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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ventilator_pressures_labeled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ventilator_pressures_labeled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ventilator pressures labeled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ventilator_pressures_labeled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety-critical_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety-critical_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Safety-critical system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-critical_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microprocessor_ventilators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microprocessor_ventilators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Microprocessor ventilators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microprocessor_ventilators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open-source_ventilators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-source_ventilators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Open-source ventilators</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ventilator</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="جهاز تنفس اصطناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاز تنفس اصطناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="কৃত্রিম শ্বাসযন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃত্রিম শ্বাসযন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-li%C3%A2u_%C5%8Da%E2%81%BF-kh%C3%AC-ki" title="I-liâu ōaⁿ-khì-ki – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="I-liâu ōaⁿ-khì-ki" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85" title="Апарат штучнай вентыляцыі лёгкіх – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апарат штучнай вентыляцыі лёгкіх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="वेंटिलेटर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वेंटिलेटर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Апарат за обдишване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Апарат за обдишване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Respirator" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilador_mec%C3%A0nic" title="Ventilador mecànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ventilador mecànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyntiedydd_meddygol" title="Gwyntiedydd meddygol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyntiedydd meddygol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ventilator" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Respirator" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmungsger%C3%A4t" title="Beatmungsgerät – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beatmungsgerät" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirador_artificial" title="Respirador artificial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Respirador artificial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnasgailu" title="Arnasgailu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arnasgailu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="دستگاه تنفس مصنوعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستگاه تنفس مصنوعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirateur_artificiel" title="Respirateur artificiel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Respirateur artificiel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer%C3%A1la%C3%AD" title="Aerálaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aerálaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BB-khi%CC%8Dp-k%C3%AE" title="Fû-khi̍p-kî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fû-khi̍p-kî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1%EA%B8%B0" title="인공호흡기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인공호흡기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="संवातक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संवातक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_ventilator" title="Mehanički ventilator – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mehanički ventilator" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ventilator" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilatore_meccanico" title="Ventilatore meccanico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ventilatore meccanico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%94" title="מכונת הנשמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכונת הנשמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirat%C3%A8_atifisy%C3%A8l" title="Respiratè atifisyèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Respiratè atifisyèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beootmungsapparat" title="Beootmungsapparat – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Beootmungsapparat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plau%C4%8Di%C5%B3_ventiliatorius" title="Plaučių ventiliatorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plaučių ventiliatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="വെന്റിലേറ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെന്റിലേറ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="व्हेंटिलेटर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हेंटिलेटर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alat_bantuan_pernafasan" title="Alat bantuan pernafasan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alat bantuan pernafasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beademingsapparaat" title="Beademingsapparaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beademingsapparaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%99%A8" title="人工呼吸器 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人工呼吸器" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Respirator" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Respirator" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Respirator" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilador_m%C3%A9dico" title="Ventilador médico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ventilador médico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Аппарат искусственной вентиляции лёгких – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аппарат искусственной вентиляции лёгких" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D2%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тыҥаны үрдэрии аппарат – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тыҥаны үрдэрии аппарат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ventilator" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ئامێری ھەناسەدانی دەستکرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئامێری ھەناسەدانی دەستکرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_respirator" title="Mehanički respirator – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mehanički respirator" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengityskone" title="Hengityskone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hengityskone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Respirator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentilador_na_panggamot" title="Bentilador na panggamot – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bentilador na panggamot" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="செயற்கை சுவாசக் கருவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செயற்கை சுவாசக் கருவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="మెడికల్ వెంటిలేటర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెడికల్ వెంటిలేటర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88" title="เครื่องช่วยหายใจ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องช่วยหายใจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solunum_cihaz%C4%B1" title="Solunum cihazı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Solunum cihazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Апарат штучної вентиляції легень – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Апарат штучної вентиляції легень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%D9%86%D9%81%D9%90%D9%91%D8%B3%DB%81" title="مُنفِّسہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مُنفِّسہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_th%E1%BB%9F" title="Máy thở – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy thở" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentilador_medikal" title="Bentilador medikal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bentilador medikal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8_(%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9F)" title="רעספיראטאר (מעדיצין) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעספיראטאר (מעדיצין)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%9C%BA" title="呼吸机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="呼吸机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q813243#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about one type of machine used to assist breathing. For the broader article, on both positive- and negative-pressure devices, see <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">Mechanical ventilation</a>. For respiratory PPE worn on the face, see <a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">Respirator</a>. For ventilation subjects, see <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ventilation (disambiguation)">Ventilation</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ventilator_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ventilator (disambiguation)">Ventilator (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device that provides mechanical ventilation to the lungs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #00BFFF">Ventilator</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_C6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hamilton_C6.jpg/280px-Hamilton_C6.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hamilton_C6.jpg/420px-Hamilton_C6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hamilton_C6.jpg/560px-Hamilton_C6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hamilton C6 Ventilator</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pulmonology</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q813243" class="extiw" title="d:Q813243">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>ventilator</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Breathing_apparatus" title="Breathing apparatus">breathing apparatus</a>, a class of <a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">medical technology</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation</a> by moving breathable air into and out of the <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, to deliver breaths to a patient who is physically unable to breathe, or breathing insufficiently. Ventilators may be <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computerized</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprocessor control">microprocessor-controlled</a> machines, but patients can also be ventilated with a simple, hand-operated <a href="/wiki/Bag_valve_mask" title="Bag valve mask">bag valve mask</a>. Ventilators are chiefly used in <a href="/wiki/Intensive-care_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive-care medicine">intensive-care medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_care" title="Home care">home care</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a> (as standalone units) and in <a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">anesthesiology</a> (as a component of an <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthesia machine">anesthesia machine</a>). </p><p>Ventilators are sometimes called "respirators", a term commonly used for them in the 1950s (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Bird#Mechanical_ventilators" title="Forrest Bird">"Bird respirator"</a>). However, contemporary medical terminology uses the word "<a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">respirator</a>" to refer to a face-mask that protects wearers against hazardous airborne substances.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ventilators.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ventilators.jpg/220px-Ventilators.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ventilators.jpg/330px-Ventilators.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ventilators.jpg/440px-Ventilators.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>A standard setup for a ventilator in a hospital room. The ventilator pushes warm, moist air (or air with increased oxygen) to the patient. Exhaled air flows away from the patient.</figcaption></figure> <p>In its simplest form, a modern <a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure ventilation">positive pressure ventilator</a>, consists of a compressible <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> reservoir or turbine, air and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> supplies, a set of valves and tubes, and a disposable or reusable "patient circuit". The air reservoir is pneumatically compressed several times a minute to deliver room-air, or in most cases, an air/oxygen mixture to the patient. If a turbine is used, the turbine pushes air through the ventilator, with a flow valve adjusting pressure to meet patient-specific parameters. When over pressure is released, the patient will exhale passively due to the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>' elasticity, the exhaled air being released usually through a <a href="/wiki/One-way_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="One-way valve">one-way valve</a> within the patient circuit called the patient manifold. </p><p>Ventilators may also be equipped with monitoring and alarm systems for patient-related parameters (e.g., pressure, volume, and flow) and ventilator function (e.g., air leakage, power failure, mechanical failure), backup batteries, oxygen tanks, and remote control. The pneumatic system is nowadays often replaced by a computer-controlled <a href="/wiki/Turbopump" title="Turbopump">turbopump</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ventilator_pressures_labeled">Ventilator pressures labeled</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ventilator pressures labeled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ventilator_pressures_labeled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ventilator_pressures_labeled.png/220px-Ventilator_pressures_labeled.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ventilator_pressures_labeled.png/330px-Ventilator_pressures_labeled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ventilator_pressures_labeled.png/440px-Ventilator_pressures_labeled.png 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="1807" /></a><figcaption>Ventilator pressures labeled</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern ventilators are electronically controlled by a small <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded system</a> to allow exact adaptation of pressure and flow characteristics to an individual patient's needs. Fine-tuned ventilator settings also serve to make ventilation more tolerable and comfortable for the patient. In Canada and the United States, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapists" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapists">respiratory therapists</a> are responsible for tuning these settings, while biomedical technologists are responsible for the maintenance. In the United Kingdom and Europe the management of the patient's interaction with the ventilator is done by <a href="/wiki/Critical_care_nursing" title="Critical care nursing">critical care</a> nurses. </p><p>The patient circuit usually consists of a set of three durable, yet lightweight plastic tubes, separated by function (e.g. inhaled air, patient pressure, exhaled air). Determined by the type of ventilation needed, the patient-end of the circuit may be either noninvasive or invasive. </p><p> Noninvasive methods, such as <a href="/wiki/Continuous_positive_airway_pressure" title="Continuous positive airway pressure">continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-invasive_ventilation" title="Non-invasive ventilation">non-invasive ventilation</a>, which are adequate for patients who require a ventilator only while sleeping and resting, mainly employ a nasal mask. Invasive methods require <a href="/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">intubation</a>, which for long-term ventilator dependence will normally be a <a href="/wiki/Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">tracheotomy</a> cannula, as this is much more comfortable and practical for long-term care than is larynx or nasal intubation.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Closed_circuit_ventilators.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Closed circuit ventilator system are used to provide O2-enriched air to the patient."><img alt="Closed circuit ventilator system are used to provide O2-enriched air to the patient." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closed_circuit_ventilators.gif/290px-Closed_circuit_ventilators.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closed_circuit_ventilators.gif/436px-Closed_circuit_ventilators.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closed_circuit_ventilators.gif/581px-Closed_circuit_ventilators.gif 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="765" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Closed circuit ventilator system are used to provide O<sub>2</sub>-enriched air to the patient.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_circuit_ventilator.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Open circuit ventilators are used to provide normal ambient air with normal O2 ratio to the patient."><img alt="Open circuit ventilators are used to provide normal ambient air with normal O2 ratio to the patient." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Open_circuit_ventilator.gif/300px-Open_circuit_ventilator.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Open_circuit_ventilator.gif/450px-Open_circuit_ventilator.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Open_circuit_ventilator.gif/600px-Open_circuit_ventilator.gif 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Open circuit ventilators are used to provide normal ambient air with normal O<sub>2</sub> ratio to the patient.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biology_of_ventilation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="At physiological level, ventilators renew the air and its critical O2/CO2 exchange to pulmonary alveolus."><img alt="At physiological level, ventilators renew the air and its critical O2/CO2 exchange to pulmonary alveolus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Biology_of_ventilation.gif/300px-Biology_of_ventilation.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Biology_of_ventilation.gif/450px-Biology_of_ventilation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Biology_of_ventilation.gif/600px-Biology_of_ventilation.gif 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">At physiological level, ventilators renew the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">air</a> and its critical <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">O<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> exchange</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">pulmonary alveolus</a>. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety-critical_system">Safety-critical system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Safety-critical system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As failure may result in death, mechanical ventilation systems are classified as <a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">safety-critical systems</a>, and precautions must be taken to ensure that they are highly reliable, including their <a href="/wiki/Power-supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-supply">power supply</a>. Ventilatory failure is the inability to sustain a sufficient rate of CO<sub>2</sub> elimination to maintain a stable pH without mechanical assistance, muscle fatigue, or intolerable dyspnea.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanical ventilators are therefore carefully designed so that no <a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">single point of failure</a> can endanger the patient. They may have manual backup mechanisms to enable hand-driven respiration in the absence of power (such as the mechanical ventilator integrated into an <a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">anaesthetic machine</a>). They may also have safety valves, which open to atmosphere in the absence of power to act as an anti-suffocation valve for spontaneous breathing of the patient. Some systems are also equipped with compressed-gas tanks, air compressors or backup batteries to provide ventilation in case of power failure or defective gas supplies, and methods to operate or call for help if their mechanisms or software fail.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power failures</a>, such as during a natural disaster, can create a life-threatening emergency for people using ventilators in a home care setting.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Battery power may be sufficient for a brief loss of electricity, but longer power outages may require going to a hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ventilator" title="Special:EditPage/Ventilator">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The history of mechanical ventilation begins with various versions of what was eventually called the <a href="/wiki/Negative_pressure_ventilator" title="Negative pressure ventilator">iron lung</a>, a form of noninvasive negative-pressure ventilator widely used during the <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">polio</a> epidemics of the twentieth century after the introduction of the "Drinker respirator" in 1928, improvements introduced by <a href="/wiki/John_Haven_Emerson" title="John Haven Emerson">John Haven Emerson</a> in 1931,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18189086_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18189086-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Both_respirator" title="Both respirator">Both respirator</a> in 1937. Other forms of noninvasive ventilators, also used widely for polio patients, include <a href="/wiki/Biphasic_Cuirass_Ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation">Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation</a>, the rocking bed, and rather primitive positive pressure machines.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18189086_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18189086-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, John Haven Emerson developed a mechanical assister for anaesthesia with the cooperation of the anaesthesia department at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Mechanical ventilators began to be used increasingly in anaesthesia and intensive care during the 1950s. Their development was stimulated both by the need to treat polio patients and the increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxants</a> during anaesthesia. Relaxant drugs paralyse the patient and improve operating conditions for the surgeon but also paralyse the respiratory muscles. In 1953 <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Aage_Ibsen" title="Bjørn Aage Ibsen">Bjørn Aage Ibsen</a> set up what became the world's first Medical/Surgical ICU utilizing muscle relaxants and controlled ventilation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East-Radcliffe_Respirator_Wellcome_L0001305.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A machine with hoses and gauges on a wheeled cart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/East-Radcliffe_Respirator_Wellcome_L0001305.jpg/220px-East-Radcliffe_Respirator_Wellcome_L0001305.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/East-Radcliffe_Respirator_Wellcome_L0001305.jpg/330px-East-Radcliffe_Respirator_Wellcome_L0001305.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/East-Radcliffe_Respirator_Wellcome_L0001305.jpg/440px-East-Radcliffe_Respirator_Wellcome_L0001305.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>An East-Radcliffe respirator model from the mid-twentieth century</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, the East Radcliffe and Beaver models were early examples. The former used a <a href="/wiki/Sturmey-Archer" title="Sturmey-Archer">Sturmey-Archer</a> bicycle <a href="/wiki/Hub_gear" title="Hub gear">hub gear</a> to provide a range of speeds, and the latter an automotive <a href="/wiki/Windscreen_wiper" title="Windscreen wiper">windscreen wiper</a> motor to drive the bellows used to inflate the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid13320798_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13320798-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electric motors were, however, a problem in the operating theatres of that time, as their use caused an explosion hazard in the presence of flammable anaesthetics such as <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">cyclopropane</a>. In 1952, Roger Manley of the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hospital" title="Westminster Hospital">Westminster Hospital</a>, London, developed a ventilator which was entirely gas-driven and became the most popular model used in Europe. It was an elegant design, and became a great favourite with European anaesthetists for four decades, prior to the introduction of models controlled by electronics. It was independent of electrical power and caused no explosion hazard. The original Mark I unit was developed to become the Manley Mark II in collaboration with the Blease company, which manufactured many thousands of these units. Its principle of operation was very simple, an incoming gas flow was used to lift a weighted bellows unit, which fell intermittently under gravity, forcing breathing gases into the patient's lungs. The inflation pressure could be varied by sliding the movable weight on top of the bellows. The volume of gas delivered was adjustable using a curved slider, which restricted bellows excursion. Residual pressure after the completion of expiration was also configurable, using a small weighted arm visible to the lower right of the front panel. This was a robust unit and its availability encouraged the introduction of positive pressure ventilation techniques into mainstream European anesthetic practice. </p><p>The 1955 release of <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Bird" title="Forrest Bird">Forrest Bird</a>'s "Bird Universal Medical Respirator" in the United States changed the way mechanical ventilation was performed, with the small green box becoming a familiar piece of medical equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutBird_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutBird-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unit was sold as the Bird Mark 7 Respirator and informally called the "Bird". It was a <a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatic</a> device and therefore required no <a href="/wiki/Electrical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical power">electrical power</a> source to operate. </p><p>In 1965, the Army Emergency Respirator was developed in collaboration with the Harry Diamond Laboratories (now part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">U.S. Army Research Laboratory</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Institute_of_Research" title="Walter Reed Army Institute of Research">Walter Reed Army Institute of Research</a>. Its design incorporated the principle of fluid amplification in order to govern pneumatic functions. Fluid amplification allowed the respirator to be manufactured entirely without moving parts, yet capable of complex resuscitative functions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elimination of moving parts increased performance reliability and minimized maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mask is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">poly(methyl methacrylate)</a> (commercially known as <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Lucite</a>) block, about the size of a pack of cards, with machined channels and a cemented or screwed-in cover plate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduction of moving parts cut manufacturing costs and increased durability.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bistable fluid amplifier design allowed the respirator to function as both a respiratory assistor and controller. It could functionally transition between assistor and controller automatically, based on the patient's needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dynamic pressure and turbulent jet flow of gas from inhalation to exhalation allowed the respirator to synchronize with the breathing of the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intensive care environments around the world revolutionized in 1971 by the introduction of the first SERVO 900 ventilator (Elema-Schönander), constructed by <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Jonson" title="Björn Jonson">Björn Jonson</a>. It was a small, silent and effective electronic ventilator, with the famous SERVO feedback system controlling what had been set and regulating delivery. For the first time, the machine could deliver the set volume in volume control ventilation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microprocessor_ventilators">Microprocessor ventilators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Microprocessor ventilators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprocessor control">Microprocessor control</a> led to the third generation of <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a> (ICU) ventilators, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Dräger</a> EV-A<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1982 in Germany which allowed monitoring the patient's <a href="/wiki/Breathing#Respiratory_disorders" title="Breathing">breathing curve</a> on an <a href="/wiki/LCD_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD monitor">LCD monitor</a>. One year later followed <a href="/wiki/Puritan_Bennett" title="Puritan Bennett">Puritan Bennett</a> 7200 and Bear 1000, SERVO 300 and Hamilton Veolar over the next decade. <a href="/wiki/Microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprocessors">Microprocessors</a> enable customized gas delivery and monitoring, and mechanisms for gas delivery that are much more responsive to patient needs than previous generations of mechanical ventilators.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open-source_ventilators">Open-source ventilators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Open-source ventilators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_ventilator" title="Open-source ventilator">Open-source ventilator</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> ventilator is a disaster-situation ventilator made using a freely-licensed design, and ideally, freely-available components and parts. Designs, components, and parts may be anywhere from completely reverse-engineered to completely new creations, components may be <a href="/wiki/Jury_rigging" title="Jury rigging">adaptations</a> of various inexpensive existing products, and special hard-to-find and/or expensive parts may be 3D printed instead of sourced.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2019–2020 <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, various kinds of ventilators have been considered. Deaths caused by <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a> have occurred when the most severely infected experience <a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">acute respiratory distress syndrome</a>, a widespread inflammation in the lungs that impairs the lungs' ability to absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. These patients require a capable ventilator to continue breathing. </p><p>Among ventilators that might be brought into use for treating people with COVID-19, there have been many concerns. These include current availability,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the challenge of making more and lower cost ventilators, effectiveness,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Functional_design" title="Functional design">functional design</a>, safety,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> portability,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suitability for infants,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assignment to treat other illnesses, and operator training.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deploying the best possible mix of ventilators can save the most lives. </p><p>Although not formally open-sourced, the Ventec V+ Pro ventilator was developed in April 2020 as a shared effort between <a href="/wiki/Ventec_Life_Systems" title="Ventec Life Systems">Ventec Life Systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, to provide a rapid supply of 30,000 ventilators capable of treating COVID-19 patients.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major worldwide design effort began during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Hackaday" title="Hackaday">Hackaday</a> project was started,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (March 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in order to respond to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_related_shortages" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 pandemic related shortages">expected ventilator shortages</a> causing higher mortality rate among severe patients. </p><p>On March 20, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Health_Service_Executive" title="Health Service Executive">Irish Health Service</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began reviewing designs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prototype is being designed and tested in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Polish company Urbicum reports successful testing<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a 3D-printed open-source prototype device called VentilAid. The makers describe it as a last resort device when professional equipment is missing. The design is publicly available.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Ventilaid prototype requires compressed air to run. </p><p>On March 21, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute" title="New England Complex Systems Institute">New England Complex Systems Institute</a> (NECSI) began maintaining a strategic list of open source designs being worked on.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NECSI project considers manufacturing capability, medical safety and need for treating patients in various conditions, speed dealing with legal and political issues, logistics and supply.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NECSI is staffed with scientists from Harvard and MIT and others who have an understanding of pandemics, medicine, systems, risk, and data collection.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota Bakken Medical Device Center</a> initiated a collaboration with various companies to bring a ventilator alternative to the market that works as a one-armed <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> and replaces the need for manual ventilation in emergency situations. The <i>Coventor</i> device was developed in a very short time and approved on April 15, 2020, by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a>, only 30 days after conception. The mechanical ventilator is designed for use by trained medical professionals in <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care units</a> and easy to operate. It has a compact design and is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and distribute. The cost is only about 4% of a normal ventilator. In addition, this device does not require pressurized oxygen or air supply, as is normally the case. A first series is manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Boston_Scientific" title="Boston Scientific">Boston Scientific</a>. The plans are to be freely available online to the general public without royalties.<sup id="cite_ref-Coventor_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coventor-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coventor2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coventor2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_hospital_beds#2020_coronavirus_pandemic" title="List of countries by hospital beds">List of countries by hospital beds § 2020 coronavirus pandemic</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> has led to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_related_shortages" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 pandemic related shortages">shortages of essential goods and services</a> - from hand sanitizers to masks to beds to ventilators.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Countries around the world have experienced shortages of ventilators.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, fifty-four governments, including many in Europe and Asia, imposed restrictions on medical supply exports in response to the coronavirus pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capacities to produce and distribute <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">invasive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-invasive_ventilation" title="Non-invasive ventilation">non-invasive ventilators</a> vary by country. In the initial phase of the pandemic, China ramped up its production of ventilators, secured large amounts of donations from private firms, and dramatically increased imports of medical devices worldwide. As a result, the country accumulated a reservoir of ventilators throughout the pandemic in Wuhan. Western Europe and the United States, which outrank China in their production capacities, suffered a shortage of supplies due to the sudden and scattered outbreaks throughout the North American and European continents. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, which depend almost entirely on importing ventilators, suffered severe shortages of supplies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Healthcare policy-makers have met serious challenges to estimate the number of ventilators needed and used during the pandemic. When data is often not available for ventilators specifically, estimates are sometimes made based on the number of <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a> beds available, which often contain ventilators.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_and_All-Hazards_Preparedness_Act" title="Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act">Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act</a>, which created the <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority">Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority</a> (BARDA) within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a>. In preparation for a possible epidemic of respiratory disease, the newly created office awarded a $6 million contract to <a href="/wiki/Newport_Medical_Instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Newport Medical Instruments">Newport Medical Instruments</a>, a small company in California, to make 40,000 ventilators for under $3,000 apiece. In 2011, Newport sent three prototypes to the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a>. In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Covidien" title="Covidien">Covidien</a>, a $12 billion/year medical device manufacturer, which manufactured more expensive competing ventilators, bought Newport for $100 million. Covidien delayed and in 2014 cancelled the contract. </p><p>BARDA started over again with a new company, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, and in July 2019, the <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> approved the Philips ventilator, and the government ordered 10,000 ventilators for delivery in mid-2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Aura_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aura-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 23, 2020, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> reported building, in 37 days, a successful COVID-19 ventilator, named VITAL ("Ventilator Intervention Technology Accessible Locally"). On April 30, NASA reported receiving fast-track approval for emergency use by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> for the new ventilator.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20200430_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20200430-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20200423_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20200423-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SPC-20200424_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC-20200424-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 29, NASA reported that eight manufacturers were selected to manufacture the new ventilator.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20200529_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20200529-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23891-NASA-VITAL-Team-20200430.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Engineering team"><img alt="Engineering team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PIA23891-NASA-VITAL-Team-20200430.jpg/120px-PIA23891-NASA-VITAL-Team-20200430.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PIA23891-NASA-VITAL-Team-20200430.jpg/180px-PIA23891-NASA-VITAL-Team-20200430.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PIA23891-NASA-VITAL-Team-20200430.jpg/240px-PIA23891-NASA-VITAL-Team-20200430.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Engineering team</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23775-NASA-VITAL-Ventilator-20200430.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Front view"><img alt="Front view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PIA23775-NASA-VITAL-Ventilator-20200430.jpg/120px-PIA23775-NASA-VITAL-Ventilator-20200430.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PIA23775-NASA-VITAL-Ventilator-20200430.jpg/180px-PIA23775-NASA-VITAL-Ventilator-20200430.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PIA23775-NASA-VITAL-Ventilator-20200430.jpg/240px-PIA23775-NASA-VITAL-Ventilator-20200430.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1549" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Front view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC_0509-Edit-cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Side view"><img alt="Side view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/DSC_0509-Edit-cr.jpg/120px-DSC_0509-Edit-cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/DSC_0509-Edit-cr.jpg/180px-DSC_0509-Edit-cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/DSC_0509-Edit-cr.jpg/240px-DSC_0509-Edit-cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Side view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA24034-VITAL-Ventilators-20200804.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stacks of ventilator prototypes"><img alt="Stacks of ventilator prototypes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PIA24034-VITAL-Ventilators-20200804.jpg/120px-PIA24034-VITAL-Ventilators-20200804.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PIA24034-VITAL-Ventilators-20200804.jpg/180px-PIA24034-VITAL-Ventilators-20200804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PIA24034-VITAL-Ventilators-20200804.jpg/240px-PIA24034-VITAL-Ventilators-20200804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stacks of ventilator prototypes</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilator&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 7, 2020, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the Canadian Federal Government would be sourcing thousands of 'Made in Canada' ventilators. A number of organisations responded from across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They delivered a large quantity of ventilators to the National Emergency Strategic Stockpile. From west to east, the companies include Canadian Emergency Ventilators Inc, Bayliss Medical Inc, Thornhill Medical, Vexos Inc, and CAE Inc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilator&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_ventilation" title="Artificial ventilation">Artificial ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_lung" title="Iron lung">Iron lung</a> (Tank ventilator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragg-Paul_Pulsator" title="Bragg-Paul Pulsator">Bragg-Paul ventilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_ventilator" title="Liquid ventilator">Liquid ventilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SensorMedics_high-frequency_oscillatory_ventilator" title="SensorMedics high-frequency oscillatory ventilator">SensorMedics high-frequency oscillatory ventilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-balloon_experiment" title="Two-balloon experiment">Two-balloon experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ventilator_manufacturers" title="List of ventilator manufacturers">List of ventilator manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Martensen" title="Robert Martensen">Robert Martensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stoddart" title="Joseph Stoddart">Joseph Stoddart</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilator&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COVID-19+%7C+Is+India%27s+health+infrastructure+equipped+to+handle+an+epidemic%3F&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2020-03-24&rft.au=Prachi+Singh&rft.au=Shamika+Ravi&rft.au=Sikim+Chakraborty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fup-front%2F2020%2F03%2F24%2Fis-indias-health-infrastructure-equipped-to-handle-an-epidemic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aura-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aura_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Kulish,_Sarah_Kliff_and_Jessica_Silver-Greenberg2020" class="citation news cs1">Nicholas Kulish, Sarah Kliff and Jessica Silver-Greenberg (March 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html">"The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed. As the coronavirus spreads, the collapse of the project helps explain America's acute shortage"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+Tried+to+Build+a+New+Fleet+of+Ventilators.+The+Mission+Failed.+As+the+coronavirus+spreads%2C+the+collapse+of+the+project+helps+explain+America%27s+acute+shortage.&rft.date=2020-03-29&rft.au=Nicholas+Kulish%2C+Sarah+Kliff+and+Jessica+Silver-Greenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F03%2F29%2Fbusiness%2Fcoronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20200430-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20200430_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInclánRydinNorthonGood2020" class="citation news cs1">Inclán, Bettina; Rydin, Matthew; Northon, Karen; Good, Andrew (30 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7655">"NASA-Developed Ventilator Authorized by FDA for Emergency Use"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA-Developed+Ventilator+Authorized+by+FDA+for+Emergency+Use&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.aulast=Incl%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft.au=Rydin%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Northon%2C+Karen&rft.au=Good%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Ffeature%3D7655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20200423-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20200423_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodGreicius2020" class="citation news cs1">Good, Andrew; Greicius, Tony (April 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-develops-covid-19-prototype-ventilator-in-37-days">"NASA Develops COVID-19 Prototype Ventilator in 37 Days"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA+Develops+COVID-19+Prototype+Ventilator+in+37+Days&rft.date=2020-04-23&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Greicius%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fjpl%2Fnasa-develops-covid-19-prototype-ventilator-in-37-days&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPC-20200424-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPC-20200424_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWall2020" class="citation news cs1">Wall, Mike (April 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/nasa-covid-19-ventilator-passes-test.html">"NASA engineers build new COVID-19 ventilator in 37 days"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=NASA+engineers+build+new+COVID-19+ventilator+in+37+days&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fnasa-covid-19-ventilator-passes-test.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20200529-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20200529_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInclánRydinNorthonGood2020" class="citation news cs1">Inclán, Bettina; Rydin, Matthew; Northon, Karen; Good, Andrew (May 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7668">"Eight US Manufacturers Selected to Make NASA COVID-19 Ventilator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Eight+US+Manufacturers+Selected+to+Make+NASA+COVID-19+Ventilator&rft.date=2020-05-29&rft.aulast=Incl%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft.au=Rydin%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Northon%2C+Karen&rft.au=Good%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Ffeature%3D7668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/icgc.nsf/eng/07711.html">"Made in Canada ventilators"</a>. Government of Canada. 26 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Made+in+Canada+ventilators&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ic.gc.ca%2Feic%2Fsite%2Ficgc.nsf%2Feng%2F07711.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilator&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ventilators" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ventilators">Ventilators</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Respirator120"><a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">Respirator</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulated by <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#Table_of_TC/BM_Approval_Schedules" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH</a> and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">Gas mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mask_canister" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas mask canister">Canister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplied-air_respirator" title="Supplied-air respirator">Supplied-air respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_self-rescue_device" title="Self-contained self-rescue device">Self-contained self-rescue device</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">Particulate respirator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_mask" title="Dust mask">Dust mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator" title="Powered air-purifying respirator">Powered air-purifying respirator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_cartridge" title="Chemical cartridge">Chemical cartridge</a></li> <li>Facepieces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_hood" title="Smoke hood">Smoke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">Elastomeric respirator</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">42 CFR 84 (United States)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#Chemical_cartridge_and_canister_classifications" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">ANSI K13.1-1973</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_respirator_standards" title="European respirator standards">EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)#Other_standards_(KN95_and_others)" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">GB2626 (China), and others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Medical_breathing_apparatus602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical breathing apparatus">Medical breathing apparatus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_CPAP" title="Bubble CPAP">Bubble CPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_positive_airway_pressure" title="Continuous positive airway pressure">Continuous positive airway pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resuscitator" title="Resuscitator">Resuscitator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_valve_mask" title="Bag valve mask">Bag valve mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_mask" title="Pocket mask">Pocket mask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ventilator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_lung" title="Iron lung">Iron lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-invasive_ventilation" title="Non-invasive ventilation">Non-invasive ventilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_airway_pressure" title="Positive airway pressure">Positive airway pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_gas_humidification" title="Respiratory gas humidification">Respiratory gas humidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplemental oxygen">Supplemental oxygen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">Nasal cannula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_cannula" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoir cannula">Reservoir cannula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rebreather_mask" title="Non-rebreather mask">Non-rebreather mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen hood">Oxygen hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_tent" title="Oxygen tent">Oxygen tent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_rebreather_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial rebreather mask">Partial rebreather mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_face_mask" title="Simple face mask">Simple face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_mask" title="Venturi mask">Venturi mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_breathing_apparatus602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater breathing apparatus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit scuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied diving equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter escape set">Helicopter escape set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine escape set">Submarine escape set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_extender" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas extender">Gas extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium reclaim system">Helium reclaim system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="User_respiratory_interface602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/User_respiratory_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="User respiratory interface">User respiratory interface</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breathing mask <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_facepiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Full facepiece">Full facepiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">orinasal mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">Dead space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_breathing_apparatus" title="Escape breathing apparatus">Escape breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facepiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Facepiece">Facepiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">Hazmat suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_pressure_breathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative pressure breathing">Negative pressure breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_circuit_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circuit breathing apparatus">Open circuit breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure_breathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure breathing">Positive pressure breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_protective_equipment" title="Respiratory protective equipment">Respiratory protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_flow_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant flow regulator">Constant flow regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand valve">Demand valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">Rebreather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_circuit_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed circuit rebreather">Closed circuit rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterlung" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterlung">Counterlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen rebreather">Oxygen rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-closed_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-closed circuit">Semi-closed circuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_respirator" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape respirator">Escape respirator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Breathing_apparatus" title="Category:Breathing apparatus">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Breathing_apparatus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Breathing apparatus">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_breathing_apparatus_terminology" title="Glossary of breathing apparatus terminology">Glossary</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mechanical_ventilation143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mechanical_ventilation" title="Template:Mechanical ventilation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mechanical_ventilation" title="Template talk:Mechanical ventilation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mechanical_ventilation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mechanical ventilation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mechanical_ventilation143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">Mechanical ventilation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modes_of_mechanical_ventilation" title="Modes of mechanical ventilation">Modes of mechanical ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation_in_emergencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical ventilation in emergencies">Mechanical ventilation in emergencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_mechanical_ventilation" title="Nomenclature of mechanical ventilation">Nomenclature of mechanical ventilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modes_of_mechanical_ventilation" title="Modes of mechanical ventilation">Modes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_mandatory_ventilation" title="Intermittent mandatory ventilation">IMV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intermittent_mandatory_ventilation#Synchronized_intermittent_mechanical_ventilation_(SIMV)" title="Intermittent mandatory ventilation">SIMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_mandatory_ventilation" title="Continuous mandatory ventilation">CMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_mechanical_ventilation#Continuous_mandatory_ventilation_(CMV)" title="Nomenclature of mechanical ventilation">ACV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_spontaneous_ventilation" title="Continuous spontaneous ventilation">CSV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_airway_pressure" title="Positive airway pressure">PAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-invasive_ventilation" title="Non-invasive ventilation">BPAP</a>/NIV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_positive_airway_pressure" title="Continuous positive airway pressure">CPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_support_ventilation" title="Pressure support ventilation">PSV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airway_pressure_release_ventilation" title="Airway pressure release ventilation">APRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_minute_ventilation" title="Mandatory minute ventilation">MMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_mandatory_ventilation#Proportional_assist_ventilation_.28PAV.29" title="Intermittent mandatory ventilation">PAV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_mandatory_ventilation#Adaptive_support_ventilation_.28ASV.29" title="Intermittent mandatory ventilation">ASV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-frequency_ventilation" title="High-frequency ventilation">HFV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modes_of_mechanical_ventilation_by_category" title="List of modes of mechanical ventilation by category">List of modes by category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related illness</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">ARDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atelectotrauma" title="Atelectotrauma">Atelectotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotrauma" title="Biotrauma">Biotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_volutrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary volutrauma">Pulmonary volutrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheotrauma" title="Rheotrauma">Rheotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilator-associated_pneumonia" title="Ventilator-associated pneumonia">Ventilator-associated pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilator-associated_lung_injury" title="Ventilator-associated lung injury">Ventilator-associated lung injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive-end_expiratory_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive-end expiratory pressure">P<sub>EEP</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_P" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta P">Δ<sub>P</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_inspiratory_pressure" title="Peak inspiratory pressure">P<sub>IP</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_airway_pressure" title="Mean airway pressure">P<sub>AW</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_pressure" title="Plateau pressure">P<sub>plat</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">Volumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_volume" title="Tidal volume">V<sub>T</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_ventilation" title="Minute ventilation">V<sub>E</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">V<sub>f</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FiO2" class="mw-redirect" title="FiO2">FiO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic compliance">C<sub>dyn</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Static compliance">C<sub>static</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_air_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar air equation">P<sub>A</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VD/VT" title="VD/VT">V<sub>D</sub>/V<sub>T</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygenation_index" title="Oxygenation index">OI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar-arterial_gradient" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar-arterial gradient">A-a gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical power">Mechanical power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox587" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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