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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sampling_and_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calculations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Calculations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Guidelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parameters_and_reference_ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parameters_and_reference_ranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Parameters and reference ranges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parameters_and_reference_ranges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parameters and reference ranges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parameters_and_reference_ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-pH" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#pH"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>pH</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-pH-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arterial_versus_venous_blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arterial_versus_venous_blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arterial versus venous blood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arterial_versus_venous_blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="غازات الدم الشرياني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غازات الدم الشرياني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasometria_arterial" title="Gasometria arterial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gasometria arterial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blutgasanalyse" title="Blutgasanalyse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blutgasanalyse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasometr%C3%ADa_arterial" title="Gasometría arterial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gasometría arterial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گاز خون شریانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاز خون شریانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazom%C3%A9trie_art%C3%A9rielle" title="Gazométrie artérielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gazométrie artérielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%A7%A5%ED%98%88%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D" title="동맥혈가스분석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동맥혈가스분석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emogasanalisi" title="Emogasanalisi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emogasanalisi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedgasanalyse" title="Bloedgasanalyse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloedgasanalyse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="血液ガス分析 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="血液ガス分析" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodgassanalyse" title="Blodgassanalyse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blodgassanalyse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazometria" title="Gazometria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gazometria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasometria_arterial" title="Gasometria arterial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gasometria arterial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazometrie_sanguin%C4%83" title="Gazometrie sanguină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gazometrie sanguină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Гасне анализе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гасне анализе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodgas" title="Blodgas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blodgas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="การตรวจก๊าซจากหลอดเลือดแดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การตรวจก๊าซจากหลอดเลือดแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan_gaz%C4%B1_analizi" title="Kan gazı analizi – Turkish" lang="tr" 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A test of blood taken from an artery that measures the amounts of certain dissolved gases</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical diagnostic test </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Arterial-blood gas test</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Davenport_fig_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Davenport_fig_10.jpg/300px-Davenport_fig_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Davenport_fig_10.jpg/450px-Davenport_fig_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Davenport_fig_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001784">D001784</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003855.htm">003855</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LOINC" title="LOINC">LOINC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.details.loinc.org/LOINC/24336-0.html?sections=Comprehensive">24336-0</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>arterial blood gas</b> (<b>ABG</b>) <b>test</b>, or <b>arterial blood gas analysis</b> (<b>ABGA</b>) measures the amounts of arterial gases, such as <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. An ABG test requires that a small volume of blood be drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Radial_artery" title="Radial artery">radial artery</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Syringe" title="Syringe">syringe</a> and a thin <a href="/wiki/Hypodermic_needle" title="Hypodermic needle">needle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">femoral artery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Groin" title="Groin">groin</a> or another site is used. The blood can also be drawn from an <a href="/wiki/Arterial_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial catheter">arterial catheter</a>. </p><p>An ABG test measures the <a href="/wiki/Blood_gas_tension" title="Blood gas tension">blood gas tension</a> values of the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen#Partial_pressure" title="Oxygen">arterial partial pressure of oxygen</a> (PaO2), and the <a href="/wiki/PaCO2" class="mw-redirect" title="PaCO2">arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide</a> (PaCO2), and the <a href="/wiki/PH#Living_systems" title="PH">blood's pH</a>. In addition, the arterial <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_(medicine)" title="Oxygen saturation (medicine)">oxygen saturation</a> (SaO2) can be determined. Such information is vital when caring for patients with critical illnesses or respiratory disease. Therefore, the ABG test is one of the most common tests performed on patients in <a href="/wiki/Intensive-care_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive-care unit">intensive-care units</a>. In other <a href="/wiki/Therapy#Levels_of_care" title="Therapy">levels of care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulse_oximetry" title="Pulse oximetry">pulse oximetry</a> plus transcutaneous carbon-dioxide measurement is a less invasive, alternative method of obtaining similar information.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An ABG test can indirectly measure the level of <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> in the blood. The bicarbonate level is calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Many blood-gas analyzers will also report concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxyhemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyhemoglobin">oxyhemoglobin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carboxyhemoglobin" title="Carboxyhemoglobin">carboxyhemoglobin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobin" title="Methemoglobin">methemoglobin</a>. ABG testing is mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">pulmonology</a> and critical-care medicine to determine <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a> across the alveolar-capillary membrane. ABG testing also has a variety of applications in other areas of medicine. Combinations of disorders can be complex and difficult to interpret, so calculators,<sup id="cite_ref-ABG_interpreter_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABG_interpreter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nomograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomograms">nomograms</a>, and rules of thumb<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are commonly used. </p><p>ABG <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(medicine)" title="Sampling (medicine)">samples</a> originally were sent from the clinic to the <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">medical laboratory</a> for analysis. Newer equipment lets the analysis be done also as <a href="/wiki/Point-of-care_testing" title="Point-of-care testing">point-of-care testing</a>, depending on the equipment available in each clinic. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sampling_and_analysis">Sampling and analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arterial_blood_gas_test&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sampling and analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arterial_blood_gas_device.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arterial_blood_gas_device.jpg/220px-Arterial_blood_gas_device.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arterial_blood_gas_device.jpg/330px-Arterial_blood_gas_device.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arterial_blood_gas_device.jpg/440px-Arterial_blood_gas_device.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2708" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption> Bench top analyzer ABL800 FLEX - <a href="/wiki/Radiometer_(company)" title="Radiometer (company)">Radiometer Medical</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobas221A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cobas221A.png/220px-Cobas221A.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cobas221A.png/330px-Cobas221A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cobas221A.png/440px-Cobas221A.png 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Modern, blood gas analyzer. This device is capable of reporting pH, <a href="/wiki/PCO2" title="PCO2">pCO<sub>2</sub></a>, pO<sub>2</sub>, SatO<sub>2</sub>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Hemoglobin (total and derivatives: O<sub>2</sub>Hb, MetHb, COHb, HHb, CNHb, SHb ), Hematocrit, Total bilirubin, Glucose, Lactate and Urea. (Cobas b 221 - <a href="/wiki/Roche_Diagnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roche Diagnostics">Roche Diagnostics</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Arterial blood for <a href="/wiki/Blood_gas_test" title="Blood gas test">blood-gas analysis</a> is usually drawn by a <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapist" title="Respiratory therapist">respiratory therapist</a> and sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Phlebotomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebotomist">phlebotomist</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurse</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedic</a> or a doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood is most commonly drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Radial_artery" title="Radial artery">radial artery</a> because it is easily accessible, can be compressed to control bleeding, and has less risk for <a href="/wiki/Vascular_occlusion" title="Vascular occlusion">vascular occlusion</a>. The selection of which radial artery to draw from is based on the outcome of an <a href="/wiki/Allen%27s_test" title="Allen's test">Allen's test</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brachial_artery" title="Brachial artery">brachial artery</a> (or less often, the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">femoral artery</a>) is also used, especially during emergency situations or with children. Blood can also be taken from an arterial catheter already placed in one of these arteries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are plastic and glass syringes used for blood gas samples.<sup id="cite_ref-nano.2006.1.2.223_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nano.2006.1.2.223-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most syringes come pre-packaged and contain a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">heparin</a>, to prevent <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a>. Other syringes may need to be heparinised, by drawing up a small amount of liquid heparin and squirting it out again to remove air bubbles. Once the sample is obtained,<sup id="cite_ref-geekymedics/agbS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geekymedics/agbS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> care is taken to eliminate visible gas bubbles, as these bubbles can dissolve into the sample and cause inaccurate results. The sealed syringe is taken to a <b>blood gas analyzer</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Horn_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a plastic blood gas syringe is used, the sample should be transported and kept at room temperature and analyzed within 30 min. If prolonged time delays are expected (i.e., greater than 30 min) prior to analysis, the sample should be drawn in a glass syringe and immediately placed on ice.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standard blood tests can also be performed on arterial blood, such as measuring <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemoglobins">hemoglobins</a>, dyshemoglobins, <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Derived parameters include bicarbonate concentration, SaO2, and base excess. Bicarbonate concentration is calculated from the measured pH and PCO2 using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. SaO2 is derived from the measured PO2 and calculated based on the assumption that all measured hemoglobin is normal (oxy- or deoxy-) hemoglobin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculations">Calculations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arterial_blood_gas_test&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Calculations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobas_b_121_Measurement_Chamber_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cobas_b_121_Measurement_Chamber_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Cobas_b_121_Measurement_Chamber_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cobas_b_121_Measurement_Chamber_%28detail%29.jpg/330px-Cobas_b_121_Measurement_Chamber_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cobas_b_121_Measurement_Chamber_%28detail%29.jpg/440px-Cobas_b_121_Measurement_Chamber_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Detail of measurement chamber of a modern blood gas analyzer showing the measurement electrodes. (Cobas b 121 - Roche Diagnostics)</figcaption></figure> <p>The machine used for analysis aspirates this blood from the syringe and measures the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressures</a> of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The bicarbonate concentration is also calculated. These results are usually available for interpretation within five minutes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two methods have been used in medicine in the management of blood gases of patients in <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>: pH-stat method and alpha-stat method. Recent studies suggest that the α-stat method is superior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>pH-stat: The pH and other ABG results are measured at the patient's actual temperature. The goal is to maintain a pH of 7.40 and the arterial carbon dioxide tension (paCO<sub>2</sub>) at 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg) at the actual patient temperature. It is necessary to add CO<sub>2</sub> to the oxygenator to accomplish this goal.</li> <li>α-stat (alpha-stat): The pH and other ABG results are measured at 37 °C, despite the patient's actual temperature. The goal is to maintain the arterial carbon dioxide tension at 5.3 kPa (40mmHg) and the pH at 7.40 when measured at +37 °C.</li></ul> <p>Both the pH-stat and alpha-stat strategies have theoretical disadvantages. α-stat method is the method of choice for optimal myocardial function. The pH-stat method may result in loss of autoregulation in the brain (coupling of the cerebral blood flow with the metabolic rate in the brain). By increasing the cerebral blood flow beyond the metabolic requirements, the pH-stat method may lead to cerebral microembolisation and intracranial hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guidelines">Guidelines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arterial_blood_gas_test&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Guidelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>A 1 mmHg change in PaCO<sub>2</sub> above or below 40 mmHg results in 0.008 unit change in pH in the opposite direction.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The PaCO<sub>2</sub> will decrease by about 1 mmHg for every 1 mEq/L reduction in [<span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>] below 24 mEq/L</li> <li>A change in [<span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>] of 10 mEq/L will result in a change in pH of approximately 0.15 pH units in the same direction.</li> <li>Assess relation of pCO<sub>2</sub> with pH: If pCO<sub>2</sub> & pH are moving in opposite directions i.e., pCO<sub>2</sub> ↑ when pH is <7.4 or pCO<sub>2</sub> ↓ when pH > 7.4, it is a primary respiratory disorder. If pCO<sub>2</sub> & pH are moving in same direction i.e., pCO<sub>2</sub> ↑when pH is >7.4 or pCO<sub>2</sub> ↓ when pH < 7.4, it is a primary metabolic disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-EduLanche_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EduLanche-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parameters_and_reference_ranges">Parameters and reference ranges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arterial_blood_gas_test&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parameters and reference ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests#Acid–base_and_blood_gases" title="Reference ranges for blood tests">Reference ranges for blood tests § Acid–base and blood gases</a></div> <p>These are typical <a href="/wiki/Reference_ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference ranges">reference ranges</a>, although various analysers and laboratories may employ different ranges. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Analyte </th> <th style="width: 8em;">Range </th> <th>Interpretation </th></tr> <tr> <td>pH </td> <td>7.34–7.44<sup id="cite_ref-southwest_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southwest-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">The <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> or H<sup>+</sup> indicates if a person is acidemic (pH < 7.35; H<sup>+</sup> >45) or alkalemic (pH > 7.45; H<sup>+</sup> < 35). </td></tr> <tr> <td>H<sup>+</sup> </td> <td>35–45 n<a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a> (n<a href="/wiki/Concentration#Molality" title="Concentration">M</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="oxygen"></span>Arterial <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_partial_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen partial pressure">oxygen partial pressure</a> (P<sub>a</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) </td> <td>10–13 kPa<br />75–100 mmHg<sup id="cite_ref-southwest_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southwest-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A low PaO<sub>2</sub> indicates abnormal oxygenation of blood and a person is known as having hypoxemia. (Note that a low PaO<sub>2</sub> is not required for the person to have <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a> as in cases of <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a>, a lack of oxygen in tissues or organs as opposed to arterial blood.) At a P<sub>a</sub>O<sub>2</sub> of less than 60 mm Hg, <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplemental oxygen">supplemental oxygen</a> should be administered. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="carbon_dioxide"></span>Arterial <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_partial_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide partial pressure">carbon dioxide partial pressure</a> (P<sub>a</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>) </td> <td>4.7–6.0 kPa<br />35–45 mmHg<sup id="cite_ref-southwest_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southwest-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pa<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a>) is an indicator of CO<sub>2</sub> production and elimination: for a constant metabolic rate, the Pa<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> is determined entirely by its elimination through <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">ventilation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-O2_calc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O2_calc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high Pa<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Respiratory_acidosis" title="Respiratory acidosis">respiratory acidosis</a>, alternatively <a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">hypercapnia</a>) indicates underventilation (or, more rarely, a <a href="/wiki/Malignant_hyperthermia" title="Malignant hyperthermia">hypermetabolic disorder</a>), a low Pa<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Respiratory_alkalosis" title="Respiratory alkalosis">respiratory alkalosis</a>, alternatively <a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">hypocapnia</a>) hyper- or overventilation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>22–26 mEq/L </td> <td>The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span> ion indicates whether a <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> problem is present (such as <a href="/wiki/Ketoacidosis" title="Ketoacidosis">ketoacidosis</a>). A low <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span> indicates <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">metabolic acidosis</a>, a high <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span> indicates <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_alkalosis" title="Metabolic alkalosis">metabolic alkalosis</a>. As this value when given with blood gas results is often calculated by the analyzer, correlation should be checked with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide#Human_physiology" title="Carbon dioxide">total CO<sub>2</sub> levels</a> as directly measured (see below). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_bicarbonate_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard bicarbonate concentration">SBC<sub>e</sub></a> </td> <td>21 to 27 mmol/L </td> <td>the bicarbonate concentration in the blood at a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> of 5.33 kPa, full <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">oxygen saturation</a> and 37 Celsius.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_excess" title="Base excess">Base excess</a> </td> <td>−2 to +2 mmol/L </td> <td>The base excess is used for the assessment of the metabolic component of <a href="/wiki/Acid-base_imbalance" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base imbalance">acid-base disorders</a>, and indicates whether the person has metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. Contrasted with the bicarbonate levels, the base excess is a calculated value intended to completely isolate the non-respiratory portion of the pH change.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>There are two calculations for base excess (extra cellular fluid - BE(ecf); blood - BE(b)). The calculation used for the BE(ecf) = [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>]− 24.8 + 16.2 × (pH − 7.4). The calculation used for BE(b) = (1 − 0.014 × <a href="/wiki/Mean_corpuscular_hemoglobin_concentration" title="Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration">Hgb</a>) × ([<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>]− 24.8 + (1.43 × Hgb + 7.7) × (pH − 7.4). </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>total</i> CO<sub>2</sub> (tCO<sub>2</sub> (P)<sub>c</sub>) </td> <td>23–30 mmol/L<sup id="cite_ref-brookside_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookside-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />100–132 mg/dL<sup id="cite_ref-co2-molar_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-co2-molar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>This is the total amount of CO<sub>2</sub>, and is the sum of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span> and <a href="/wiki/PCO2" title="PCO2">PCO<sub>2</sub></a> by the formula: tCO<sub>2</sub> = [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>] + <i>α</i>×PCO<sub>2</sub>, where α=0.226 mM/kPa, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span> is expressed in <a href="/wiki/Concentration#Molality" title="Concentration">millimolar concentration</a> (mM) (mmol/L) and PCO<sub>2</sub> is expressed in kPa </td></tr> <tr> <td>O<sub>2</sub> Content (C<sub>a</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>c</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) </td> <td>94-100%<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(mL O<sub>2</sub>/dL blood) </td> <td>This is the sum of oxygen dissolved in plasma and chemically bound to <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> as determined by the calculation: C<sub>a</sub>O<sub>2</sub> = (PaO<sub>2</sub> × 0.003) + (SaO<sub>2</sub> × 1.34 × Hgb) where hemoglobin concentration is expressed in g/dL.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Contamination of the sample with room air will result in abnormally low carbon dioxide and possibly elevated oxygen levels, and a concurrent elevation in pH. Delaying analysis (without chilling the sample) may result in inaccurately low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels as a result of ongoing cellular respiration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="pH">pH</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arterial_blood_gas_test&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: pH"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="font-size:70%; border:3px solid black; float:right; margin:10px"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</a> <a href="/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests" title="Reference ranges for blood tests">sample values</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:MistyRose;"> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Basic_metabolic_panel" title="Basic metabolic panel">BMP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">ELECTROLYTES</a>:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:MistyRose;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Serum_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum sodium">Na<sup>+</sup></a> = 140 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serum_chloride" title="Serum chloride">Cl<sup>−</sup></a> = 100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blood_urea_nitrogen" title="Blood urea nitrogen">BUN</a> = 20 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size:85%;">/</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glu</a> = 150<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">\</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:MistyRose;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium#Potassium_cations_in_the_body" title="Potassium">K<sup>+</sup></a> = 4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide#Human_physiology" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> = 22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Creatinine#Plasma_creatinine_.28PCr.29" title="Creatinine">PCr</a> = 1.0 </td></tr> <tr style="background:MistyRose;"> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS</a>:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:MistyRose;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></a> = 24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_gas_pressures#Partial_pressure_of_carbon_dioxide" title="Pulmonary gas pressures">p</a><sub>a</sub><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> = 40 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_gas_pressures#Partial_pressure_of_oxygen" title="Pulmonary gas pressures">p</a><sub>a</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O<sub>2</sub></a> = 95 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PH#Living_systems" title="PH">pH</a> = 7.40 </td></tr> <tr style="background:MistyRose;"> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_gas_equation" title="Alveolar gas equation">ALVEOLAR GAS</a>:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:MistyRose;"> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_gas_pressures" title="Pulmonary gas pressures">p</a><sub>A</sub><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide#Human_physiology" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> = 36 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_gas_pressures" title="Pulmonary gas pressures">p</a><sub>A</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O<sub>2</sub></a> = 105 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar%E2%80%93arterial_gradient" title="Alveolar–arterial gradient">A-a g</a> = 10 </td></tr> <tr style="background:MistyRose;"> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b>OTHER:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:MistyRose;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> = 9.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Mg<sup>2+</sup></a> = 2.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphate#Cellular_function" title="Phosphate">PO<sub>4</sub></a> = 1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:MistyRose;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Creatine_kinase" title="Creatine kinase">CK</a> = 55 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_excess" title="Base excess">BE</a> = −0.36 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anion_gap#Without_potassium" title="Anion gap">AG</a> = 16 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#BBEEBB;"> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Osmolarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmolarity">SERUM OSMOLARITY</a>/<a href="/wiki/Renal_physiology" title="Renal physiology">RENAL</a>:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#BBEEBB;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Plasma_osmolality#Measured_osmolality_.28MO.29" title="Plasma osmolality">PMO</a> = 300 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plasma_osmolality#Calculated_osmolality_.28CO.29" title="Plasma osmolality">PCO</a> = 295 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serum_osmolal_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum osmolal gap">POG</a> = 5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BUN-to-creatinine_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="BUN-to-creatinine ratio">BUN:Cr</a> = 20 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#BBEEBB;"> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Urinalysis" title="Urinalysis">URINALYSIS</a>:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#BBEEBB;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Renal_sodium_reabsorption" title="Renal sodium reabsorption">UNa<sup>+</sup></a> = 80 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renal_chloride_reabsorption" title="Renal chloride reabsorption">UCl<sup>−</sup></a> = 100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urine_anion_gap" title="Urine anion gap">UAG</a> = 5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fractional_sodium_excretion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractional sodium excretion">FENa</a> = 0.95 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#BBEEBB;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium#Filtration_and_excretion" title="Potassium">UK<sup>+</sup></a> = 25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urine_specific_gravity" title="Urine specific gravity">USG</a> = 1.01 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Creatinine#Urine_creatinine_.28UCr.29" title="Creatinine">UCr</a> = 60 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urine_osmolality" title="Urine osmolality">UO</a> = 800 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fd6;"> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">PROTEIN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_physiology" title="Gastrointestinal physiology">GI</a>/<a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">LIVER FUNCTION TESTS</a>:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fd6;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" title="Lactate dehydrogenase">LDH</a> = 100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serum_total_protein" title="Serum total protein">TP</a> = 7.6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">AST</a> = 25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilirubin#Blood_tests" title="Bilirubin">TBIL</a> = 0.7 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fd6;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">ALP</a> = 71 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">Alb</a> = 4.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alanine_transaminase" title="Alanine transaminase">ALT</a> = 40 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilirubin#Blood_tests" title="Bilirubin">BC</a> = 0.5 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fd6;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AST/ALT_ratio" title="AST/ALT ratio">AST/ALT</a> = 0.6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilirubin#Blood_tests" title="Bilirubin">BU</a> = 0.2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fd6;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ascitic_fluid_albumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascitic fluid albumin">AF alb</a> = 3.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serum-ascites_albumin_gradient" title="Serum-ascites albumin gradient">SAAG</a> = 1.0 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stool_osmolal_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Stool osmolal gap">SOG</a> = 60 </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightYellow;"> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a>:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightYellow;"> <td><a href="/wiki/CSF_albumin" title="CSF albumin">CSF alb</a> = 30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CSF_glucose" title="CSF glucose">CSF glu</a> = 60 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CSF/serum_albumin_ratio" title="CSF/serum albumin ratio">CSF/S alb</a> = 7.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CSF/serum_glucose_ratio" title="CSF/serum glucose ratio">CSF/S glu</a> = 0.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The normal range for pH is 7.35–7.45. As the pH decreases (< 7.35), it implies <a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a>, while if the pH increases (> 7.45) it implies <a href="/wiki/Alkalosis" title="Alkalosis">alkalosis</a>. In the context of arterial blood gases, the most common occurrence will be that of <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_acidosis" title="Respiratory acidosis">respiratory acidosis</a>. Carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood as carbonic acid, a weak acid; however, in large concentrations, it can affect the pH drastically. Whenever there is poor pulmonary ventilation, the carbon dioxide levels in the blood are expected to rise. This leads to a rise of carbonic acid, leading to a decrease in pH. The first buffer of pH will be the plasma proteins, since these can accept some H<sup>+</sup> ions to try to maintain <a href="/wiki/Acid-base_homeostasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base homeostasis">acid-base homeostasis</a>. As carbon dioxide concentrations continue to increase (<i>Pa</i>CO<sub>2</sub> > 45 mmHg), a condition known as respiratory acidosis occurs. The body tries to maintain homeostasis by increasing the respiratory rate, a condition known as tachypnea. This allows much more carbon dioxide to escape the body through the lungs, thus increasing the pH by having less carbonic acid. If a person is in a critical setting and intubated, one must increase the number of breaths mechanically.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_alkalosis" title="Respiratory alkalosis">Respiratory alkalosis</a> (<i>Pa</i> CO<sub>2</sub> < 35 mmHg) occurs when there is too little carbon dioxide in the blood. This may be due to hyperventilation or else excessive breaths given via a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical ventilator">mechanical ventilator</a> in a critical care setting. The action to be taken is to calm the person and try to reduce the number of breaths being taken to normalize the pH. The respiratory pathway tries to compensate for the change in pH in a matter of 2–4 hours. If this is not enough, the metabolic pathway takes place.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under normal conditions, the <a href="/wiki/Henderson%E2%80%93Hasselbalch_equation" title="Henderson–Hasselbalch equation">Henderson–Hasselbalch equation</a> will give the blood pH </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}=6.1+\log _{10}\left({\frac {[{\ce {HCO3^-}}]}{0.03\times Pa{\ce {CO2}}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>pH</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6.1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0.03</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}=6.1+\log _{10}\left({\frac {[{\ce {HCO3^-}}]}{0.03\times Pa{\ce {CO2}}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3884b205575677308f0e22448b2ee3f465dee15b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:35.802ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}=6.1+\log _{10}\left({\frac {[{\ce {HCO3^-}}]}{0.03\times Pa{\ce {CO2}}}}\right)}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>where: </p> <ul><li>6.1 is the <a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">acid dissociation constant</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>) of <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>) at normal body temperature</li> <li>[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>] is the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> in the blood in mEq/L</li> <li><i>Pa</i>CO<sub>2</sub> is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood in mmHg</li></ul> <p>The kidney and the lung are two main organs responsible for the metabolic homeostasis of pH. Bicarbonate is a base that helps to accept excess hydrogen ions whenever there is acidaemia. However, this mechanism is slower than the respiratory pathway and may take from a few hours to 3 days to take effect. In acidaemia, the bicarbonate levels rise, so that they can neutralize the excess acid, while the contrary happens when there is alkalaemia. Thus when an arterial blood gas test reveals, for example, an elevated bicarbonate, the problem has been present for a couple of days, and metabolic compensation took place over a blood acidaemia problem.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In general, it is much easier to correct acute pH derangement by adjusting respiration. Metabolic compensations take place at a much later stage. However, in a critical setting, a person with a normal pH, a high CO<sub>2</sub>, and a high bicarbonate means that, although there is a high carbon dioxide level, there is metabolic compensation. As a result, one must be careful as to not artificially adjust breaths to lower the carbon dioxide. In such case, lowering the carbon dioxide abruptly means that the bicarbonate will be in excess and will cause a metabolic alkalosis. In such a case, carbon dioxide levels should be slowly diminished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arterial_versus_venous_blood">Arterial versus venous blood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arterial_blood_gas_test&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arterial versus venous blood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the advent of <a href="/wiki/Pulse_oximetry" title="Pulse oximetry">pulse oximetry</a> which measures oxygen saturation transcutaneously and is non-invasive, arterial blood is seldom used for the determination of oxygenation outside the ICU. Acid base status can be determined with <a href="/wiki/Venous_blood" title="Venous blood">venous blood</a> precluding the pain and inconvenience of arterial blood sampling in most cases. When an indwelling arterial line <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> is present, arterial blood is easy to obtain and still used. <a href="/wiki/Venous_blood" title="Venous blood">Venous blood</a> is generally used otherwise, usually from a <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_system" title="Peripheral vascular system"> peripheral </a> vein, such as a forearm vein. The values of pH and HCO3 of venous blood are close enough to arterial blood for direct comparison. The pCO2 of <a href="/wiki/Venous_blood" title="Venous blood">venous blood</a> is less reliably compared to arterial blood but may be used in some cases. The PO2 level of venous blood is always significantly lower that arterial and should be reported, labeled and interpreted as venous PO2. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arterial_blood_gas_test&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anion_gap" title="Anion gap">Anion gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_artery_puncture" title="Radial artery puncture">Radial artery puncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">Chemical equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoximetry" title="Hemoximetry">Hemoximetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_oxygen_difference" title="Arteriovenous oxygen difference">Arteriovenous oxygen difference</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arterial_blood_gas_test&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDr_Colin_Tidy2015" class="citation web cs1">Dr Colin Tidy (26 Jan 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patient.info/doctor/Arterial-Blood-Gases-Indications-and-Interpretation.htm">"Arterial Blood Gases - 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blood+Gases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountsinai.org%2Fhealth-library%2Ftests%2Fblood-gases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArterial+blood+gas+test" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/MEDICINE/pulmonar/physio/pf10.htm">"Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport Charles L"</a>. <i>www.meddean.luc.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.meddean.luc.edu&rft.atitle=Hemoglobin+and+Oxygen+Transport+Charles+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meddean.luc.edu%2Flumen%2FMedEd%2FMEDICINE%2Fpulmonar%2Fphysio%2Fpf10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArterial+blood+gas+test" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByrneBennettChatterjiSymons2014" class="citation journal cs1">Byrne, Anthony L; Bennett, Michael; Chatterji, Robindro; Symons, Rebecca; Pace, Nathan L; Thomas, Paul S (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/resp.12225">"Peripheral venous and arterial blood gas analysis in adults: are they comparable? A systematic review and meta‐analysis"</a>. <i>Respirology</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">168–</span>175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fresp.12225">10.1111/resp.12225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1323-7799">1323-7799</a>.</cite><span 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href="/w/index.php?title=Arterial_blood_gas_test&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Arterial_blood_gasses" class="extiw" title="v:Arterial blood gasses">Arterial blood gasses</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prognosis.org/arterial_blood_gas_calculator.php">Online arterial blood gas calculator</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130312041312/http://www.prognosis.org/arterial_blood_gas_calculator.php">Archived</a> 2013-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a href="/wiki/Renal_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal function">Renal function</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">Creatinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_urea_nitrogen" title="Blood urea nitrogen">Urea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BUN-to-creatinine_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="BUN-to-creatinine ratio">BUN-to-creatinine ratio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_osmolality" title="Plasma osmolality">Plasma osmolality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_osmolal_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum osmolal gap">Serum osmolal gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">Acid-base</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anion_gap" title="Anion gap">Anion gap</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arterial blood gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_excess" title="Base excess">Base excess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CO2_content" title="CO2 content">CO<sub>2</sub> content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid#Blood_testing" title="Lactic acid">Lactate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_tests" title="Iron tests">Iron tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">Ferritin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_iron" title="Serum iron">Serum iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin_saturation" title="Transferrin saturation">Transferrin saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_iron-binding_capacity" title="Total iron-binding capacity">Total iron-binding capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">Transferrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin_receptor" title="Transferrin receptor">Transferrin receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Hormones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_stimulation_test" title="ACTH stimulation test">ACTH stimulation test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests" title="Thyroid function tests">Thyroid function tests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">Thyroid-stimulating hormone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood glucose">Blood glucose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycated_hemoglobin" title="Glycated hemoglobin">Hemoglobin A1c</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid panel">Lipid panel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">HDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglyceride#Role_in_disease" title="Triglyceride">Triglycerides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol#Clinical_significance" title="Cholesterol">Total cholesterol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_metabolic_panel" title="Basic metabolic panel">Basic metabolic panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_metabolic_panel" title="Comprehensive metabolic panel">Comprehensive metabolic panel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_marker" title="Cardiac marker">Cardiac marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troponin_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Troponin test">Troponin test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK-MB_test" title="CPK-MB test">CPK-MB test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" title="Lactate dehydrogenase">Lactate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">Myoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase_isoenzyme_BB" title="Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB">Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">Liver function tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Proteins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">Human serum albumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_total_protein" title="Serum total protein">Serum total protein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">ALP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transaminase" title="Transaminase">transaminases</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine_transaminase" title="Alanine transaminase">ALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">AST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AST/ALT_ratio" title="AST/ALT ratio">AST/ALT ratio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-glutamyltransferase#Medical_applications" title="Gamma-glutamyltransferase">GGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">Bilirubin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilirubin#Unconjugated" title="Bilirubin">Unconjugated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilirubin#Conjugated" title="Bilirubin">Conjugated</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">Amylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipase" title="Lipase">Lipase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_lipase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic lipase">Pancreatic lipase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_molecule" title="Small molecule">Small molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">Blood sugar level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">Hypoglycemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">Hyperglycemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nitrogenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azotemia" title="Azotemia">Azotemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperuricemia" title="Hyperuricemia">Hyperuricemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypouricemia" title="Hypouricemia">Hypouricemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Proteins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">LFT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_transaminases" title="Elevated transaminases">Elevated transaminases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_alkaline_phosphatase" title="Elevated alkaline phosphatase">Elevated ALP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoproteinemia" 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