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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">FlatBuffers</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wouter_van_Oortmerssen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wouter van Oortmerssen (page does not exist)">Wouter van Oortmerssen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Derek Bailey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">June 17, 2014<span class="noprint">; 10 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2014-06-17</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-announcement_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-announcement-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">24.3.25<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-490b804aee80c9afd421c121b19138acbf971fbf-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-490b804aee80c9afd421c121b19138acbf971fbf-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30645399?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> / 26 March 2024<span class="noprint">; 7 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">26 March 2024</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/google/flatbuffers">github<wbr />.com<wbr />/google<wbr />/flatbuffers</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30645399#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data">serialization format and library, <a href="/wiki/Interface_description_language" title="Interface description language">IDL</a> compiler</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flatbuffers.dev">flatbuffers.dev</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>FlatBuffers</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> implementing a <a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">serialization</a> format similar to <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Buffers" title="Protocol Buffers">Protocol Buffers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Thrift" title="Apache Thrift">Thrift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Avro" title="Apache Avro">Apache Avro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_Binary_Encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple Binary Encoding">SBE</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cap%27n_Proto" title="Cap'n Proto">Cap'n Proto</a>, primarily written by Wouter van Oortmerssen and open-sourced by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>. It supports “zero-copy” deserialization, so that accessing the serialized data does not require first copying it into a separate part of memory. This makes accessing data in these formats much faster than data in formats requiring more extensive processing, such as <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a>, and in many cases Protocol Buffers. Compared to other serialization formats however, the handling of FlatBuffers requires usually more code, and some operations are not possible (like some mutation operations). </p><p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://google.github.io/flatbuffers/md__internals.html">serialized format</a> allows <a href="/wiki/Random_access" title="Random access">random access</a> to specific data elements (e.g. individual string or integer properties) without parsing all data. Unlike Protocol Buffers, which uses <a href="/wiki/Variable-length_quantity" title="Variable-length quantity">variable length integers</a>, FlatBuffers encodes integers in their native size, which favors performance but leads to longer encoded representations. </p><p>FlatBuffers can be used in software written in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golang" class="mw-redirect" title="Golang">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a>, Lobster, <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a>. The schema compiler runs on <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">macOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-githubpage_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-githubpage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but games and other programs use FlatBuffers for serialization work on many other operating systems as well, including <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fire_OS" title="Fire OS">Fire OS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Oortmerssen originally developed FlatBuffers for game development and similar applications.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-announcement_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-announcement-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although FlatBuffers has its own <a href="/wiki/Interface_definition_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface definition language">interface definition language</a> to define the data to be serialized with it, it also supports schemas defined in the Protocol Buffers .proto format.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Users">Users</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlatBuffers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Users"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some notable users of FlatBuffers: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos2d" title="Cocos2d">Cocos2d-x</a>, the popular free-software 2-D game programming library, uses FlatBuffers to serialize all of its game data.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> Android Client uses FlatBuffers for disk storage and communication with Facebook servers. The previously used JSON format was performing poorly.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FlatBuffers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-announcement-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-announcement_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-announcement_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWouter_van_Oortmerssen2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wouter_van_Oortmerssen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wouter van Oortmerssen (page does not exist)">Wouter van Oortmerssen</a> (2014-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2014/06/flatbuffers-memory-efficient.html">"FlatBuffers: A Memory-Efficient Serialization Library"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FlatBuffers%3A+A+Memory-Efficient+Serialization+Library&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.au=Wouter+van+Oortmerssen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandroid-developers.googleblog.com%2F2014%2F06%2Fflatbuffers-memory-efficient.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlatBuffers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-490b804aee80c9afd421c121b19138acbf971fbf-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-490b804aee80c9afd421c121b19138acbf971fbf-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/google/flatbuffers/releases/tag/v24.3.25">"Release 24.3.25"</a>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+24.3.25&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fgoogle%2Fflatbuffers%2Freleases%2Ftag%2Fv24.3.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlatBuffers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-githubpage-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-githubpage_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/google/flatbuffers">"GitHub — google/flatbuffers: Memory Efficient Serialization Library"</a>. GitHub<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GitHub+%E2%80%94+google%2Fflatbuffers%3A+Memory+Efficient+Serialization+Library&rft.pub=GitHub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fgoogle%2Fflatbuffers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlatBuffers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exiin.com/blog/flatbuffers-for-unity-sample-code/">"FlatBuffers for Unity"</a>. eXiin. 2015-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-15</span></span>. <q>We tested flatbuffers [sic] on all major mobile platforms (iOS, Android, Amazon Os [sic], Windows Phone) we're building on[,] and it works pretty well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FlatBuffers+for+Unity&rft.pub=eXiin&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexiin.com%2Fblog%2Fflatbuffers-for-unity-sample-code%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlatBuffers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://google.github.io/flatbuffers/">"FlatBuffers Documentation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-21</span></span>. <q>FlatBuffers is an efficient cross platform serialization library for C++, C#, C, Go, Java, JavaScript, PHP, and Python. It was originally created at Google for game development and other performance-critical applications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FlatBuffers+Documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoogle.github.io%2Fflatbuffers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlatBuffers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenton_Varda2014" class="citation web cs1">Kenton Varda (2014-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capnproto.org/news/2014-06-17-capnproto-flatbuffers-sbe.html">"Cap'n Proto, FlatBuffers, and SBE"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cap%27n+Proto%2C+FlatBuffers%2C+and+SBE&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.au=Kenton+Varda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapnproto.org%2Fnews%2F2014-06-17-capnproto-flatbuffers-sbe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlatBuffers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cocos2d-x.org/reference/native-cpp/V3.5/d7/d2d/namespaceflatbuffers.html">"Cocos2d-x: Flatbuffers Namespace Reference"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cocos2d-x%3A+Flatbuffers+Namespace+Reference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cocos2d-x.org%2Freference%2Fnative-cpp%2FV3.5%2Fd7%2Fd2d%2Fnamespaceflatbuffers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlatBuffers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Xie2015" class="citation web cs1">George Xie (2015-07-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.facebook.com/posts/872547912839369/improving-facebook-s-performance-on-android-with-flatbuffers/">"Improving Facebook's performance on Android with FlatBuffers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-15</span></span>. <q>Story load time from disk cache is reduced from 35 ms to 4 ms per story. Transient memory allocations are reduced by 75 percent. Cold start time is improved by 10-15 percent. We have reduced storage size by 15 percent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Improving+Facebook%27s+performance+on+Android+with+FlatBuffers&rft.date=2015-07-31&rft.au=George+Xie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.facebook.com%2Fposts%2F872547912839369%2Fimproving-facebook-s-performance-on-android-with-flatbuffers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlatBuffers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Google_FOSS" title="Template:Google FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Google_FOSS" title="Template talk:Google FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Google_FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Google FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Google_free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> free and open-source software</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine">OpenRefine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesseract_(software)" title="Tesseract (software)">Tesseract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_(programming_language)" title="Carbon (programming language)">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawzall_(programming_language)" title="Sawzall (programming language)">Sawzall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks and<br />development tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Mobile_Pages" title="Accelerated Mobile Pages">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Beam" 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