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href="#Cultural_differences_in_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cultural differences in learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_differences_in_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_prospects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_prospects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Future prospects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_prospects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_world_many_stories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/One_world_many_stories.svg/220px-One_world_many_stories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/One_world_many_stories.svg/330px-One_world_many_stories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/One_world_many_stories.svg/440px-One_world_many_stories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5725" data-file-height="4729" /></a><figcaption>One world many stories</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Intercultural learning</b> is an area of research, study and application of knowledge about different cultures, their differences and similarities. On the one hand, it includes a theoretical and academic approach (see e.g. <a href="/wiki/Developmental_Model_of_Intercultural_Sensitivity_(DMIS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)">Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Bennett" title="Milton Bennett">Milton Bennett</a>, Dimensions of Culture by <a href="/wiki/Geert_Hofstede" title="Geert Hofstede">Geert Hofstede</a>). On the other hand, it comprises practical applications such as learning to negotiate with people from different cultures, living with people from different cultures, living in a different culture and the prospect of peace between different cultures. </p><p>Intercultural learning has generated much interest mainly due to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. Culture has become an instrument for social interpretation and communicative action. Intercultural learning is primarily important in the context of the foreign language classroom. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercultural_learning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main goal of intercultural learning is seen as the development of <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">intercultural competence</a>, which is the ability to act and relate appropriately and effectively in various cultural contexts:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Appropriateness. Valued rules, norms, and expectations of the relationship are not violated significantly.</li> <li>Effectiveness. Values goals or rewards (relative to costs and alternatives) are accomplished.</li></ul> <p>Intercultural competence is generally thought to require three components on the learner's side: a certain skillset, <a href="/wiki/Culturally_sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Culturally sensitive">culturally sensitive</a> knowledge, and a motivated mindset. In greater detail, the skills, values, and attitudes that constitute intercultural competence include </p> <ol><li>intercultural attitudes (like openness, curiosity, readiness)</li> <li>general knowledge (of the theoretical aspects of how social groups/products/practices work and interact)</li> <li>skills of interpreting and relating (a document of another culture to one's own culture)</li> <li>skills of discovery and interaction (like the ability to discover information about another culture and the ability to communicate in real-time interaction)</li> <li>critical cultural awareness (that there are different cultures next to one's own)</li></ol> <p>The teacher, trainer, or mentor's task is to induce the learning of all in these aspects in the learner. Being successful, intercultural learning results in culturally competent learners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_on_approaching_culture">Theories on approaching culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercultural_learning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theories on approaching culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of intercultural learning, it is important to be aware of different subcategories of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, such as "little c" and "big C" culture. While the latter one is also called "objective culture" or "formal culture" referring to institutions, big figures in history, literature, etc., the first one, the "subjective culture", is concerned with the less tangible aspects of a culture, like everyday patterns. In intercultural learning, a mixture of these two is to be employed, but it is especially the apprehension of subjective culture that triggers the development of <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">intercultural competence</a>.<br /> Also, it is important to differentiate between "culture-specific" and "culture-general" approaches when intercultural learning is concerned: </p> <ul><li>"culture-specific" approaches mainly aim at the achievement of competence in a particular target culture (C2) and are closely connected to specific language learning (<a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>). Competence in both C2 and L2 is usually thought to generate culturally appropriate behavior in a particular cultural context.</li> <li>"culture-general" approaches, on the other hand, are not targeted on a particular culture. Instead, they are concerned with "universal categories" which function as general characteristics of cultures in general. These categories can be used to make cross-cultural comparisons, for example. Thus, "culture-general" approaches provide a <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> framework for cultural analysis.</li></ul> <p>Intercultural learning requires the teacher to employ a mix of "culture-specific" and "culture-general" approaches in order to address the larger issues of ethnocentrism, cultural self-awareness, etc. because intercultural competence cannot be achieved by the single acquisition of knowledge about a specific culture or the pure ability to behave properly in that culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contexts_in_the_classroom">Contexts in the classroom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercultural_learning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contexts in the classroom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contexts that are seen as appropriate for intercultural learning in the classroom are those which promote the acquisition of intercultural competence consisting of the components mentioned above. Examples: </p> <ul><li>communication between members of different cultures via e-mail: not yet a standard in everyday schooling, but it serves many useful purposes for intercultural learning</li> <li>authentic print text: <a href="/wiki/Fictional" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional">fictional</a> texts are the ideal medium for intercultural learning since it is the substrate of a specific culture and its history, while it simultaneously contains culture-general aspects; it stimulates personal identification and it offers numerous options for creative activities; also it may induce discussions of aspects of subjective, as well as objective, culture - useful examples: <a href="/wiki/Malorie_Blackman" title="Malorie Blackman">Malorie Blackman's</a> <a href="/wiki/Noughts_and_Crosses_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Noughts and Crosses series">Noughts and Crosses series</a>, Qaisra Shahraz' "A Pair of Jeans"; <a href="/wiki/Non-fictional" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-fictional">non-fictional</a> texts are definitely useful in this context as well.</li> <li>film: authentic film especially improves the language proficiency (and thus intercultural sensitivity), because it means direct and authentic contact with the L2; it also guarantees access to the evaluation of audiovisual media and maybe even <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a> useful examples: <a href="/wiki/Bend_It_Like_Beckham" title="Bend It Like Beckham">Bend It Like Beckham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Last_Dance" title="Save the Last Dance">Save the Last Dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Beautiful_Laundrette" title="My Beautiful Laundrette">My Beautiful Laundrette</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_differences_in_learning">Cultural differences in learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercultural_learning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural differences in learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of particular importance to intercultural learning is understanding cultural differences in learning processes. Intercultural learning programs could benefit greatly from the analysis of cultural trends in these processes. By doing so, educators can see how <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous people of America</a> are affected by classroom norms. In indigenous American ways of learning, children are included in the community and have lots of experience collaborating with each other and adults in productive ways. </p> <ul><li>For example, members of indigenous American and indigenous-heritage American communities prefer to learn in collaborative groups as opposed to individually. Teachers in Zuni schools arrange the students' desks in a circle and address the group from the center, spinning around slowly to address all members equally.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamauchi,_L._1995_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamauchi,_L._1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zuni are a Native-American tribe from the present day Arizona, New Mexico border. Arrangement of student desks in this manner is compatible with the larger cultural trend of preference for collaborative learning.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamauchi,_L._1995_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamauchi,_L._1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, research has shown that communication styles among indigenous and indigenous-heritage groups differ from that of European-American "formal" instruction. For example, slower talking pace, distributed gaze among group members, more frequent teacher interruption, and longer wait time between teacher question and student response are some qualities of indigenous American learning practices. More specifically, all of these behaviors can be observed in Navajo students.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There appears to be a link between the collaborative preference seen in these specific groups, and the conversational styles they prefer to engage in.</li> <li>Formal and informal learning are different among westernized cultures and indigenous cultures. Both formal and informal learning have two components one looking at it from situations/practices and the second one from the learning process. Indigenous ways of learning has often been marginalized or discriminated against in formal schooling because it does not follow society ways of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-Göran2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Göran2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being able to understand the learning process through informal learning and making the connection of how it happens in today's society through formal learning can benefit and help us learn much more. It is overly simplified when saying that formal learning happens in institutions and that informal learning happens only outside of institutions.</li></ul> <p>Analysis of cultural differences in learning can provide new and useful insight that can be applied to intercultural learning practice. In other words, learning trends in students' cultural backgrounds can be used by teachers to create more well informed pedagogy. For example, if indigenous American or indigenous-heritage American students were in an intercultural learning program, teachers could communicate knowledge by creating a more collaborative setting, and by adjusting pace of speech to be consistent with the students'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercultural_learning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with most activities employed in the classroom, activities for intercultural learning are supposed to keep the <a href="/wiki/Affective" class="mw-redirect" title="Affective">affective</a> domain of learning in mind, that is, they are to keep the students motivated and enable them to somehow identify with topic that is dealt with. For intercultural learning this is especially true because this field is likely to turn into a delicate matter. </p> <ul><li>An example of an activity which focuses on the stereotypes and prejudices that people are likely to have is called "Who should be hired?". This exercise animates students to choose from a huge number of people (from different cultures, of different sexes, and different ages, etc.) the person they would hire from an employer's point of view.</li> <li>Most suggested exercises that are believed to support intercultural learning, and in this especially to promote empathy, are of a <a href="/wiki/Role-play" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-play">role-play</a> nature. They especially support students in making the shift in perspective: their own culture becomes a strange one and is looked at from the outside, while the target culture becomes familiar.</li> <li>Events that relate to family and community, such as working together help Native-American students in some classroom aspects. Many are used to collaboration, so they work in groups and interact with their peers. However, they still pay attention when working individually. Because Native American students are used to collaboration they are able to participate in group activities that don't create a distinction between individual performer and audience. On the other hand, they had less willingness to perform or participate verbally when they had to talk alone (as an individual rather than group).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also observed that the Native American students didn't want to talk when the teacher was addressing the whole class, which shows their preference of working in groups.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_prospects">Future prospects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercultural_learning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Future prospects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of intercultural learning aiming at the development of intercultural competence also requires a new understanding of the teacher him/herself. S/He is no longer a mere communicator of knowledge, but a mediator and moderator, and has to be educated accordingly. In times of globalization and hope for peace, this issue needs to be researched further and remain of huge interest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercultural_learning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensitivity" title="Cultural sensitivity">Cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_bilingual_education" title="Intercultural bilingual education">Intercultural bilingual education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.S._Wibbeke" title="E.S. Wibbeke">Geoleadership Model</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercultural_learning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Messner, W., & Schäfer, N. (2012) The ICCA Facilitator's Manual. Intercultural Communication and Collaboration Appraisal. London: GloBus Research, p. 41 (also see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://icca.globusresearch.com">http://icca.globusresearch.com</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>); Spitzberg, B. H. (2000). A Model of Intercultural Communication Competence. In L. A. Samovar, & R. E. Porter, Intercultural Communication - A Reader (pp. 375-87). Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yamauchi,_L._1995-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yamauchi,_L._1995_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yamauchi,_L._1995_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yamauchi, L., A. & Tharp, R., G. (1995). Culturally Compatible Conversations in Native American Classrooms. <i>Linguistics and Education</i> 7, 349-367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tharp, R., G. (2008). A Perspective on Unifying Culture and Psychology: Some Philosophical and Scientific Issues. <i>Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology</i> 27(2), 2007 & 28(1), 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Göran2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Göran2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGöran2006" class="citation journal cs1">Göran, Folkestad (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0265051706006887">"Formal and informal learning situations or practices vs formal and informal ways of learning"</a>. <i>British Journal of Music Education</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 135–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0265051706006887">10.1017/s0265051706006887</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Music+Education&rft.atitle=Formal+and+informal+learning+situations+or+practices+vs+formal+and+informal+ways+of+learning&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-145&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0265051706006887&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ran&rft.aufirst=Folkestad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0265051706006887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntercultural+learning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorio-Ruane1989" class="citation book cs1">Florio-Ruane, Susan (1989). <i>Knowledge base for the beginning teacher</i>. Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 163–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+base+for+the+beginning+teacher&rft.pages=163-177&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Pergamon&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Florio-Ruane&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntercultural+learning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Bach, Gerhard. 1998. Interkulturelles Lernen, in: Timm, Johannes-P. (Ed.): English lernen und lehren, in: Didaktik des Englischunterrichts, Berlin: Cornelsen, pp. 192–200.</li> <li>Bennett, Janet M./ Bennet, Milton J./Allen, Wendy: Developing Intercultural Competence in the Language Classroom, in: Page, R. Michael/ Lange, Dale L./ Yershova, Yelena A. (Eds.): Culture as the Core: Integrating Culture into the Language Curriculum. CARLA working paper #15, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition, November 1999.</li> <li>Brown, H. Douglas: Principles of language learning and teaching, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall Regents. 1993, pp. 134–240, esp. pp. 165–167 (cultural stereotypes), pp. 169–173 (acculturation) and pp. 173–176 (culture in the classroom).</li> <li>Fowler, S.M./ Mumford, M.G. (Eds.).1995. Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol 1.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interculturalpress.com/store/pc/viewPrd.asp?idcategory=0&idproduct=50">Intercultural Press</a></li> <li>Fowler, S.M./ Mumford, M.G. (Eds.).1999. Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol 2.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interculturalpress.com/store/pc/viewPrd.asp?idcategory=0&idproduct=51">Intercultural Press</a></li> <li>Heusinkweld, Paula (ed.). 1997. Pathways to Culture. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press.</li> <li>Landis, D./ Bhagat, R. (Eds.): Handbook of intercultural training.</li> <li>Singelis, T. M. (Ed.): Teaching about culture, ethnicity, and diversity: Exercises and planned activities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercultural_learning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041209081918/http://www.efc.be/ftp/public/cpi/TCFF%20Intercultural%20Learning.pdf">A text by Luis Amorim on the topic of Intercultural Learning for the efc (EUROPEAN FOUNDATION CENTRE)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202090600/http://dfait-maeci.gc.ca/cfsi-icse/cil-cai/home-en.asp">Canadian Centre for Intercultural Learning</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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