC.89.E8.88.87.E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3"></span>阿维斯王朝(1383-1580)与殖民时代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:阿维斯王朝(1383-1580)与殖民时代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg/220px-A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg/330px-A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg/440px-A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>葡萄牙在<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="葡属马六甲">葡属马六甲</a>建立的圣地亚哥城堡,后被<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>人炸毁只剩下城门部分,现在称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%99%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="法摩沙城堡">法摩沙城堡</a></figcaption></figure> <p>葡萄牙王国建立并得以巩固其疆域后,借由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大航海时代">大航海时代</a>的海上贸易及探索活动,逐渐步入国力鼎盛期,成为欧洲的经济、军事和政治大国,一直持续至16世纪末。葡萄牙人是欧洲全球探险活动和地理大发现的先驱,国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="若昂一世">若昂一世</a>之子<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B_(%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%AE%B6)" class="mw-redirect" title="恩里克 (航海家)">恩里克</a>是葡萄牙航海事业的坚定的赞助者和拥护者。早期的葡萄牙殖民者刚强勇猛,富于宗教狂热和开拓精神,更有新兴贵族和早期资产阶级对于利益的追逐欲望支撑。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1415年8月21日,恩里克王子率领葡萄牙舰队征服了北非的伊斯兰贸易中心<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E8%BE%BE" title="休达">休达</a>,这是葡萄牙的海外探险与殖民活动的开始。随后,葡萄牙的探险船队遍布全球:他们深入<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋">大西洋</a>,发现了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%80%9F%E5%B0%94%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="亚速尔群岛">亚速尔群岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="马德拉群岛">马德拉群岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%A5%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%B2%9B" title="比奥科岛">比奥科岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B2%9B" title="圣多美岛">圣多美岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E5%B2%9B" title="普林西比岛">普林西比岛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%BE%97%E8%A7%92" title="佛得角">佛得角</a>等大西洋岛屿;沿<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲大陆">非洲大陆</a>海岸线航行,建立了早期的殖民地,并开辟了通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%9C%9B%E8%A7%92" title="好望角">好望角</a>航向<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="印度次大陆">印度</a>的航线;在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新大陆">新大陆</a>,葡萄牙人发现<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>;在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>,葡萄牙建立了遍及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">东南亚</a>大部分海洋地区的航线,以进行<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99" title="香料">香料</a>贸易;葡萄牙人亦借由印度洋航线到达了<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="费尔南·佩雷兹·德·安德拉德">中国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%A0%BB%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="南蛮贸易">日本</a>。葡萄牙人在非洲海岸建立有众多商站,建立起涉及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="欧洲大陆">欧洲大陆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲大陆">非洲大陆</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新大陆">新大陆</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="三角贸易">三角贸易</a>系统,输送<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="银">白银</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="黑奴">黑奴</a>。 </p><p>当时,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E4%BA%BA" title="西班牙人">西班牙人</a>亦拥有强大的海上力量和庞大的海上贸易。1494年,教宗<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="历山六世">历山六世</a>为解决西葡关于世界贸易权归属的争议问题,主使双方签订了带有“瓜分世界”性质的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="托德西利亚斯条约">托德西利亚斯条约</a>》,规定穿越<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%BE%97%E8%A7%92" title="佛得角">佛得角</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%9B" title="伊斯帕尼奥拉岛">伊斯帕尼奥拉岛</a>连线中点的经线作为两国的势力分界线。 </p><p>1487年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E6%A2%85%E4%B9%8C%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="巴尔托洛梅乌·迪亚士">巴尔托洛梅乌·迪亚士</a>带领船队航行至非洲大陆最南端并发现<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%9C%9B%E8%A7%92" title="好望角">好望角</a>;1498年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦斯科·达伽马">瓦斯科·达伽马</a>的船队经好望角到达<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="印度次大陆">印度次大陆</a>,开辟了航向印度的航线。由此葡萄牙获得了巨大的贸易利润和财富,为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙文艺复兴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese Renaissance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙文艺复兴(页面不存在)">葡萄牙的文艺复兴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese Renaissance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese Renaissance</span></a></span>)</span></span>奠定了物质的基础。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg/220px-Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg/330px-Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg/440px-Joao_IV_proclaimed_king.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>1640年,葡萄牙人推翻了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="西班牙哈布斯堡王朝">西班牙哈布斯堡王朝</a>的统治,推举<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="若昂四世">布拉干萨公爵若昂</a>登基</figcaption></figure> <p>1500年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94" title="佩德罗·阿尔瓦雷斯·卡布拉尔">佩德罗·阿尔瓦雷斯·卡布拉尔</a>到达<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>,建立了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波图加尔港" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portugal Cove-St. Philip&#39;s"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%9B%BE%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波图加尔港(页面不存在)">波图加尔港</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_Cove-St._Philip%27s" class="extiw" title="en:Portugal Cove-St. Philip&#39;s"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portugal Cove-St. Philip's</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E5%92%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="纽芬兰和拉布拉多">纽芬兰和拉布拉多</a>两个殖民点,为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙对美洲的殖民" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%AF%B9%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙对美洲的殖民(页面不存在)">葡萄牙在美洲的众多殖民活动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese colonization of the Americas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</span></a></span>)</span></span>之一<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。卡布拉尔亦于1500年发现了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>,并宣称葡萄牙对此地拥有主权<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1510年,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="阿方索·德·阿尔布克尔克">阿方索·德阿尔布克尔克</a>征服了印度的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="果阿">果阿</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="霍尔木兹海峡">霍尔木兹海峡</a>一带的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%96%80%E7%89%B9" title="马斯喀特">马斯喀特</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%BD%E9%87%8C%E6%A8%A1%E5%AD%90" title="忽里模子">忽里模子</a>,以及今属<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="马六甲">马六甲</a>。由此,葡萄牙建立了遍布印度洋和南大西洋的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙殖民帝国">殖民帝国</a>,并垄断了两大地域的商业活动。此外,葡萄牙水手亦在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾岛">台湾岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="帝汶">帝汶</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E9%B9%BF%E5%8A%A0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="摩鹿加群岛">摩鹿加群岛</a>留下了足迹。虽然<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="荷兰人">荷兰人</a>被广泛视为<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="澳大利亚大陆">澳大利亚大陆</a>的发现者,但亦<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙发现澳洲论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E8%AE%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙发现澳洲论(页面不存在)">有证据表明</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" class="extiw" title="en:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</span></a></span>)</span></span>,葡萄牙人在1521年便到达了澳大利亚<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1529年,西葡间又签订《<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E6%88%88%E8%90%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="萨拉戈萨条约">萨拉戈萨条约</a>》,规定了两国在亚洲的势力分界线。 </p><p>随着其他欧洲国家继取得海上霸权后,葡萄牙于欧洲的地位有所下降。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="哈布斯堡王朝(1580-1640)與伊比利亚联盟"><span id=".E5.93.88.E5.B8.83.E6.96.AF.E5.A0.A1.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.881580.EF.BC.8D1640.EF.BC.89.E8.88.87.E4.BC.8A.E6.AF.94.E5.88.A9.E4.BA.9A.E8.81.94.E7.9B.9F"></span>哈布斯堡王朝(1580-1640)与伊比利亚联盟</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:哈布斯堡王朝(1580-1640)与伊比利亚联盟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1578年,国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E6%98%82_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="塞巴斯蒂昂 (葡萄牙)">塞巴斯蒂昂</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%8E%8B%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="三王战役">三王战役</a>中阵亡,叔公<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%A1%A3%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="红衣主教">红衣主教</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="恩里克一世 (葡萄牙)">恩里克一世</a>被迫还俗即位,但亦于1580年逝世,造成<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1580年葡萄牙王位继承危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1580%E5%B9%B4%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1580年葡萄牙王位继承危机(页面不存在)">王位继承危机</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese succession crisis of 1580"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese succession crisis of 1580</span></a></span>)</span></span>。随后,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="西班牙哈布斯堡王朝">西班牙哈布斯堡王朝</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%88%A9%E4%BD%A9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="费利佩二世 (西班牙)">费利佩二世</a>宣称他作为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="曼努埃尔一世 (葡萄牙)">曼努埃尔一世</a>的外孙,拥有葡萄牙的继承权、并成功继承之,成为西班牙和葡萄牙的共主,建立<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="伊比利亚联盟">伊比利亚联盟</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。同西班牙的联合使葡萄牙卷入<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="八十年战争">八十年战争</a>,并与英国交恶。葡萄牙在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%B9%BE" title="波斯湾">波斯湾</a>的殖民地<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%BD%E9%87%8C%E6%A8%A1%E5%AD%90" title="忽里模子">忽里模子</a>被英国占领;1595年至1663年,又与<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰共和国">荷兰共和国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%91%A1%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="荷葡战争">交战</a>,丧失了在巴西、非洲、印度和远东的部分商业利益,且失去了印度洋贸易的垄断优势。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="布拉干萨王朝(1640-1910)"><span id=".E5.B8.83.E6.8B.89.E5.B9.B2.E8.90.A8.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.881640.EF.BC.8D1910.EF.BC.89"></span>布拉干萨王朝(1640-1910)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:布拉干萨王朝(1640-1910)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1640年,不满西班牙首相<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="奥利瓦雷斯公爵">奥利瓦雷斯公爵</a>集权政策的葡萄牙贵族,在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a>发动革命,掀起<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BE%A9%E5%8F%A4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙王政复古战争">复辟战争</a>,并推举<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%B2%E8%96%A9" title="布拉干萨">布拉干萨</a>公爵<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="若昂四世">若昂</a>登基成为若昂四世,开启<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%B2%E8%90%A8%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="布拉干萨王朝">布拉干萨王朝</a>,结束了西葡<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%BB%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="共主邦联">共主邦联</a>的统治。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O_marques_de_pombal,_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/170px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/255px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/340px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>庞巴尔侯爵<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%BD%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%93%A6%E7%95%A5-%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B" title="塞巴斯蒂昂·若泽·德卡瓦略-梅洛">塞巴斯蒂昂·若泽·德卡瓦略-梅洛</a>于国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%BE%A4%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="若泽一世 (葡萄牙)">若泽一世</a>统治时期任葡国首相,是一名开明的独裁者</figcaption></figure> <p>1738年,庞巴尔侯爵<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%BD%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%93%A6%E7%95%A5-%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B" title="塞巴斯蒂昂·若泽·德卡瓦略-梅洛">塞巴斯蒂昂·若泽·德卡瓦略-梅洛</a>开始了其作为葡国驻<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a>(后为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="维也纳">维也纳</a>)大使的职业任期。葡国王后<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%84%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%A8%9C" title="奥地利的玛丽亚·安娜">奥地利的玛丽亚·安娜</a>宠信德卡瓦略-梅洛,将奥国陆军元帅<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E6%81%A9" title="利奥波德·约瑟夫·冯·道恩">冯·道恩</a>之女嫁给了丧偶的梅洛。这引起了国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="若昂五世">若昂五世</a>的不满,他于1749年将德卡瓦略-梅洛召回葡国。次年若昂五世驾崩,其子<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%BE%A4%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="若泽一世 (葡萄牙)">若泽一世</a>即位。与其父相反,若泽一世重用德卡瓦略-梅洛,任他为外交部长,随后更加深对梅洛的信任,给予他更多自主权。 </p><p>1755年,德卡瓦略-梅洛出任首相。德卡瓦略-梅洛因其驻伦敦大使之经历,推行了英国式的经济政策,以及其它各式改革。在经济金融方面,他建立了数个商业公司以及主管商业活动的行会。此外,他将葡萄牙和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属印度">葡属印度</a>殖民地的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隶制">奴隶制</a>加以废除,重建了葡国陆海两军,重新开办<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="科英布拉大学">科英布拉大学</a>,并结束了葡萄牙对于国内各次要<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>教派的歧视和迫害。德卡瓦略-梅洛还在国内划分了专门的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E9%85%92" title="波特酒">波特酒</a>产区,以确保酒质——这开创了欧洲国家政府主导控制酒品生产和质量管控的先例。他的治国政策以严格著称,制订了适用于上层贵族到底层工人的完整、严格的法律,建立了审查制度完善的国家税收系统。此改革也使德卡瓦略-梅洛失去贵族(高等贵族尤甚)支持,被贵族视为损害自身利益的暴发户。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755,_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755%2C_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png/220px-Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755%2C_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755%2C_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png/330px-Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755%2C_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755%2C_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png/440px-Alegoria_ao_Terramoto_de_1755%2C_Jo%C3%A3o_Glama_Strob%C3%ABrle.png 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1755%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1755年里斯本大地震">1755年里斯本大地震</a>将葡萄牙首都里斯本夷为平地</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="里斯本大地震"><span id=".E9.87.8C.E6.96.AF.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E5.9C.B0.E9.9C.87"></span>里斯本大地震</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:里斯本大地震"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1755年11月1日,葡国首都<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a><a href="/wiki/1755%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1755年里斯本大地震">发生了里氏9.0级的大地震</a>,城区被震灾以及随后的海啸和火灾夷为平地<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,死亡人数高达约十万人。德卡瓦略-梅洛自地震中生还,并立即着手重建城市,并留下名言“现在该怎么办?埋葬死者,关心生者。”尽管死伤惨重,里斯本并未爆发瘟疫,并在一年内便完成了初步的重建。里斯本市中心的新式设计特别采用了抗震工艺,而新建的建筑物都要经过模拟实验的检验(通过军队的大规模行军模拟地震)。德卡瓦略-梅洛时代的建筑和广场,至今仍为里斯本的旅游景点之一。此外,德卡瓦略-梅洛在全国各地进行的调查资料对于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%A6" title="地震学">地震学</a>亦拥有特殊贡献。 </p><p>大地震之后,德卡瓦略-梅洛获得更大实权,成为一名强势而进步的独裁者。反对他的势力亦越发壮大,其与贵族的争端亦愈加频繁。1758年若泽一世在一次刺杀中生还,随之而来的快速审判将涉案的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%B2%83%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="塔沃拉家族事件">塔沃拉家族</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿韦罗公爵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Duke of Aveiro"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%9F%A6%E7%BD%97%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿韦罗公爵(页面不存在)">阿韦罗公爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Aveiro" class="extiw" title="en:Duke of Aveiro"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Duke of Aveiro</span></a></span>)</span></span>处死。葡国<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E4%BC%9A" title="耶稣会">耶稣会</a>被驱逐出境,财产亦为国家所没收。德卡瓦略-梅洛起诉了所有疑似涉案者,妇人及儿童亦未能幸免。德卡瓦略-梅洛亦得以排除异己。1759年,若泽一世封德卡瓦略-梅洛为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80" title="奥埃拉什">奥埃拉什</a>伯爵。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="七年战争"><span id=".E4.B8.83.E5.B9.B4.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89"></span>七年战争</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:七年战争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1762年,葡国卷入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="七年战争">七年战争</a>、并遭西班牙入侵。1763年,双方停火,决定维持原状。1770年,梅洛被封为庞巴尔侯爵。1779年,若泽一世驾崩。即位的女王<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="玛丽亚一世 (葡萄牙)">玛丽亚一世</a>不满于庞巴尔侯爵的专政以及对于塔沃拉家族的无情处决,撤销了庞巴尔侯爵的职务。1782年庞巴尔侯爵死于自家住宅。庞巴尔侯爵的统治给葡国带来高效统治和思想“启蒙”的同时,也遭到了后世的质疑。英国历史学家肯尼思·马克斯韦尔认为,庞巴尔侯爵影响深远的统治,建基于独裁统治,特点为牺牲个人自由(排除异己时最甚)、压制批评言论、殖民地经济剥削、出版物审查以及控制个人利益<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>据统计,在18世纪的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴西淘金潮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Brazilian Gold Rush"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E6%B7%98%E9%87%91%E6%BD%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="巴西淘金潮(页面不存在)">巴西淘金潮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Gold_Rush" class="extiw" title="en:Brazilian Gold Rush"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Brazilian Gold Rush</span></a></span>)</span></span>中,大约有60万名葡萄牙人移居<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>殖民地<sup id="cite_ref-ibge_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibge-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,是欧洲殖民时代最为庞大的移民浪潮之一。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="近代(1807-1910)"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.BB.A3.EF.BC.881807.EF.BC.8D1910.EF.BC.89"></span>近代(1807-1910)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:近代(1807-1910)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg/220px-Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg/330px-Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg/440px-Autor_n%C3%A3o_identificado_-_Embarque_da_Fam%C3%ADlia_Real_Portuguesa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>1807年<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破仑">拿破仑</a>入侵葡萄牙,里斯本的葡萄牙王室和大贵族为躲避战火,逃往<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拿破仑入侵"><span id=".E6.8B.BF.E7.A0.B4.E4.BB.91.E5.85.A5.E4.BE.B5"></span>拿破仑入侵</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:拿破仑入侵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1807年秋,<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破仑·波拿巴">拿破仑·波拿巴</a>率<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第一帝国">法国</a>军队取道西班牙、攻入葡国。自1807年至1811年4年间,英葡同盟军同入侵的法军进行了持久的战争(为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="半岛战争">半岛战争</a>一部分)。拿破仑的入侵是葡萄牙走向衰亡的开始。里斯本的葡萄牙王室和大贵族为躲避战火,逃往<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>。1807年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%94%BF%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="摄政王">摄政王</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="若昂六世">若昂六世</a>迁都至<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%BA%A6%E7%83%AD%E5%86%85%E5%8D%A2" title="里约热内卢">里约热内卢</a>。1815年,巴西成为王国,摆脱了殖民地的地位,称为新建立之“<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%EF%BC%8D%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%EF%BC%8D%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E7%BB%B4%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙-巴西-阿尔加维联合王国">葡萄牙-巴西-阿尔加维联合王国</a>”一部分。葡王室驻巴西期间,巴西的政治、经济、军事、教育和科学都获得长足发展,走向近代化。1815年,法军战败,欧洲形势初步安定。1816年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="玛丽亚一世 (葡萄牙)">玛丽亚一世</a>驾崩,若昂六世登基成为葡国国王。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="革命(1820)"><span id=".E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD.EF.BC.881820.EF.BC.89"></span>革命(1820)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:革命(1820)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1820年,波尔图爆发“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1820年自由革命" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Liberal Revolution of 1820"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1820年自由革命(页面不存在)">自由革命</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" class="extiw" title="en:Liberal Revolution of 1820"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Liberal Revolution of 1820</span></a></span>)</span></span>”,并迅速蔓延至全国。革命者要求废除旧<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="君主专制">君主专制</a>,仿效英国实行<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="君主立宪">君主立宪</a>。1821年,王室应议会回国,若昂六世之子<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF)" title="佩德罗一世 (巴西)">佩德罗</a>留任巴西摄政王。1822年,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent%20Cortes%20of%201820">议会</a>批准实施新<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">宪法</a>。新宪法及君主立宪制度仅实施不满一年,便为<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="米格尔一世 (葡萄牙)">米格尔</a>王子所发动的军事政变所终止,君主专制制度随之恢复。1820年的自由革命尽管最终未能达到目的,但在葡国传播了自由民主的思想,影响了19世纪的葡萄牙的社会面貌。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="巴西独立"><span id=".E5.B7.B4.E8.A5.BF.E7.8B.AC.E7.AB.8B"></span>巴西独立</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:巴西独立"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>同期,巴西亦发生动乱。1821年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙议会">葡议会</a>决定取消巴西的王国地位,复归里斯本管辖,招致巴西进步人士及摄政王佩德罗不满。随后,葡国驻军与巴西民兵发生了多次武装冲突;1822年1月,议会勒令佩德罗回国,佩氏回绝。8月,葡国议会决定撤销佩德罗的摄政王职务,并出动大军进占巴西。9月,佩德罗宣布独立、改称巴西皇帝,建立了独立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="巴西帝国">巴西帝国</a>,随后爆发<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴西独立战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="War of Independence of Brazil"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="巴西独立战争(页面不存在)">巴西独立战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Brazil" class="extiw" title="en:War of Independence of Brazil"><span lang="en" dir="auto">War of Independence of Brazil</span></a></span>)</span></span>。葡军无力平息巴西的独立浪潮,1825年,葡萄牙承认<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B" title="巴西独立">巴西独立</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="王位继承危机"><span id=".E7.8E.8B.E4.BD.8D.E7.BB.A7.E6.89.BF.E5.8D.B1.E6.9C.BA"></span>王位继承危机</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="编辑章节:王位继承危机"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1826年,若昂六世驾崩,而法定的王位继承人是巴西皇帝佩德罗一世,而觊觎王位的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="米格尔一世 (葡萄牙)">米格尔王子</a>拒不承认——这再次造成了葡萄牙的王位继承危机。佩德罗起初宣布继承葡萄牙王位,但遭到葡萄牙人和巴西人双方的反对,放弃继承权,改立其七岁的女儿<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="玛丽亚二世 (葡萄牙)">玛丽亚</a>为葡国女王,姐姐<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊莎贝尔·玛丽亚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%8E%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊莎贝尔·玛丽亚(页面不存在)">伊莎贝尔·玛丽亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Isabel_Maria_of_Portugal" class="extiw" title="en:Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal</span></a></span>)</span></span>担任<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="摄政">摄政</a>。同年,佩德罗颁布“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1826年宪章" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charter of 1826"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1826%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%AA%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1826年宪章(页面不存在)">宪章</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_1826" class="extiw" title="en:Charter of 1826"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charter of 1826</span></a></span>)</span></span>”,以重建君主立宪制度。米格尔王子自立为王、并领导专制派武装同佩德罗的宪政派对抗,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙内战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese Civil War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙内战(页面不存在)">内战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese Civil War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese Civil War</span></a></span>)</span></span>爆发。1834年米格尔被击败,流亡至<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a>;佩德罗亦与是年离世。玛丽亚重新成为葡萄牙女王,称玛丽亚二世。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="九月革命"><span id=".E4.B9.9D.E6.9C.88.E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD"></span>九月革命</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="编辑章节:九月革命"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85099211">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-disambig" title="九月革命">九月革命</a></div> <p>然而佩德罗宪章的施行并不持久,1836年9月,里斯本爆发革命,革命者推翻了宪章派(Cartistas)政权,宣布改行1822年宪法。他们被称为“九月党人”(Setembristas)。九月党人上任后,宣布废除<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隶制">奴隶制</a>。1837年,宪章派军人发动了失败的军事政变;尽管九月党人保住政权,但内乱随之而生,走向覆亡,1842年被<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安东尼奥·贝尔纳多·达科斯塔·卡布拉尔,第一代托马尔侯爵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, 1st Marquis of Tomar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="安东尼奥·贝尔纳多·达科斯塔·卡布拉尔,第一代托马尔侯爵(页面不存在)">安东尼奥·卡布拉尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Bernardo_da_Costa_Cabral,_1st_Marquis_of_Tomar" class="extiw" title="en:António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, 1st Marquis of Tomar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, 1st Marquis of Tomar</span></a></span>)</span></span>推翻,又恢复1826年宪章。卡布拉尔是偏激进的改革者,造成基层农民、特别是妇女的反对。1846年,爆发反卡布拉尔的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="玛丽亚·达丰特革命" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Revolution of Maria da Fonte"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E4%B8%B0%E7%89%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="玛丽亚·达丰特革命(页面不存在)">玛丽亚·达丰特革命</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_Maria_da_Fonte" class="extiw" title="en:Revolution of Maria da Fonte"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Revolution of Maria da Fonte</span></a></span>)</span></span>,革命者得到了九月党和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="米格尔一世 (葡萄牙)">米格尔派</a>的支持,又将卡布拉尔政府推翻。随后女王委任军人<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若昂·卡洛斯·德萨尔达尼亚·奥利维拉-道恩,第一代萨尔达尼亚公爵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E6%8B%89-%E9%81%93%E6%81%A9%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="若昂·卡洛斯·德萨尔达尼亚·奥利维拉-道恩,第一代萨尔达尼亚公爵(页面不存在)">萨尔达尼亚公爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_de_Saldanha_Oliveira_e_Daun,_1st_Duke_of_Saldanha" class="extiw" title="en:João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha</span></a></span>)</span></span>维持局面。此后政权又几度更迭,1851年,萨尔达尼亚公爵通过政变夺得政权,建立了“复兴党”(Partido Regenerador)的统治。复兴党人修订宪章为新宪法,并重建了选举制度。葡萄牙政坛的主要表征改为了复兴党人和进步党人(Partido Progressista,九月党改组而来)的长时间争斗,但不安局面已经结束。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="殖民地扩张"><span id=".E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E5.9C.B0.E6.89.A9.E5.BC.A0"></span>殖民地扩张</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="编辑章节:殖民地扩张"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaimite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chaimite.jpg/220px-Chaimite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chaimite.jpg/330px-Chaimite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Chaimite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若阿金·奥古斯托·莫西尼奥·德阿尔布开克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E9%98%BF%E9%87%91%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%80%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="若阿金·奥古斯托·莫西尼奥·德阿尔布开克(页面不存在)">莫西尼奥·德阿尔布开克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Augusto_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque" class="extiw" title="en:Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque</span></a></span>)</span></span>俘虏东非<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加扎帝国" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gaza Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E6%89%8E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="加扎帝国(页面不存在)">加扎帝国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Gaza Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gaza Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span>皇帝<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冈冈哈纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gungunhana"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%88%E5%86%88%E5%93%88%E7%BA%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="冈冈哈纳(页面不存在)">冈冈哈纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungunhana" class="extiw" title="en:Gungunhana"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gungunhana</span></a></span>)</span></span>。19世纪,葡萄牙扩大了其在非洲的殖民地</figcaption></figure> <p>19世纪是欧洲殖民扩张的又一个高峰,但对于葡萄牙来说,19世纪初是本国历史上的低谷,葡国失去了在南美洲的全部殖民地。为恢复其殖民帝国的地位,葡萄牙参与了欧洲列强<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="瓜分非洲">瓜分非洲</a>的浪潮,再次在非洲建立了庞大的殖民地。 </p><p>参与瓜分非洲前,葡国在非洲的旧殖民地包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE" title="罗安达">罗安达</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89" title="本吉拉">本吉拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%BB%8D" title="比绍">比绍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E6%89%98" title="马普托">洛伦索-马克斯</a>(今马普托)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%9A%E5%9B%A0%E6%B8%AF" title="安博因港">安博因港</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E5%B2%9B" title="莫桑比克岛">莫桑比克岛</a>。1884年<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="柏林西非会议">柏林西非会议</a>划定了葡属非洲殖民地的边界线。此后,葡萄牙人在非洲建立或重建了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8D%9A" title="万博">新里斯本</a>(今万博)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E7%8F%AD%E6%88%88" title="卢班戈">萨达班代拉</a>(今卢班戈)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%8E%E6%89%98" title="奎托">席尔瓦港</a>(今奎托)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2" title="马兰哲">马兰热</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%89%B9" title="太特">太特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AD%AF%E5%9F%83" title="古鲁埃">容凯鲁</a>(今古鲁埃)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%A4" title="希莫尤">佩里</a>(今希莫尤)和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AC%A3%E5%8A%A0" title="利欣加">卡布拉尔</a>(今利欣加)等;<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E6%8B%89" title="贝拉">贝拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E8%B2%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="纳米贝">木萨米迪什</a>(今纳米贝)、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%AF%94%E6%89%98" title="洛比托">洛比托</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E8%B3%BD" title="赛赛">若昂贝洛</a>(今赛赛)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="纳卡拉">纳卡拉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%B7%B4" title="彭巴">阿梅利亚港</a>(今彭巴)亦是此时期建立的海岸城市。19世纪与20世纪之交,葡国又出资搭建<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="本格拉铁路">本格拉铁路</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贝拉铁路公司" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Beira Railroad Corporation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E6%8B%89%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="贝拉铁路公司(页面不存在)">贝拉铁路</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira_Railroad_Corporation" class="extiw" title="en:Beira Railroad Corporation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Beira Railroad Corporation</span></a></span>)</span></span>,以连接沿海与内陆地区。19世纪末葡萄牙提出<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E7%B4%85%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="粉红地图计划">粉红地图计划</a>,声称自身对<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属西非">葡属西非</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89" title="安哥拉">安哥拉</a>)和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E6%9D%B1%E9%9D%9E" title="葡属东非">葡属东非</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B" title="莫桑比克">莫桑比克</a>)之间的土地拥有主权。这个计划与英国人的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%BE%85%EF%BC%8D%E9%96%8B%E6%99%AE%E6%95%A6%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="开罗-开普敦铁路">开罗-开普敦铁路</a>计划相冲突,葡国的殖民活动最终导致1890年的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1890年英国最后通牒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1890 British Ultimatum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E9%80%9A%E7%89%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1890年英国最后通牒(页面不存在)">英国最后通牒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_British_Ultimatum" class="extiw" title="en:1890 British Ultimatum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1890 British Ultimatum</span></a></span>)</span></span>,最终葡萄牙人向英国妥协。在亚洲,葡萄牙于1887年与<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="大清">大清</a>签订《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%91%A1%E5%92%8C%E5%A5%BD%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中葡和好通商条约">中葡和好通商条约</a>》,将经营数世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="澳门">澳门</a>正式划为殖民地。 </p><p>到19世纪末,葡萄牙在全球拥有的殖民地有非洲的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E7%B6%AD%E5%BE%B7%E8%A7%92" title="葡属维德角">葡属佛得角</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%92%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94" title="圣多美和普林西比">圣多美和普林西比</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" title="葡属几内亚">葡属几内亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属西非">葡属西非</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E6%9D%B1%E9%9D%9E" title="葡属东非">葡属东非</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%8D%B7%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="达荷美">达荷美</a>海岸的圣若昂·巴普蒂斯塔·德阿茹达堡垒以及亚洲的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属印度">葡属印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属帝汶">葡属帝汶</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属澳门">葡属澳门</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="现代(1910至今)"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E4.BB.A3.EF.BC.881910.E8.87.B3.E4.BB.8A.EF.BC.89"></span>现代(1910至今)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="编辑章节:现代(1910至今)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg/220px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg/330px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg/440px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>19世纪与20世纪之交的葡萄牙经济危机导致<a href="/wiki/1910%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%885%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1910年10月5日革命">1910年10月5日革命</a>——共和派推翻了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%B2%E8%90%A8%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="布拉干萨王朝">布拉干萨王朝</a>的统治,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若泽·雷尔瓦斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="José Relvas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%BD%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="若泽·雷尔瓦斯(页面不存在)">若泽·雷尔瓦斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Relvas" class="extiw" title="en:José Relvas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">José Relvas</span></a></span>)</span></span>于里斯本市政厅宣布葡萄牙共和国成立。但是,新的共和政府未能挽救葡萄牙经济的颓势</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="革命(1910)與建立共和"><span id=".E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD.EF.BC.881910.EF.BC.89.E8.88.87.E5.BB.BA.E7.AB.8B.E5.85.B1.E5.92.8C"></span>革命(1910)与建立共和</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="编辑章节:革命(1910)与建立共和"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>尽管19世纪下半叶葡萄牙迎来了短暂的经济复苏,但好景不长,在世纪之交,葡萄牙经济始现疲态。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="卡洛斯一世 (葡萄牙)">卡洛斯一世</a>统治时期,葡萄牙分别于1892年5月以及1902年5月两次宣布<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E4%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="破产">破产</a>——这造成社会危机,并动摇了葡萄牙历史悠久的君主制的根基。1908年2月1日,卡洛斯一世与王储<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E4%BD%A9_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E5%82%A8)" title="路易斯·菲利佩 (葡萄牙王储)">路易斯·菲利佩</a>在里斯本遭到刺杀,史称<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里斯本弑君事件" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lisbon Regicide"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%BC%91%E5%90%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="里斯本弑君事件(页面不存在)">里斯本弑君事件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" class="extiw" title="en:Lisbon Regicide"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lisbon Regicide</span></a></span>)</span></span>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="曼努埃尔二世 (葡萄牙)">曼努埃尔二世</a>继承了王位,但此时葡萄牙<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%B2%E8%90%A8%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="布拉干萨王朝">布拉干萨王朝</a>的统治已几近走到尽头。<a href="/wiki/1910%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%885%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1910年10月5日革命">1910年10月5日革命</a>推翻了布拉干萨王朝,建立共和国。共和政府宣布实行<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB" title="政教分离">政教分离</a>原则,次年颁布新宪法。10月5日被葡萄牙定为<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E6%97%A5" title="葡萄牙共和国成立日">共和国日</a>,作为公众假期。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/170px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/255px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/340px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="安东尼奥·德奥利维拉·萨拉查">安东尼奥·萨拉查</a>对葡萄牙实行了长达36年(1932-1968)的独裁统治</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政变(1926)與萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E5.8F.98.EF.BC.881926.EF.BC.89.E8.88.87.E8.90.A8.E6.8B.89.E6.9F.A5.E7.9A.84.E7.BB.9F.E6.B2.BB.EF.BC.881932.EF.BC.8D1968.EF.BC.89"></span>政变(1926)与萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="编辑章节:政变(1926)与萨拉查的统治(1932-1968)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>新建立的共和政府并未改变葡萄牙经济的颓势,且社会局面欠缺稳定,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="罢工">罢工</a>及动乱频发,政权亦不断更迭。 </p><p>从1910到1926年,该国共换了45届不同类型的政府,1915年曾历经几个月的军人执政,1917到1918年又有过早期<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="法西斯">法西斯</a>特征的短暂军人独裁,这段期间政治暴力日渐猖狂,军方对无能的多元政治不满,尽管军方内部不合却能推翻政府,像是1925年一场军事政变虽被挫败,但隔年军方克服内部分歧,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在1926年,发生<a href="/wiki/1926%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8828%E6%97%A5%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1926年5月28日政变">5月28日政变</a>,建立“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="全国独裁">全国独裁</a>”。1928年<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E6%88%88%E7%B4%A2%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%8E%AB%E7%B4%8D" title="安东尼奥·奥斯卡·德·弗拉戈索·卡尔莫纳">安东尼奥·卡尔莫纳</a>于随后的权力争斗中掌权、出任<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="葡萄牙总统">总统</a>;1933年葡萄牙颁布新宪法,建立“<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="新国家 (葡萄牙)">新国家</a>”(Estado Novo)体制,又迎来<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="安东尼奥·德奥利维拉·萨拉查">安东尼奥·萨拉查</a>的右翼独裁统治。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>期间,葡萄牙的右翼亲法西斯政权对外宣称中立,但在取态上亲近<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="轴心国">轴心国</a>,葡萄牙本土虽没有被战火洗礼,惟其殖民地<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="葡属帝汶">葡属帝汶</a>却遭<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="帝汶战役">日本入侵</a>及占领。战后,萨拉查政府坚持<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="反共">反共</a>政策,于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a>中偏向美国。葡萄牙成为当时<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="经济合作与发展组织">经济合作与发展组织</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲自由贸易联盟">欧洲自由贸易联盟</a>的创始成员国。萨拉查政权亦制定有多项经济发展计划,此外,还努力推动葡萄牙人前往非洲殖民地定居,以逐步对殖民地完成<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96" title="同化">同化</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="殖民地战争"><span id=".E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E5.9C.B0.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89"></span>殖民地战争</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="编辑章节:殖民地战争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1954年,葡属印度的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89-%E7%BA%B3%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="达德拉-纳加尔哈维利">达德拉-纳加尔哈维利</a>被独立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="印度共和国">印度共和国</a>并吞<sup id="cite_ref-lele_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lele-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,这是<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙殖民帝国">葡萄牙殖民帝国</a>走向解体的开始。乱局开始于1961年——在亚洲,印军入侵<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="果阿">果阿</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属印度">葡属印度</a>全境<a href="/wiki/1961%E5%B9%B4%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%B9%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="1961年果阿并入印度">并入印度共和国</a>;在西非,<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%8D%B7%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="达荷美共和国">达荷美共和国</a>吞并圣若昂·巴普蒂斯塔·德阿茹达,成为达荷美威达市一部分;<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属西非">葡属安哥拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属莫桑比克">葡属莫桑比克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" title="葡属几内亚">葡属几内亚</a>亦于该年爆发独立斗争,打响<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="葡萄牙殖民地战争">葡萄牙殖民地战争</a>。萨拉查政权拒绝放弃殖民地的利益、试图维持领土总面积约2,168,071平方公里的共和国<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>——他主张与殖民地独立武装进行持续作战,随之遭受越来越多的国际异议,使得葡国遭到武器禁运等国际惩罚性<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E8%A3%81" class="mw-disambig" title="制裁">制裁</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="康乃馨革命(1974)與重建民主"><span id=".E5.BA.B7.E4.B9.83.E9.A6.A8.E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD.EF.BC.881974.EF.BC.89.E8.88.87.E9.87.8D.E5.BB.BA.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB"></span>康乃馨革命(1974)与重建民主</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="编辑章节:康乃馨革命(1974)与重建民主"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1968年,萨拉查因健康问题结束其统治,将大权交给了<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%A1%9E%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E6%96%AF%E5%85%A7%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E4%B8%B9%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔塞洛·达斯内维斯·阿尔维斯·卡丹奴">马塞洛·卡埃塔诺</a>。尽管葡军在一定程度上控制了战局,但到1973年,连年战争开支不菲、拖累葡国经济,而葡国与其他<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>会员国的外交关系亦发生恶化。1974年4月,里斯本爆发了左派军官领导的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="政变">不流血政变</a>,推翻了“新国家”体制,是为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%83%E9%A6%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="康乃馨革命">康乃馨革命</a>。过渡政权<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="救国军政府">救国军政府</a>宣布进行“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="持续性革命进程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E6%80%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="持续性革命进程(页面不存在)">持续性革命进程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="extiw" title="en:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Processo Revolucionário Em Curso</span></a></span>)</span></span>”,进入<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙民主转型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese transition to democracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙民主转型(页面不存在)">民主转型期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese transition to democracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese transition to democracy</span></a></span>)</span></span>——新的左翼政府试图重建<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>制度,但时年政局欠缺稳定。新政府宣布实行<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="非殖民化">非殖民化</a>政策,放弃其海外殖民地,并召回殖民地政府及驻军;100多万葡人难民因而自殖民地启程回国<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>——其白人身份大多不能得到新国家的认可。政府委派<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E4%BA%9A%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="马里奥·苏亚雷斯">马里奥·苏亚雷斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%81%94%E7%90%9B" title="欧达琛">欧达琛</a>负责处理殖民地的独立事务,到1975年,葡萄牙的全部非洲殖民地得到独立;同年,葡国举行<a href="/wiki/1975%E5%B9%B4%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%AA%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="1975年葡萄牙制宪议会选举">制宪议会选举</a>,是为50年来首次民主选举。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg/220px-25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg/330px-25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg/440px-25_Abril_1983_Porto_by_Henrique_Matos_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%83%E9%A6%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="康乃馨革命">康乃馨革命</a>推翻了“新国家”的独裁体制,建立左翼民主政权</figcaption></figure> <p>1976年,葡国举行<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙1976年立法选举" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese legislative election, 1976"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%991976%E5%B9%B4%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙1976年立法选举(页面不存在)">立法选举</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_legislative_election,_1976" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese legislative election, 1976"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese legislative election, 1976</span></a></span>)</span></span>,由<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" title="葡萄牙社会党">社会党</a>取得政权、结束过渡政府,7月23日,马里奥·苏亚雷斯出任总理,领衔首届立宪政府。苏亚雷斯政府试图恢复经济,重建“新国家”时期的经济进程。他试图主导葡国加入<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="欧洲经济共同体">欧洲经济共同体</a>,入盟谈判于1977年开启。民主政府成立初期,葡国的政策立场于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="新自由主义">新自由主义</a>间摇摆。政府强迫实施了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="土地改革">土地改革</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="国有化">国有化</a>的政策,为了适应这些带有社会主义色彩的政策,1976年葡国政府颁布了<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙宪法">新宪法</a>。随后在1982年和1989年,葡国两次修订宪法,写入工人权利等相关条款,加重了其中的社会主义和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="社会主义政治经济学">社会主义政治经济学</a>色彩。民主转型期,葡国经济曾在1977年至1978年以及1983年至1985年出现波动,迫使政府请求<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际货币基金组织">国际货币基金组织</a>协助维稳。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="加入欧洲经济共同体"><span id=".E5.8A.A0.E5.85.A5.E6.AC.A7.E6.B4.B2.E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E.E5.85.B1.E5.90.8C.E4.BD.93"></span>加入欧洲经济共同体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="编辑章节:加入欧洲经济共同体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>民主转型基本完成后,葡国开始积极参与国际事务。1986年,葡国正式加入<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="欧洲经济共同体">欧洲经济共同体</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a>前身),1992年亦顺理成章地成为新欧洲联盟的正式成员。入欧之后,葡萄牙的经济在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="结构与凝聚力基金" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="structural and cohesion funds"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E5%8A%9B%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="结构与凝聚力基金(页面不存在)">结构与凝聚力基金</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/structural_and_cohesion_funds" class="extiw" title="en:structural and cohesion funds"><span lang="en" dir="auto">structural and cohesion funds</span></a></span>)</span></span>的支持下发展迅速;葡国企业亦能够更加便利地进入欧洲市场。1995年3月26日,葡萄牙正式加入<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E6%A0%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="申根区">申根区</a>,取消了与区内国家的边界管制。1996年葡国主导成立了<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="葡萄牙语国家共同体">葡萄牙语国家共同体</a>。1998年,里斯本举行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%9A%E8%A7%88%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="世界博览会">世界博览会</a>。1999年,葡国加入<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83%E5%8C%BA" title="欧元区">欧元区</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="殖民結束"><span id=".E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E7.B5.90.E6.9D.9F"></span>殖民结束</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="编辑章节:殖民结束"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1999年,葡国同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>完成<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E7%A7%BB%E4%BA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="澳门主权移交">澳门主权移交</a>。2002年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="葡属帝汶">葡属帝汶</a>独立建国成为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="东帝汶">东帝汶</a>,得到了葡国的承认。<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙殖民帝国">葡萄牙殖民帝国</a>就此成为历史。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="里斯本条约及金融危機"><span id=".E9.87.8C.E6.96.AF.E6.9C.AC.E6.9D.A1.E7.BA.A6.E5.8F.8A.E9.87.91.E8.9E.8D.E5.8D.B1.E6.A9.9F"></span>里斯本条约及金融危机</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="编辑章节:里斯本条约及金融危机"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2004年7月5日,总理<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%BD%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%BD%97%E4%BD%90" title="若泽·曼努埃尔·巴罗佐">若泽·曼努埃尔·巴罗佐</a>就任<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="欧盟委员会主席">欧盟委员会主席</a>。2007年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a>成员国于<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a>签订《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="里斯本条约">里斯本条约</a>》,是为欧盟的体制革新,以进一步推进欧盟的民主合法性、行政效率以及国际协调性改革。条约于2009年正式生效。<a href="/wiki/2007%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%932008%E5%B9%B4%E7%92%B0%E7%90%83%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="2007年–2008年环球金融危机">2007年–2008年环球金融危机</a>严重打击了葡国国民经济。危机给葡萄牙政府带来巨额<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%80%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="公债">公债</a>的同时,也迫使之与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际货币基金组织">国际货币基金组织</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="欧盟">欧盟</a>举行经济层面上的协商谈判,以获得<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91" title="欧洲金融稳定基金">欧洲金融稳定基金</a>等经济援助。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="附註"><span id=".E9.99.84.E8.A8.BB"></span>附注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="编辑章节:附注"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Birmp1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birmp1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Birmingham (2003), p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Rohrbacher, "Orosius," in <i>The Historians of Late Antiquity</i> (Routledge, 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TLvK-_fk8TkC&amp;pg=PA135&amp;dq=Orosius+life+OR+biography+OR+born+OR+birth&amp;lr=&amp;num=100&amp;as_brr=3&amp;sig=ACfU3U2atlXMBUN45DliVbnt_fLlckZInw">pp. 135–137.</a> Rohrbacher bases the date of birth on Augustine's description of Orosius as a "young priest" and a "son by age" in the period 414–418, which would place his age at 30 or younger.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223112452/http://www.notapositiva.com/pt/trbestbs/historia/10_fim_imper_romano.htm">Fim do Império Romano e Chegada dos Suevos</a>. notapositiva.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notapositiva.com/pt/trbestbs/historia/10_fim_imper_romano.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2014-12-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到葡萄牙语网页">(葡萄牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;rft.atitle=Fim+do+Imp%C3%A9rio+Romano+e+Chegada+dos+Suevos&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=notapositiva.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.notapositiva.com%2Fpt%2Ftrbestbs%2Fhistoria%2F10_fim_imper_romano.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728041206/https://www.infoescola.com/povos-germanicos/suevos/">Suevos</a>. infoescola.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoescola.com/povos-germanicos/suevos/">原始内容</a>存档于2020-07-28) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到葡萄牙语网页">(葡萄牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;rft.atitle=Suevos&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=infoescola.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoescola.com%2Fpovos-germanicos%2Fsuevos%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0807-89672013000200016">Vestígios da presença sueva no noroeste da península ibérica: na etnologia, na arqueologia e na língua</a>. scielo.mec.pt. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153915/http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0807-89672013000200016">存档</a>于2021-04-14) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到葡萄牙语网页">(葡萄牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;rft.atitle=Vest%C3%ADgios+da+presen%C3%A7a+sueva+no+noroeste+da+pen%C3%ADnsula+ib%C3%A9rica%3A+na+etnologia%2C+na+arqueologia+e+na+l%C3%ADngua&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=scielo.mec.pt&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.mec.pt%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0807-89672013000200016&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portugal musulman (Le) – VIIIe-XIIIe siècles par Christophe Picard – Maisonneuve et Larose – Collection Occident Musulman – 2001, 500 p., 34 euros. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/2706813989" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2706813989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A._R._Disney,_p.55-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A._R._Disney,_p.55_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 1: From Beginnings to 1807: Portugal (Volume 1) p.55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. V. Livermore, <i>A New History of Portugal</i> (Cambridge University Press: London, 1969) pp. 32-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuidNovi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QuidNovi_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuidNovi_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuidNovi_9-2"><sup><b>9.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ribeiro, Ângelo; Hermano, José. História de Portugal I&#160;— A Formação do Território &#91;History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory&#93;. QuidNovi. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/989-554-106-6" title="Special:网络书源/989-554-106-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;989-554-106-6</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到葡萄牙语网页">(葡萄牙语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;rft.au=Hermano%2C+Jos%C3%A9&amp;rft.aufirst=%C3%82ngelo&amp;rft.aulast=Ribeiro&amp;rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal+I+%E2%80%94+A+Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+Territ%C3%B3rio&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=989-554-106-6&amp;rft.pub=QuidNovi&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/09/13/2031252.htm?site=science/greatmomentsinscience">Black Death</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171014103931/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/09/13/2031252.htm?site=science%2Fgreatmomentsinscience">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), Great Moments in Science, ABC Science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20201222A0CMNB00?no-redirect=1">坚船利炮开局,最后靠风暴逃生?大明屯门海战如何让葡萄牙人惨败_腾讯新闻</a>. new.qq.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2023-07-08</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708194937/https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20201222A0CMNB00?no-redirect=1">存档</a>于2023-07-08).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%9D%9A%E8%88%B9%E5%88%A9%E7%82%AE%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%80%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E9%9D%A0%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4%E9%80%83%E7%94%9F%EF%BC%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E5%B1%AF%E9%97%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E8%AE%A9%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%83%A8%E8%B4%A5_%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=new.qq.com&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.qq.com%2Frain%2Fa%2F20201222A0CMNB00%3Fno-redirect%3D1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414204151/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/portuguese.html">The Portuguese Explorers: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage</a>. Heritage.nf.ca. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/portuguese.html">原始内容</a>存档于2010-04-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Explorers%3A+Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Heritage&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Heritage.nf.ca&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Fexploration%2Fportuguese.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Vigneras, L.-A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/corte_real_miguel_1E.html">Corte-Real, Miguel</a>. Brown, George Williams (编). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. I (1000–1700) online. University of Toronto Press. 1979 [1966].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;rft.atitle=Corte-Real%2C+Miguel&amp;rft.aufirst=L.-A.&amp;rft.aulast=Vigneras&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.edition=online&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fcorte_real_miguel_1E.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcsp.ca/?Content=Visiting%2FAbout_Our_Town%2FHistory">Town of Portugal Cove - St.Philip's&#160;: History</a>. pcsp.ca. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015&#93;</span>. 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However, for an alternative account of the discovery of Brazil, see <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="巴西历史">History of Brazil</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Giles Tremlett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/22/uk.australia">Another nail in Cook's coffin as map suggests he was pipped by Portugal &#124; World news</a>. The Guardian. 22 March 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014&#93;</span>. 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London: Telegraph. 15 January 2014 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425062308/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/10575227/Kangaroo-in-400-year-old-manuscript-could-change-Australian-history.html">存档</a>于2021-04-25).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;rft.atitle=Kangaroo+in+400-year-old+manuscript+could+change+Australian+history&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernd&amp;rft.aulast=Debusmann&amp;rft.date=2014-01-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Faustraliaandthepacific%2Faustralia%2F10575227%2FKangaroo-in-400-year-old-manuscript-could-change-Australian-history.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Perry, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/21/us-australia-map-idUSSYD3449720070321">Map proves Portuguese discovered Australia: new book</a>. 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Nisee.berkeley.edu. 12 November 1998 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2012&#93;</span>. 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Lele, 1987,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052605/http://purl.pt/11440/1/P1.html">Portugal Não É Um País Pequeno</a>. Purl.pt. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2011&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.pt/11440/1/P1.html">原始内容</a>存档于14 May 2011).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;rft.btitle=Portugal+N%C3%A3o+%C3%89+Um+Pa%C3%ADs+Pequeno&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Purl.pt&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.pt%2F11440%2F1%2FP1.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12079340">Flight from Angola</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130723131954/http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12079340">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> (16 August 1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html">Dismantling the Portuguese Empire</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130723130930/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a> (Monday, 7 July 1975).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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