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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayer_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bayer process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayer_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adhesives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adhesives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Adhesives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adhesives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coatings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coatings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Coatings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coatings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Water treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundries,_refractories_and_pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundries,_refractories_and_pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Foundries, refractories and pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundries,_refractories_and_pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Dyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repair_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repair_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Repair work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repair_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystal_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Crystal gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sealants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sealants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Sealants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sealants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firearms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firearms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Firearms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Food and medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maye_%C5%9F%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99" title="Maye şüşə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maye şüşə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumsilicate" title="Natriumsilicate – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Natriumsilicate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natria_silikato" title="Natria silikato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Natria silikato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նատրիումի սիլիկատներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նատրիումի սիլիկատներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodeno_staklo" title="Vodeno staklo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodeno staklo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%81" title="ಜಲಗಾಜು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲಗಾಜು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81trija_silik%C4%81ts" title="Nātrija silikāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nātrija silikāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சோடியம் சிலிக்கேட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோடியம் சிலிக்கேட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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For the Italian locomotive, see <a href="/wiki/FS_Class_E550" class="mw-redirect" title="FS Class E550">FS Class E550</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sodium silicate</b> is a generic name for <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> with the formula <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2<i>x</i></sub></span></span>Si<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>y</i></sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2<i>y</i>+<i>x</i></sub></span></span></span> or <span class="chemf nowrap">(Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>x</i></sub></span></span></span>·<span class="chemf nowrap">(SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>y</i></sub></span></span></span>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_metasilicate" title="Sodium metasilicate">sodium metasilicate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Sodium_orthosilicate" title="Sodium orthosilicate">sodium orthosilicate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_pyrosilicate" title="Sodium pyrosilicate">sodium pyrosilicate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>Si<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span></span>). The anions are often <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric</a>. These compounds are generally colorless transparent solids or white powders, and soluble in water in various amounts. </p><p>Sodium silicate is also the technical and common name for a mixture of such compounds, chiefly the metasilicate, also called <b>waterglass</b>, <b>water glass</b>, or <b>liquid glass</b>. The product has a wide variety of uses, including the formulation of <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cements</a>, coatings, <a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">passive fire protection</a>, textile and lumber processing, manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> ceramics, as <a href="/wiki/Adhesives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhesives">adhesives</a>, and in the production of <a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">silica gel</a>. The commercial product, available in <a href="/wiki/Water_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Water solution">water solution</a> or in solid form, is often greenish or blue owing to the presence of iron-containing impurities. </p><p>In industry, the various grades of sodium silicate are characterized by their SiO<sub>2</sub>:Na<sub>2</sub>O weight ratio (which can be converted to molar ratio by multiplication with 1.032). The ratio can vary between 1:2 and 3.75:1.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grades with ratio below 2.85:1 are termed alkaline. Those with a higher SiO<sub>2</sub>:Na<sub>2</sub>O ratio are described as neutral. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soluble silicates of <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> metals (sodium or <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>) were observed by European <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a> in the 16th century. <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_della_Porta" title="Giambattista della Porta">Giambattista della Porta</a> observed in 1567 that <i>tartari salis</i> (cream of tartar, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bitartrate" title="Potassium bitartrate">potassium bitartrate</a>) caused powdered <i>crystallum</i> (quartz) to melt at a lower temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other possible early references to alkali silicates were made by <a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a> in 1520,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricola</a> in 1550. Around 1640, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a> reported the formation of alkali silicates as a soluble substance made by melting sand with excess alkali, and observed that the silica could be precipitated quantitatively by adding acid to the <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1646, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Glauber</a> made <a href="/wiki/Potassium_silicate" title="Potassium silicate">potassium silicate</a>, which he called <i>liquor silicum</i>, by melting <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a> (obtained by <a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">calcinating</a> cream of tartar) and sand in a crucible, and keeping it molten until it ceased to bubble (due to the release of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>). The mixture was allowed to cool and then was ground to a fine powder.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the powder was exposed to moist air, it gradually formed a viscous liquid, which Glauber called "<i>Oleum oder Liquor Silicum, Arenæ, vel Crystallorum</i>" (i.e., oil or solution of silica, sand or quartz crystal).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it was later claimed that the substances prepared by those alchemists were not waterglass as it is understood today.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That would have been prepared in 1818 by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_von_Fuchs" title="Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs">Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs</a>, by treating <a href="/wiki/Silicic_acid" title="Silicic acid">silicic acid</a> with an alkali; the result being soluble in water, "but not affected by atmospheric changes".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms "water glass" and "soluble glass" were used by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopold Wolff (page does not exist)">Leopold Wolff</a> in 1846,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Emil_Kopp" title="Emil Kopp">Émile Kopp</a> in 1857,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kr%C3%A4tzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Krätzer (page does not exist)">Hermann Krätzer</a> in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1892, Rudolf Von Wagner distinguished <a href="/wiki/Soda_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda glass">soda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, double (soda and potash), and fixing (i.e., stabilizing) as types of water glass. The fixing type was "a mixture of silica well saturated with potash water glass and a sodium silicate" used to stabilize inorganic water color pigments on cement work for outdoor signs and murals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium silicates are colorless glassy or crystalline solids, or white powders. Except for the most silicon-rich ones, they are readily soluble in water, producing <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> solutions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When dried up it still can be rehydrated in water.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sodium silicates are stable in <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">neutral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> solutions. In <a href="/wiki/Acidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic">acidic</a> solutions, the <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> ions react with hydrogen ions to form <a href="/wiki/Silicic_acid" title="Silicic acid">silicic acids</a>, which tend to decompose into <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrated</a> silicon dioxide <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Heated to drive off the water, the result is a hard translucent substance called <a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">silica gel</a>, widely used as a <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccant</a>. It can withstand temperatures up to 1100 °C.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Solutions of sodium silicates can be produced by treating a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> (usually as <a href="/wiki/Quartz_sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz sand">quartz sand</a>), <a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a>, and water, with hot steam in a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactor" title="Chemical reactor">reactor</a>. The overall reaction is </p> <dl><dd>2<i>x</i> NaOH + <span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">(Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>x</i></sub></span></span></span>·<span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + <i>x</i> <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span></dd></dl> <p>Sodium silicates can also be obtained by dissolving <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a> <span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> (whose <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> is 1713 °C) in molten <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> (that melts with decomposition at 851 °C):<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>x</i> <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">(Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>x</i></sub></span></span></span>·<span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + <i>x</i> <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <p>The material can be obtained also from <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">sodium sulfate</a> (melting point 884 °C) with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> as a reducing agent: </p> <dl><dd>2<i>x</i> <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> + C + 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> → 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">(Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>x</i></sub></span></span></span>·<span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <p>In 1990, 4 million <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> of alkali metal silicates were produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferrosilicon">Ferrosilicon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ferrosilicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ferrosilicon#Hydrogen_production" title="Ferrosilicon">Ferrosilicon § Hydrogen production</a></div> <p>Sodium silicate may be produced as a part of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_production" title="Hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a> by dissolving ferrosilicon in an <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> (NaOH·H<sub>2</sub>O) solution:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>2NaOH + Si + H<sub>2</sub>O → 2Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayer_process">Bayer process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bayer process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though unprofitable, Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> is a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a> which is often converted to <a href="/wiki/Calcium_silicate" title="Calcium silicate">calcium silicate</a> (Ca<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sodium_silicate" title="Special:EditPage/Sodium silicate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The main applications of sodium silicates are in detergents, paper industry (as a <a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">deinking</a> agent), water treatment, and construction materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adhesives">Adhesives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adhesives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adhesive properties of sodium silicate were noted as early as the 1850s<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have been widely used at least since the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest application of sodium silicate solutions is a cement for producing <a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">cardboard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used as a paper cement, the sodium silicate joint tends to crack within a few years, at which point it no longer holds the paper surfaces cemented together. </p><p>Sodium silicate solutions can also be used as a spin-on adhesive layer to bond glass to glass<sup id="cite_ref-Wang-1997_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a silicon dioxide–covered silicon wafer to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Puers-1997_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puers-1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sodium silicate glass-to-glass bonding has the advantage that it is a low-temperature bonding technique, as opposed to fusion bonding.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang-1997_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also requires less processing than glass-to-glass anodic bonding,<sup id="cite_ref-Berthold-2000_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berthold-2000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which requires an intermediate layer such as <a href="/wiki/Silicon_nitride" title="Silicon nitride">silicon nitride</a> (SiN) to act as a diffusion barrier for sodium ions.<sup id="cite_ref-Berthold-2000_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berthold-2000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deposition of such a layer requires a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition step.<sup id="cite_ref-Berthold-2000_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berthold-2000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A disadvantage of sodium silicate bonding, however, is that it is very difficult to eliminate air bubbles.<sup id="cite_ref-Puers-1997_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puers-1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in part because the technique does not require a vacuum and also does not use field assistance<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="define technical term "field assistance" (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as in anodic bonding.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer_US-2008_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer_US-2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lack of field assistance can sometimes be beneficial, because field assistance can provide such high attraction between wafers as to bend a thinner wafer and collapse<sup id="cite_ref-Springer_US-2008_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer_US-2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> onto nanofluidic cavity or MEMS elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coatings">Coatings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coatings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium silicate may be used for various paints and coatings, such as those used on <a href="/wiki/Welding_rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Welding rod">welding rods</a>. Such coatings can be cured in two ways. One method is to heat a thin layer of sodium silicate into a gel and then into a hard film. To make the coating water-resistant, high temperatures of 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K) are needed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temperature is slowly raised to 150 °C (302 °F; 423 K) to dehydrate the film and avoid steaming and blistering. The process must be relatively slow, but infrared lamps may be used at first.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the other method, when high temperatures are not practical, the water resistance may be achieved by chemicals (or <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>), such as <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluorosilicate" title="Sodium fluorosilicate">sodium fluorosilicate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphate" title="Aluminium phosphate">aluminium phosphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before application, an aqueous solution of sodium silicate is mixed with a curing agent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is used in detergent auxiliaries such as complex sodium disilicate and modified sodium disilicate. The detergent granules gain their ruggedness from a coating of silicates.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_treatment">Water treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Water treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium silicate is used as an alum coagulant and an iron <a href="/wiki/Flocculant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocculant">flocculant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a> plants. Sodium silicate binds to <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal</a> molecules, creating larger <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">aggregates</a> that sink to the bottom of the water column. The microscopic negatively charged particles suspended in water interact with sodium silicate. Their <a href="/wiki/Electrical_double_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical double layer">electrical double layer</a> collapses due to the increase of <a href="/wiki/Ionic_strength" title="Ionic strength">ionic strength</a> caused by the addition of sodium silicate (doubly negatively charged anion accompanied by two sodium cations) and they subsequently aggregate. This process is called <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundries,_refractories_and_pottery"><span id="Foundries.2C_refractories_and_pottery"></span>Foundries, refractories and pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foundries, refractories and pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sand_casting#Sodium_silicate" title="Sand casting">Sand casting § Sodium silicate</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Calcium_silicate" title="Calcium silicate">Calcium silicate</a></div> <p>It is used as a binder of the sand when doing <a href="/wiki/Sand_casting" title="Sand casting">sand casting</a> of all common metals. It allows for the rapid production of a strong mold or core by three main methods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Method 1 requires passing carbon dioxide gas through the mixture of sand and sodium silicate in the sand molding box or core box. The carbon dioxide reacts with the sodium silicate to form solid silica gel and sodium carbonate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This provides adequate strength to remove the now hardened sand shape from the forming tool. Additional strength occurs as any unreacted sodium silicate in the sand shape dehydrates.</li> <li>Method 2 requires adding an <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> (reaction product of an acid and an alcohol) to the mixture of sand and sodium silicate before it is placed into the molding box or core box. As the ester hydrolyzes from the water in the liquid sodium silicate, an acid is released which causes the liquid sodium silicate to gel. Once the gel has formed, it will dehydrate to a glassy phase as a result of <a href="/wiki/Syneresis_(chemistry)" title="Syneresis (chemistry)">syneresis</a>. Commonly used esters include acetate esters of glycerol and ethylene glycol as well as carbonate esters of propylene and ethylene glycol. The higher the water solubility of the ester, the faster the hardening of the sand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Method 3 requires microwave energy to heat and dehydrate the mixture of sand and sodium silicate in the sand molding box or core box. The forming tools must pass through microwaves for this to work well. Because sodium silicate has a high dielectric constant, it absorbs microwave energy very rapidly. Fully dehydrated sand shapes can be produced within a minute of microwave exposure. This method produces the highest strength of sand shapes bonded with sodium silicate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Since the sodium silicate does not burn during casting (it can actually melt at pouring temperatures above 1800 °F), it is common to add organic materials to provide for enhanced sand breakdown after casting. The additives include sugar, starch, carbons, wood flour and phenolic resins. </p><p>Water glass is a useful binder for solids, such as <a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">vermiculite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perlite" title="Perlite">perlite</a>. When blended with the latter lightweight fraction, water glass can be used to make hard, high-temperature insulation boards used for refractories, <a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">passive fire protection</a>, and high-temperature insulations, such as in moulded pipe insulation applications. When mixed with finely divided mineral powders, such as vermiculite dust (which is common scrap from the exfoliation process), one can produce high temperature adhesives. The intumescence<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what intumescence? This has not previously been referred to (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> disappears in the presence of finely divided mineral dust, whereby the waterglass becomes a mere matrix. Waterglass is inexpensive and abundantly available, which makes its use popular in many refractory applications. </p><p>Sodium silicate is used as a <a href="/wiki/Deflocculant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deflocculant">deflocculant</a> in casting slips helping reduce <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> and the need for large amounts of water to liquidize the clay body. It is also used to create a crackle effect in pottery, usually wheel-thrown. A vase or bottle is thrown on the wheel, fairly narrow and with thick walls. Sodium silicate is brushed on a section of the piece. After five minutes, the wall of the piece is stretched outward with a rib or hand. The result is a wrinkled or cracked look. </p><p>It is also the main agent in "magic water", which is used when joining clay pieces, especially if the moisture level of the two differs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyes">Dyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium silicate solution is used as a fixative for hand dyeing with <a href="/wiki/Reactive_dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactive dyes">reactive dyes</a> that require a high pH to react with the textile fiber. After the dye is applied to a cellulose-based fabric, such as cotton or rayon, or onto silk, it is allowed to dry, after which the sodium silicate is painted on to the dyed fabric, covered with plastic to retain moisture, and left to react for an hour at room temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repair_work">Repair work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Repair work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium silicate is used, along with <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_silicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium silicate">magnesium silicate</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">muffler</a> repair and fitting paste. Magnesium silicate can be mixed with a solution of sodium silicate to form a thick paste that is easy to apply. When the <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">exhaust system</a> of an internal combustion engine heats up to its <a href="/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a>, the heat drives out all of the excess water from the paste. The <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> compounds that are left over have glass-like properties, making a temporary, brittle repair that can be reinforced with glass fibre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sodium silicate can be used to fill gaps in the <a href="/wiki/Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">head gasket</a> of an engine. This is especially useful for <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">aluminium alloy</a> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">cylinder heads</a>, which are sensitive to thermally induced surface deflection. Sodium silicate is added to the cooling system through the <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">radiator</a> and allowed to circulate. When the sodium silicate reaches its "conversion" temperature of 100–105 °C (212–221 °F), it loses water molecules and forms a glass seal with a re-melting temperature above 810 °C (1,490 °F). This repair can last two years or longer, and symptoms disappear instantly. However, this repair works only when the sodium silicate reaches its "conversion" temperature. Also, sodium silicate (glass particulate) contamination of lubricants is detrimental to their function, and contamination of engine oil is a serious possibility in situations in which a coolant-to-oil leak is present. </p><p>Sodium silicate solution is used to inexpensively, quickly, and permanently disable automobile engines. Running an engine with half a U.S. gallon (or about two liters) of a sodium silicate solution instead of <a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">motor oil</a> causes the solution to <a href="/wiki/Precipitated_silica" title="Precipitated silica">precipitate</a>, catastrophically damaging the engine's bearings and pistons within a few minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-helliker_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helliker-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, this procedure was used to comply with requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Car_Allowance_Rebate_System" title="Car Allowance Rebate System">Car Allowance Rebate System (CARS)</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-helliker_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helliker-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A mixture of sodium silicate and <a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">sawdust</a> has been used in between the double skin of certain <a href="/wiki/Safe" title="Safe">safes</a>. This not only makes them more <a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">fire resistant</a>, but also makes cutting them open with an <a href="/wiki/Oxyacetylene_torch" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyacetylene torch">oxyacetylene torch</a> extremely difficult due to the <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> emitted. </p><p>Sodium silicate is frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">drilling fluids</a> to stabilize and avoid the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">borehole</a> walls. It is particularly useful when drill holes pass through <a href="/wiki/Argillaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Argillaceous">argillaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Formation_(stratigraphy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (stratigraphy)">formations</a> containing swelling <a href="/wiki/Clay_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay minerals">clay minerals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">smectite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Montmorillonite" title="Montmorillonite">montmorillonite</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> treated with a sodium silicate solution helps to reduce <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a> in most <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> products such as <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plasters</a>. This effect aids in reducing water penetration, but has no known effect on reducing water vapor transmission and emission.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A chemical reaction occurs with the excess Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Portlandite" title="Portlandite">portlandite</a>) present in the concrete that permanently binds the silicates with the surface, making them far more durable and water repellent. This treatment generally is applied only after the initial <a href="/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)" title="Curing (chemistry)">cure</a> has taken place (approximately seven days depending on conditions). These <a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">coatings</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral_paint" title="Silicate mineral paint">silicate mineral paint</a>. An example of the reaction of sodium silicate with the calcium hydroxide found in concrete to form <a href="/wiki/Calcium_silicate_hydrate" title="Calcium silicate hydrate">calcium silicate hydrate</a> (CSH) gel, the main product in hydrated Portland cement, follows.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">y H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">x Ca(OH)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">x CaO.SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>.y H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">2NaOH</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystal_gardens">Crystal gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Crystal gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When crystals of a number of metallic salts are dropped into a solution of water glass, simple or branching <a href="/wiki/Stalagmites" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalagmites">stalagmites</a> of colored metal silicates are formed. This phenomenon has been used by manufacturers of toys and chemistry sets to provide instructive enjoyment to many generations of children from the early 20th century until the present. An early mention of crystals of metallic salts forming a "<a href="/wiki/Chemical_garden" title="Chemical garden">chemical garden</a>" in sodium silicate is found in the 1946 <i>Modern Mechanix</i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metal salts used included the sulfates and/or chlorides of copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, and manganese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sealants">Sealants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sealants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium silicate with additives was injected into the ground to harden it and thereby to prevent further leakage of highly radioactive water from the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant</a> in Japan in April, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The residual heat carried by the water used for cooling the damaged reactors accelerated the setting of the injected mixture. </p><p>On June 3, 1958, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a>, the world's first nuclear submarine, visited Everett and Seattle. In Seattle, crewmen dressed in civilian clothing were sent in to secretly buy 140 quarts (160 liters) of an automotive product containing sodium silicate (originally identified as Stop Leak) to repair a leaking condenser system. The <i>Nautilus</i> was en route to the North Pole on a top secret mission to cross the North Pole submerged.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firearms">Firearms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Firearms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A historical use of the adhesive properties of sodium silicates is the production of <a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">paper cartridges</a> for black powder revolvers produced by <a href="/wiki/Colt%27s_Manufacturing_Company" title="Colt's Manufacturing Company">Colt's Manufacturing Company</a> between 1851 and 1873, especially during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Sodium silicate was used to seal combustible nitrated paper together to form a conical paper cartridge to hold the black powder, as well as to cement the lead ball or conical bullet into the open end of the paper cartridge. Such sodium silicate cemented paper cartridges were inserted into the cylinders of revolvers, thereby speeding the reloading of cap-and-ball black powder revolvers. This use largely ended with the introduction of Colt revolvers employing brass-cased cartridges starting in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-kelley_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelley-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirst_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirst-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, sodium silicate was also used to cement the top wad into brass <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun shell">shotgun shells</a>, thereby eliminating any need for a crimp at the top of the brass shotgun shell to hold a shotgun shell together. Reloading brass shotgun shells was widely practiced by self-reliant American farmers during the 1870s, using the same waterglass material that was also used to preserve eggs. The cementing of the top wad on a shotgun shell consisted of applying from three to five drops of waterglass on the top wad to secure it to the brass hull. Brass hulls for shotgun shells were superseded by paper hulls starting around 1877. The newer paper-hulled shotgun shells used a roll crimp in place of a waterglass-cemented joint to hold the top wad in the shell. However, whereas brass shotshells with top wads cemented with waterglass could be reloaded nearly indefinitely (given powder, wad, and shot, of course), the paper hulls that replaced the brass hulls could be reloaded only a few times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_medicine">Food and medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Food and medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Raise_More_Poultry...on_Farms_and_Back_Yards...More_Eggs_and_Poultry_Will_save_Beef_and_Pork.%22_-_NARA_-_512571.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%22Raise_More_Poultry...on_Farms_and_Back_Yards...More_Eggs_and_Poultry_Will_save_Beef_and_Pork.%22_-_NARA_-_512571.tif/lossy-page1-220px-%22Raise_More_Poultry...on_Farms_and_Back_Yards...More_Eggs_and_Poultry_Will_save_Beef_and_Pork.%22_-_NARA_-_512571.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%22Raise_More_Poultry...on_Farms_and_Back_Yards...More_Eggs_and_Poultry_Will_save_Beef_and_Pork.%22_-_NARA_-_512571.tif/lossy-page1-330px-%22Raise_More_Poultry...on_Farms_and_Back_Yards...More_Eggs_and_Poultry_Will_save_Beef_and_Pork.%22_-_NARA_-_512571.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%22Raise_More_Poultry...on_Farms_and_Back_Yards...More_Eggs_and_Poultry_Will_save_Beef_and_Pork.%22_-_NARA_-_512571.tif/lossy-page1-440px-%22Raise_More_Poultry...on_Farms_and_Back_Yards...More_Eggs_and_Poultry_Will_save_Beef_and_Pork.%22_-_NARA_-_512571.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>World War I poster suggesting the use of waterglass to preserve eggs</figcaption></figure> <p>Sodium silicate and other silicates are the primary components in "instant" wrinkle remover creams, which temporarily tighten the skin to minimize the appearance of wrinkles and under-eye bags. These creams, when applied as a thin film and allowed to dry for a few minutes, can present dramatic results. This effect is not permanent, lasting from a few minutes up to a couple of hours. It works like water cement, once the muscle starts to move, it cracks and leaves white residues on the skin. </p><p>Waterglass has been used as an egg preservative with large success, primarily when refrigeration is not available. Fresh-laid eggs are immersed in a solution of sodium silicate (waterglass). After being immersed in the solution, they are removed and allowed to dry. A permanent air tight coating remains on the eggs. If they are then stored in appropriate environment, the majority of bacteria which would otherwise cause them to spoil are kept out and their moisture is kept in. According to the cited source, treated eggs can be kept fresh using this method for up to five months. When boiling eggs preserved that way, the shell is no longer permeable to air, and the egg will tend to crack unless a hole in the shell is made (e.g., with a pin) in order to allow steam to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sodium silicate's <a href="/wiki/Flocculant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocculant">flocculant</a> properties are also used to clarify wine and beer by precipitating colloidal particles. As a clearing agent, though, sodium silicate is sometimes confused with <a href="/wiki/Isinglass" title="Isinglass">isinglass</a> which is prepared from <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> extracted from the dried <a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">swim bladders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> and other fishes. Eggs can be preserved in a bucket of waterglass gel, and their shells are sometimes also used (baked and crushed) to clear wine.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sodium silicate gel is also used as a substrate for algal growth in <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> hatcheries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precipitated_silica" title="Precipitated silica">Precipitated silica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">Sodium carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_stannate" title="Sodium stannate">Sodium stannate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_germanate" title="Sodium germanate">Sodium germanate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard Lagaly, Werner Tufar, A. Minihan, A. Lovell "Silicates" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2005. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a23_661">10.1002/14356007.a23_661</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdella_Porta1569" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">della Porta, Giambattista (1569). <i>Magia naturalis sive de miraculis rerum naturalium, libri iiii</i> [<i>Natural magic or on the miracles of nature, in four books</i>] (in Latin). Lyon (<i>Lugdunum</i>), France: Guillaume Rouillé (Gulielmum Rovillium). pp. <span class="nowrap">290–</span>291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magia+naturalis+sive+de+miraculis+rerum+naturalium%2C+libri+iiii&rft.place=Lyon+%28%27%27Lugdunum%27%27%29%2C+France&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.pub=Guillaume+Rouill%C3%A9+%28Gulielmum+Rovillium%29&rft.date=1569&rft.aulast=della+Porta&rft.aufirst=Giambattista&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+silicate" class="Z3988"></span> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9j1m8oXBlEC&pg=PA302">pp. 290–291</a>, "<i>Crystallus, ut fusilis fiat</i>" (Quartz, so made molten)]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1862" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kohn, C. (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.onb.ac.at/OnbViewer/viewer.faces?doc=ABO_%2BZ228846906">"Die Erfindung des Wasserglas im Jahre 1520"</a> [The invention of waterglass in the year 1520]. <i>Zeitschrift des Oesterreichischen Ingenieur-Vereins [Journal of the Austrian Engineer Association]</i> (in German). <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">229–</span>230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Oesterreichischen+Ingenieur-Vereins+%5BJournal+of+the+Austrian+Engineer+Association%5D&rft.atitle=Die+Erfindung+des+Wasserglas+im+Jahre+1520&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.onb.ac.at%2FOnbViewer%2Fviewer.faces%3Fdoc%3DABO_%252BZ228846906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+silicate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Helmont1644" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van Helmont, Johannes (1644). <i>Opuscula medica inaudita</i> (in Latin). Cologne, Germany: Jost Kalckhoven (Jodocum Kalcoven). p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opuscula+medica+inaudita&rft.place=Cologne%2C+Germany&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Jost+Kalckhoven+%28Jodocum+Kalcoven%29&rft.date=1644&rft.aulast=van+Helmont&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+silicate" class="Z3988"></span> In Part I: <i>De Lithiasi</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GWOFpC0fDcAC/page/n51">page 53</a>, van Helmont mentions that alkalis dissolve silicates: "<i>Porro lapides, gemmae, arenae, marmora, silices, &c. adjuncto alcali, vitrificantur: sin autem plure alcali coquantur, resolvuntur in humido quidem: ac resoluta, facili negotio acidorum spirituum, separantur ab alcali, pondere pristini pulveris lapidum</i>." (Furthermore, stone, gems, sand, marble, silica, etc., become glassy by the addition of alkali: but if roasted with more alkali, they are dissolved in moisture: and the former weight of the stone powder is separated from the alkali and released by simply adding acid.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlauber1647" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1647). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-GomMQpnqYC&pg=PA136"><i>Furni Novi Philosophici</i></a> [<i>New Philosophical Furnace</i>] (in German). Vol. 2. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Johann Fabel. pp. <span class="nowrap">136–</span>137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Furni+Novi+Philosophici&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=Johann+Fabel&rft.date=1647&rft.aulast=Glauber&rft.aufirst=Johann+Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-GomMQpnqYC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+silicate" class="Z3988"></span> See: <i>"Wie durch Hülff eines reinen Sandes oder Kißlings auß Sale Tartari ein kräfftiger Spiritus kan erlanget werden."</i> (How with the help of a pure sand or silica a powerful solution can be gotten from cream of tartar).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Glauber, 1647), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-GomMQpnqYC&pg=PA138">p. 138</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.1863" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon. (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ew8AAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA227">"Die Erfindung des Wasserglases im Jahre 1520"</a> [The invention of waterglass in the year 1520]. <i>Kunst- und Gewerbe-Blatt</i> (in German). <b>49</b>: <span class="nowrap">228–</span>230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kunst-+und+Gewerbe-Blatt&rft.atitle=Die+Erfindung+des+Wasserglases+im+Jahre+1520&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Anon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dew8AAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+silicate" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Reprinted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.1863" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon. (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AAQ1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA394">"Die Erfindung des Wasserglases im Jahre 1520"</a> [The invention of waterglass in the year 1520]. <i>Polytechnisches Journal</i> (in German). <b>168</b>: <span class="nowrap">394–</span>395.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polytechnisches+Journal&rft.atitle=Die+Erfindung+des+Wasserglases+im+Jahre+1520&rft.volume=168&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E394-%3C%2Fspan%3E395&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Anon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAAQ1AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+silicate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Reprinted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.1863" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon. (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwQ9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA27">"Die angebliche Erfindung des Wasserglases im Jahre 1520"</a> [The alleged invention of waterglass in the year 1520]. <i>Neues Repertorium für Pharmacie</i> (in German). <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">271–</span>273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neues+Repertorium+f%C3%BCr+Pharmacie&rft.atitle=Die+angebliche+Erfindung+des+Wasserglases+im+Jahre+1520&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Anon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwQ9AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+silicate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNepomuk_von_Fuchs1825" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nepomuk von Fuchs, Johann (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aE8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA385">"Ueber ein neues Produkt aus Kieselerde und Kali"</a> [On a new product from silica and potash]. <i>Archiv für die gesammte Naturlehre</i> (in German). <b>5</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">385–</span>412.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+die+gesammte+Naturlehre&rft.atitle=Ueber+ein+neues+Produkt+aus+Kieselerde+und+Kali&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Nepomuk+von+Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aE8AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+silicate" class="Z3988"></span> From page 386: <i>"Ich erhielt es zuerst, vor ungefähr 7 Jahren"</i> (I first obtained it about 7 years ago). <ul><li>Reprinted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNepomuk_Fuchs1825" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nepomuk Fuchs, Joh. (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zbs-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA465">"Ueber ein neues Produkt aus Kieselerde und Kali; und dessen nüzliche Anwendung als Schuzmittel gegen schnelle Verbreitung des Feuers in Theatern, als Bindemittel, firnißartigen Anstrichen u.s.w."</a> [On a new product from silica and potash; and its useful application as a protection against the rapid spread of fire in theaters, as a glue, varnish, etc.]. <i>Polytechnisches Journal</i> (in German). <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">465–</span>481.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polytechnisches+Journal&rft.atitle=Ueber+ein+neues+Produkt+aus+Kieselerde+und+Kali%3B+und+dessen+n%C3%BCzliche+Anwendung+als+Schuzmittel+gegen+schnelle+Verbreitung+des+Feuers+in+Theatern%2C+als+Bindemittel%2C+firni%C3%9Fartigen+Anstrichen+u.s.w.&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E465-%3C%2Fspan%3E481&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Nepomuk+Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Joh.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzbs-AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+silicate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1846" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolff, Leopold (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajdkAAAAcAAJ"><i>Das Wasserglas: Seine Darstellung, Eigenschaften und seine mannichfache Anwendung in den technischen Gewerben</i></a> [<i>Water-glass: its preparation, properties, and its manifold uses in technical commerce</i>] (in German). Quedlinburg and Leipzig, Germany: Gottfried Basse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Wasserglas%3A+Seine+Darstellung%2C+Eigenschaften+und+seine+mannichfache+Anwendung+in+den+technischen+Gewerben&rft.place=Quedlinburg+and+Leipzig%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Gottfried+Basse&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajdkAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+silicate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emile Kopp (1857): "Sur la préparation et les propriétés du verre soluble ou des silicates de potasse et de soude; analyse de tous les travaux publiés jusqu'a ce jour sur ce sujet" (On the preparation and properties of soluble glass or the silicates of potash and soda; analysis of all works published until today on this subject). <i>Le Moniteur scientifique</i>, volume 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zS5EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA337">337–349</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zS5EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA337">pages 366–391</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrätzer1887" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krätzer, Hermann (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CCZaAAAAYAAJ"><i>Wasserglas und Infusorienerde, deren Natur und Bedeutung für Industrie, Technik und die Gewerbe</i></a> [<i>Water-glass and soluble earths, their nature and significance for industry, technology, and commerce</i>] (in German). Vienna, Austria: Hartleben.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wasserglas+und+Infusorienerde%2C+deren+Natur+und+Bedeutung+f%C3%BCr+Industrie%2C+Technik+und+die+Gewerbe&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria&rft.pub=Hartleben&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A4tzer&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCCZaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+silicate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Von Wagner, Rudolf (1892; translation of 13th edition by Willian Crookes) <i>Manual of Chemical Technology</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/manualchemicalt00croogoog">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Von Wagner, <i>Manual of Chemical Technology</i> (1892 translation)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Mayer (1925): <i>Das Wasserglas; Sein Eigenschaften, Fabrikation und Verwendung auf Grund von Erfahrungen und Mitteilungen der Firma Henkel & Cie</i>. (The Water-glass: Its properties, production, and application on the basis of experiences and communications of the firm of Henkel & Co.) Published by Vieweg, Braunschweig, Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris Schrero (1922): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterglassabibl00schrgoog/page/n2"><i>Water-glass: A Bibliography</i></a>. 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, third edition, 2011, page 8369.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sodium_compounds" title="Template:Sodium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sodium_compounds" title="Template talk:Sodium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sodium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sodium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sodium_compounds53" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_compounds" title="Sodium compounds">Sodium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inorganic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">NaF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bifluoride" title="Sodium bifluoride">NaHF<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">NaCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">NaBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">NaI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_astatide" title="Sodium astatide">NaAt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chalcogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ozonide" title="Sodium ozonide">NaO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_superoxide" title="Sodium superoxide">NaO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">NaOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_deuteroxide" title="Sodium deuteroxide">NaOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfide" title="Sodium sulfide">Na<sub>2</sub>S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydrosulfide" title="Sodium hydrosulfide">NaSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenide" title="Sodium selenide">Na<sub>2</sub>Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroselenide" title="Sodium hydroselenide">NaSeH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_telluride" title="Sodium telluride">Na<sub>2</sub>Te</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydrogen_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium hydrogen telluride (page does not exist)">NaHTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_polonide" title="Sodium polonide">Na<sub>2</sub>Po</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pnictogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitride" title="Sodium nitride">Na<sub>3</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_azide" title="Sodium azide">NaN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_amide" title="Sodium amide">NaNH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_phosphide" title="Sodium phosphide">Na<sub>3</sub>P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenide" title="Sodium arsenide">Na<sub>3</sub>As</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxyhalides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">NaClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorite" title="Sodium chlorite">NaClO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorate" title="Sodium chlorate">NaClO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perchlorate" title="Sodium perchlorate">NaClO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypobromite" title="Sodium hypobromite">NaBrO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromite" title="Sodium bromite">NaBrO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromate" title="Sodium bromate">NaBrO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perbromate" title="Sodium perbromate">NaBrO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypoiodite" title="Sodium hypoiodite">NaIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodate" title="Sodium iodate">NaIO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_periodate" title="Sodium periodate">NaIO<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxychalcogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfite" title="Sodium sulfite">Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bisulfite" title="Sodium bisulfite">NaHSO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bisulfate" title="Sodium bisulfate">NaHSO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate" title="Sodium thiosulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithionite" title="Sodium dithionite">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metabisulfite" title="Sodium metabisulfite">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithionate" title="Sodium dithionate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_pyrosulfate" title="Sodium pyrosulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_persulfate" title="Sodium persulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenite" title="Sodium selenite">Na<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenate" title="Sodium selenate">Na<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_biselenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium biselenite">NaHSeO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tellurite" title="Sodium tellurite">Na<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxypnictogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrite" title="Sodium nitrite">NaNO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">NaNO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hyponitrite" title="Sodium hyponitrite">Na<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_phosphate" title="Monosodium phosphate">NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypophosphite" title="Sodium hypophosphite">NaPO<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_hydrogen_phosphite" title="Disodium hydrogen phosphite">Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluorophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium fluorophosphate">Na<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithiophosphate" title="Sodium dithiophosphate">Na<sub>3</sub>PS<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisodium_phosphate" title="Trisodium phosphate">Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_triphosphate" title="Sodium triphosphate">Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasodium_pyrophosphate" title="Tetrasodium pyrophosphate">Na<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_pyrophosphate" title="Disodium pyrophosphate">Na<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenite" title="Sodium arsenite">Na<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenate" title="Sodium arsenate">Na<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_hydrogen_arsenate" title="Disodium hydrogen arsenate">Na<sub>2</sub>HAsO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dihydrogen_arsenate" title="Sodium dihydrogen arsenate">NaH<sub>2</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_antimonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium antimonate">NaSbO<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminium_hydride" title="Sodium aluminium hydride">NaAlH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminate" title="Sodium aluminate">NaAlO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluoroaluminate" title="Sodium hexafluoroaluminate">Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_alum" title="Sodium alum">NaAl(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloroaurate" title="Sodium tetrachloroaurate">NaAuCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluoroantimonate" title="Sodium hexafluoroantimonate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaSbF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluoroarsenate" title="Sodium hexafluoroarsenate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaAsF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Sodium hexafluorotitanate"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>TiF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_borohydride" title="Sodium borohydride">NaBH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanoborohydride" title="Sodium cyanoborohydride">NaBH<sub>3</sub>(CN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metaborate" title="Sodium metaborate">NaBO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_enneaborate" title="Disodium enneaborate">Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_octaborate" title="Disodium octaborate">Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>8</sub>O<sub>13</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bismuthate" title="Sodium bismuthate">NaBiO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">NaCN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_fulminate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium fulminate (page does not exist)">NaCNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cobalt_oxide" title="Sodium cobalt oxide">NaCoO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">NaH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">NaHCO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_perxenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium perxenate (page does not exist)">Na<sub>4</sub>XeO<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_xenate" title="Monosodium xenate">NaHXeO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_permanganate" title="Sodium permanganate">NaMnO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanate" title="Sodium cyanate">NaOCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perrhenate" title="Sodium perrhenate">NaReO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiocyanate" title="Sodium thiocyanate">NaSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metatechnetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium metatechnetate">NaTcO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_pertechnetate" title="Sodium pertechnetate">NaTcO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metavanadate" title="Sodium metavanadate">NaVO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxalate" title="Sodium oxalate">Na<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate" title="Sodium 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate">Na<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>S<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chromate" title="Sodium chromate">Na<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dichromate" title="Sodium dichromate">Na<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_trichromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium trichromate (page does not exist)">Na<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_germanate" title="Sodium germanate">Na<sub>2</sub>GeO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_helide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium helide">Na<sub>2</sub>He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_tetracarbonylferrate" title="Disodium tetracarbonylferrate">Na<sub>2</sub>[Fe(CO)<sub>4</sub>]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_manganate" title="Sodium manganate">Na<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_molybdate" title="Sodium molybdate">Na<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexachloroiridate(III)" title="Sodium hexachloroiridate(III)">Na<sub>3</sub>IrCl<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexachloroplatinate" title="Sodium hexachloroplatinate">Na<sub>2</sub>PtCl<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_uranate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium uranate">Na<sub>2</sub>O(UO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrathionate" title="Sodium tetrathionate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metatitanate" title="Sodium metatitanate">Na<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_diuranate" title="Sodium diuranate">Na<sub>2</sub>U<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tungstate" title="Sodium tungstate">Na<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_zincate" title="Sodium zincate">Na<sub>2</sub>Zn(OH)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_orthovanadate" title="Sodium orthovanadate">Na<sub>3</sub>VO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_decavanadate" title="Sodium decavanadate">Na<sub>6</sub>V<sub>10</sub>O<sub>28</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferrocyanide" title="Sodium ferrocyanide">Na<sub>4</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_ferricyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium ferricyanide (page does not exist)">Na<sub>3</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferrioxalate" title="Sodium ferrioxalate">Na<sub>3</sub>Fe(C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_orthosilicate" title="Sodium orthosilicate">Na<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluorosilicate" title="Sodium fluorosilicate">Na<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexanitritocobaltate(III)" title="Sodium hexanitritocobaltate(III)">Na<sub>3</sub>[Co(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bis(trimethylsilyl)amide" title="Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide">NaNSi<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloropalladate" title="Sodium tetrachloropalladate">Na<sub>2</sub>PdCl<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organosodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosodium">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_methoxide" title="Sodium methoxide">CH<sub>3</sub>ONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ethoxide" title="Sodium ethoxide">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>ONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_formate" title="Sodium formate">HCOONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_propionate" title="Sodium propionate">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_butyrate" title="Sodium butyrate">C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tartrate" title="Sodium tartrate">Na<sub>2</sub>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bitartrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium bitartrate">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NaO<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_acetate" title="Sodium acetate">NaCH<sub>3</sub>COO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">NaC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">NaC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OH)CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_laurate" title="Sodium laurate">NaC<sub>12</sub>H<sub>23</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_naphthalene" title="Sodium naphthalene">NaC<sub>10</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitroprusside" title="Sodium nitroprusside">Na<sub>2</sub>[Fe[CN<sub>5</sub>]NO]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium_hydride" title="Sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>16</sub>AlNaO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_erythorbate" title="Sodium erythorbate">NaC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosodium Glutamate">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>8</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylsodium" title="Phenylsodium">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Butylsodium" title="N-Butylsodium">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclopentadienide" title="Sodium cyclopentadienide">NaC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_Palmitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium Palmitate (page does not exist)">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_Oleate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium Oleate (page does not exist)">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>33</sub>COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_stearate" title="Sodium stearate">C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>35</sub>O<sub>2</sub>Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">C<sub>164</sub>H<sub>256</sub>O<sub>68</sub>S<sub>2</sub>Na<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Silicon_compounds40" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silicon_compounds" title="Template:Silicon compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silicon_compounds" title="Template talk:Silicon compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silicon_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silicon compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silicon_compounds40" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silicon_compounds" title="Silicon compounds">Silicon compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Si(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">SiO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">SiS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Si(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disilane" title="Disilane">Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachlorodisilane" title="Hexachlorodisilane">Si<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Si(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrabromide" title="Silicon tetrabromide">SiBr<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">SiC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrachloride" title="Silicon tetrachloride">SiCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrafluoride" title="Silicon tetrafluoride">SiF<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">SiH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetraiodide" title="Silicon tetraiodide">SiI<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurosilane" title="Aurosilane">SiAu<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_disulfide" title="Silicon disulfide">SiS<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_nitride" title="Silicon nitride">Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetraazide" title="Silicon tetraazide">Si(N<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinoite" title="Sinoite">Si<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachlorodisiloxane" title="Hexachlorodisiloxane">Si<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorotrifluorosilane" title="Chlorotrifluorosilane">SiF<sub>3</sub>Cl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxygen_compounds20" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxygen_compounds" title="Template:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxygen_compounds" title="Template talk:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxygen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxygen_compounds20" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compounds" title="Oxygen compounds">Oxygen compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I,III)_oxide" title="Silver(I,III) oxide">Ag<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium_dioxide" title="Americium dioxide">AmO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_oxide" title="Americium(III) oxide">Am<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_oxide" title="Gold(III) oxide">Au<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trioxide" title="Boron trioxide">B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">BaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">BeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth_tetroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismuth tetroxide (page does not exist)">BiO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentoxide" title="Bismuth pentoxide">Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">BrO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_trioxide" title="Dibromine trioxide">Br<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_pentoxide" title="Dibromine pentoxide">Br<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromine_octoxide" title="Tribromine octoxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">Br<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">C<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">CaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_peroxide" title="Calcium peroxide">CaO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">CdO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">CeO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium(III,IV)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium(III,IV) oxide (page does not exist)">Ce<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_oxide" title="Cerium(III) oxide">Ce<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">ClO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_peroxide" title="Chlorine peroxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_trioxide" title="Dichlorine trioxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_perchlorate" title="Chlorine perchlorate">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_hexoxide" title="Dichlorine hexoxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_heptoxide" title="Dichlorine heptoxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">CoO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(III) oxide">Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">CrO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromic_chromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromic chromate (page does not exist)">Cr<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesium_superoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium superoxide">CsO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sesquioxide" title="Caesium sesquioxide">Cs<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">CuO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_oxide" title="Dysprosium(III) oxide">Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_oxide" title="Erbium(III) oxide">Er<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_oxide" title="Europium(III) oxide">Eu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">FeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">Ga<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_monoxide" title="Germanium monoxide">GeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" title="Germanium dioxide">GeO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water"><sup>2</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water"><sup>3</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">H<sub>2</sub><sup>18</sup>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide" title="Hafnium(IV) oxide">HfO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">HgO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_oxide" title="Mercury(I) oxide">Hg<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_oxide" title="Holmium(III) oxide">Ho<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_monoxide" title="Iodine monoxide">IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine tetroxide">I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_pentoxide" title="Iodine pentoxide">I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodine_hexoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodine hexoxide (page does not exist)">I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraiodine_nonoxide" title="Tetraiodine nonoxide">I<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_oxide" title="Indium(III) oxide">In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(IV)_oxide" title="Iridium(IV) oxide">IrO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_superoxide" title="Potassium superoxide">KO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_peroxide" title="Potassium peroxide">K<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxide" title="Lanthanum oxide">La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">Li<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_peroxide" title="Lithium peroxide">Li<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_oxide" title="Lutetium(III) oxide">Lu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">MgO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_peroxide" title="Magnesium peroxide">Mg<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">MnO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">MnO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_dioxide" title="Molybdenum dioxide">MoO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">MoO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum(III)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdenum(III) oxide (page does not exist)">Mo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">NO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen trioxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_superoxide" title="Sodium superoxide">NaO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_monoxide" title="Niobium monoxide">NbO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_dioxide" title="Niobium dioxide">NbO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_oxide" title="Neodymium(III) oxide">Nd<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_monofluoride" title="Dioxygen monofluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>F</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_monofluoride" title="Oxygen monofluoride">OF</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_difluoride" title="Oxygen difluoride">OF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_difluoride" title="Dioxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trioxygen_difluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Trioxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxygen_difluoride" title="Tetraoxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxygen_difluoride" title="Pentaoxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hexaoxygen_difluoride" title="Hexaoxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dioxygenyl_hexafluoroplatinate" title="Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>PtF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxides" title="Template:Oxides">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glass_science_topics124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glass_science" title="Template:Glass science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glass_science" title="Template talk:Glass science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glass_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glass science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glass_science_topics124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a> science topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_transition" title="Glass transition">Glass transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">Supercooling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AgInSbTe" title="AgInSbTe">AgInSbTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioglass">Bioglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borophosphosilicate_glass" title="Borophosphosilicate glass">Borophosphosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">Borosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">Ceramic glaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide_glass" title="Chalcogenide glass">Chalcogenide glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_glass" title="Cobalt glass">Cobalt glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">Cranberry glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(optics)" title="Crown glass (optics)">Crown glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_glass" title="Flint glass">Flint glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorosilicate_glass" title="Fluorosilicate glass">Fluorosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">Fused quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeSbTe" title="GeSbTe">GeSbTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">Gold ruby glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_glass" title="Lead glass">Lead glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_glass" title="Milk glass">Milk glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphosilicate_glass" title="Phosphosilicate glass">Phosphosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochromic_lens" title="Photochromic lens">Photochromic lens glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass#Silicate_glass" title="Glass">Silicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda%E2%80%93lime_glass" title="Soda–lime glass">Soda–lime glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexametaphosphate" title="Sodium hexametaphosphate">Sodium hexametaphosphate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soluble glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurite_glass" title="Tellurite glass">Tellurite glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoriated_glass" title="Thoriated glass">Thoriated glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_expansion_glass" title="Ultra low expansion glass">Ultra low expansion glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_glass" title="Uranium glass">Uranium glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Vitreous enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_glass" title="Wood's glass">Wood's glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBLAN" title="ZBLAN">ZBLAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic" title="Glass-ceramic">Glass-ceramics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioactive_glass" title="Bioactive glass">Bioactive glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorningWare" title="CorningWare">CorningWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic-to-metal_seals" title="Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals">Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macor" title="Macor">Macor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerodur" title="Zerodur">Zerodur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annealing_(glass)" title="Annealing (glass)">Annealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">Chemical vapor deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_batch_calculation" title="Glass batch calculation">Glass batch calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production#Hot_end" title="Glass production">Glass melting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_of_glass_properties" title="Calculation of glass properties">Glass modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_implantation" title="Ion implantation">Ion implantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidus">Liquidus temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol%E2%80%93gel_process" title="Sol–gel process">sol–gel technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscosity#Viscosity_of_amorphous_materials" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrification" title="Vitrification">Vitrification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">Optics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatic_lens" title="Achromatic lens">Achromat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient-index_optics" title="Gradient-index optics">Gradient-index optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_darkening" title="Hydrogen darkening">Hydrogen darkening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">Optical amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_lens_design" title="Optical lens design">Optical lens design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochromic_lens" title="Photochromic lens">Photochromic lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_glass" title="Photosensitive glass">Photosensitive glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">Refraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Transparent materials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface<br />modification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating" title="Anti-reflective coating">Anti-reflective coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_strengthened_glass" title="Chemically strengthened glass">Chemically strengthened glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion#Corrosion_of_glasses" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dealkalization" title="Dealkalization">Dealkalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_darkening" title="Hydrogen darkening">Hydrogen darkening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated_glazing" title="Insulated glazing">Insulated glazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porous_glass" title="Porous glass">Porous glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cleaning_glass" title="Self-cleaning glass">Self-cleaning glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol%E2%80%93gel_process" title="Sol–gel process">sol–gel technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempered_glass" title="Tempered glass">Tempered glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diverse<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_glass_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of glass objects">Conservation and restoration of glass objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-coated_wire" title="Glass-coated wire">Glass-coated wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">Safety glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_databases" title="Glass databases">Glass databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_electrode" title="Glass electrode">Glass electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber_reinforced_concrete" title="Glass fiber reinforced concrete">Glass fiber reinforced concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ionomer_cement" title="Glass ionomer cement">Glass ionomer cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_microsphere" title="Glass microsphere">Glass microspheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">Glass-reinforced 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