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<span>Political activism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political activism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Gukurahundi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Gukurahundi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Criticism of Gukurahundi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Gukurahundi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Constitutional_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Constitutional_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>National Constitutional Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Constitutional_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solidar_Silver_Rose_Award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solidar_Silver_Rose_Award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Solidar Silver Rose Award</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solidar_Silver_Rose_Award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement_for_Democratic_Change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_for_Democratic_Change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Movement for Democratic Change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement_for_Democratic_Change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrests_and_political_intimidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrests_and_political_intimidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Arrests and political intimidation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arrests_and_political_intimidation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arrests and political intimidation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arrests_and_political_intimidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-October_2000_arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_2000_arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>October 2000 arrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_2000_arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_2003_arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_2003_arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>June 2003 arrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_2003_arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_2007_arrest_and_beating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_2007_arrest_and_beating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>March 2007 arrest and beating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_2007_arrest_and_beating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raid_at_MDC_headquarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raid_at_MDC_headquarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Raid at MDC headquarters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raid_at_MDC_headquarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reaction_to_political_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reaction_to_political_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>International reaction to political violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reaction_to_political_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsvangirai's_bodyguard_killed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsvangirai's_bodyguard_killed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Tsvangirai's bodyguard killed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsvangirai's_bodyguard_killed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_plot_delays_homecoming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_plot_delays_homecoming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Assassination plot delays homecoming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_plot_delays_homecoming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_2008_arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_2008_arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>June 2008 arrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_2008_arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_wrongdoing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_wrongdoing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Allegations of wrongdoing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Allegations_of_wrongdoing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Allegations of wrongdoing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_wrongdoing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_coup_plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_coup_plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Allegations of coup plot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_coup_plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_investigations_over_WikiLeaks_disclosures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_investigations_over_WikiLeaks_disclosures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>2011 investigations over WikiLeaks disclosures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_investigations_over_WikiLeaks_disclosures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_brutality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_brutality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Party brutality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_brutality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_discussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_discussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>International discussions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_discussions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International discussions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_discussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meeting_with_John_Howard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_with_John_Howard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Meeting with John Howard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_with_John_Howard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsvangirai_meets_Mbeki_over_Zimbabwe_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsvangirai_meets_Mbeki_over_Zimbabwe_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tsvangirai meets Mbeki over Zimbabwe crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsvangirai_meets_Mbeki_over_Zimbabwe_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsvangirai_meets_Odinga_over_Zimbabwe_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsvangirai_meets_Odinga_over_Zimbabwe_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Tsvangirai meets Odinga over Zimbabwe crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsvangirai_meets_Odinga_over_Zimbabwe_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>2008 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Political negotiations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unity_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unity_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Unity government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unity_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Morgan Tsvangirai</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="مورغان تسفانغيراي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مورغان تسفانغيراي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morqan_Tsvangirai" title="Morqan Tsvangirai – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Morqan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Морган Цвангіраі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Морган Цвангіраі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B9" title="Μόργκαν Τσανγκιράι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μόργκαν Τσανγκιράι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="مورگان چانگیرای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مورگان چانگیرای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EA%B1%B4_%EC%B0%BD%EA%B8%B0%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4" title="모건 창기라이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모건 창기라이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9F_%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99" title="מורגן צ'נגיראי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מורגן צ'נגיראי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Морган Цвангираи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Морган Цвангираи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D" title="മോർഗൻ സ്വാൻഗിരായ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോർഗൻ സ്വാൻഗിരായ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%89" title="مورجان تسفانجيراى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مورجان تسفانجيراى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Морган Цвангирай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Морган Цвангирай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%84%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4" title="モーガン・ツァンギライ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モーガン・ツァンギライ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Цвангираи, Морган – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цвангираи, Морган" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Морган Цвангирај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Морган Цвангирај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="மோர்கன் சுவாங்கிராய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மோர்கன் சுவாங்கிராய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="มอร์แกน แชงกิราย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มอร์แกน แชงกิราย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Морган Цвангіраї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Морган Цвангіраї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Morgan Tsvangirai" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%A0%B9%C2%B7%E8%8C%A8%E4%B8%87%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%8A" title="摩根·茨万吉拉伊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摩根·茨万吉拉伊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Zimbabwe, 2009 to 2013</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Morgan Tsvangirai</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg/220px-Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg/330px-Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg/440px-Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="739" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Tsvangirai in 2009</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe">Prime Minister of Zimbabwe</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 February 2009 – 11 September 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thokozani_Khuphe" class="mw-redirect" title="Thokozani Khuphe">Thokozani Khuphe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara">Arthur Mutambara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(prior_to_2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change (prior to 2005)">Movement for Democratic Change</a> (1999–2005)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 September 1999 – 14 February 2018</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Sibanda" title="Gibson Sibanda">Gibson Sibanda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Chamisa" title="Nelson Chamisa">Nelson Chamisa</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the Opposition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 September 1999 – 14 February 2018</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Chamisa" title="Nelson Chamisa">Nelson Chamisa</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions">Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 May 1987 – 30 September 1999</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Masotsha Ndhlovu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Wellington Chibebe</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Morgan Richard Tsvangirai</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1952-03-10</span>)</span>10 March 1952<br /><a href="/wiki/Gutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutu">Gutu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 February 2018<span style="display:none">(2018-02-14)</span> (aged 65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">Colorectal cancer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(before 1987)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987–1999)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(prior_to_2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change (prior to 2005)">Movement for Democratic Change</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999–2005)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005–2018)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Tsvangirai" title="Susan Tsvangirai">Susan Mhundwa</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1978; died 2009)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Elizabeth Macheka</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2011)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgansign.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morgan Tsvangirai's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Morgansign.svg/128px-Morgansign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Morgansign.svg/192px-Morgansign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Morgansign.svg/256px-Morgansign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="82" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zimbabweprimeminister.org/index.php">Government website</a></span><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdc.co.zw">Party website</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Morgan Richard Tsvangirai</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪr/: 'irr' in 'mirror'">ɪr</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Shona pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ts͎a.ᵑɡi.ra.i]</a></span>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">need tone</span></a></i>]</sup> 10 March 1952 – 14 February 2018) was a <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwean</a> politician who was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe">Prime Minister of Zimbabwe</a> from 2009 to 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was president of the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(1999%E2%80%932005)" title="Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)">Movement for Democratic Change</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</a> (MDC–T), and a key figure in the opposition to former president <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>. </p><p>Tsvangirai was the MDC candidate in the controversial <a href="/wiki/2002_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" title="2002 Zimbabwean presidential election">2002 Zimbawean presidential election</a>, losing to Mugabe. He later contested the first round of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Zimbabwean presidential election">2008 Zimbawean presidential election</a> as the MDC-T candidate, taking 47.8% of the vote according to official results, placing him ahead of Mugabe, who received 43.2%. Tsvangirai claimed to have won a majority and said that the results could have been altered in the month between the election and the reporting of official results.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsvangirai initially planned to run in the second round against Mugabe, but withdrew shortly before it was held, arguing that the election would not be free and fair due to widespread violence and intimidation by government supporters that led to the deaths of 200 people. </p><p>Tsvangirai sustained non-life-threatening injuries in a car crash on 6 March 2009 when heading towards his rural home in <a href="/wiki/Buhera" title="Buhera">Buhera</a>. His first wife, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Tsvangirai" title="Susan Tsvangirai">Susan Tsvangirai</a>, was killed in the head-on collision.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état</a> occurred, Tsvangirai asked Mugabe to step down.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hoped that an all-inclusive stakeholders' meeting to chart the country's future and an internationally supervised process for the forthcoming elections would create a process that would take the country towards a legitimate regime.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 February 2018, Tsvangirai died at the age of 65 after reportedly suffering from <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsvangirai was born in the <a href="/wiki/Buhera" title="Buhera">Buhera</a> area, in then <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Karanga Shona</a> parentage through his father Dzingirai-Chibwe Tsvangirai and mother Lydia Tsvangirai (née Zvaipa). He was the eldest of nine children, and the son of a communal farmer, mine worker, <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpenter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">bricklayer</a>. He completed his primary education at St. Marks Goneso Primary School <a href="/wiki/Hwedza" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwedza">Hwedza</a>, and was transferred by his father to Chikara Primary School <a href="/wiki/Gutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutu">Gutu</a>, then to Silveira. He completed his secondary education at Gokomere High School. After leaving school with 8 Ordinary levels, in April 1972 he landed his first job as a trainee weaver for Elastics & Tapes textile factory in <a href="/wiki/Mutare" title="Mutare">Mutare</a>. In 1974 an old school mate from Silveira encouraged Morgan to apply for an advertised job as an apprentice for Anglo America's Bindura's Nickel Mine in <a href="/wiki/Mashonaland_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashonaland Central">Mashonaland Central</a>. He spent ten years at the mine, rising from plant operator to plant supervisor. His rural home was <a href="/wiki/Buhera_(District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buhera (District)">Buhera</a>, which is 220 km south east of <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsvangirai married his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Tsvangirai" title="Susan Tsvangirai">Susan</a>, in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-time09_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time09-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had six children during their 31-year marriage, which ended with her death in the 2009 car crash.<sup id="cite_ref-time09_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time09-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 Locardia Karimatsenga (born 1970) claimed that Tsvangirai married her in a customary ceremony in 2010. She had been seeking maintenance payments of £10,000 a month to keep up the lifestyle to which, she said in court papers, she had become accustomed. A year later, his love life made headlines again after a 23-year-old woman bore him a child and he refused to support the baby until she threatened to take him to court.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married his second wife, Elizabeth Macheka (born 1976) mother of three, on 15 September 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean independence">Zimbabwean independence</a> in 1980, Tsvangirai, who was then aged 28, joined the ascendent <a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a> party, led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>, who would later become his biggest political rival. Tsvangirai is reported to have been an ardent Mugabe supporter and to have risen "swiftly in the hierarchy",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually becoming one of the party's senior officials.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also known for his role in the Zimbabwean <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> movement, where he held the position of branch chairman of the Associated Mine </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="border: 4px double #4898FA;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#DC241f; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg/75px-Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg/113px-Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg/150px-Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#DC241f; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px;"><span style="font-size:0.75em;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">This article is part of a series about</span></span><br /><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><span style="font-size:0.95em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Morgan Tsvangirai</span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">ZANU(before 1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF(1987-1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(1999%E2%80%932005)" title="Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)">MDC(1999-2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">MDC-T(2005-2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" title="2002 Zimbabwean presidential election">2002 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2008 Zimbabwean general election"><b>2008 general election</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2013 Zimbabwean general election">2013</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Political Career</b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Political_activism">Political activism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe"><b>Prime Minister of Zimbabwe</b></a></li></ul> <small><div class="center"><b>2008-2013</b></div></small> <hr /> <p><b>Government</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Government_of_National_Unity_of_2009" title="Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009"><b>Government of National Unity</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Zimbabwean_political_negotiations" title="2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations">2008–2009 political negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reaction_to_the_2008_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" title="International reaction to the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election">International reaction<br />(2008 presidential election)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" title="2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">cholera outbreak</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Cabinet</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Shadow_Cabinet_of_Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="First Shadow Cabinet of Morgan Tsvangirai">First Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Shadow_Cabinet_of_Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Second Shadow Cabinet of Morgan Tsvangirai">Second Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Cabinet_of_the_Zimbabwe_Government_of_National_Unity" title="2010 Cabinet of the Zimbabwe Government of National Unity">2010 Cabinet<br />(Zimbabwe Government of National Unity)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Economy</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe#Dollarization:_2009–present" title="Economy of Zimbabwe"><b>Dollarization Policy</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe"><b>Hyperinflation</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar#Second_re-denomination_(ZWR)" title="Zimbabwean dollar">ZWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar#Third_re-denomination_(ZWL)" title="Zimbabwean dollar">ZWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar#Abandonment_and_demonetisation" title="Zimbabwean dollar"><b>Abandonment and demonetisation</b></a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Death</b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Death"><b>Death</b></a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Others</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions">ZCTU</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Honours">Honours</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Family</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Tsvangirai" title="Susan Tsvangirai">Susan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Morgan_Tsvangirai_sidebar" title="Template:Morgan Tsvangirai sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Morgan_Tsvangirai_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Morgan Tsvangirai sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Morgan_Tsvangirai_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Morgan Tsvangirai sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Workers' Union and was later elected into the executive of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Mine_Workers%27_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Mine Workers' Union (page does not exist)">National Mine Workers' Union</a>. In 1989 he became the Secretary-General of the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions">Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions</a>, the umbrella trade union organisation of Zimbabwe. </p><p>Tsvangirai led the ZCTU away from the ruling <a href="/wiki/ZANU-PF" class="mw-redirect" title="ZANU-PF">ZANU-PF</a>. As his power and that of the movement grew, his relationship with the government deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_Gukurahundi">Criticism of Gukurahundi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism of Gukurahundi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three years after coming to power, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/5th_Brigade_(Zimbabwe)" title="5th Brigade (Zimbabwe)">5th Brigade</a>, a military unit specially trained by <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, to commit a massacre in <a href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</a> in co-operation with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Zimbabwe)" title="Ministry of Defence (Zimbabwe)">Minister of Defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Enos_Nkala" title="Enos Nkala">Enos Nkala</a>, led by Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Perrance_Shiri" title="Perrance Shiri">Perrance Shiri</a> because of suspicion of an alleged counter-revolution being planned by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsvangirai would later use Gukurahundi against ZANU and to drum up support in Matabeleland. Tsvangirai has periodically toured the mass graves of the victims in <a href="/wiki/Tsholotsho" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsholotsho">Tsholotsho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kezi,_Zimbabwe" title="Kezi, Zimbabwe">Kezi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupane_District" title="Lupane District">Lupane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nkayi,_Zimbabwe" title="Nkayi, Zimbabwe">Nkayi</a> and other places in rural Matabeleland. Addressing villagers in Maphisa in 2001, he said: </p> <blockquote><p>This was a barbaric operation by ZANU-PF. It should never have happened. It was a sad episode in our history and the MDC will obviously want to see justice being done if it comes to power. Such human rights abuses should be revisited and those responsible will have to account for their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Constitutional_Assembly">National Constitutional Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National Constitutional Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Constitutional_Assembly" title="National Constitutional Assembly">National Constitutional Assembly</a> (NCA), established in 1997, was chaired by a Moderator, and its day-to-day executive was run by a Task Force. Tsvangirai chaired the Task Force, as founding convener <a href="/wiki/Tawanda_Mutasah" title="Tawanda Mutasah">Tawanda Mutasah</a> (succeeded by Bishop Nemapare) served as Moderator. Serving with Tsvangirai in the Task Force were activists that included <a href="/wiki/Lovemore_Madhuku" title="Lovemore Madhuku">Lovemore Madhuku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welshman_Ncube" title="Welshman Ncube">Welshman Ncube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everjoice_Win" title="Everjoice Win">Everjoice Win</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Kagoro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Kagoro (page does not exist)">Brian Kagoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendai_Biti" title="Tendai Biti">Tendai Biti</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Priscilla_Misihairabwi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priscilla Misihairabwi (page does not exist)">Priscilla Misihairabwi</a>. The NCA gathered individual Zimbabwean citizens and civic organisations including labour movements, student and youth groups, women's groups, churches, business groups and human rights organisations. These individuals and groups formed the NCA to campaign for constitutional reform after realising that the political, social and economic problems affecting Zimbabwe were mainly a result of the defective <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House constitution</a> and could only be resolved through a new and democratic constitution. Tsvangirai stepped down after being elected president of the MDC.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solidar_Silver_Rose_Award">Solidar Silver Rose Award</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Solidar Silver Rose Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001 Tsvangirai was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Solidar_Silver_Rose_Award" title="Solidar Silver Rose Award">Solidar Silver Rose Award</a>. The award was for outstanding achievement by an individual or organisation in the activities of civil society and in bringing about a fairer and more just society.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement_for_Democratic_Change">Movement for Democratic Change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Movement for Democratic Change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(pre-2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change (pre-2005)">Movement for Democratic Change (pre-2005)</a></div> <p>In 1999 Tsvangirai co-founded and organised the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(pre-2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change (pre-2005)">Movement for Democratic Change</a> with Gibson Sibanda, Welshman Ncube, Fletcher Dulini Ncube and Isaac Matongo, an opposition party opposed to President Robert Mugabe and the <a href="/wiki/ZANU-PF" class="mw-redirect" title="ZANU-PF">ZANU-PF</a> ruling party. He helped to defeat the <a href="/wiki/2000_Zimbabwean_constitutional_referendum" title="2000 Zimbabwean constitutional referendum">February 2000 constitutional referendum</a>, successfully campaigning against it along with the <a href="/wiki/National_Constitutional_Assembly" title="National Constitutional Assembly">National Constitutional Assembly</a>. </p><p>Tsvangirai lost the <a href="/wiki/2002_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" title="2002 Zimbabwean presidential election">March 2002 presidential election</a> to Mugabe. The election was flawed due to <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">rigged</a>, the use of violence, <a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">media bias</a>, and manipulation of the voters' roll leading to abnormally high pro-Mugabe turnout in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrests_and_political_intimidation">Arrests and political intimidation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arrests and political intimidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsvangirai was arrested after the 2000 elections and charged with <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>; this charge was later dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state's star witness was <a href="/wiki/Ari_Ben-Menashe" title="Ari Ben-Menashe">Ari-Ben Manashe</a>. In 2004, Tsvangirai was acquitted of treason for an alleged plot to assassinate Mugabe in the run-up to the 2002 presidential elections. <a href="/wiki/George_Bizos" title="George Bizos">George Bizos</a>, a South African human rights lawyer who was part of the team that defended <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a> in the famous South African <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a> in 1964, headed Morgan Tsvangirai's defence team. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_2000_arrest">October 2000 arrest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: October 2000 arrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsvangirai was arrested after the government alleged that he had threatened President Robert Mugabe. The Movement for Democratic Change leader had told 40,000 supporters at a rally in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> that if Mr Mugabe did not want to step down before the next elections scheduled for 2002 "we will remove you violently." Tsvangirai said that he was giving a warning to President Mugabe to consider history. He said: "There is a long line of dictators who have refused to go peacefully – and the people have removed them violently." </p><p>The courts dismissed the charges.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_2003_arrest">June 2003 arrest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: June 2003 arrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2003, Tsvangirai was arrested on a Friday afternoon shortly after giving a press conference, the government alleged he had incited violence. In the press conference he had said: </p> <blockquote> <p>From Monday, 2 June, up to today, 6 June, Mugabe was not in charge of this country. He was busy marshaling his forces of repression against the sovereign will of the people of Zimbabwe. However, even in the context of the brutalities inflicted upon them, the people's spirit of resistance was not broken. The sound of gunfire will never silence their demand for change and freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_2007_arrest_and_beating">March 2007 arrest and beating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: March 2007 arrest and beating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 March 2007 a day after his 55th birthday, Tsvangirai was arrested on his way to a prayer rally in the Harare township of <a href="/wiki/Highfield,_Harare" title="Highfield, Harare">Highfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife was allowed to see him in prison, after which she reported that he had been heavily tortured by police, resulting in deep gashes on his head and a badly swollen eye.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event garnered an international outcry. He was allegedly tortured by a <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Special Forces of Zimbabwe">Special Forces of Zimbabwe</a> unit based at the army's Cranborne Barracks on 12 March 2007 after being arrested and held at Machipisa <a href="/wiki/Police_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Station">Police Station</a> in the Highfield suburb of <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Using <a href="/wiki/Sjambok" title="Sjambok">sjamboks</a>, army belts and gun butts, the soldiers attacked Tsvangirai until he passed out. One of the soldiers poured cold water all over Tsvangirai to resuscitate him. Tsvangirai regained consciousness again at around 1:30 am... One vicious woman was left to work on him. She removed an army belt from her waist and used it to assault Tsvangirai until he passed out again.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Police Officer, Mail and Guardian<sup id="cite_ref-mailandguardian1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mailandguardian1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Innocent Chagonda, an attorney, told <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> after visiting a Harare police station where Tsvangirai was being held, that "[Tsvangirai] was in bad shape, he was swollen very badly. He was bandaged on the head. You couldn't distinguish between the head and the face and he could not see properly<i>.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Zimbabwean <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelance</a> cameraman, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Chikombo" title="Edward Chikombo">Edward Chikombo</a>, smuggled television pictures of Morgan Tsvangirai's injuries following the beating. Chikombo was later abducted from his home in the Glenview township outside Harare. His body was discovered the next weekend near the village of <a href="/wiki/Darwendale" title="Darwendale">Darwendale</a>, 50 miles (80 km) west of Harare. There has been a pattern of abductions and punishment beatings where scores of opposition activists and their relatives have been attacked by government-sanctioned gangs using unmarked cars and police-issue weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-ind1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to lawyer <a href="/wiki/Tendai_Biti" title="Tendai Biti">Tendai Biti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> of the MDC and an <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Harare_East" title="Harare East">Harare East</a>, who was arrested along with Tsvangirai, Tsvangirai suffered a cracked skull and "must have passed out at least three times<i>.</i>" Tsvangirai was subsequently admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a> (ICU) at a local hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> indicate that Tsvangirai suffered from a fractured skull and received <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a> for internal bleeding. Although the incident was a clear case of political violence, Tsvangirai has since had very little political support from surrounding African countries.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raid_at_MDC_headquarters">Raid at MDC headquarters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Raid at MDC headquarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsvangirai was released, but on 28 March 2007, Zimbabwean police stormed the Movement for Democratic Change, <a href="/wiki/44_Harvest_House" class="mw-redirect" title="44 Harvest House">44 Harvest House</a>, national headquarters and once again arrested him, hours before he was to speak with the media about recent political violence in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_reaction_to_political_violence">International reaction to political violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International reaction to political violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arrest of Tsvangirai and a crackdown on opposition officials that followed was widely condemned. </p><p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></b>—former <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer">Alexander Downer</a> said in a statement that the Zimbabwe government should immediately release those arrested, lift the ban on political activity and implement immediate reforms. He said that the arrests "are clear signs of the Mugabe Government's desperation to cling to power in the face of its growing unpopularity amongst the people of Zimbabwe. The Mugabe Government's disastrous policies have crippled a once thriving economy, leaving Zimbabweans enduring hyper-inflation at over 1,600%, over 80% of the population unemployed and living below the poverty line and with the lowest life expectancy of any country in the world<i>."</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></b>—On 12 March 2007, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">Peter MacKay</a> issued a statement condemning the violence in Zimbabwe and simultaneously calling for the release of all arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></b>—In a statement, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Dermot_Ahern" title="Dermot Ahern">Dermot Ahern</a> condemned the actions of the Zimbabwean authorities and called on that country's government to immediately cease all such activities and to adopt a new policy of dialogue and engagement with the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></b>—The government of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> issued a communiqué on 19 March 2007, in which it stated that it viewed "with concern the arrest, detention and assault of the opposition leaders", and went on to urge that the government of Zimbabwe "ensure that the basic rights and fundamental freedoms of all Zimbabweans are observed<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></b>—Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Winston Peters</a> called for the immediate release of Tsvangirai and his colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b>—Former <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>'s commented of the events of 11 March 2007: "People should be able to live under the rule of law. They should be able to express their political views without harassment or intimidation or violence. And what is happening in Zimbabwe is truly tragic."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></b>—<a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Pahad" title="Aziz Pahad">Aziz Pahad</a> stated that South Africa is concerned about the crackdown and asked the Zimbabwean government "to ensure that the rule of law including respect for rights of all Zimbabweans and leaders of various political parties is respected"<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></b>—<a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bildt" title="Carl Bildt">Carl Bildt</a> said in his official blog: "It's totally obvious that the brutal acts of cruelty against freedom of assembly and freedom of speech committed by the Zimbabwean government during the peaceful meeting of prayers on 11 March must be firmly condemned<i>."</i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b>—The United States considered further sanctions against the leadership of Zimbabwe following the event.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsvangirai's_bodyguard_killed"><span id="Tsvangirai.27s_bodyguard_killed"></span>Tsvangirai's bodyguard killed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tsvangirai's bodyguard killed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25 October 2007, it was reported that Nhamo Musekiwa, who was Morgan Tsvangirai's bodyguard since the formation of the MDC in 1999, had died from complications resulting from injuries sustained in March 2007, during a crackdown by the government. The MDC spokesman <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Chamisa" title="Nelson Chamisa">Nelson Chamisa</a> said Musekiwa had been vomiting blood since 11 March 2007, when he is alleged to have been severely beaten, along with other opposition officials and members, including Tsvangirai himself, by the police. That day police halted a prayer meeting; in the ensuing confrontation, one MDC activist, Gift Tandare, was shot dead. The shooting of Tandare was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718010632/http://www.thestandard.co.zw/local/10968.html">documented</a> by prominent Zimbabwean journalist <a href="/wiki/Tapiwa_Zivira" title="Tapiwa Zivira">Tapiwa Zivira</a> who was then a student with the local paper, <i>The Zimbabwe Standard</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_plot_delays_homecoming">Assassination plot delays homecoming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Assassination plot delays homecoming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsvangirai was due to arrive in Harare, Zimbabwe, on Saturday, 17 May 2008, but a party spokesman said he was staying in Europe after a credible assassination plot was discovered. On Friday, 16 May 2008, he held a press conference at the Europa Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_2008_arrest">June 2008 arrest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: June 2008 arrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morgan Tsvangirai was detained by police while campaigning on Wednesday, 4 June 2008, after being stopped at a <a href="/wiki/Police_roadblock" class="mw-redirect" title="Police roadblock">police roadblock</a>. Tsvangirai and a group of 14 party officials were held at a police station in <a href="/wiki/Lupane_District" title="Lupane District">Lupane</a>. This was claimed by Tsvangirai, and widely believed by human rights groups, to be a tactic to disrupt his campaign for 27 June elections.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsvangirai was accused by police of threatening public security by addressing a gathering without prior authorisation. His <a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detention</a> was vigorously protested by the United States and various European governments. He was released without charge after eight hours. Tsvangirai commented that this was "nothing but the usual harassment which is totally unnecessary." The police also confiscated one of the security vehicles in the entourage. During this time, Mugabe was in Rome at a <a href="/wiki/High-Level_Conference_on_World_Food_Security_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Level Conference on World Food Security (2008)">conference on food security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, chief police spokesperson of Zimbabwe Wayne Bvudzijena said Tsvangirai's <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> was stopped because one of the vehicles did not have proper registration. The driver of the vehicle was asked to accompany the police to the station, but others in the party insisted on following the driver to the station.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Detention_of_US_and_UK_diplomats_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention of US and UK diplomats in Zimbabwe">brief detention</a> of diplomats from the United States and United Kingdom. </p><p>On 6 June 2008 he was again stopped at a police checkpoint and blocked from attending a pre-election rally at How Mine, near the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>. According to the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lovemore_Moyo" title="Lovemore Moyo">Lovemore Moyo</a>, the police said they should have informed them in advance of Tsvangirai visiting the area.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 June 2008 Tsvangirai announced that he had withdrawn from the presidential election run-off in the face of violence from ruling party militias. Later that day, he took refuge in the embassy of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in Harare, because he feared for his safety. He did not request asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stayed on the Dutch compound until 30 June.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allegations_of_wrongdoing">Allegations of wrongdoing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Allegations of wrongdoing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_coup_plot">Allegations of coup plot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Allegations of coup plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Ari_Ben-Menashe" title="Ari Ben-Menashe">Ari Ben-Menashe</a> accused Tsavangirai of plotting to overthrow the Zimbabwean government in a coup d'état.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a treason trial, Tsvangirai was acquitted of the charges.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_investigations_over_WikiLeaks_disclosures">2011 investigations over WikiLeaks disclosures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2011 investigations over WikiLeaks disclosures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Attorney General set up a team of lawyers to investigate whether Tsvangirai may be charged with conspiracy or treason after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">United States diplomatic cables leak</a> was published.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_brutality">Party brutality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Party brutality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsvangirai has been accused of allowing activists to attack opponents within his own party. In 2005, such allegations triggered the split in his party between his faction and the faction now led by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara">Arthur Mutambara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2014, a senior party member claimed he was beaten and injured after calling for Tsvangirai to step down as party leader. Tsvangirai had said his party would investigate the allegation. An unnamed witness backed <a href="/wiki/Elton_Mangoma" title="Elton Mangoma">Elton Mangoma</a>'s allegation and added: "It is shocking that this actually took place... right in Tsvangirai's face and with him smiling."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_discussions">International discussions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: International discussions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_with_John_Howard">Meeting with John Howard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Meeting with John Howard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2007, Tsvangirai met Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> in Melbourne, and after talks told the media that countries like Australia could play a very important role in the struggle against President <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>'s regime.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsvangirai_meets_Mbeki_over_Zimbabwe_crisis">Tsvangirai meets Mbeki over Zimbabwe crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tsvangirai meets Mbeki over Zimbabwe crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2007, it was widely reported that Tsvangirai met <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a>, the former President of South Africa for crucial talks on how to speed up talks between the ruling ZANU PF and the Movement for Democratic Change party.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsvangirai_meets_Odinga_over_Zimbabwe_crisis">Tsvangirai meets Odinga over Zimbabwe crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tsvangirai meets Odinga over Zimbabwe crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2008, Tsvangirai met <a href="/wiki/Raila_Odinga" title="Raila Odinga">Raila Odinga</a>, the then Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, who urged him to contest an election run-off against Mugabe.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2008_election">2008 election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2008 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Zimbabwean presidential election">2008 Zimbabwean presidential election</a></div> <p>A presidential election and <a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Zimbabwean parliamentary election">parliamentary election</a> was held on 29 March 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-March_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-March-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poll_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poll-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three major <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">candidates</a> were Mugabe, Tsvangirai and <a href="/wiki/Simba_Makoni" title="Simba Makoni">Simba Makoni</a>, an independent.<sup id="cite_ref-Confirmed_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confirmed-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MDC photographed data at each polling station to collate for electoral results. The official results of the presidential election's first round were finally released on 2 May 2008 and hotly contested by the MDC representatives. According to the results released by the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Electoral_Commission" title="Zimbabwe Electoral Commission">Zimbabwe Electoral Commission</a>, Tsvangirai won the first round, amassing 47.9% of the votes against 43.2% claimed by Mugabe.<sup id="cite_ref-AP02May08_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP02May08-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that no candidate had the necessary 50% plus one vote to be declared the winner after the first round and a run-off would be needed. MDC spokesperson Nelson Chamisa called the announced results "scandalous daylight robbery." The MDC continued to assert that it won an outright victory in the first round with 50.3% of the votes.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC02May08_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC02May08-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsvangirai, who was outside of Zimbabwe, primarily in South Africa, for a significant period following the first round of the election, announced on 10 May that he would participate in a presidential run-off with Mugabe. Tsvangirai said that this second round should take place within the three-week period following the announcement of results that is specified by the Electoral Act. He made his participation conditional on "unfettered access of all international observers," the "reconstitution" of the Electoral Commission, and free access for the media, including the international press.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 May 2008, Tsvangirai stated that he would be willing to compete in the run-off if at least <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> election observers would be present, softening his previous demand for free access to all international observers.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was subsequently announced that the second round would be held on 27 June; the MDC denounced this delay.<sup id="cite_ref-June_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Tsvangirai had been expected to return to Zimbabwe on 17 May, the MDC announced his return was delayed due to a claimed plot to assassinate him.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party claimed that <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> was in charge of the alleged plot, while the government dismissed the MDC's claims, saying that Tsvangirai was "playing to the international media gallery."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some observers suggested at this time that Tsvangirai's failure to return called into his question his leadership qualities and made it appear that he was afraid of Mugabe and unwilling to risk coming to harm despite the risks taken by his supporters remaining in Zimbabwe.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsvangirai returned to Zimbabwe from South Africa on 24 May.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave what he described as a state of the nation address to the newly elected MDC MPs on 30 May. On this occasion, he said that Zimbabwe was in "a state of despair" and was "an unmitigated embarrassment to the African continent" due to its economic situation, and he also said that those engaging in political violence would receive no <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> from his government.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maps_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maps-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also described the MDC as "the new ruling party" and said that the MDC's legislative programme would be "based on the return of fundamental freedoms to the people of Zimbabwe." A new "people-driven constitution" would follow within 18 months, according to Tsvangirai, and a "truth and justice commission" would be established; the army would "defend our borders, not attack our people," while the prisons would "hold only criminals, not innocent people". He pledged that the party would introduce a new strategy combining "demand and supply-side measures" to bring inflation under control. Tsvangirai also promised the revival of agriculture, saying that the issue would be "completely depoliticised" and that there would be measures to "compensate or reintegrate" farmers who lost their land as part of land reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Maps_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maps-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has said that a victory for Tsvangirai would be disastrous and "destabilising".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsvangirai was detained near <a href="/wiki/Lupane_District" title="Lupane District">Lupane</a> on 4 June, along with his security team and other top MDC officials, such as MDC Vice-President <a href="/wiki/Thokozani_Khupe" title="Thokozani Khupe">Thokozani Khupe</a> and MDC chairman <a href="/wiki/Lovemore_Moyo" title="Lovemore Moyo">Lovemore Moyo</a>. A lawyer for the MDC said that Tsvangirai was alleged to have addressed a rally near Lupane without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His vehicle was stopped by police at a roadblock and his <a href="/wiki/Motorcade" title="Motorcade">motorcade</a> was searched; after two hours, he was taken to a police station. The MDC described this as "part of a determined and well-orchestrated effort to derail our campaign programme", while the US government called the incident "deeply disturbing" and the German government demanded his release. Tsvangirai was released later that day<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after nine hours. Bvudzijena, the police spokesman, rejected any suggestion that the police were trying to interfere in Tsvangirai's campaign; he explained the detention by saying that the police had wanted to determine whether a vehicle in Tsvangirai's motorcade had valid registration. According to Bvudzijena, the police had wanted to take only the driver of this vehicle to the police station to review the relevant documents, but that Tsvangirai and the rest of his entourage insisted on coming as well.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 June 2008, Tsvangirai announced at a press conference that he was withdrawing from the run-off, describing it as a "violent sham" and saying that his supporters risked being killed if they voted for him. He vowed that the MDC would ultimately prevail and that its victory could "only be delayed".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after making this announcement, Mr Tsvangirai sought refuge at the Dutch Embassy in Harare, citing concerns for his safety. He did not seek <a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">political asylum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_negotiations">Political negotiations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Political negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsvangirai_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tsvangirai_Obama.jpg/220px-Tsvangirai_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tsvangirai_Obama.jpg/330px-Tsvangirai_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tsvangirai_Obama.jpg/440px-Tsvangirai_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Tsvangirai meeting Barack Obama in the White House in June 2009</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Zimbabwean_political_negotiations" title="2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations">2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations</a></div> <p>On 22 July 2008, Tsvangirai and Mutambara met Mugabe face-to-face and shook hands with him for the first time in over a decade for negotiations in Harare, orchestrated by Mbeki, aiming for a settlement of electoral disputes that would share power between the MDC and the ZANU-PF at the executive level. This was followed by the beginning of clandestine negotiations between appointed emissaries from both parties in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>. The media images of hands being shaken between the political rivals also set a stark contrast to the ongoing partisan violence taking place in both the rural and urban areas of Zimbabwe.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> At the end of the fourth day of negotiations, <a href="/wiki/South_African_President" class="mw-redirect" title="South African President">South African President</a> and mediator to <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a>, announced in Harare that Mugabe of <a href="/wiki/Zanu-PF" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanu-PF">Zanu-PF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara">Arthur Mutambara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">MDC</a> and Tsvangirai finally signed the power-sharing agreement – a "<a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mbeki stated: </p><blockquote><p>An agreement has been reached on all items on the agenda ... [Mugabe, Tsvangirai, Mutambara] endorsed the document tonight, and signed it. The formal signing will be done on Monday 10 am. The document will be released then. The ceremony will be attended by <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">SADC</a> and other African regional and continental leaders. The leaders will spend the next few days constituting the inclusive government to be announced on Monday. The leaders will work very hard to mobilise support for the people to recover. We hope the world will assist so that this political agreement succeeds.</p></blockquote><p> In the signed historic power deal, Mugabe, on 11 September 2008 agreed to surrender day-to-day control of the government and the deal is also expected to result in a de facto <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> for the military and ZANU-PF party leaders. Opposition sources said "Tsvangirai will become prime minister at the head of a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Zimbabwe" title="Council of Ministers of Zimbabwe">council of ministers</a>, the principal organ of government, drawn from his Movement for Democratic Change and the president's Zanu-PF party; and Mugabe will remain president and continue to chair a cabinet that will be a largely consultative body, and the real power will lie with Tsvangirai.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa's <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Day_(South_Africa)" title="Business Day (South Africa)">Business Day</a></i> reported, however, that Mugabe was refusing to sign a deal which would curtail his presidential powers.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> said Nelson Chamisa, a spokesman for the opposition Movement for Democratic Change, announced: "This is an inclusive government. The executive power would be shared by the president, the prime minister and the cabinet. Mugabe, Tsvangirai and Mutambara have still not decided how to divide the ministries. But <a href="/wiki/Jendayi_E._Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jendayi E. Frazer">Jendayi E. Frazer</a>, the American <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_African_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs</a>, said: "We don't know what's on the table, and it's hard to rally for an agreement when no one knows the details or even the broad outlines."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan_Tsvangirai_1_(3671928332).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Morgan_Tsvangirai_1_%283671928332%29.jpg/220px-Morgan_Tsvangirai_1_%283671928332%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Morgan_Tsvangirai_1_%283671928332%29.jpg/330px-Morgan_Tsvangirai_1_%283671928332%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Morgan_Tsvangirai_1_%283671928332%29.jpg/440px-Morgan_Tsvangirai_1_%283671928332%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Tsvangirai in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 September 2008, the leaders of the 14-member <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> witnessed the signing of the power-sharing agreement, brokered by South African leader Thabo Mbeki. With symbolic handshake and warm smiles at the Rainbow Towers hotel, in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>, Mugabe and Tsvangirai signed the deal to end the violent political crisis. As provided, Mugabe remained president, Tsvangirai became prime minister,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the MDC took control of the police, Mugabe's ZANU-PF retained command of the Army, and Mutambara became deputy prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2009, Tsvangirai announced that he would do as the leaders across Africa had insisted and join a coalition government as prime minister with Mugabe.<sup id="cite_ref-urlOpposition_Party_to_Join_Zimbabwe’s_Government_-_NYTimes.com_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlOpposition_Party_to_Join_Zimbabwe’s_Government_-_NYTimes.com-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai was sworn in as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe">Prime Minister of Zimbabwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unity_government">Unity government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Unity government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the swearing-in of the unity government, Tsvangirai's announced nominee for deputy agriculture minister, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Bennett_(politician)" title="Roy Bennett (politician)">Roy Bennett</a>, was arrested and charged with treason, which was later reduced to a charge of possessing weapons for the destabilisation of the government; Tsvangirai's government exhibited little ability to rescind the charges. Furthermore, farmland invasions by the war veterans continued, with Mugabe maintaining the land reform policy despite the protests of the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsvangirai reportedly visited Nigerian pastor <a href="/wiki/T.B._Joshua" class="mw-redirect" title="T.B. Joshua">T.B. Joshua</a> in September 2010 to seek Divine intervention for the upcoming Zimbabwean elections.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking to <i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Africa" title="This Is Africa">This Is Africa</a></i> in early 2012, Tsvangirai described how he believed the original agreement was not being honoured, stating "Mugabe has appointed governors, when in the power-sharing agreement all appointments should be in consultation with me. He has appointed ambassadorial deployments without consulting me. He extended the appointment of some of the key security positions like Commissioner of Police beyond their term of office without consulting me. The litany of unilateral decisions is obvious."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unity government came to an end with the <a href="/wiki/2013_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2013 Zimbabwean general election">2013 Zimbabwean general election</a> in which Mugabe was re-elected as president. The office of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe">Prime Minister</a> was abolished by the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Zimbabwe" title="Constitution of Zimbabwe">Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan_Tsvangirai,_Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe_(2009-2013);_Leader,_MDC-T_(14738737294).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Morgan_Tsvangirai%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe_%282009-2013%29%3B_Leader%2C_MDC-T_%2814738737294%29.jpg/220px-Morgan_Tsvangirai%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe_%282009-2013%29%3B_Leader%2C_MDC-T_%2814738737294%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Morgan_Tsvangirai%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe_%282009-2013%29%3B_Leader%2C_MDC-T_%2814738737294%29.jpg/330px-Morgan_Tsvangirai%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe_%282009-2013%29%3B_Leader%2C_MDC-T_%2814738737294%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Morgan_Tsvangirai%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe_%282009-2013%29%3B_Leader%2C_MDC-T_%2814738737294%29.jpg/440px-Morgan_Tsvangirai%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe_%282009-2013%29%3B_Leader%2C_MDC-T_%2814738737294%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Tsvangirai speaking at <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 2016, Tsvangirai had announced that he had been diagnosed with cancer and was undergoing treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the following years the condition of his health declined and on 6 February 2018, it was announced that he was critically ill and in a hospital in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. An MDC spokesperson stated: "We should brace for the worst".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to the seriousness of his condition. He died eight days later on 14 February. His death was announced by <a href="/wiki/Elias_Mudzuri" title="Elias Mudzuri">Elias Mudzuri</a>, a senior official within the party, who stated: "He died this evening. The family communicated this to me." Tsvangirai's death was considered a serious blow to the MDC in the run-up to the elections planned for mid-2018, the first since the end of Robert Mugabe's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cause of death was presumed to be <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of Tsvangirai's death, his mother threatened to commit suicide if <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Chamisa" title="Nelson Chamisa">Nelson Chamisa</a>, his successor, attended the funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events were commonly seen as testament to the strained atmosphere shrouding the party in the days leading up to Tsvangirai's death with the leaders closest to him jockeying to succeed him.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During a visit to <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> in May 2010, Tsvangirai was conferred with an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degree</a> of Doctor of Laws by <a href="/wiki/Pai_Chai_University" title="Pai Chai University">Pai Chai University</a>, becoming the 13th recipient of an honorary degree in the 125-year history of this <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> institution.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">History of Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Years in Zimbabwe">Years in Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Morgan_Tsvangirai" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiership of Morgan Tsvangirai">Premiership of Morgan Tsvangirai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-zimbabwe-cabinet-idUKBRE9890XN20130910">the original</a> on 27 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mugabe+appoints+ZANU-PF+lawyer+as+Zimbabwe+finance+minister&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-zimbabwe-cabinet-idUKBRE9890XN20130910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-05-02-zimbabwe-elections_N.htm">"Zimbabwe opposition challenges election results"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. 2 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306172608/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-05-02-zimbabwe-elections_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Zimbabwe Situation News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620143431/http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/apr16_2001.html#link5">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tsholotsho+Villagers+defy+war+vets+to+listen+to+Tsvangirai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zimbabwesituation.com%2Fapr16_2001.html%23link5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20040710115301/http://www.nca.org.zw/chairperson.htm">"NCA task force"</a>. NCA. 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NCA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Solidar+Award+nominations+invited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanvoice.com%2Farchive%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D17368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKriger2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kriger, Norma (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40283143#">"Zimbabwe's Parliamentary Election of 2005: The Myth of New Electoral Laws"</a>. <i>Journal of Southern African Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057070802038025">10.1080/03057070802038025</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40283143">40283143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%27s+Parliamentary+Election+of+2005%3A+The+Myth+of+New+Electoral+Laws&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03057070802038025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40283143%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kriger&rft.aufirst=Norma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40283143%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News2004" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (15 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1870283.stm">"Profile: Morgan Tsvangirai"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040620125833/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1870283.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Morgan+Tsvangirai&rft.date=2004-10-15&rft.au=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1870283.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/News2002/zim010_mdc_murder_plot.htm">"Tsvangirai denies he plotted to eliminate Mugabe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180936/http://www.afrol.com/News2002/zim010_mdc_murder_plot.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsvangirai+denies+he+plotted+to+eliminate+Mugabe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrol.com%2FNews2002%2Fzim010_mdc_murder_plot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/952796.stm">"Police consider Tsvangirai arrest"</a>. BBC. 2 October 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327061630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/952796.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Police+consider+Tsvangirai+arrest&rft.date=2000-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F952796.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050215001529/http://zvakwana.com/html/prev/2003/nl/030606_033.shtml">"Morgan Tsvangirai arrested on Friday afternoon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zvakwana" title="Zvakwana">Zvakwana</a>. 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Associated Press. 12 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314211506/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070312/ap_on_re_af/zimbabwe_unrest_4">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+police+accused+of+torture&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fap%2F20070312%2Fap_on_re_af%2Fzimbabwe_unrest_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mailandguardian1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mailandguardian1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184732/http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__africa%2F&articleid=301855">"Zimbabwe: Tsvangirai assault was 'attempted murder'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian" title="Mail & Guardian">Mail & Guardian</a></i>. 13 March 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Unbowed+Tsvangirai+urges+defiance&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F6449691.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512043539/http://www10.nytimes.com/aponline/world/AP-Zimbabwe.html">"Zimbabwe Opposition Leader Seized"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Associated Press. 28 March 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+Release+from+the+Minister+for+Foreign+Affairs%3A+Further+Political+Repression+by+the+Mugabe+Regime+in+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Foreignminister.gov.au&rft.date=2007-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignminister.gov.au%2Freleases%2F2007%2Ffa029_07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907235205/http://w01.international.gc.ca/MinPub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=384953&Language=E&docnumber=40">"Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Affairs+and+International+Trade+Canada&rft.pub=W01.international.gc.ca&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw01.international.gc.ca%2Fminpub%2FPublication.aspx%3FisRedirect%3DTrue%26publication_id%3D384953%26Language%3DE%26docnumber%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716153652/http://foreignaffairs.gov.ie/home/index.aspx?id=28477">"Department of Foreign Affairs – Minister Dermot Ahern condemns violence in Zimbabwe"</a>. Foreignaffairs.gov.ie. 15 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foreignaffairs.gov.ie/home/index.aspx?id=28477">the original</a> on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+%E2%80%93+Minister+Dermot+Ahern+condemns+violence+in+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Foreignaffairs.gov.ie&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforeignaffairs.gov.ie%2Fhome%2Findex.aspx%3Fid%3D28477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101114085657/http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=c7fe5c38f9a61110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD">"Government of Mauritius"</a>. Gov.mu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=c7fe5c38f9a61110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD">the original</a> on 14 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Mauritius&rft.pub=Gov.mu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mu%2Fportal%2Fsite%2FMainhomepage%2Fmenuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c%2F%3Fcontent_id%3Dc7fe5c38f9a61110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070604014654/http://www.beehive.govt.nz/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=28620">"Beehive – Peters calls for release of Mugabe opponents"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beehive.govt.nz/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=28620">the original</a> on 4 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beehive+%E2%80%93+Peters+calls+for+release+of+Mugabe+opponents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beehive.govt.nz%2FViewDocument.aspx%3FDocumentID%3D28620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6452451.stm">Call for extra Zimbabwe sanctions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070317193722/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6452451.stm">Archived</a> 17 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 14 March 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.monstersandcritics.com/africa/news/article_1276700.php/South_Africa_&quotconcern&quot_but_no_condemnation_over_Zimbabwe__Roundup_">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070322000038/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/africa/news/article_1276700.php/South_Africa_%26quotconcern%26quot_but_no_condemnation_over_Zimbabwe__Roundup_">Archived</a> 22 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The government stopped short of a condemnation, much less any sanctions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carlbildt.wordpress.com/2007/03/13/overgrepp-i-zimbabwe/">Övergrepp i Zimbabwe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070327070154/http://carlbildt.wordpress.com/2007/03/13/overgrepp-i-zimbabwe/">Archived</a> 27 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from Carl Bildt's official blog <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carlbildt.wordpress.com/">Alla dessa dagar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922061528/http://carlbildt.wordpress.com/">Archived</a> 22 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 13 March 2007. Retrieved: 19 March 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2007/March/20070314175756esnamfuak0.252453.html">Additional Zimbabwe Sanctions Possible, State Department Says</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128202000/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2007/March/20070314175756esnamfuak0.252453.html">Archived</a> 28 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. USINFO. 14 March 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930012406/http://www.swradioafrica.com/pages/MDCDies251007.htm">"MDC activist Nhamo Musekiwa dies"</a>. Swradioafrica.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89+News&rft.atitle=Extended+coverage+of+his+Belfast+news+conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdynamic.rte.ie%2Fav%2F230-2375190-320-180.smil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24966243">"Report: Zimbabwe releases opposition leader"</a>. <i>MSNBC</i>. 4 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605130028/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24966243/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Zimbabwe+releases+opposition+leader&rft.date=2008-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna24966243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7436904.stm">"Zimbabwe opposition leader freed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921064606/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7436904.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+opposition+leader+freed&rft.date=2008-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7436904.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041031/http://www.goerie.com/article/20080605/NEWS07/343656131">"Zimbabwe's Tsvangirai resumes campaign"</a>. <i>GoErie</i>. 5 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goerie.com/article/20080605/NEWS07/343656131">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GoErie&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%27s+Tsvangirai+resumes+campaign&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goerie.com%2Farticle%2F20080605%2FNEWS07%2F343656131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span>", <i>Associated Press</i>, 5 June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africasia.com/services/news/newsitem.php?area=africa&item=080606102033.v4zvnmc6.php">Zimbabwe opposition leader stopped again by police</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718153035/http://www.africasia.com/services/news/newsitem.php?area=africa&item=080606102033.v4zvnmc6.php">Archived</a> 18 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a></i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/05/06/odinga-zimbabwe-an-embarrassment-to-africa/">the original</a> on 10 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odinga%3A+Zimbabwe+an+embarrassment+to+Africa+-+zimbabwemetro.com&rft.date=2008-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzimbabwemetro.com%2F2008%2F05%2F06%2Fodinga-zimbabwe-an-embarrassment-to-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-March-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-March_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=nw20080125164645870C648410">"<i>Mugabe has slapped Mbeki's efforts</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130195231/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=nw20080125164645870C648410">Archived</a> 30 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sapa-AFP (<i>IOL</i>), 25 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poll-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poll_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7209194.stm">"<i>Zimbabwe sets March date for poll</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080128165028/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7209194.stm">Archived</a> 28 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 25 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confirmed-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Confirmed_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i9aiJMhhB-k2LjLRhKWcRdcwyptg">"<i>Zimbabwe presidential candidates confirmed</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080326070902/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i9aiJMhhB-k2LjLRhKWcRdcwyptg">Archived</a> 26 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, AFP, 15 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP02May08-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP02May08_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041443/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D90DDDTOA.html">"AP: Zimbabwe's opposition questions electoral commission tally"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D90DDDTOA.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AP%3A+Zimbabwe%27s+opposition+questions+electoral+commission+tally&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1A1-D90DDDTOA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC02May08-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC02May08_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7380445.stm">"Zimbabwe announces poll results"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930103619/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7380445.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+announces+poll+results&rft.date=2008-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7380445.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/120F611D-8EBB-4DF6-B23D-2C4415C90CB7.htm">"<i>Zimbabwe MDC accept run-off vote</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510155227/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/120F611D-8EBB-4DF6-B23D-2C4415C90CB7.htm">Archived</a> 10 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Al Jazeera, 10 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/05/13/africa/OUKWD-UK-ZIMBABWE-ELECTION-TSVANGIRAI.php">"<i>Zimbabwe MDC says regional observers enough for run-off</i>"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> (<i>International Herald Tribune</i>), 13 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-June-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-June_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3045&art_id=nw20080516165325882C474016">"<i>Zimbabwe run-off set for 27 June</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021453/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sapa-Associated Press (<i>IOL</i>), 16 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson Banya, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3045&art_id=nw20080517133723890C787824">"<i>Tsvangirai's life in danger</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021453/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters (<i>IOL</i>), 17 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson Banya, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20080519133013465C487238">"<i>Army plots to kill Tsvangirai – MDC</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021453/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters (<i>IOL</i>), 19 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=vn20080520060420524C341275">"<i>Tsvangirai less of a leader than Mugabe?</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021453/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sapa-AFP, <i>The Mercury</i> (<i>IOL</i>), 20 May 2008, page 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/24/AR2008052400573.htmlOpposition">leader returns to Zimbabwe</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>", Associated Press, 24 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fanuel Jongwe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3045&art_id=nw20080530160330797C735883">"<i>Tsvangirai bemoans Zimbabwe's 'state of despair</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021453/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sapa-AFP (<i>IOL</i>), 30 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maps-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maps_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maps_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3045&art_id=nw20080530154247534C335771">"<i>MDC 'parliament' maps out future</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021453/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sapa-DPA (<i>IOL</i>), 30 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3045&art_id=nw20080530171458551C628449">"<i>Tsvangirai is anti-Zimbabwean</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021453/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sapa (<i>IOL</i>), 30 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3045&art_id=nw20080604193417487C474415">"<i>Tsvangirai held by Zimbabwe police</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021453/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sapa-AFP (<i>IOL</i>), 4 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basildon Peta and agencies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3045&art_id=vn20080605070603629C498751">"<i>World stands up for Tsvangirai</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021453/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Star</i> (<i>IOL</i>), 5 June 2008, page 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=nw20080605124304500C549416">"<i>Back to business for Tsvangirai</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021453/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sapa-Associated Press (<i>IOL</i>), 5 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Shaw, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/zimbabwe-opposition-leader-pulling-out-of-election/">Zimbabwe opposition leader pulling out of election</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122120/http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/zimbabwe-opposition-leader-pulling-out-of-election/">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Associated Press, 22 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goshennews.com/news/zimbabwe-opposition-leader-seeks-refuge-with-dutch/article_b7f30b00-3f8b-5831-9cf7-297fb5f95401.html">Zimbabwe opposition leader seeks refuge with Dutch</a>", Associated Press, reprinted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goshen_News" title="The Goshen News">The Goshen News</a></i>, 23 June 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018195944/https://www.goshennews.com/news/zimbabwe-opposition-leader-seeks-refuge-with-dutch/article_b7f30b00-3f8b-5831-9cf7-297fb5f95401.html">archived</a> 18 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/world/africa/22zimbabwe.html?fta=y">Zimbabwe Rivals Meet in Bid to End Crisis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214200753/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/world/africa/22zimbabwe.html?fta=y">Archived</a> 14 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, 22 July 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsnet.co.zw/index.php?nID=13831">newsnet.co, Deal finally sealed</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2008" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (12 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/12/zimbabwe">"Zimbabwe deal gives power to Tsvangirai"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902225613/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/12/zimbabwe">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+deal+gives+power+to+Tsvangirai&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fsep%2F12%2Fzimbabwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capetimes.co.za/?fArticleId=4607058">"Zimbabwe rivals reach historic power deal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cape_Times" title="Cape Times">Cape Times</a></i>. 5 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232202/http://www.capetimes.co.za/?fArticleId=4607058">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cape+Times&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+rivals+reach+historic+power+deal&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capetimes.co.za%2F%3FfArticleId%3D4607058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510203705/http://hararetribune.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=244%3Abreaking-news-a-gnu-deal-is-agreed-on-&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=50">"GNU deal between Mugabe and Tsvangirai agreed on"</a>. <i>Harare Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hararetribune.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=244:breaking-news-a-gnu-deal-is-agreed-on-&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50">the original</a> on 10 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harare+Tribune&rft.atitle=GNU+deal+between+Mugabe+and+Tsvangirai+agreed+on&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhararetribune.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D244%3Abreaking-news-a-gnu-deal-is-agreed-on-%26catid%3D1%3Alatest-news%26Itemid%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223074754/http://www.dispatch.co.za:80/article.aspx?id=248225">"Zimbabwe leaders 'closing in on deal'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Dispatch" title="Daily Dispatch">Daily Dispatch</a></i>. 12 November 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rivals+sign+Zimbabwe+power-share+deal&rft.date=2008-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F09%2F15%2Fzimbabwe.powershare%2F%3Firef%3Dmpstoryview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article4756995.ece">Power-sharing deal signed in Zimbabwe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917232925/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article4756995.ece">Archived</a> 17 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26715920">"Zimbabwe power-sharing deal signed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 15 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dugger">Dugger, Celia W.</a> (31 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/world/africa/31zimbabwe.html?hp">"Opposition Party to Join Zimbabwe's Government"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033603/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/world/africa/31zimbabwe.html?hp">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%27s+opposition+leader+Morgan+Tsvangirai+%27critically+ill%27&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-42958698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurke2018" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Jason (14 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/14/morgan-tsvangirai-zimbabwe-opposition-leader-dies-aged-65">"Morgan Tsvangirai, Zimbabwe opposition leader, dies aged 65"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2013/02/28/tsvangirai-conferred-with-honorary-doctorate">the original</a> on 15 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DailyNews.co.zw&rft.atitle=Tsvangirai+conferred+with+honorary+doctorate+%E2%80%93+DailyNews+Live&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynews.co.zw%2Farticles%2F2013%2F02%2F28%2Ftsvangirai-conferred-with-honorary-doctorate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChan2005" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Stephen (2005). <i>Citizen of Africa: Conversations with Morgan Tsvangirai</i>. Bethesda: Academica Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-933146-22-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-933146-22-2"><bdi>1-933146-22-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+of+Africa%3A+Conversations+with+Morgan+Tsvangirai&rft.place=Bethesda&rft.pub=Academica+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-933146-22-2&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBizos2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bizos" title="George Bizos">Bizos, George</a> (2007). <i>Odyssey to Freedom</i>. Houghton: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9584195-8-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9584195-8-1"><bdi>978-0-9584195-8-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odyssey+to+Freedom&rft.place=Houghton&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9584195-8-1&rft.aulast=Bizos&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHudleston2005" class="citation book cs1">Hudleston, Sarah (2005). <a href="/wiki/Face_of_Courage:_Morgan_Tsvangirai" class="mw-redirect" title="Face of Courage: Morgan Tsvangirai"><i>Face of Courage: Morgan Tsvangirai</i></a>. Cape Town: Double Storey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77013-005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77013-005-0"><bdi>978-1-77013-005-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Face+of+Courage%3A+Morgan+Tsvangirai&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Double+Storey&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-77013-005-0&rft.aulast=Hudleston&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorgan+Tsvangirai" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Tsvangirai&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Morgan_Tsvangirai" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Morgan Tsvangirai">Morgan Tsvangirai</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdc.co.zw">MDC website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327021720/http://www.mdc.co.zw/">Archived</a> 27 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1jNBUr_nis"><span class="plainlinks">Video interview of Morgan Tsvangirai at the World Economic Forum on Africa 2011</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?67384">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(prior_to_2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change (prior to 2005)">Movement for Democratic Change</a> </b><br />1999–2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>MDC party split </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change-Tsvangirai</a> </b><br />2005–2018 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe">Prime Minister of Zimbabwe</a> </b><br />2009–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Position abolished </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Template talk:Morgan Tsvangirai"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Morgan Tsvangirai"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Morgan_Tsvangirai46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morgan Tsvangirai</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Shadow_Cabinet_of_Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="First Shadow Cabinet of Morgan Tsvangirai">First Shadow Cabinet (2000-2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Shadow_Cabinet_of_Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Second Shadow Cabinet of Morgan Tsvangirai">Second Shadow Cabinet (2013-present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_presidential_election,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean presidential election, 2002">Zimbabwean presidential election, 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_presidential_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008">Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_presidential_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean presidential election, 2013">Zimbabwean presidential election, 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Zimbabwean_political_negotiations" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–09 Zimbabwean political negotiations">2008–09 Zimbabwean political negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Government_of_National_Unity_of_2009" title="Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009">Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions">Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(prior_to_2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change (prior to 2005)">Movement for Democratic Change (prior to 2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Tsvangirai" title="Susan Tsvangirai">Susan Tsvangirai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Zimbabwe&#124;link=Zimbabwe_Ministers_of_the_Zimbabwean_Government_of_Morgan_Tsvangirai291" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zimbabwe_government_ministers_2009" title="Template:Zimbabwe government ministers 2009"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zimbabwe_government_ministers_2009" title="Template talk:Zimbabwe government ministers 2009"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zimbabwe_government_ministers_2009" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zimbabwe government ministers 2009"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Zimbabwe&#124;link=Zimbabwe_Ministers_of_the_Zimbabwean_Government_of_Morgan_Tsvangirai291" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/36px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Zimbabwe" title="Cabinet of Zimbabwe">Ministers of the Zimbabwean Government</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morgan Tsvangirai</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>February 2009–September 2013 (<a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Government_of_National_Unity_of_2009" title="Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009">in coalition</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:0.5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:34%;"><div> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morgan Tsvangirai</a> <small>(Prime Minister)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara">Arthur Mutambara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thokozani_Khuphe" class="mw-redirect" title="Thokozani Khuphe">Thokozani Khuphe</a> <small>(Deputy Prime Ministers)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Tendai_Biti" title="Tendai Biti">Tendai Biti</a> <small>(Finance)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Elphas_Mukonoweshuro" title="Elphas Mukonoweshuro">Elphas Mukonoweshuro</a> <small>( Public Service)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dzinotyiweyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Dzinotyiweyi">Henry Dzinotyiwei</a> <small>(Science and Technology Development)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Elton_Mangoma" title="Elton Mangoma">Elton Mangoma</a> <small>(Economic Planning and Investment Promotion)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Misihairabwi-Mushonga" title="Priscilla Misihairabwi-Mushonga">Priscilla Misihairabwi-Mushonga</a> <small>(Regional Integration and International Cooperation)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Giles_Mutsekwa" title="Giles Mutsekwa">Giles Mutsekwa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kembo_Mohadi" title="Kembo Mohadi">Kembo Mohadi</a> <small>(Home Affairs)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Madzorera" title="Henry Madzorera">Henry Madzorera</a> <small>(Health and Child Welfare)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/David_Coltart" title="David Coltart">David Coltart</a> <small>(Education, Sport and Culture)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Matinenga" title="Eric Matinenga">Eric Matinenga</a> <small>(Constitutional and Parliamentary Affairs)</small><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Olivia_Muchena" title="Olivia Muchena">Olivia Muchena</a> <small>(Women Affairs, Gender and Community Development</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> <small>(Defence)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Saviour_Kasukuwere" title="Saviour Kasukuwere">Saviour Kasukuwere</a> <small>(Youth Development, Indigenisation and Empowerment)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Chombo" title="Ignatius Chombo">Ignatius Chombo</a> <small>(Local Government and Urban Development)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Chinamasa" title="Patrick Chinamasa">Patrick Chinamasa</a> <small>(Justice )</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Made" title="Joseph Made">Joseph Made</a> <small>(Agriculture)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Murerwa" title="Herbert Murerwa">Herbert Murerwa</a> <small>(Lands and Land Resettlement)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Nhema" title="Francis Nhema">Francis Nhema</a> <small>(Environment)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mzembi" title="Walter Mzembi">Walter Mzembi</a> <small>(Tourism)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Goche" title="Nicholas Goche">Nicholas Goche</a> <small>(Transport)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Obert_Mpofu" title="Obert Mpofu">Obert Mpofu</a> <small>(Mines and Mining Development)</small><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sipepa_Nkomo" title="Samuel Sipepa Nkomo">Samuel Sipepa Nkomo</a> <small>(State Enterprise and Parastatals)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Chamisa" title="Nelson Chamisa">Nelson Chamisa</a> <small>(Information and Communications Technology)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Welshman_Ncube" title="Welshman Ncube">Welshman Ncube</a> <small>(Industry and Commerce)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Makoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresa Makoni">Theresa Makoni</a> <small>(Public Works)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Fidelis_Mhashu" title="Fidelis Mhashu">Fidelis Mhashu</a> <small>(National Housing and Social Amenities)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Elias_Mudzuri" title="Elias Mudzuri">Elias Mudzuri</a> <small>(Energy and Power Development)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Joel_Gabuza" title="Joel Gabuza">Joel Gabuza</a> <small>(Water Resources and Development</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Paurine_Mpariwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Paurine Mpariwa">Paurine Mpariwa</a> <small>(Labour and Social Welfare</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Simbarashe_Mumbengegwi" title="Simbarashe Mumbengegwi">Simbarashe Mumbengegwi</a> <small>(Foreign Affairs)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Webster_Shamu" title="Webster Shamu">Webster Shamu</a> <small>(Information and Publicity)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Stan_Mudenge" title="Stan Mudenge">Stan Mudenge</a> <small>(Higher and Tertiary Education)</small><br /> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Zimbabwe_and_its_antecedents1181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zimbabwe_PMs" title="Template:Zimbabwe PMs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zimbabwe_PMs" title="Template talk:Zimbabwe PMs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zimbabwe_PMs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zimbabwe PMs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Zimbabwe_and_its_antecedents1181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe">Prime ministers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and its antecedents</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> <br /> (1923–1965, the internationally accepted legal name until 1980)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coghlan_(politician)" title="Charles Coghlan (politician)">Charles Coghlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Unwin_Moffat" title="Howard Unwin Moffat">Howard Unwin Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mitchell_(Rhodesian_politician)" title="George Mitchell (Rhodesian politician)">George Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Huggins" title="Godfrey Huggins">Godfrey Huggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_Todd" title="Garfield Todd">Garfield Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Whitehead" title="Edgar Whitehead">Edgar Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Field" title="Winston Field">Winston Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> <br /> (1953–1963, of which <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> was part)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Huggins,_1st_Viscount_Malvern" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern">Godfrey Huggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Welensky" title="Roy Welensky">Roy Welensky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> <br /> (1965–1979, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">an unrecognised state</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_%281979%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_%281979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_%281979%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_%281979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_%281979%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_%281979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a> <br /> (1979, <a href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">an unrecognised state</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <br /> (since 1980, <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">a recognised state</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morgan Tsvangirai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Zimbabwe435" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zimbabwean_political_parties" title="Template:Zimbabwean political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zimbabwean_political_parties" title="Template talk:Zimbabwean political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zimbabwean_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zimbabwean political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Zimbabwe435" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of political parties in Zimbabwe">Political parties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Parliament of Zimbabwe">Parliamentary</a> parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front</a> (ZANU–PF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Coalition_for_Change" title="Citizens Coalition for Change">Citizens Coalition for Change</a> (CCC)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/80px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/120px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/160px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Democrats_(Zimbabwe)" title="Coalition of Democrats (Zimbabwe)">Coalition of Democrats</a> (CODE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(Zimbabwe)" title="Liberal Democrats (Zimbabwe)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn" title="Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn">Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</a> (MDC–T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthwakazi_Republic_Party" title="Mthwakazi Republic Party">Mthwakazi Republic Party</a> (MRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_Good_Governance" title="National Alliance for Good Governance">National Alliance for Good Governance</a> (NAGG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Patriotic_Front_(Zimbabwe)" title="National Patriotic Front (Zimbabwe)">National Patriotic Front</a> (NPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Mandebeleland" title="Patriotic Union of Mandebeleland">Patriotic Union of Mandebeleland</a> (PUMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Movement_for_Democratic_Change" title="United Movement for Democratic Change">United Movement for Democratic Change</a> (UMDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Zimbabwe)" title="United People's Party (Zimbabwe)">United People's Party</a> (UPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Parties" title="United Parties">United Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Ndonga" title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga">Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga</a> (ZANU–Ndonga)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</a> (ZAPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union_%E2%80%93_Federal_Party" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union – Federal Party">Zimbabwe African People's Union – Federal Party</a> (ZAPU–FP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Development_Party" title="Zimbabwe Development Party">Zimbabwe Development Party</a> (ZDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_First_Party" title="Zimbabwe First Party">Zimbabwe First Party</a> (ZimFirst)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Labour_Party" title="Zimbabwe Labour Party">Zimbabwe Labour Party</a> (ZLP)</li> <li>Zimbabwe Youth in Alliance (ZYA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct Zimbabwean<br />parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Alliance_of_Zimbabwe" title="Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe">Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe</a> (CAZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Party" title="Forum Party">Forum Party of Zimbabwe</a> (FPZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(1999%E2%80%932005)" title="Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)">Movement for Democratic Change</a> (MDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_Alliance" title="Movement for Democratic Change Alliance">Movement for Democratic Change Alliance</a> (MDC-Alliance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Ncube" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Ncube">Movement for Democratic Change – Ncube</a> (MDC–N)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Front_(Zimbabwe)" title="Patriotic Front (Zimbabwe)">Patriotic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Zimbabwe)" title="People's Democratic Party (Zimbabwe)">People's Democratic Party</a> (PDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Front_(Zimbabwe)" title="Republican Front (Zimbabwe)">Republican Front</a> (RF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_African_National_Council" title="United African National Council">United African National Council</a> (UANC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union</a> (ZANU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Unity_Movement" title="Zimbabwe Unity Movement">Zimbabwe Unity Movement</a> (ZUM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_United_People%27s_Organisation" title="Zimbabwe United People's Organisation">Zimbabwe United People's Organisation</a> (ZUPO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct Rhodesian<br />parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Party" title="Central Africa Party">Central Africa Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Rhodesia)" title="Centre Party (Rhodesia)">Centre Party</a> (CP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Youth_League" title="City Youth League">City Youth League</a> (CYL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Party" title="Confederate Party">Confederate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party" title="Dominion Party">Dominion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland)" title="Federal Party (Rhodesia and Nyasaland)">Federal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Southern_Rhodesia)" title="National Democratic Party (Southern Rhodesia)">National Democratic Party</a> (NDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Southern_Rhodesia)" title="Reform Party (Southern Rhodesia)">Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_Government_Association" title="Responsible Government Association">Responsible Government Association</a> (RGA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Action_Party" title="Rhodesian Action Party">Rhodesian Action Party</a> (RAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Front" title="Rhodesian Front">Rhodesian Front</a> (RF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Labour_Party" title="Rhodesia Labour Party">Rhodesia Labour Party</a> (RLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_National_Party" title="Rhodesia National Party">Rhodesia National Party</a> (RNP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_White_People%27s_Party" title="Rhodesian White People's Party">Rhodesian White People's Party</a> (RWPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_African_National_Congress" title="Southern Rhodesia African National Congress">Southern Rhodesia African National Congress</a> (SRANC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_Communist_Party" title="Southern Rhodesia Communist Party">Southern Rhodesia Communist Party</a> (SRCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_Liberal_Party" title="Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party">Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party</a> (SRLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Federal_Party" title="United Federal Party">United Federal Party</a> (UFP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Federal_Party" title="United National Federal Party">United National Federal Party</a> (UNFP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Rhodesia_Party" title="United Rhodesia Party">United Rhodesia Party</a> (URP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Banana" title="Canaan Banana">Canaan Banana</a> (ZANU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> (ZANU–PF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> (ZANU–PF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> (ZANU–PF)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morgan Tsvangirai</a> (MDC–T)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Chamisa" title="Nelson Chamisa">Nelson Chamisa</a> (MDC–T, CCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara">Arthur Mutambara</a> (MDC–M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</a> (UANC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a> (ZAPU, ZANU–PF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welshman_Ncube" title="Welshman Ncube">Welshman Ncube</a> (MDC–N)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndabaningi_Sithole" title="Ndabaningi Sithole">Ndabaningi Sithole</a> (ZANU, ZANU–Ndonga)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morgan Tsvangirai</a> (MDC, MDC–T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a> (RF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Liberation_Army" title="Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army">ZANLA</a> (ZANU, ZANU–PF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army">ZIPRA</a> (ZAPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Zimbabwe" title="Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe">FROLIZI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Politics of Zimbabwe">Politics of Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2008_Zimbabwean_presidential_election_and_subsequent_events120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_elections,_Zimbabwe" title="Template:2008 elections, Zimbabwe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2008_elections,_Zimbabwe" title="Template talk:2008 elections, Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2008_elections,_Zimbabwe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2008 elections, Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2008_Zimbabwean_presidential_election_and_subsequent_events120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2008 Zimbabwean general election">2008 Zimbabwean presidential election</a> and subsequent events</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Patriotic_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front">ZANU-PF</a>)</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morgan Tsvangirai</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">MDC-T</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_Makoni" title="Simba Makoni">Simba Makoni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn" title="Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn">Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Simba_Makoni_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Simba Makoni 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langton_Towungana" title="Langton Towungana">Langton Towungana</a> (independent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2008 Zimbabwean general election">First round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2008 Zimbabwean general election">Parliamentary election</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constituency_results_of_the_2008_Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election" title="Constituency results of the 2008 Zimbabwean parliamentary election">constituency results</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaigning_for_the_2008_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" title="Campaigning for the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election">Campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_counting_for_the_2008_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" title="Vote counting for the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election">Vote counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Southern_African_Development_Community_emergency_meeting" title="2008 Southern African Development Community emergency meeting">SADC meeting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Yue_Jiang" title="An Yue Jiang">An Yue Jiang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mavhoterapapi" title="Operation Mavhoterapapi">Operation Mavhoterapapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ngatipedzenavo" title="Operation Ngatipedzenavo">Operation Ngatipedzenavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_round_of_voting_in_the_2008_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" title="Second round of voting in the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election">Second round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reaction_to_the_2008_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" title="International reaction to the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election">International reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Zimbabwean_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Zimbabwean Parliament">Seventh Zimbabwean Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Zimbabwean_political_negotiations" title="2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations">Political negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">Cholera outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara">Arthur Mutambara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Mutambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Mutambara">MDC-M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Operations_Command_(Zimbabwe)" title="Joint Operations Command (Zimbabwe)">Joint Operations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(pre-2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change (pre-2005)">Movement for Democratic Change (MDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Patriotic_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front">Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Government_of_National_Unity_of_2009" title="Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009">Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_and_Implementation_Committee" title="Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee">Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_7th_Parliament_of_Zimbabwe_(2008–2013)414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template:7th Parliament of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:7th_Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template talk:7th Parliament of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:7th_Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:7th Parliament of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_7th_Parliament_of_Zimbabwe_(2008–2013)414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="7th Parliament of Zimbabwe">7th Parliament of Zimbabwe</a> (2008–2013)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Constituency_results_of_the_2008_Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election" title="Constituency results of the 2008 Zimbabwean parliamentary election">As elected or transferred</a> since the <a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2008 Zimbabwean general election">2008 parliamentary elections</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">MDC-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsvangirai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cross" title="Eddie Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thokozani_Khuphe" class="mw-redirect" title="Thokozani Khuphe">Khuphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovemore_Moyo" title="Lovemore Moyo">L. Moyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai_Biti" title="Tendai Biti">Biti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dzinotyiweyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Dzinotyiweyi">Dzinotyiweyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_Mangoma" title="Elton Mangoma">Mangoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Makoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresa Makoni">Makoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Matinenga" title="Eric Matinenga">Matinenga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorcas_Sibanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorcas Sibanda (page does not exist)">D. Sibanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabitha_Khumalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thabitha Khumalo (page does not exist)">T. Khumalo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Dube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelius Dube (page does not exist)">C. Dube</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Nkomo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Nkomo (page does not exist)">S. Nkomo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggie_Moyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reggie Moyo (page does not exist)">R. Moyo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Sibanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Sibanda (page does not exist)">F. Sibanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiso_Moyo" title="Seiso Moyo">S. Moyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamsanqa_Mahlangu" title="Thamsanqa Mahlangu">T. Mahlangu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Mhlanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Mhlanga (page does not exist)">A. Mhlanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelis_Mhashu" title="Fidelis Mhashu">Mhashu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misheck_Shoko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misheck Shoko (page does not exist)">M. Shoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Masaiti" title="Evelyn Masaiti">Masaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Jembere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elias Jembere (page does not exist)">Jembere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gift_Dzirutwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gift Dzirutwe (page does not exist)">Dzirutwe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funny_Munengani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funny Munengani (page does not exist)">Munengani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Madzore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Madzore (page does not exist)">P. Madzore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murisi_Zwizwai" title="Murisi Zwizwai">Zwizwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Majome" title="Jessie Majome">J. Majome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapiwa_Mashakada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapiwa Mashakada (page does not exist)">Mashakada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_Mungofa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearson Mungofa (page does not exist)">Mungofa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Hove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Hove (page does not exist)">Hove</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_Madzimure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis Madzimure (page does not exist)">Madzimure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucia_Matibenga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucia Matibenga (page does not exist)">Matibenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Chamisa" title="Nelson Chamisa">N. Chamisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piniel_Denga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piniel Denga (page does not exist)">Denga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Timba" title="Jameson Timba">Timba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paurina_Mpariwa" title="Paurina Mpariwa">P. Mpariwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gift_Chimanikire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gift Chimanikire (page does not exist)">Chimanikire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marvellous_Khumalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marvellous Khumalo (page does not exist)">M. Khumalo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Matienga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Matienga (page does not exist)">M. Matienga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shepherd_Madamombe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shepherd Madamombe (page does not exist)">Madmombe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexio_Musundire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexio Musundire (page does not exist)">Musundire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collen_Gwiyo" title="Collen Gwiyo">Gwiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangwara_Matimba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangwara Matimba (page does not exist)">Matimba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naison_Nemadziva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naison Nemadziva (page does not exist)">Nemadziva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynette_Karenyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynette Karenyi (page does not exist)">Karenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathias_Matewu_Mlambo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathias Matewu Mlambo (page does not exist)">Mlambo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meki_Makuyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meki Makuyana (page does not exist)">Makuyuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibonile_Nyamudeza" title="Sibonile Nyamudeza">Nyamudeza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giles_Tariyafero_Mutsekwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giles Tariyafero Mutsekwa (page does not exist)">Mutsekwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Nyamande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Nyamande (page does not exist)">Nyamande</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pishai_Muchauraya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pishai Muchauraya (page does not exist)">Muchauraya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webber_Chinyadza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Webber Chinyadza (page does not exist)">Chinyadza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapfiwa_Prosper_Mutseyami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapfiwa Prosper Mutseyami (page does not exist)">Mutseyami</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innocent_Tinashe_Gonese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innocent Tinashe Gonese (page does not exist)">Gonese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuah_Mudiwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuah Mudiwa (page does not exist)">Mudiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trevor_Saruwaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trevor Saruwaka (page does not exist)">Saruwaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Chimhini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Chimhini (page does not exist)">Chimhini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misheck_Kagurabadza" title="Misheck Kagurabadza">Kagurabadza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mwonzora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Mwonzora (page does not exist)">Mwonzora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willard_Chimbetete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willard Chimbetete (page does not exist)">Chimbetete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmore_Marima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmore Marima (page does not exist)">Marima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jani_Marandeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jani Marandeni (page does not exist)">Marandeni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heya_Shoko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heya Shoko (page does not exist)">H. Shoko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Chirume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver Chirume (page does not exist)">Chirume</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramson_Makamure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramson Makamure (page does not exist)">Makamure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmore_Maramwidze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmore Maramwidze (page does not exist)">Maramwidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elphas_Mukonoweshuro" title="Elphas Mukonoweshuro">Mukonoweshuro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_Mare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moses Mare (page does not exist)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_Chitando&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jefferson Chitando (page does not exist)">J. Chitando</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongai_Matutu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tongai Matutu (page does not exist)">Matutu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tachiona_Mharadza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tachiona Mharadza (page does not exist)">Mharadza</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrison_Mudzuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harrison Mudzuri (page does not exist)">H. Mudzuri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mudavanhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Mudavanhu (page does not exist)">Mudavanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Festus_Dongo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Festus Dongo (page does not exist)">F. Dongo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemency_Sibanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemency Sibanda (page does not exist)">C. Sibanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costain_Muguti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costain Muguti (page does not exist)">Muguti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrick_Rutsvara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrick Rutsvara (page does not exist)">Rutsvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing_Chebundo" title="Blessing Chebundo">Chebundo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_Chikwinya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Settlement Chikwinya (page does not exist)">Chikwinya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amos_Chibaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amos Chibaya (page does not exist)">Chibaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anadi_Sisulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anadi Sisulu (page does not exist)">Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodger_Tazviona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodger Tazviona (page does not exist)">Tazviona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Mutambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Mutambara">MDC-M</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara">Mutambara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patric_Dube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patric Dube (page does not exist)">P. Dube</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thandeko_Mnkandla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thandeko Mnkandla (page does not exist)">Mnkandla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siyabonga_Ncube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siyabonga Ncube (page does not exist)">S. Ncube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomalanga_Khumalo" title="Nomalanga Khumalo">N. Khumalo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Mpofu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Mpofu (page does not exist)">Mpoffu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Ndlovu" title="Moses Ndlovu">M. Ndlovu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mkhosi_Edward_Tshotsho_Moyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mkhosi Edward Tshotsho Moyo (page does not exist)">M. E. T. Moyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Patriotic_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front">ZANU-PF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Nyanhongo" title="Hubert Nyanhongo">Nyanhongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembo_Mohadi" title="Kembo Mohadi">Mohadi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Mutomba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Mutomba (page does not exist)">Mutomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Undenge" title="Samuel Undenge">Undenge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_Mwaemura_Chitima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice Mwaemura Chitima (page does not exist)">Chitima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didymus_Mutasa" title="Didymus Mutasa">D. Mutasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrine_Mudau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metrine Mudau (page does not exist)">Mudau</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Langa" title="Andrew Langa">A. Langa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Pemhenai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Pemhenai (page does not exist)">Pemhenai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Sithole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Sithole (page does not exist)">A. Sithole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ndava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Ndava (page does not exist)">Ndava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alois_Baolyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alois Baolyi (page does not exist)">Baolyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mangwana" title="Paul Mangwana">Mangwana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranos_Huruva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tranos Huruva (page does not exist)">Huruva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irvine_Dzingirai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irvine Dzingirai (page does not exist)">Dzingirai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noel_Mandevu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noel Mandevu (page does not exist)">Mandevu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Mudenge" title="Stan Mudenge">Mudenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mzembi" title="Walter Mzembi">Nzembi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kudakwashe_Bhasikiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kudakwashe Bhasikiti (page does not exist)">Bhasikiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilot_Masukume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilot Masukume (page does not exist)">Masukume</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samson_Mukanduri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samson Mukanduri (page does not exist)">Mukanduri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Kanzama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Kanzama (page does not exist)">Kanzama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phares_Hakuna_Maramba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phares Hakuna Maramba (page does not exist)">P. H. Maramba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Mnangagwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kizito_Chivamba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kizito Chivamba (page does not exist)">Chivamba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Mangami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Mangami (page does not exist)">Mangami</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cephas_Sindi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cephas Sindi (page does not exist)">Sindi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Busy_Ngwenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Busy Ngwenya (page does not exist)">B. Ngwenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lovemore_Mupukuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lovemore Mupukuta (page does not exist)">Mupukuta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buka_Flora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buka Flora (page does not exist)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaddy_Sai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaddy Sai (page does not exist)">Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maposhere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maposhere (page does not exist)">Maposhere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhosini_Hlongwane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makhosini Hlongwane (page does not exist)">M. Hlongwane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabulani_Mangena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabulani Mangena (page does not exist)">Mangena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellina_Shirichena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellina Shirichena (page does not exist)">Shirichena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joram_Gumbo" title="Joram Gumbo">Gumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muza_Sheunesu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muza Sheunesu (page does not exist)">Sheunesu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chenayimoyo_Nhema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chenayimoyo Nhema (page does not exist)">Nhema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anastancia_Ndhlovu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anastancia Ndhlovu (page does not exist)">Ndhlovu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephat_Madubeko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josephat Madubeko (page does not exist)">Madubeko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obert_Matshalaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obert Matshalaga (page does not exist)">Matshalaga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Mavima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Mavima (page does not exist)">Mavima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Moyo" title="Jonathan Moyo">J. Moyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57762#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1511" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57762#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1511" 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