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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontdekking_en_betekenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontdekking_en_betekenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ontdekking en betekenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontdekking_en_betekenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Synthese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemische_eigenschappen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemische_eigenschappen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chemische eigenschappen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemische_eigenschappen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Chemische eigenschappen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemische_eigenschappen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insluitverbindingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insluitverbindingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Insluitverbindingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insluitverbindingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fulleriden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fulleriden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fulleriden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fulleriden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektronische_structuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektronische_structuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Elektronische structuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektronische_structuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Beschikbaar in 31 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بوكمينستر فوليرين – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوكمينستر فوليرين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="فولرن باکمینستر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فولرن باکمینستر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бъкминстърфулерен – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бъкминстърфулерен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%A6%E0%BC%A0" title="ཐཱན༦༠ – Tibetaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐཱན༦༠" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfuleren" title="Buckminsterfuleren – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Buckminsterfuleren" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterful%C2%B7ler%C3%A8" title="Buckminsterful·lerè – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buckminsterful·lerè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfulleren" title="Buckminsterfulleren – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buckminsterfulleren" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfulleren" title="Buckminsterfulleren – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Buckminsterfulleren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Μπακμίνστερφουλερένιο – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπακμίνστερφουλερένιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Buckminsterfullerene" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullereno" title="Buckminsterfullereno – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Buckminsterfullereno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="فولرن باکمینستر – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فولرن باکمینستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfuller%C3%A8ne" title="Buckminsterfullerène – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Buckminsterfullerène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%C3%ADn%C3%AD_Bucky" title="Millíní Bucky – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Millíní Bucky" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfuller%C3%A9n" title="Buckminsterfullerén – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buckminsterfullerén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukminsterfulerena" title="Bukminsterfulerena – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bukminsterfulerena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buckminsterfullerene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3" title="バックミンスターフラーレン – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バックミンスターフラーレン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%81%AC%EB%AF%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%ED%92%80%EB%9F%AC%EB%A0%8C" title="버크민스터풀러렌 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버크민스터풀러렌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бакминстерфулерен – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бакминстерфулерен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfulleren" title="Buckminsterfulleren – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Buckminsterfulleren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerener" title="Buckminsterfullerener – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buckminsterfullerener" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfulleren" title="Buckminsterfulleren – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Buckminsterfulleren" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfulereno" title="Buckminsterfulereno – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Buckminsterfulereno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukminsterfuleren" title="Bukminsterfuleren – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bukminsterfuleren" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukminsterfuleren" title="Bukminsterfuleren – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bukminsterfuleren" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfulleren" title="Buckminsterfulleren – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buckminsterfulleren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பக்மின்ஸ்டர்ஃபுலரின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பக்மின்ஸ்டர்ஃபுலரின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Buckminsterfullerene" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF" title="巴克明斯特富勒烯 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴克明斯特富勒烯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF" title="巴克明斯特富勒烯 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴克明斯特富勒烯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1075376#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3">Structuurformule en molecuulmodel </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Buckminsterfullerene-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Eén Lewisstructuur van buckminsterfullereen (van 12.400 mogelijkheden)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Buckminsterfullerene-2D-skeletal.png/266px-Buckminsterfullerene-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Buckminsterfullerene-2D-skeletal.png/399px-Buckminsterfullerene-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Buckminsterfullerene-2D-skeletal.png/532px-Buckminsterfullerene-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1081" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Eén <a href="/wiki/Lewistheorie" title="Lewistheorie">Lewisstructuur</a> van buckminsterfullereen (van 12.400 mogelijkheden)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Fullerene-in-benzene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oplossing van buckminsterfullereen in benzeen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fullerene-in-benzene.png/266px-Fullerene-in-benzene.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fullerene-in-benzene.png/399px-Fullerene-in-benzene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fullerene-in-benzene.png/532px-Fullerene-in-benzene.png 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Oplossing van buckminsterfullereen in <a href="/wiki/Benzeen" title="Benzeen">benzeen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" style="padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:C60_powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="{Zuiver buckminsterfullereen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/C60_powder.jpg/266px-C60_powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/C60_powder.jpg/399px-C60_powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/C60_powder.jpg/532px-C60_powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Zuiver buckminsterfullereen</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3">Algemeen </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Molecuulformule" title="Molecuulformule">Molecuulformule</a> </th> <td colspan="2">C<sub>60</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Molaire_massa" title="Molaire massa">Molmassa</a> </th> <td colspan="2">720,66 <a href="/wiki/Gram_(eenheid)" title="Gram (eenheid)">g</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mol_(eenheid)" title="Mol (eenheid)">mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SMILES" title="SMILES">SMILES</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; width:127px;">C12=C3C4=C5C6= C1C7=C8C9 =C1C%10= C%11C(=C29)C3= C2C3=C4C4=C5C5=C9C6 =C7C6=C7C8= C1C1=C8C%10= C%10C%11=C2C2=C3C3 =C4C4=C5C5= C%11C%12 =C(C6=C95)C7= C1C1=C%12C5 =C%11C4=C3C3= C5C(=C81) C%10=C23</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; width:127px;">1/C60/c1-2-5-6-3(1) 8-12-10-4(1)9-11-7 (2)17-21-13(5)23-24-14(6) 22-18(8)28-20(12)30-26- 16(10)15(9)25-29- 19(11)27(17)37- 41-31(21)33(23)43- 44-34(24)32(22)42- 38(28)48-40(30) 46-36(26)35(25)45- 39(29)47(37)55- 49(41)51(43)57-52 (44)50(42)56(48)59- 54(46)53(45)58 (55)60(57)59</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/CAS-nummer" title="CAS-nummer">CAS-nummer</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=99685-96-8">99685-96-8</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=123591">123591</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1075376" class="extiw" title="d:Q1075376">Q1075376</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Waarschuwingen en veiligheidsmaatregelen </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><table align="center" style="border-style:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-style:none;cell-padding:2px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schadelijk"><img alt="Schadelijk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/90px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><b>Waarschuwing</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/H-_en_P-zinnen" title="H- en P-zinnen">H-zinnen</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><abbr title="Veroorzaakt ernstige oogirritatie.">H319</abbr> - <abbr title="Kan irritatie van de luchtwegen veroorzaken.">H335</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H-_en_P-zinnen" title="H- en P-zinnen">EUH-zinnen</a></span> </th> <td colspan="2"><i>geen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/H-_en_P-zinnen" title="H- en P-zinnen">P-zinnen</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><abbr title="Inademing van stof/rook/gas/nevel/damp/spuitnevel vermijden.">P261</abbr> - <abbr title="Bij contact met de ogen: voorzichtig afspoelen met water gedurende een aantal minuten; contactlenzen verwijderen, indien mogelijk; blijven spoelen.">P305+P351+P338</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Fysische eigenschappen </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aggregatietoestand" title="Aggregatietoestand">Aggregatietoestand</a> </th> <td colspan="2">vast </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kleur_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleur (hoofdbetekenis)">Kleur</a> </th> <td colspan="2">bruin-zwart </td></tr> <tr> <th>Goed oplosbaar in </th> <td colspan="2">1,2,4-trichloorbenzeen, koolstofdisulfide </td></tr> <tr> <th>Slecht oplosbaar in </th> <td colspan="2">organische oplosmiddelen </td></tr> <tr> <th>Onoplosbaar in </th> <td colspan="2">water </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3"><small>Tenzij anders vermeld zijn <a href="/wiki/Standaardomstandigheden" title="Standaardomstandigheden">standaardomstandigheden</a> gebruikt (298,15 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(eenheid)" title="Kelvin (eenheid)">K</a> of 25 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(druk)" title="Bar (druk)">bar</a>).</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Scheikunde" title="Portaal:Scheikunde">Scheikunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Buckminsterfullereen</b> is een <a href="/wiki/Allotropie" title="Allotropie">allotroop</a> van <a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">koolstof</a>. Het is een <a href="/wiki/Molecuul" title="Molecuul">molecuul</a> van 60 (of 70) koolstofatomen, die in de vorm van een <a href="/wiki/Afgeknotte_icosa%C3%ABder" title="Afgeknotte icosaëder">afgeknotte icosaëder</a> zijn gerangschikt, gelijkend op een <a href="/wiki/Voetbal_(voorwerp)" title="Voetbal (voorwerp)">voetbal</a>. Telt de molecule 70 atomen dan neemt ze de vorm van een rugbybal aan. De molecule is na <a href="/wiki/Grafiet" title="Grafiet">grafiet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamant</a> en <a href="/wiki/Amorf_(materie)" title="Amorf (materie)">amorfe</a> koolstof de vierde vorm van koolstof en tevens de bekendste van de <a href="/wiki/Fullereen" title="Fullereen">fullerenen</a>. Buckminsterfullereen is een van de meest <a href="/wiki/Moleculaire_symmetrie" title="Moleculaire symmetrie">symmetrische moleculen</a> en behoort tot puntgroep <a href="/wiki/Icosahedrale_symmetrie" title="Icosahedrale symmetrie">I<sub>h</sub></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men noemt het informeel een buckybal of <i>buckyball</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymologie">Etymologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Etymologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Etymologie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fullereen" title="Fullereen">Fullerenen</a> in het algemeen en buckminsterfullereen in het bijzonder zijn naar de Amerikaanse architect <a href="/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller">Richard Buckminster Fuller</a> genoemd, omdat de moleculaire vorm van deze stoffen doet denken aan de structuur van zijn <a href="/wiki/Geodetische_koepel" title="Geodetische koepel">geodetische koepels</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontdekking_en_betekenis">Ontdekking en betekenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ontdekking en betekenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ontdekking en betekenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Vlaamse astrofysicus <a href="/wiki/Jan_Cami" title="Jan Cami">Jan Cami</a> werd in een artikel in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> van 22 juli 2010 erkend als de voornaamste ontdekker van de grote <a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">koolstofmoleculen</a>, ook <i>buckyballs</i> of buckminsterfullereen, in het <a href="/wiki/Heelal" title="Heelal">heelal</a>. Het zijn de grootste moleculen die ooit in de ruimte werden aangetroffen, maar het <a href="/wiki/Molecuul" title="Molecuul">molecuul</a> werd in laboratoria al in de jaren 80 gemaakt. De ontdekking vond plaats toen de <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a> met de <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a> de gasresten van een <a href="/wiki/Planetaire_nevel" title="Planetaire nevel">planetaire nevel</a> onderzocht op zo'n 6500 <a href="/wiki/Lichtjaar" title="Lichtjaar">lichtjaar</a> afstand van de Aarde. De ontdekking werd onder meer door Nobelprijswinnaar <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kroto" title="Harold Kroto">Harry Kroto</a> als uiterst belangwekkend<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aangeduid, omdat ze bijdraagt aan de kennis van het <a href="/wiki/Abiogenese" title="Abiogenese">ontstaan van het leven</a> op <a href="/wiki/Aarde_(planeet)" title="Aarde (planeet)">Aarde</a>. De ontdekking toont aan dat door de inslag van <a href="/wiki/Meteoriet" title="Meteoriet">meteorieten</a> deze oerkoolstofmolecule op Aarde is terechtgekomen, waarna er koolstof ontstond en het eerste primitieve leven zich kon ontwikkelen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthese">Synthese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Synthese" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Synthese"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buckminsterfullereen kan worden gemaakt door een krachtige elektrische stroom door twee dicht bij elkaar geplaatste elektrodes van <a href="/wiki/Grafiet" title="Grafiet">grafiet</a> te laten lopen onder een inerte atmosfeer. Het grafiet verdampt daardoor en slaat gedeeltelijk neer als buckminsterfullereen. </p><p>Buckminsterfullereen kan ook met eenvoudige basischemicaliën worden gemaakt door middel van een klassieke organische synthese, maar de opbrengst is in dat geval zeer laag, minder dan 1%. Het kan gezuiverd worden door een <a href="/wiki/Kolomchromatografie" title="Kolomchromatografie">kolomchromatografie</a> met <a href="/wiki/Tolueen" title="Tolueen">tolueen</a> als <a href="/wiki/Eluens" title="Eluens">eluens</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemische_eigenschappen">Chemische eigenschappen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Chemische eigenschappen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Chemische eigenschappen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insluitverbindingen">Insluitverbindingen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Insluitverbindingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Insluitverbindingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Door hun bolvorm is het mogelijk om in een fullereenmolecuul een ander klein molecuul of een atoom in te sluiten, bijvoorbeeld een <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">heliumatoom</a>. De notatie voor de bijzondere insluitverbinding die dan ontstaat is He@C<sub>60</sub>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fulleriden">Fulleriden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Fulleriden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fulleriden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een andere klasse afgeleid van buckminsterfullereen, en fullerenen in het algemeen, zijn de fulleriden. Dit zijn (vaste) verbindingen met bijvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a> (of andere <a href="/wiki/Alkalimetaal" title="Alkalimetaal">alkalimetalen</a>) waarin het fullereen als oxidator optreedt. Zowel K<sub>3</sub>C<sub>60</sub> als K<sub>6</sub>C<sub>60</sub> zijn bekend. De eerste stof is <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetisme" title="Paramagnetisme">paramagnetisch</a>, de tweede <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetisme" title="Diamagnetisme">diamagnetisch</a> zoals C<sub>60</sub> zelf en dit hangt ten nauwste samen met de elektronenstructuur van C<sub>60</sub>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektronische_structuur">Elektronische structuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Elektronische structuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullereen&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Elektronische structuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Buckball-electronic-str.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Buckball-electronic-str.svg/400px-Buckball-electronic-str.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Buckball-electronic-str.svg/600px-Buckball-electronic-str.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Buckball-electronic-str.svg/800px-Buckball-electronic-str.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>De elektronische structuur van C<sub>60</sub> onder sferische en <a href="/wiki/Icosahedrale_symmetrie" title="Icosahedrale symmetrie">icosahedrale symmetrie</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Het is mogelijk de elektronische structuur te benaderen vanuit een perspectief van de <a href="/wiki/Lewistheorie" title="Lewistheorie">Lewistheorie</a> en ieder atoom te verbinden met zijn drie buren via een enkele binding. Het vierde elektronenpaar, één elektron per koolstofatoom, dat nog overblijft is echter wat problematisch. Net als bij <a href="/wiki/Benzeen" title="Benzeen">benzeen</a> kunnen we beginnen een dubbele binding naar een van de buren te tekenen, maar dit kan op verschillende manieren. In plaats van twee alternatieve 'resonantie'structuren zijn er bij C<sub>60</sub> zo'n 12.400 mogelijkheden.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Het is in analogie met benzeen beter het probleem aan te pakken met moleculaire orbitalen. Het volstaat in eerste instantie de discussie te beperken tot het overblijvende elektron dat in een p-orbitaal loodrecht op het oppervlak van een bol gedacht kan worden. Het vinden van de golfpatronen op het oppervlak van een bol is wiskundig gesproken nauw verwant aan het vinden van de orbitalen van een bolvormig waterstofatoom. Het is zelfs eenvoudiger. Het enige verschil is namelijk dat het probleem tweedimensionaal is en niet driedimensionaal. Dit heeft tot gevolg dat er in plaats van drie kwantumgetallen n, l en m<sub>l</sub> slechts twee zijn: L en m<sub>L</sub>. Bij het 3D-probleem resulteert de opeenvolging van 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d ... enz orbitalen. In het 2D-geval vervalt het n-getal en zijn er slechts s, p, d, f, g, h, i, enz. Net als bij de orbitalen van het 3D-atoom hebben zij een <a href="/wiki/Ontaarding" title="Ontaarding">ontaardingsgraad</a> van 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 enz., en kunnen zij wegens de spin van het elektron 2, 6, 10, 14, 18 en 22 elektronen onderdak bieden. Doordat het ontbreken van het kwantumgetal n het aantal orbitalen vrij drastisch beperkt, raken - anders dan bij het <a href="/wiki/Periodiek_systeem" title="Periodiek systeem">periodiek systeem</a> - ook g- en h-orbitalen gevuld. </p><p>Wanneer we de gevonden orbitalen vullen met de resterende 60 elektronen, blijkt dat 50 ervan in de s+p+d+f+g passen en er dan 10 elektronen overblijven die in de h-orbitalen gehuisvest moeten worden, waar plaats is voor 2*11=22 elektronen. Volgens de <a href="/wiki/Regel_van_Hund" title="Regel van Hund">regel van Hund</a> zou dat resulteren in een <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetisme" title="Paramagnetisme">paramagnetische</a> molecule die als vaste stof hoogstwaarschijnlijk een goede geleider zou zijn. Dit is echter niet geval, C<sub>60</sub> heeft namelijk diamagnetische en halfgeleidende eigenschappen, met name bij lage temperaturen. De aanname dat de molecule bolvormig is, is echter niet geheel juist: in werkelijkheid is de symmetrie namelijk (een beetje) lager - de ware symmetrie is icosaëdrisch net als die van een voetbal. Het is mogelijk de orbitalen te bepalen in deze lagere symmetrie met gebruikmaking van de <a href="/wiki/Groepentheorie" title="Groepentheorie">groepentheorie</a>. Er blijkt dan dat de hoge ontaardingsgraad van de f-, g- en h-orbitalen gebroken wordt. De 7 f-orbitalen, die gelijke energie hebben voor een bol, splitsen op in een groep van 3 en een groep van 4 die twee verschillende energieën hebben. De 11 h-orbitalen splitsen op in een groep van 5 (H<sub>u</sub>) en twee van 3 (T<sub>1u</sub> en T<sub>2u</sub>). Dit betekent dat alle elektronen nu <i>gepaard</i> in het vijfvoudig ontaarde niveau H<sub>u</sub> geplaatst kunnen worden en dit verklaart de magnetische en elektrische eigenschappen. </p><p>Interessant is dat dit ook de elektrische en magnetische eigenschappen van de fulleriden K<sub>3</sub>C<sub>60</sub> en K<sub>6</sub>C<sub>60</sub> verklaart. De toevoeging van 3 resp. 6 elektronen vult het lege, drievoudig ontaarde niveau T<sub>1u</sub> gedeeltelijk resp. geheel op. Dit verklaart waarom K<sub>6</sub>C<sub>60</sub> een diamagnetische halfgeleider is, terwijl K<sub>3</sub>C<sub>60</sub> geleiding vertoont. </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">WE Billups</span> en <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">MA Ciufolini</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.be/books?id=KoLEnvt0ej4C&dq=Buckminsterfullerene+point+group&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Buckminsterfullerenes</a>, 1993. blz 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-10730280">Stars reveal carbon 'spaceballs'</a>, 22 juli 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">B Lebwohl</span> voor Earthsky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthsky.org/space/jan-cami-on-largest-space-molecule">Jan Cami on largest space molecule</a>, 20 september 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326222927/https://earthsky.org/space/jan-cami-on-largest-space-molecule/">Gearchiveerd</a> op 26 maart 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.csbsju.edu/~frioux/c60/BondingC60.pdf">Chemical Bonding and Electronic Structure of Buckminsterfullerene</a> 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tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>Natuurlijke allotropen:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Ballas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballas">ballas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Boort" title="Boort">boort</a> · <a href="/wiki/Carbonado_(diamant)" title="Carbonado (diamant)">carbonado</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamant</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grafiet" title="Grafiet">grafiet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lonsdale%C3%AFet" title="Lonsdaleïet">lonsdaleïet</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Synthetische allotropen:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">buckminsterfullereen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fullereen" title="Fullereen">fullereen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grafeen" title="Grafeen">grafeen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aggregated_carbon_nanorods" title="Aggregated carbon nanorods">hyperdiamant <i>(ACNR)</i></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofnanoknop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koolstofnanoknop (de pagina bestaat niet)">koolstofnanoknop</a> · <a href="/wiki/Koolstofnanobuis" title="Koolstofnanobuis">koolstofnanobuis</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Verwante begrippen:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Adamant" title="Adamant">adamant</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aggregatietoestand" title="Aggregatietoestand">aggregatietoestand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Allotropie" title="Allotropie">allotropie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kristalstructuur" title="Kristalstructuur">kristalstructuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vastestofchemie" title="Vastestofchemie">vastestofchemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vastestoffysica" title="Vastestoffysica">vastestoffysica</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img 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