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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>背景</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经典理论的局限" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经典理论的局限"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>经典理论的局限</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经典理论的局限-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新理论的提出" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新理论的提出"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>新理论的提出</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新理论的提出-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">能级</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。42种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9" title="مستوى طاقة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستوى طاقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivel_enerx%C3%A9ticu" title="Nivel enerxéticu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nivel enerxéticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Энергетычны ўзровень – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энергетычны ўзровень" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Енергетично ниво – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енергетично ниво" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetski_nivo" title="Energetski nivo – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Energetski nivo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivell_d%27energia" title="Nivell d'energia – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nivell d'energia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Энергилле шай – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Энергилле шай" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiniveau" title="Energiniveau – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Energiniveau" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energieniveau" title="Energieniveau – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Energieniveau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Energy level" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energinivelo" title="Energinivelo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Energinivelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivel_energ%C3%A9tico" title="Nivel energético – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nivel energético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiatase_(kvantf%C3%BC%C3%BCsika)" title="Energiatase (kvantfüüsika) – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Energiatase (kvantfüüsika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="تراز انرژی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تراز انرژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niveau_d%27%C3%A9nergie" title="Niveau d'énergie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Niveau d'énergie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibh%C3%A9al_fuinnimh" title="Leibhéal fuinnimh – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leibhéal fuinnimh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="רמת אנרגיה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רמת אנרגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energijske_razine" title="Energijske razine – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Energijske razine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivo_en%C3%A8jetik" title="Nivo enèjetik – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nivo enèjetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingkat_energi" title="Tingkat energi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tingkat energi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livello_energetico" title="Livello energetico – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Livello energetico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E6%BA%96%E4%BD%8D" title="エネルギー準位 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エネルギー準位" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%96" title="Энергия деңгейі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Энергия деңгейі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EC%A4%80%EC%9C%84" title="에너지 준위 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에너지 준위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Енергетско ниво – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Енергетско ниво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energieniveau" title="Energieniveau – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Energieniveau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiniv%C3%A5" title="Energinivå – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Energinivå" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2" title="ਊਰਜਾ ਲੈਵਲ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਊਰਜਾ ਲੈਵਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poziom_energetyczny" title="Poziom energetyczny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poziom energetyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADvel_de_energia" title="Nível de energia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nível de energia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivel_de_energie" title="Nivel de energie – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nivel de energie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Энергетический уровень – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энергетический уровень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetski_nivo" title="Energetski nivo – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Energetski nivo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Energy level" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energijski_nivo" title="Energijski nivo – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Energijski nivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelet_energjetike" title="Nivelet energjetike – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nivelet energjetike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8" title="Енергетски нивои – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енергетски нивои" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiniv%C3%A5" title="Energinivå – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Energinivå" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆற்றல் மட்டம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆற்றல் மட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ระดับพลังงาน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระดับพลังงาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerji_seviyesi" title="Enerji seviyesi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enerji seviyesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Енергетичний рівень – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енергетичний рівень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E7%BA%A7&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%83%BD%E7%BA%A7" title="Talk:能级">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>没有列出任何<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">参考或来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2019年1月1日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>維基百科所有的內容都應該<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">可供查證</a>。请协助補充<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E7%BA%A7&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。无法查证的內容可能會因為異議提出而被移除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist nowraplinks" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">系列条目</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子力学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0de8741a7d26ae98689c7b3339e97dfafea9fd26" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:21.692ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="薛定谔方程">薛定谔方程</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist nowrap" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80" title="量子力學入門">入门</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="初级量子力学词汇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%9D%E7%BA%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="初级量子力学词汇（页面不存在）">术语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_elementary_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#量子理论" title="物理学史">历史</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">背景</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">经典力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="舊量子論">舊量子論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="狄拉克符号">狄拉克符号</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A1%BF%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6" title="哈密顿算符">哈密顿算符</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="干涉 (物理学)">干涉</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">基本原理</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="互补原理">互补</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%80%E7%9B%B8%E5%B9%B2" title="量子退相干">退相干</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BA%8F%E7%B5%90" title="量子纏結">纠缠</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">能级</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="量子測量">测量</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子非局域性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum nonlocality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9D%9E%E5%B1%80%E5%9F%9F%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子非局域性（页面不存在）">非局域性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum nonlocality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum nonlocality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B0" title="量子数">量子数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%85%8B" title="量子態">量子態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%81%E5%8F%A0%E5%8A%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="态叠加原理">态叠加原理</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子力学中的对称性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子力学中的对称性（页面不存在）">对称性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Symmetry in quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Symmetry in quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%A9%BF%E9%9A%A7%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="量子穿隧效應">量子穿隧效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="不确定性原理">不确定性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="波函数">波函数</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%9D%8D%E7%BC%A9" title="波函数坍缩">波函数坍缩</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">实验</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89" title="貝爾定理的實驗驗證">貝爾定理的實驗驗證</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%A3%AE-%E9%9D%A9%E6%9C%AB%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="戴維森-革末實驗">戴維森-革末實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E7%B8%AB%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="雙縫實驗">雙縫實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%BE%A4-%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC%E7%82%B8%E5%BD%88%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="伊利澤-威德曼炸彈測試問題">伊利澤-威德曼炸彈測試問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B-%E8%B5%AB%E8%8C%B2%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="法蘭克-赫茲實驗">法蘭克-赫茲實驗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Leggett-Garg不平等现象" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leggett–Garg inequality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leggett-Garg%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leggett-Garg不平等现象（页面不存在）">Leggett-Garg不平等现象</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggett%E2%80%93Garg_inequality" class="extiw" title="en:Leggett–Garg inequality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leggett–Garg inequality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB-%E6%9B%BE%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E5%84%80" title="馬赫-曾德爾干涉儀">馬赫-曾德爾干涉儀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="波普尔实验">波普尔实验</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%93%A6%E9%99%A4%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="量子擦除實驗">量子擦除實驗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%81%B2%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%93%A6%E9%99%A4%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="延遲選擇量子擦除實驗">延遲選擇</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%8C%AB" title="薛定谔猫">薛定谔猫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%81%A9-%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="施特恩-格拉赫实验">施特恩-格拉赫实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92%E5%BB%B6%E8%BF%9F%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="惠勒延迟选择实验">惠勒延迟选择实验</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">表述</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="量子力學的數學表述">概览</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E7%B9%AA%E6%99%AF" title="海森堡繪景">海森堡繪景</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E7%B9%AA%E6%99%AF" title="相互作用繪景">相互作用繪景</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="矩陣力學">矩陣力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="相空间表述">相空间表述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E7%B9%AA%E6%99%AF" title="薛丁格繪景">薛丁格繪景</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%91%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="路徑積分表述">路徑積分表述</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">方程</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="狄拉克方程式">狄拉克方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E5%9B%A0-%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="克莱因-戈尔登方程">克莱因-戈尔登方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="包立方程式">包立方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F" title="里德伯公式">里德伯公式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="薛定谔方程">薛定谔方程</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">诠释</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="量子力學詮釋">概览</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子贝叶斯主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum Bayesianism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子贝叶斯主义（页面不存在）">量子贝叶斯主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum Bayesianism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum Bayesianism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="一致性历史">一致性历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="哥本哈根詮釋">哥本哈根詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F-%E7%8E%BB%E5%A7%86%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="德布罗意-玻姆理论">德布罗意-玻姆理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="系綜詮釋">系綜詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E8%AE%8A%E9%87%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="隱變量理論">隱變量理論</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="局部隐变量理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Local hidden-variable theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%90%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="局部隐变量理论（页面不存在）">局部隐变量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_hidden-variable_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Local hidden-variable theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Local hidden-variable theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" title="多世界诠释">多世界诠释</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E5%9D%8D%E7%B8%AE%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="客觀坍縮理論">客觀坍縮理論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子逻辑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum logic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子逻辑（页面不存在）">量子逻辑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum logic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum logic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%80%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="關係性量子力學">關係性量子力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="交易詮釋">交易詮釋</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">高阶</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="相对论量子力学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Relativistic quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="相對論量子力學">相对论量子力学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Relativistic quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Relativistic quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="量子场论">量子场论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="量子信息科学">量子信息科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="量子计算机">量子计算</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子混沌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum chaos"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子混沌（页面不存在）">量子混沌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chaos" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum chaos"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum chaos</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3" title="密度矩陣">密度矩陣</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="散射理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scattering theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散射理论（页面不存在）">散射理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Scattering theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scattering theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子统计力学">量子统计力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="量子機器學習">量子機器學習</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">科学家</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB" title="亚基尔·阿哈罗诺夫">阿哈罗诺夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="約翰·貝爾">貝爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9" title="汉斯·贝特">贝特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9" title="帕特里克·布莱克特">布莱克特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%B4%9B%E8%B5%AB" title="费利克斯·布洛赫">布洛赫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%A7%86" title="戴维·玻姆">玻姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔">玻尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E6%81%A9" title="马克斯·玻恩">玻恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%89%B9%E5%BB%B6%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%B4%8D%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2" title="薩特延德拉·納特·玻色">玻色</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F" title="路易·德布罗意">德布罗意</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF" title="阿瑟·康普顿">康普顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="保罗·狄拉克">狄拉克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E5%AD%99" title="克林顿·戴维孙">戴维孙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%9C" title="彼得·德拜">德拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E4%BC%A6%E8%B4%B9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="保罗·埃伦费斯特">埃伦费斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">爱因斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="休·艾弗雷特三世">艾弗雷特三世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B" title="弗拉基米尔·福克">福克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="恩里科·费米">费米</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·費曼">費曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%AF" title="罗伊·格劳伯">格劳伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8C%A8%E5%A8%81%E5%8B%92" title="古茨威勒">古茨威勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="维尔纳·海森堡">海森堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" title="大卫·希尔伯特">希尔伯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%B8%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%97%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="帕斯夸尔·约尔旦">约尔旦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%96%87%E6%9C%AB" title="汉斯·克喇末">克喇末</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E6%B3%A1%E5%88%A9" title="沃尔夫冈·泡利">泡利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%A7%86" title="威利斯·兰姆">兰姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E9%81%93" title="列夫·朗道">朗道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E5%8E%84" title="马克斯·冯·劳厄">劳厄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%A1%9E%E8%8E%B1" title="亨利·莫塞莱">莫塞莱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E7%AB%8B%E6%A0%B9" title="罗伯特·密立根">密立根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%AB%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF" title="海克·卡末林·昂內斯">昂內斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克">普朗克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="伊西多·拉比">拉比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC" title="钱德拉塞卡拉·拉曼">拉曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF" title="约翰内斯·里德伯">里德伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94" title="埃尔温·薛定谔">薛定谔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米歇尔·西蒙斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Michelle Simmons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米歇尔·西蒙斯（页面不存在）">米歇尔·西蒙斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Simmons" class="extiw" title="en:Michelle Simmons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Michelle Simmons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%9C%AB%E8%8F%B2" title="阿諾·索末菲">索末菲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·冯·诺伊曼">冯·诺伊曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%A4%96%E5%B0%94" title="赫尔曼·外尔">外尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%81%A9" title="威廉·维恩">维恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%91%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="尤金·维格纳">维格纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC" title="彼得·塞曼">塞曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E8%94%A1%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC" title="安东·蔡林格">蔡林格</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:量子力學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:量子力學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:量子力學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>能级</b>（英語：<span lang="en">energy level</span>）又称<b>能阶</b>，是描述微观粒子体系（原子、电子、分子等）可能存在的相对稳定状态下，所对应一系列不连续的、分立的且确定的“内在”能量值或状态。 </p><p><b>能级理论</b>则是一种解释<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>外<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子">电子</a>运动轨道的理论。它认为电子只能在特定的、分立的轨道上运动，各个轨道上的电子具有分立的能量，这些能量值即为能级。由于距原子核越远的电子越不受束缚，因此其能级越高，该电子具有越多的电子能量。 </p><p>电子可以在不同的轨道间发生<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%81" class="mw-disambig" title="跃迁">跃迁</a>，电子吸收能量可以从低能级跃迁到高能级或者从高能级跃迁到低能级从而辐射出<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氢</a>原子的能级可以由它的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1" title="光谱">光谱</a>显示出来。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>19世纪末20世纪初，人类开始走进微观世界，<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="物理学家">物理学家</a>提出许多关于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>机构的模型，这里就包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E7%91%9F%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="卢瑟福">卢瑟福</a>的核式模型。核式模型能很好地解释实验现象，因而得到许多人的支持；但是该模型与经典的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="电磁理论">电磁理论</a>有着深刻的矛盾。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="经典理论的局限"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E5.85.B8.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA.E7.9A.84.E5.B1.80.E9.99.90"></span>经典理论的局限</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：经典理论的局限"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>实验事实表明：原子具有高度的稳定性，即使受到外界干扰，也很不易改变原子的属性；且<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氢</a>原子所发出的光谱为线状光谱，与经典电磁理论得出的结论完全不同。 </p><p>然而，按经典电磁理论，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子">电子</a>绕核转动具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="加速度">加速度</a>，加速运动着的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="电荷">电荷</a>（电子）要向周围空间辐射<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a>，电磁波<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (物理學)">频率</a>等于电子绕核旋转的频率，随着不断地向外辐射能量，原子系统的能量逐渐减少，电子运动的轨道半径也越来越小，绕核旋转的频率连续增大，电子辐射的电磁波频率也在连续地变化，因而所呈现的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1" title="光谱">光谱</a>应为连续光谱。 </p><p>由于电子绕核运动时不断向外辐射电磁波，电子能量不断减少，电子将逐渐接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>，最后落于核上，这样，原子应是一个不稳定系统。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="新理论的提出"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA.E7.9A.84.E6.8F.90.E5.87.BA"></span>新理论的提出</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：新理论的提出"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a>物理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔">尼尔斯·玻尔</a>於1913年提出了自己的原子结构假说，认为围绕原子核运动的电子轨道半径只能取某些分立的数值，这种现象叫轨道的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96" title="量子化">量子化</a>，不同的轨道对应着不同的状态，在这些状态中，尽管电子在做高速运动，但不向外辐射能量，因而这些状态是稳定的。原子在不同的状态下有着不同的能量，所以原子的能量也是量子化的。 </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="量子力学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Template:Quantum mechanics topics"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Template talk:Quantum mechanics topics"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Quantum mechanics topics"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="量子力学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子力学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80" title="量子力學入門">入門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="量子力學的數學表述">數學表述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#量子理论" title="物理学史">歷史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">背景</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80" title="量子力學入門">入門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#量子理论" title="物理学史">歷史</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子力學時間軸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%BB%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子力學時間軸（页面不存在）">量子力學時間軸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">经典力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="舊量子論">舊量子論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基本量子力學詞彙表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基本量子力學詞彙表（页面不存在）">基本量子力學詞彙表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_elementary_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基礎</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="狄拉克符号">狄拉克符号</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="互补原理">互补原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3" title="密度矩陣">密度矩陣</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">能级</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%80%81" title="基态">基态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%8F%91%E6%80%81" title="激发态">激发态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%B9%B6%E8%83%BD%E7%BA%A7" title="简并能级">简并能级</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E9%BB%9E%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="零點能量">零點能量</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BA%8F%E7%B5%90" title="量子纏結">量子纏結</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A1%BF%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6" title="哈密顿算符">哈密顿算符</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="干涉 (物理学)">干涉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%80%E7%9B%B8%E5%B9%B2" title="量子退相干">量子退相干</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="量子測量">量子測量</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子非局部性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum nonlocality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9D%9E%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子非局部性（页面不存在）">量子非局部性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum nonlocality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum nonlocality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%85%8B" title="量子態">量子態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%81%E5%8F%A0%E5%8A%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="态叠加原理">态叠加原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%A9%BF%E9%9A%A7%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="量子穿隧效應">量子穿隧效應</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="散射理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scattering theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散射理論（页面不存在）">散射理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Scattering theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scattering theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子力學對稱性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子力學對稱性（页面不存在）">量子力學對稱性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Symmetry in quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Symmetry in quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="不确定性原理">不确定性原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="波函数">波函数</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%9D%8D%E7%BC%A9" title="波函数坍缩">波函数坍缩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%B2%92%E4%BA%8C%E8%B1%A1%E6%80%A7" title="波粒二象性">波粒二象性</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子跳躍" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Atomic electron transition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%B7%B3%E8%BA%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子跳躍（页面不存在）">量子跳躍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_electron_transition" class="extiw" title="en:Atomic electron transition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Atomic electron transition</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83" title="量子位元">量子位元</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83" title="量子三位元">量子三位元</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">表述</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="量子力學的數學表述">量子力學的數學表述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E7%B9%AA%E6%99%AF" title="海森堡繪景">海森堡繪景</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E7%B9%AA%E6%99%AF" title="相互作用繪景">相互作用繪景</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="矩陣力學">矩陣力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E7%B9%AA%E6%99%AF" title="薛丁格繪景">薛丁格繪景</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%91%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="路徑積分表述">路徑積分表述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="相空间表述">相空间表述</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">方程</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="狄拉克方程式">狄拉克方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E5%9B%A0-%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="克莱因-戈尔登方程">克莱因-戈尔登方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="包立方程式">包立方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="薛定谔方程">薛定谔方程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">空間幾何</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%B4%9B%E8%B5%AB%E7%90%83%E9%9D%A2" title="布洛赫球面">布洛赫球面</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旋矢空間" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gyrovector space"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%8B%E7%9F%A2%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旋矢空間（页面不存在）">旋矢空間</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrovector_space" class="extiw" title="en:Gyrovector space"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gyrovector space</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">詮釋</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="量子力學詮釋">量子力學詮釋</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子貝葉斯詮釋" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum Bayesianism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子貝葉斯詮釋（页面不存在）">量子貝葉斯詮釋</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum Bayesianism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum Bayesianism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="一致性历史">一致性历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="哥本哈根詮釋">哥本哈根詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F-%E7%8E%BB%E5%A7%86%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="德布罗意-玻姆理论">德布罗意-玻姆理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="系綜詮釋">系綜詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E8%AE%8A%E9%87%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="隱變量理論">隱變量理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" title="多世界诠释">多世界诠释</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E5%9D%8D%E7%B8%AE%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="客觀坍縮理論">客觀坍縮理論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子邏輯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum logic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子邏輯（页面不存在）">量子邏輯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum logic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum logic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%80%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="關係性量子力學">關係性量子力學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="隨機量子力學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stochastic quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隨機量子力學（页面不存在）">隨機量子力學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Stochastic quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stochastic quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="交易詮釋">交易詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" title="量子力学的宇宙学诠释">宇宙学诠释</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">實驗</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%97%E6%B2%99%E7%88%BE%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="阿弗沙爾實驗">阿弗沙爾實驗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="貝爾測試實驗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bell test experiments"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝爾測試實驗（页面不存在）">貝爾測試實驗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_test_experiments" class="extiw" title="en:Bell test experiments"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bell test experiments</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冷原子實驗室" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cold Atom Laboratory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷原子實驗室（页面不存在）">冷原子實驗室</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Atom_Laboratory" class="extiw" title="en:Cold Atom Laboratory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cold Atom Laboratory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%A3%AE-%E9%9D%A9%E6%9C%AB%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="戴維森-革末實驗">戴維森-革末實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%81%B2%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%93%A6%E9%99%A4%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="延遲選擇量子擦除實驗">延遲選擇量子擦除實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E7%B8%AB%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="雙縫實驗">雙縫實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B-%E8%B5%AB%E8%8C%B2%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="法蘭克-赫茲實驗">法蘭克-赫茲實驗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萊格特 - 加爾格不等式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leggett–Garg inequality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%B9_-_%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萊格特 - 加爾格不等式（页面不存在）">萊格特 - 加爾格不等式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggett%E2%80%93Garg_inequality" class="extiw" title="en:Leggett–Garg inequality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leggett–Garg inequality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB-%E6%9B%BE%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E5%84%80" title="馬赫-曾德爾干涉儀">馬赫-曾德爾干涉儀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%BE%A4-%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC%E7%82%B8%E5%BD%88%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="伊利澤-威德曼炸彈測試問題">伊利澤-威德曼炸彈測試問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="波普尔实验">波普尔实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%93%A6%E9%99%A4%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="量子擦除實驗">量子擦除實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%8C%AB" title="薛定谔猫">薛定谔猫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%81%A9-%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="施特恩-格拉赫实验">施特恩-格拉赫实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92%E5%BB%B6%E8%BF%9F%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="惠勒延迟选择实验">惠勒延迟选择实验</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子奈米科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum nanoscience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A5%88%E7%B1%B3%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子奈米科學（页面不存在）">量子纳米科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_nanoscience" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum nanoscience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum nanoscience</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子貝葉斯詮釋" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum Bayesianism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子貝葉斯詮釋（页面不存在）">量子貝葉斯詮釋</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum Bayesianism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum Bayesianism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="量子生物学">量子生物学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子微積分" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum calculus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%BE%AE%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子微積分（页面不存在）">量子微積分</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_calculus" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum calculus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum calculus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="量子化学">量子化学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子混沌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum chaos"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子混沌（页面不存在）">量子混沌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chaos" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum chaos"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum chaos</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子認知" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum cognition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子認知（页面不存在）">量子認知</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cognition" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum cognition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum cognition</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8" title="量子宇宙學">量子宇宙學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子微分" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum differential calculus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子微分（页面不存在）">量子微分</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_differential_calculus" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum differential calculus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum differential calculus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子動力學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum dynamics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子動力學（页面不存在）">量子動力學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dynamics" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum dynamics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum dynamics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子演化（页面不存在）">量子演化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子幾何" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum geometry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子幾何（页面不存在）">量子幾何</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_geometry" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum geometry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum geometry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BE%A4" title="量子群">量子群</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="測量問題" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Measurement problem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="測量問題（页面不存在）">測量問題</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_problem" class="extiw" title="en:Measurement problem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Measurement problem</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子概率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum probability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子概率（页面不存在）">量子概率</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_probability" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum probability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum probability</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子隨機演算" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum stochastic calculus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子隨機演算（页面不存在）">量子隨機演算</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_stochastic_calculus" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum stochastic calculus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum stochastic calculus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子時空" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum spacetime"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子時空（页面不存在）">量子時空</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_spacetime" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum spacetime"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum spacetime</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="量子技術">量子技術</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="量子演算法">量子演算法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子放大器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum amplifier"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子放大器（页面不存在）">量子放大器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_amplifier" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum amplifier"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum amplifier</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子總線" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum bus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%B8%BD%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子總線（页面不存在）">量子總線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_bus" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum bus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum bus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%82%B9" title="量子点">量子点</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子細胞自動機" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum cellular automaton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子細胞自動機（页面不存在）">量子細胞自動機</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum cellular automaton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum cellular automaton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="量子有限自動機">量子有限自動機</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子通道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum channel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子通道（页面不存在）">量子通道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_channel" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum channel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum channel</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%B7%9A%E8%B7%AF" title="量子線路">量子線路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="量子复杂性理论">量子复杂性理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="量子计算机">量子计算机</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子計算時間軸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of quantum computing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%BB%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子計算時間軸（页面不存在）">量子計算時間軸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_computing" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of quantum computing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of quantum computing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC%E5%AD%B8" title="量子密碼學">量子密碼學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子電子學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子誤差校正" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum error correction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE%E6%A0%A1%E6%AD%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子誤差校正（页面不存在）">量子誤差校正</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_error_correction" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum error correction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum error correction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" title="量子成像">量子成像</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子圖像處理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum image processing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子圖像處理（页面不存在）">量子圖像處理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_image_processing" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum image processing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum image processing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" title="量子信息">量子信息</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%86%E9%91%B0%E5%88%86%E7%99%BC" title="量子密鑰分發">量子密鑰分發</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子邏輯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum logic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子邏輯（页面不存在）">量子邏輯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum logic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum logic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%96%98" title="量子閘">量子閘</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子機" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum machine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子機（页面不存在）">量子機</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_machine" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum machine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum machine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="量子機器學習">量子機器學習</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子超材料" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum metamaterial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%B6%85%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子超材料（页面不存在）">量子超材料</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_metamaterial" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum metamaterial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum metamaterial</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子計量學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum metrology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子計量學（页面不存在）">量子計量學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_metrology" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum metrology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum metrology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子网络" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum network"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子网络（页面不存在）">量子网络</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_network" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum network"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum network</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子神經網絡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum neural network"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子神經網絡（页面不存在）">量子神經網絡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_neural_network" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum neural network"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum neural network</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子光学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B" title="量子編程">量子編程</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子傳感器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum sensor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%82%B3%E6%84%9F%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子傳感器（页面不存在）">量子傳感器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_sensor" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum sensor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum sensor</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子模擬器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum simulator"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子模擬器（页面不存在）">量子模擬器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_simulator" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum simulator"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum simulator</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9A%B1%E5%BD%A2%E5%82%B3%E6%85%8B" title="量子隱形傳態">量子隱形傳態</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">進階研究</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子統計力學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum statistical mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子统计力学">量子統計力學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum statistical mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum statistical mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="相對論之量子力學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Relativistic quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E4%B9%8B%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相對論之量子力學（页面不存在）">相對論之量子力學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Relativistic quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Relativistic quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="量子场论">量子场论</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子場理論史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of quantum field theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子場理論史（页面不存在）">量子場理論史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_quantum_field_theory" class="extiw" title="en:History of quantum field theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of quantum field theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="量子引力">量子引力</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分數量子力學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fractional quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%95%B8%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分數量子力學（页面不存在）">分數量子力學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Fractional quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fractional quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">物理學者</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克">普朗克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔">玻尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E4%BC%A6%E8%B4%B9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="保罗·埃伦费斯特">埃倫費斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="维尔纳·海森堡">海森堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94" title="埃尔温·薛定谔">薛丁格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F" title="路易·德布罗意">德布羅意</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E6%81%A9" 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