CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Feather - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"84b42826-5bdc-407c-9e8b-37ad086808cf","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Feather","wgTitle":"Feather","wgCurRevisionId":1254903946,"wgRevisionId":1254903946,"wgArticleId":50873,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from August 2021","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2014","CS1: long volume value","Commons link is on Wikidata","Feathers","Bird products"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Feather","wgRelevantArticleId":50873,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q81025","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile", "model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg/1200px-Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1786"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg/800px-Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1191"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg/640px-Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="952"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Feather - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Feather rootpage-Feather skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Feather" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Feather" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Feather" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Feather" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structures_and_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structures_and_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structures and characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structures_and_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structures and characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structures_and_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coloration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coloration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Coloration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coloration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Human usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Utilitarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilitarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Utilitarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilitarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In religion and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Functional_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Functional considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Molecular evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feathered_dinosaurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feathered_dinosaurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Feathered dinosaurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feathered_dinosaurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Evolutionary stages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_pterosaurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_pterosaurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>In pterosaurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_pterosaurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Feather</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer_(vo%C3%ABl)" title="Veer (voël) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Veer (voël)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD)" title="ريش (تشريح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريش (تشريح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܐܒܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܒܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pean%C3%A2" title="Peanâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Peanâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploma" title="Ploma – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ploma" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluma" title="Pluma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pluma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikon" title="Mikon – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Mikon" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuyu" title="Phuyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Phuyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%84%DA%A9" title="یئلک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئلک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="পালক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পালক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A1u-mn%CC%82g" title="Chiáu-mn̂g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiáu-mn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Пяро – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пяро" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Пяро – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пяро" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balukag" title="Balukag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Balukag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Перо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perje" title="Perje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Perje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu" title="Plu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploma" title="Ploma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ploma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BA" title="Тĕк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero" title="Pero – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pero" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhenga" title="Manhenga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Manhenga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluen" title="Pluen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pluen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94bigu" title="Kɔbigu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kɔbigu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjer" title="Fjer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fjer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feder" title="Feder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulg" title="Sulg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sulg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluma" title="Pluma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pluma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumo" title="Plumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luma" title="Luma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="پر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume" title="Plume – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plume" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_(f%C3%BBgel)" title="Fear (fûgel) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fear (fûgel)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleite" title="Cleite – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cleite" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ite" title="Ite – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ite" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluma" title="Pluma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pluma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AD-m%C3%B4" title="Yí-mô – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yí-mô" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%83%ED%84%B8" title="깃털 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="깃털" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Փետուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փետուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96" title="पंख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पंख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perje" title="Perje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumo" title="Plumo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulu" title="Bulu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bulu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6%C3%B0ur" title="Fjöður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjöður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94" title="נוצה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulu" title="Wulu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wulu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბუმბული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუმბული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қауырсындар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қауырсындар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyoya" title="Unyoya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Unyoya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plim" title="Plim – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plim" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Пын – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Пын" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penna" title="Penna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Penna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalva" title="Spalva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spalva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieder" title="Fieder – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fieder" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunksna" title="Plunksna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plunksna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll" title="Toll – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toll" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Пердув – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пердув" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BD" title="തൂവൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൂവൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="ბურდღა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბურდღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulu_pelepah" title="Bulu pelepah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bulu pelepah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ငှက်မွေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငှက်မွေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer_(vogel)" title="Veer (vogel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veer (vogel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96" title="प्वाँख – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्वाँख" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E6%AF%9B" title="羽毛 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="羽毛" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A6r" title="Fjær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fjær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B8r" title="Fjør – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fjør" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluma" title="Pluma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pluma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat" title="Pat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AD" title="ਖੰਭ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੰਭ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE" title="پھنگھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پھنگھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedder_(Biologie)" title="Fedder (Biologie) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fedder (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B3ro" title="Pióro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pióro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena" title="Pena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%83" title="Pană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuru" title="Phuru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phuru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Перо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupla" title="Pupla – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pupla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather" title="Feather – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Feather" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%80" title="کنڀ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="کنڀ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perie" title="Perie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Perie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero" title="Pero – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pero" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DA%95" title="پەڕ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Перје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Перје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perje" title="Perje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6yhen" title="Höyhen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Höyhen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A4der_(biologi)" title="Fjäder (biologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fjäder (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="இறகு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறகு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraw" title="Afraw – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Afraw" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%95" title="ఈక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఈక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCy" title="Tüy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tüy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Пташине перо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пташине перо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="پر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4ng_v%C5%A9" title="Lông vũ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lông vũ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plome" title="Plome – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Plome" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barahibu" title="Barahibu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Barahibu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E6%AF%9B" title="羽毛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="羽毛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E6%AF%9B" title="羽毛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羽毛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muye" title="Muye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Muye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plonksna" title="Plonksna – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Plonksna" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E6%AF%9B" title="羽毛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羽毛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81025#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Feather" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Feather"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feather&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feather&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Feather"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feather&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feather&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Feather" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Feather" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feather&oldid=1254903946" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feather&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Feather&id=1254903946&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFeather"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFeather"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Feather&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feather&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feather" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81025" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Body-covering structure of birds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Feather_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Feather (disambiguation)">Feather (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous,_-1907-1910-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg/220px-Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg/330px-Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg/440px-Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption>Feather variations</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Feathers</b> are <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(zoology)" title="Epidermis (zoology)">epidermal</a> growths that form a distinctive outer covering, or <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a>, on both <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">avian</a> (bird) and some non-avian <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a>. They are the most complex <a href="/wiki/Integumentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Integumentary">integumentary</a> structures found in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a><sup id="cite_ref-Prum2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prum2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an example of a complex evolutionary novelty.<sup id="cite_ref-Prum1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are among the characteristics that distinguish the extant <a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">birds</a> from other living groups.<sup id="cite_ref-iridescence_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iridescence-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although feathers cover most of the bird's body, they arise only from certain well-defined tracts on the skin. They aid in flight, thermal insulation, and waterproofing. In addition, coloration helps in communication and <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">protection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pettingill_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettingill-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of feathers is called <b>plumology</b> (or <b>plumage science</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-GalaPlum_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GalaPlum-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LangsFWPlumology_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LangsFWPlumology-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People use feathers in many ways that are practical, cultural, and religious. Feathers are both soft and excellent at trapping <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>; thus, they are sometimes used in high-class <a href="/wiki/Bedding" title="Bedding">bedding</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Pillow" title="Pillow">pillows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blanket" title="Blanket">blankets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mattress" title="Mattress">mattresses</a>. They are also used as filling for winter <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> and outdoor bedding, such as quilted <a href="/wiki/Coat_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat (clothing)">coats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_bag" title="Sleeping bag">sleeping bags</a>. <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">Goose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eider" title="Eider">eider</a> <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">down</a> have great <i>loft</i>, the ability to expand from a compressed, stored state to trap large amounts of compartmentalized, insulating air.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feathers of large birds (most often <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>) have been and are used to make <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a> pens. Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">hunting of birds for decorative and ornamental feathers</a> has endangered some species and helped to contribute to the extinction of others.<sup id="cite_ref-Missouri_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missouri-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, feathers used in fashion and in military headdresses and clothes are obtained as a waste product of poultry farming, including <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostriches</a>. These feathers are dyed and manipulated to enhance their appearance, as poultry feathers are naturally often dull in appearance compared to the feathers of wild birds. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg/220px-Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg/330px-Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg/440px-Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><b>Parts of a feather:</b> <div><ol><li>Vane</li><li>Shaft, rachis</li><li>Barb</li><li>Aftershaft, afterfeather</li><li>Quill, calamus</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Feather derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> "feþer", which is of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> origin; related to Dutch "veer" and German "Feder", from an Indo-European root shared by Sanskrit's "patra" meaning 'wing', Latin's "penna" meaning 'feather', and Greek's "pteron", "pterux" meaning 'wing'. </p><p>Because of feathers being an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quills</a>, which were early pens used for writing, the word <b>pen</b> itself is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>penna</i>, meaning feather.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French word <i>plume</i> can mean <i>feather</i>, <i>quill</i>, or <i>pen</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structures_and_characteristics">Structures and characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feather_zipping_microstructure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Feather_zipping_microstructure.svg/220px-Feather_zipping_microstructure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Feather_zipping_microstructure.svg/330px-Feather_zipping_microstructure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Feather_zipping_microstructure.svg/440px-Feather_zipping_microstructure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Feather microstructure showing interlocking barbules</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigeon_down_SEM.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pigeon_down_SEM.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Pigeon_down_SEM.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="496" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pigeon_down_SEM.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Pigeon_down_SEM.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pigeon_down_SEM.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Pigeon_down_SEM.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption>Anterior region of a contour feather from a <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock dove</a>, visualized using <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning electron microscopy">scanning electron microscopy</a>. Interlocking barbules are clearly seen in the middle image.</figcaption></figure> <p>Feathers are among the most complex <a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">integumentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Appendages" class="mw-redirect" title="Appendages">appendages</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">vertebrates</a> and are formed in tiny follicles in the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(zoology)" title="Epidermis (zoology)">epidermis</a>, or outer skin layer, that produce <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. The <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-keratin" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-keratin">β-keratins</a> in feathers, <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">claws</a> – and the claws, <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shells</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> – are composed of protein strands <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen-bonded</a> into <a href="/wiki/Beta_sheet" title="Beta sheet">β-pleated sheets</a>, which are then further twisted and <a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">crosslinked</a> by <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfide</a> bridges into structures even tougher than the <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-keratin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-keratin">α-keratins</a> of mammalian <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hooves" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooves">hooves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signals</a> that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known, but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pennaceous_feather" title="Pennaceous feather">Pennaceous feather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">Down feather</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Cormoran_(Phalacrocorax_carbo),_Parc_de_Woluw%C3%A9,_Bruxelles_(50915141282).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grand_Cormoran_%28Phalacrocorax_carbo%29%2C_Parc_de_Woluw%C3%A9%2C_Bruxelles_%2850915141282%29.jpg/220px-Grand_Cormoran_%28Phalacrocorax_carbo%29%2C_Parc_de_Woluw%C3%A9%2C_Bruxelles_%2850915141282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grand_Cormoran_%28Phalacrocorax_carbo%29%2C_Parc_de_Woluw%C3%A9%2C_Bruxelles_%2850915141282%29.jpg/330px-Grand_Cormoran_%28Phalacrocorax_carbo%29%2C_Parc_de_Woluw%C3%A9%2C_Bruxelles_%2850915141282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grand_Cormoran_%28Phalacrocorax_carbo%29%2C_Parc_de_Woluw%C3%A9%2C_Bruxelles_%2850915141282%29.jpg/440px-Grand_Cormoran_%28Phalacrocorax_carbo%29%2C_Parc_de_Woluw%C3%A9%2C_Bruxelles_%2850915141282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4876" data-file-height="3596" /></a><figcaption>Filoplumes can be important in nuptial display; in the <a href="/wiki/Great_cormorant" title="Great cormorant">great cormorant</a> they are white, and produced on the head and upper neck at the start of the breeding season, and shed soon after nesting.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parrot-feather.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Parrot-feather.jpg/220px-Parrot-feather.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Parrot-feather.jpg/330px-Parrot-feather.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Parrot-feather.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Feather structure of a <a href="/wiki/Blue-and-yellow_macaw" title="Blue-and-yellow macaw">blue-and-yellow macaw</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are two basic types of feather: vaned feathers which cover the exterior of the body, and <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">down feathers</a> which are underneath the vaned feathers. The <a href="/wiki/Pennaceous_feather" title="Pennaceous feather">pennaceous feathers</a> are vaned feathers. Also called contour feathers, pennaceous feathers arise from tracts and cover the entire body. A third rarer type of feather, the <b>filoplume</b>, is hairlike and are closely associated with pennaceous feathers and are often entirely hidden by them, with one or two filoplumes attached and sprouting from near the same point of the skin as each pennaceous feather, at least on a bird's head, neck and trunk.<sup id="cite_ref-Nitzsch1867_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitzsch1867-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chandler261_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler261-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filoplumes are entirely absent in <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some passerines, filoplumes arise exposed beyond the pennaceous feathers on the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-Prum2002_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remiges, or <a href="/wiki/Flight_feather" title="Flight feather">flight feathers</a> of the wing, and rectrices, or flight feathers of the tail, are the most important feathers for flight. A typical vaned feather features a main shaft, called the <a href="/wiki/Rachis" title="Rachis">rachis</a>. Fused to the rachis are a series of branches, or <b>barbs</b>; the barbs themselves are also branched and form the <b>barbules</b>. These barbules have minute hooks called <b>barbicels</b> for cross-attachment. Down feathers are fluffy because they lack barbicels, so the barbules float free of each other, allowing the down to trap air and provide excellent thermal insulation. At the base of the feather, the rachis expands to form the hollow tubular <i>calamus</i> (or <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a>) which inserts into a <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">follicle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>. The basal part of the calamus is without vanes. This part is embedded within the skin follicle and has an opening at the base (proximal umbilicus) and a small opening on the side (distal umbilicus).<sup id="cite_ref-atlas_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hatchling birds of some species have a special kind of natal down feathers (neossoptiles) which are pushed out when the normal feathers (teleoptiles) emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-Prum2002_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flight feathers are stiffened so as to work against the air in the downstroke but yield in other directions. It has been observed that the orientation pattern of β-keratin fibers in the feathers of flying birds differs from that in flightless birds: the fibers are better aligned along the shaft axis direction towards the tip,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the lateral walls of rachis region show structure of crossed fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_2016_1600360_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang_2016_1600360-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functions">Functions</h3></div> <p>Feathers insulate birds from water and cold temperatures. They may also be plucked to line the nest and provide insulation to the eggs and young. The individual feathers in the wings and tail play important roles in controlling flight.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_2016_1600360_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang_2016_1600360-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species have a <a href="/wiki/Crest_(feathers)" title="Crest (feathers)">crest</a> of feathers on their heads. Although feathers are light, a bird's plumage weighs two or three times more than its skeleton, since many bones are hollow and contain air sacs. Color patterns serve as <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> against <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> for birds in their habitats, and serve as camouflage for predators looking for a meal. As with fish, the top and bottom colors may be different, in order to provide camouflage during flight. Striking differences in feather patterns and colors are part of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> of many bird species and are particularly important in the selection of mating pairs. In some cases, there are differences in the UV reflectivity of feathers across sexes even though no differences in color are noted in the visible range.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wing feathers of male <a href="/wiki/Club-winged_manakin" title="Club-winged manakin">club-winged manakins</a> <i>Machaeropterus deliciosus</i> have special structures that are used to produce sounds by <a href="/wiki/Stridulation" title="Stridulation">stridulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuineaFeather.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/GuineaFeather.jpg/220px-GuineaFeather.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/GuineaFeather.jpg/330px-GuineaFeather.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/GuineaFeather.jpg/440px-GuineaFeather.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1508" /></a><figcaption>A contour feather from a <a href="/wiki/Guinea_fowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea fowl">Guinea fowl</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some birds have a supply of <a href="/wiki/Powder_down" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder down">powder down</a> feathers that grow continuously, with small particles regularly breaking off from the ends of the barbules. These particles produce a <a href="/wiki/Powder_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder (substance)">powder</a> that sifts through the feathers on the bird's body and acts as a waterproofing agent and a feather <a href="/wiki/Conditioner_(chemistry)" title="Conditioner (chemistry)">conditioner</a>. Powder down has evolved independently in several taxa and can be found in down as well as in pennaceous feathers. They may be scattered in plumage as in the pigeons and parrots or in localized patches on the breast, belly, or flanks, as in herons and frogmouths. Herons use their bill to break the powder down feathers and to spread them, while cockatoos may use their head as a powder puff to apply the powder.<sup id="cite_ref-delhey_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delhey-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waterproofing can be lost by exposure to <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsifying agents</a> due to human pollution. Feathers can then become waterlogged, causing the bird to sink. It is also very difficult to clean and rescue birds whose feathers have been fouled by <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>. The feathers of cormorants soak up water and help to reduce buoyancy, thereby allowing the birds to swim submerged.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BarbetRictalBristle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BarbetRictalBristle.jpg/220px-BarbetRictalBristle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BarbetRictalBristle.jpg/330px-BarbetRictalBristle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BarbetRictalBristle.jpg/440px-BarbetRictalBristle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Rictal bristles of a <a href="/wiki/White-cheeked_barbet" title="White-cheeked barbet">white-cheeked barbet</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bristle" title="Bristle">Bristles</a> are stiff, tapering feathers with a large rachis but few barbs. <b>Rictal bristles</b> are found around the eyes and bill. They may serve a similar purpose to <a href="/wiki/Eyelash" title="Eyelash">eyelashes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vibrissae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrissae">vibrissae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. Although there is as yet no clear evidence, it has been suggested that rictal bristles have sensory functions and may help insectivorous birds to capture prey.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one study, willow flycatchers (<i><a href="/wiki/Empidonax_traillii" class="mw-redirect" title="Empidonax traillii">Empidonax traillii</a></i>) were found to catch insects equally well before and after removal of the rictal bristles.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">Grebes</a> are peculiar in their habit of ingesting their own feathers and feeding them to their young. Observations on their diet of fish and the frequency of feather eating suggest that ingesting feathers, particularly down from their flanks, aids in forming easily ejectable pellets.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pterylae.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pterylae.svg/220px-Pterylae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pterylae.svg/330px-Pterylae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pterylae.svg/440px-Pterylae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Feather tracts or pterylae and their naming</figcaption></figure> <p>Contour feathers are not uniformly distributed on the skin of the bird except in some groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>, ratites and screamers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most birds the feathers grow from specific tracts of skin called <i>pterylae</i>; between the pterylae there are regions which are free of feathers called <i>apterylae</i> (or <i>apteria</i>). Filoplumes and down may arise from the apterylae. The arrangement of these feather tracts, pterylosis or pterylography, varies across bird families and has been used in the past as a means for determining the evolutionary relationships of bird families.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species that incubate their own eggs often lose their feathers on a region of their belly, forming a <a href="/wiki/Brooding_patch" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooding patch">brooding patch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coloration">Coloration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_feather_pigments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Red_feather_pigments.jpg/220px-Red_feather_pigments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Red_feather_pigments.jpg/330px-Red_feather_pigments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Red_feather_pigments.jpg/440px-Red_feather_pigments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Colors resulting from different feather pigments<br /><b>Left:</b> <a href="/wiki/Turacin" title="Turacin">turacin</a> (red) and <a href="/wiki/Turacoverdin" title="Turacoverdin">turacoverdin</a> (green, with some structural blue <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescence</a> at lower end) on the wing of <i><a href="/wiki/Tauraco_bannermani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauraco bannermani">Tauraco bannermani</a></i><br /><b>Right:</b> <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> (red) and <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanins</a> (dark) on belly/wings of <i><a href="/wiki/Ramphocelus_bresilius" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramphocelus bresilius">Ramphocelus bresilius</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The colors of feathers are produced by pigments, by microscopic structures that can <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refract</a>, reflect, or scatter selected wavelengths of light, or by a combination of both. </p><p>Most feather pigments are <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanins</a> (brown and beige <a href="/wiki/Pheomelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheomelanin">pheomelanins</a>, black and grey <a href="/wiki/Eumelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelanin">eumelanins</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> (red, yellow, orange); other pigments occur only in certain <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> – the yellow to red <a href="/wiki/Psittacofulvin" title="Psittacofulvin">psittacofulvins</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (found in some <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a>) and the red <a href="/wiki/Turacin" title="Turacin">turacin</a> and green <a href="/wiki/Turacoverdin" title="Turacoverdin">turacoverdin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Porphyrin" title="Porphyrin">porphyrin</a> pigments found only in <a href="/wiki/Turaco" title="Turaco">turacos</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a><sup id="cite_ref-pettingill_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettingill-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is involved in the production of blue colors, <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescence</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> reflectance and in the enhancement of pigmentary colors. Structural iridescence has been reported<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in fossil feathers dating back 40 million years. White feathers lack pigment and scatter light diffusely; <a href="/wiki/Albinism_in_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Albinism in birds">albinism in birds</a> is caused by defective pigment production, though structural coloration will not be affected (as can be seen, for example, in blue-and-white <a href="/wiki/Budgerigar" title="Budgerigar">budgerigars</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BWfeather.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BWfeather.jpg/170px-BWfeather.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BWfeather.jpg/255px-BWfeather.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BWfeather.jpg/340px-BWfeather.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>A feather with no pigment</figcaption></figure> <p>The blues and bright greens of many <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a> are produced by constructive interference of light reflecting from different layers of structures in feathers. In the case of green plumage, in addition to yellow, the specific feather structure involved is called by some the Dyck texture.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melanin is often involved in the absorption of light; in combination with a yellow pigment, it produces a dull olive-green. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> wearing a wide collar of orange toucan feathers around his shoulders and elements of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Regalia of Brazil">Imperial Regalia</a>. Detail from a painting by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico" title="Pedro Américo">Pedro Américo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In some birds, feather colors may be created, or altered, by secretions from the <a href="/wiki/Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">uropygial gland</a>, also called the preen gland. The yellow bill colors of many hornbills are produced by such secretions. It has been suggested that there are other color differences that may be visible only in the ultraviolet region,<sup id="cite_ref-delhey_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delhey-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but studies have failed to find evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oil secretion from the uropygial gland may also have an inhibitory effect on feather bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reds, orange and yellow colors of many feathers are caused by various carotenoids. Carotenoid-based pigments might be honest signals of fitness because they are derived from special diets and hence might be difficult to obtain,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or because carotenoids are required for immune function and hence sexual displays come at the expense of health.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A bird's feathers undergo wear and tear and are replaced periodically during the bird's life through <a href="/wiki/Molt" class="mw-redirect" title="Molt">molting</a>. New feathers, known when developing as <a href="/wiki/Pin_feather" title="Pin feather">blood, or pin feathers</a>, depending on the stage of growth, are formed through the same follicles from which the old ones were fledged. The presence of melanin in feathers increases their resistance to abrasion.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study notes that melanin based feathers were observed to degrade more quickly under bacterial action, even compared to unpigmented feathers from the same species, than those unpigmented or with carotenoid pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, another study the same year compared the action of bacteria on pigmentations of two song sparrow species and observed that the darker pigmented feathers were more resistant; the authors cited other research also published in 2004 that stated increased melanin provided greater resistance. They observed that the greater resistance of the darker birds confirmed <a href="/wiki/Gloger%27s_rule" title="Gloger's rule">Gloger's rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although sexual selection plays a major role in the development of feathers, in particular, the color of the feathers it is not the only conclusion available. New studies are suggesting that the unique feathers of birds are also a large influence on many important aspects of avian behavior, such as the height at which different species build their nests. Since females are the prime caregivers, evolution has helped select females to display duller colors down so that they may blend into the nesting environment. The position of the nest and whether it has a greater chance of being under predation has exerted constraints on female birds' plumage.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A species of bird that nests on the ground, rather than the canopy of the trees, will need to have much duller colors in order not to attract attention to the nest. The height study found that birds that nest in the canopies of trees often have many more predator attacks due to the brighter color of feathers that the female displays.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another influence of evolution that could play a part in why feathers of birds are so colorful and display so many patterns could be due to that birds developed their bright colors from the vegetation and flowers that thrive around them. Birds develop their bright colors from living around certain colors. Most bird species often blend into their environment, due to some degree of camouflage, so if the species habitat is full of colors and patterns, the species would eventually evolve to blend in to avoid being eaten. Birds' feathers show a large range of colors, even exceeding the variety of many plants, leaf, and flower colors.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parasites">Parasites</h2></div> <p>The feather surface is the home for some ectoparasites, notably feather lice (<a href="/wiki/Phthiraptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthiraptera">Phthiraptera</a>) and feather mites. Feather lice typically live on a single host and can move only from parents to chicks, between mating birds, and, occasionally, by <a href="/wiki/Phoresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoresy">phoresy</a>. This life history has resulted in most of the parasite species being specific to the host and coevolving with the host, making them of interest in phylogenetic studies.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feather_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather holes">Feather holes</a> are chewing traces of lice (most probably <i><a href="/wiki/Brueelia" title="Brueelia">Brueelia</a></i> spp. lice) on the wing and tail feathers. They were described on <a href="/wiki/Barn_swallow" title="Barn swallow">barn swallows</a>, and because of easy countability, many evolutionary, ecological, and behavioral publications use them to quantify the intensity of infestation. </p><p>Parasitic cuckoos which grow up in the nests of other species also have host-specific feather lice and these seem to be transmitted only after the young cuckoos leave the host nest.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds maintain their feather condition by <a href="/wiki/Preening" title="Preening">preening</a> and bathing in water or <a href="/wiki/Dust_bathing" title="Dust bathing">dust</a>. It has been suggested that a peculiar behavior of birds, <a href="/wiki/Anting_(bird_activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anting (bird activity)">anting</a>, in which ants are introduced into the plumage, helps to reduce parasites, but no supporting evidence has been found.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_usage">Human usage</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilitarian">Utilitarian</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fully_feathered_basket_Santa_Roas_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fully_feathered_basket_Santa_Roas_College.jpg/220px-Fully_feathered_basket_Santa_Roas_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fully_feathered_basket_Santa_Roas_College.jpg/330px-Fully_feathered_basket_Santa_Roas_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fully_feathered_basket_Santa_Roas_College.jpg/440px-Fully_feathered_basket_Santa_Roas_College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo">Pomo</a> <a href="/wiki/Fully_feathered_basket" title="Fully feathered basket">fully feathered basket</a> curated at the Jesse Peter Multicultural Museum, Santa Rosa College</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_model_with_feathers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Female_model_with_feathers.jpg/220px-Female_model_with_feathers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Female_model_with_feathers.jpg/330px-Female_model_with_feathers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Female_model_with_feathers.jpg/440px-Female_model_with_feathers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Female model with feathers</figcaption></figure> <p>Bird feathers have long been used for <a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">fletching</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow (weapon)">arrows</a>. Colorful feathers such as those belonging to <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a> have been used to decorate <a href="/wiki/Fishing_lure" title="Fishing lure">fishing lures</a>. </p><p>Feathers are also valuable in aiding the identification of species in forensic studies, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">bird strikes</a> to aircraft. The ratios of hydrogen isotopes in feathers help in determining the geographic origins of birds.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feathers may also be useful in the non-destructive sampling of pollutants.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poultry industry produces a large amount of feathers as waste, which, like other forms of keratin, are slow to decompose. Feather waste has been used in a number of industrial applications as a medium for culturing microbes,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> biodegradable polymers,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and production of enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feather proteins have been tried as an adhesive for wood board.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some groups of Native people in Alaska have used ptarmigan feathers as temper (non-plastic additives) in pottery manufacture since the first millennium BC in order to promote thermal shock resistance and strength.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_religion_and_culture">In religion and culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Isidro_labrador.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/San_Isidro_labrador.jpg/220px-San_Isidro_labrador.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/San_Isidro_labrador.jpg/330px-San_Isidro_labrador.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/San_Isidro_labrador.jpg/440px-San_Isidro_labrador.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1823" data-file-height="2542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_featherwork" title="Mexican featherwork">Mexican featherwork</a> painting of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_the_Laborer" title="Isidore the Laborer">Isidore the Laborer</a> made from duck, hummingbird, and canary feathers. This style of painting, popular during the <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Novohispanic</a> era, integrates featherwork of pre-Hispanic origin with Christian iconography. 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Soumaya" title="Museo Soumaya">Museo Soumaya</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">Eagle</a> feathers have great cultural and spiritual value to <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> peoples in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> as religious objects. In the United States, the religious use of eagle and <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawk</a> feathers is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_feather_law" title="Eagle feather law">eagle feather law</a>, a federal law limiting the possession of eagle feathers to certified and enrolled members of federally recognized Native American tribes. </p><p>In South America, brews made from the feathers of <a href="/wiki/Condor" title="Condor">condors</a> are used in traditional medications.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, feathers of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian peacock">Indian peacock</a> have been used in traditional medicine for snakebite, infertility, and coughs.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Clan_Campbell" title="Clan Campbell">Clan Campbell</a> are known to wear feathers on their bonnets to signify authority within the clan. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chiefs</a> wear three, chieftains wear two and an <a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">armiger</a> wears one. Any member of the clan who does not meet the criteria is not authorized to wear feathers as part of traditional garb and doing so is considered presumptuous.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, there was a booming international trade in plumes for extravagant women's hats and other headgear (including in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Victorian fashion</a>). <a href="/wiki/Frank_Chapman_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Chapman (ornithologist)">Frank Chapman</a> noted in 1886 that feathers of as many as 40 species of birds were used in about three-fourths of the 700 ladies' hats that he observed in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, South American <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbird</a> feathers were used in the past to dress some of the miniature birds featured in <a href="/wiki/Singing_bird_box" title="Singing bird box">singing bird boxes</a>. This trade caused severe losses to bird populations (for example, <a href="/wiki/Egret" title="Egret">egrets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whooping_crane" title="Whooping crane">whooping cranes</a>). Conservationists led a major campaign against the use of feathers in hats. This contributed to passage of the <a href="/wiki/Lacey_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacey Act">Lacey Act</a> in 1900, and to changes in fashion. The ornamental feather market then largely collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, rooster plumage has become a popular trend as a <a href="/wiki/Hairstyle" title="Hairstyle">hairstyle</a> accessory, with feathers formerly used as fishing lures now being used to provide color and style to hair.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feather products manufacturing in Europe has declined in the last 60 years, mainly due to competition from Asia. Feathers have adorned hats at many prestigious events such as weddings and Ladies Day at racecourses (Royal Ascot). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Origin of avian flight</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeopteryx_(Feather).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Archaeopteryx_%28Feather%29.jpg/150px-Archaeopteryx_%28Feather%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Archaeopteryx_%28Feather%29.jpg/225px-Archaeopteryx_%28Feather%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Archaeopteryx_%28Feather%29.jpg/300px-Archaeopteryx_%28Feather%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> fossil feather of an unidentified dinosaur, once thought to be <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachis-dominated_feathers_Burmese_amber_NMNS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rachis-dominated_feathers_Burmese_amber_NMNS.jpg/150px-Rachis-dominated_feathers_Burmese_amber_NMNS.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rachis-dominated_feathers_Burmese_amber_NMNS.jpg/225px-Rachis-dominated_feathers_Burmese_amber_NMNS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rachis-dominated_feathers_Burmese_amber_NMNS.jpg/300px-Rachis-dominated_feathers_Burmese_amber_NMNS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3917" data-file-height="5229" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rachis-dominated feathers inside mid-<a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_amber" title="Burmese amber">Burmese amber</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_considerations">Functional considerations</h3></div> <p>The functional view on the evolution of feathers has traditionally focused on insulation, flight and display. Discoveries of non-flying Late Cretaceous feathered dinosaurs in China,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161208_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161208-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, suggest that flight could not have been the original primary function as the feathers simply would not have been capable of providing any form of lift.<sup id="cite_ref-sumida_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sumida-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been suggestions that feathers may have had their original function in thermoregulation, waterproofing, or even as sinks for metabolic wastes such as sulphur.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yutyrannus" title="Yutyrannus">Recent discoveries</a> are argued to support a thermoregulatory function, at least in smaller dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yutyrannus_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yutyrannus-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers even argue that thermoregulation arose from bristles on the face that were used as tactile sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While feathers have been suggested as having evolved from reptilian <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a>, there are numerous objections to that idea, and more recent explanations have arisen from the paradigm of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">evolutionary developmental biology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prum2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theories of the scale-based origins of feathers suggest that the planar scale structure was modified for development into feathers by splitting to form the webbing; however, that developmental process involves a tubular structure arising from a follicle and the tube splitting longitudinally to form the webbing.<sup id="cite_ref-Prum2002_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prum2003_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of feathers per unit area of skin is higher in smaller birds than in larger birds, and this trend points to their important role in thermal insulation, since smaller birds lose more heat due to the relatively larger surface area in proportion to their body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-pettingill_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettingill-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The miniaturization of birds also played a role in the evolution of powered flight.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coloration of feathers is believed to have evolved primarily in response to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>. In fossil specimens of the <a href="/wiki/Paraves" title="Paraves">paravian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Anchiornis_huxleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchiornis huxleyi">Anchiornis huxleyi</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tupandactylus_imperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupandactylus imperator">Tupandactylus imperator</a></i>, the features are so well preserved that the <a href="/wiki/Melanosome" title="Melanosome">melanosome</a> (pigment cells) structure can be observed. By comparing the shape of the fossil melanosomes to melanosomes from extant birds, the color and pattern of the feathers on <i>Anchiornis</i> and <i>Tupandactylus</i> could be determined.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Anchiornis</i> was found to have black-and-white-patterned feathers on the forelimbs and hindlimbs, with a reddish-brown crest. This pattern is similar to the coloration of many extant bird species, which use plumage coloration for display and communication, including sexual selection and camouflage. It is likely that non-avian dinosaur species utilized plumage patterns for similar functions as modern birds before the origin of flight. In many cases, the physiological condition of the birds (especially males) is indicated by the quality of their feathers, and this is used (by the females) in <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">mate choice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, when comparing different <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimus" title="Ornithomimus">Ornithomimus edmontonicus</a></i> specimens, older individuals were found to have a pennibrachium (a wing-like structure consisting of elongate feathers), while younger ones did not. This suggests that the pennibrachium was a secondary sex characteristic and likely had a sexual function.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_evolution">Molecular evolution</h3></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> have been found to determine feather development. They will be key to understand the evolution of feathers. For instance, some genes convert scales into feathers or feather-like structures when expressed or induced in bird feet, such as the scale-feather converters <a href="/wiki/SOX2" title="SOX2">Sox2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZIC1" title="ZIC1">Zic1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(protein)" title="Gremlin (protein)">Grem1</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPRY2" title="SPRY2">Spry2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SOX18" title="SOX18">Sox18</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feathers and scales are made up of two distinct forms of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, and it was long thought that each type of keratin was exclusive to each skin structure (feathers and scales). However, feather keratin is also present in the early stages of development of <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a> scales. This type of keratin, previously thought to be specific to feathers, is suppressed during embryological development of the alligator and so is not present in the scales of mature alligators. The presence of this <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> keratin in both birds and <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilians</a> indicates that it was inherited from a common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This may suggest that crocodilian scales, bird and dinosaur feathers, and pterosaur <a href="/wiki/Pycnofibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnofibre">pycnofibres</a> are all developmental expressions of the same primitive archosaur skin structures; suggesting that feathers and pycnofibers could be homologous.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular dating methods in 2011 show that the subfamily of feather β-keratins found in extant birds started to diverge 143 million years ago, suggesting the pennaceous feathers of <i>Anchiornis</i> were not made of the feather β-keratins present in extant birds.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a study of fossil feathers from the dinosaur Sinosauropteryx and other fossils revealed traces of beta-sheet proteins, using infrared spectroscopy and sulfur-X-ray spectroscopy. The presence of abundant alpha-proteins in some fossil feathers was shown to be an artefact of the fossilization process, as beta-protein structures are readily altered to alpha-helices during thermal degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, scientists found that genes for the production of feathers evolved at the base of archosauria, supporting that feathers were present at early ornithodirans and is consistent with the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feathered_dinosaurs">Feathered dinosaurs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feathered_dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathered dinosaurs">Feathered dinosaurs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg/170px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg/255px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg/340px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx_lithographica" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeopteryx lithographica">Archaeopteryx lithographica</a></i> (Berlin specimen)</figcaption></figure> <p>Several non-avian <a href="/wiki/Feathered_dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathered dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a> had feathers on their limbs that would not have functioned for flight.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161208_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161208-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prum2003_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One theory suggests that feathers originally evolved on dinosaurs due to their <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a> properties; then, small dinosaur species which grew longer feathers may have found them helpful in gliding, leading to the evolution of proto-birds like <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Microraptor" title="Microraptor">Microraptor</a> zhaoianus</i>. Another theory posits that the original adaptive advantage of early feathers was their pigmentation or iridescence, contributing to sexual preference in mate selection.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dinosaurs that had feathers or protofeathers include <i><a href="/wiki/Pedopenna" title="Pedopenna">Pedopenna</a> daohugouensis</i><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dilong_paradoxus" title="Dilong paradoxus">Dilong paradoxus</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosauroid">tyrannosauroid</a> which is 60 to 70 million years older than <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus rex</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of dinosaurs known to have had feathers or protofeathers are <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">theropods</a>, however featherlike "filamentous integumentary structures" are also known from the <a href="/wiki/Ornithischian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithischian">ornithischian</a> dinosaurs <i><a href="/wiki/Tianyulong" title="Tianyulong">Tianyulong</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Psittacosaurus" title="Psittacosaurus">Psittacosaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact nature of these structures is still under study. However, it is believed that the stage-1 feathers (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Evolutionary_stages">Evolutionary stages</a> section below) such as those seen in these two ornithischians likely functioned in display.<sup id="cite_ref-xu&guo2009_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xu&guo2009-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the ornithischian <i><a href="/wiki/Kulindadromeus" title="Kulindadromeus">Kulindadromeus</a></i> was reported as having structures resembling stage-3 feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-Godefroit2014_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godefroit2014-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The likelihood of scales evolving on early dinosaur ancestors are high. However, this was by assuming that primitive pterosaurs were scaly.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 study analyzes the pulp morphology of the tail bristles of <i>Psittacosaurus</i> and finds they are similar to feathers but notes that they are also similar to the bristles on the head of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_peafowl" title="Congo peafowl">Congo peafowl</a>, the beard of the <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkey</a>, and the spine on the head of the <a href="/wiki/Horned_screamer" title="Horned screamer">horned screamer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reestimation of maximum likelihoods by paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Holtz_Jr." title="Thomas R. Holtz Jr.">Thomas Holtz</a> finds that filaments were more likely to be the ancestral state of dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, a <a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosauridae" title="Carcharodontosauridae">carcharodontosaurid</a> named <a href="/wiki/Concavenator" title="Concavenator"><i>Concavenator corcovatus</i></a> was found to have <a href="/wiki/Flight_feather#Remiges" title="Flight feather">remiges</a> on the ulna suggesting it might have had quill-like structures on the ams.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Foth et al. 2014 disagress with the publication where they point out that the bumps on the ulna of <i>Concavenator</i> are on the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Main_terms" title="Anatomical terms of location">anterolateral</a> which is unlike remiges which are in a <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Main_terms" title="Anatomical terms of location">posterolateral</a> on the ulna of some birds, they consider it more likely that these are attachments for interosseous ligaments.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was refuted by Cuesta Fidalgo and her colleagues, they pointed out that these bumps on the ulna are posterolateral which is unlike that of interosseous ligaments.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1990s, dozens of feathered dinosaurs have been discovered in the clade <a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a>, which includes the clade Avialae and the recent common ancestors of birds, <a href="/wiki/Oviraptorosauria" title="Oviraptorosauria">Oviraptorosauria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deinonychosauria" title="Deinonychosauria">Deinonychosauria</a>. In 1998, the discovery of a feathered oviraptorosaurian, <i>Caudipteryx zoui</i>, challenged the notion of feathers as a structure exclusive to Avialae.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buried in the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China, <i>C. zoui</i> lived during the Early Cretaceous Period. Present on the forelimbs and tails, their integumentary structure has been accepted<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2014)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as pennaceous vaned feathers based on the rachis and herringbone pattern of the barbs. In the clade Deinonychosauria, the continued divergence of feathers is also apparent in the families <a href="/wiki/Troodontidae" title="Troodontidae">Troodontidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dromaeosauridae" title="Dromaeosauridae">Dromaeosauridae</a>. Branched feathers with rachis, barbs, and barbules were discovered in many members including <i>Sinornithosaurus millenii</i>, a dromaeosaurid found in the Yixian formation (124.6 MYA).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously, a temporal paradox existed in the evolution of feathers—theropods with highly derived bird-like characteristics occurred at a later time than <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>—suggesting that the descendants of birds arose before the ancestor. However, the discovery of <i>Anchiornis huxleyi</i> in the Late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation (160 MYA) in western Liaoning in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resolved this paradox. By predating <i>Archaeopteryx</i>, <i>Anchiornis</i> proves the existence of a modernly feathered theropod ancestor, providing insight into the dinosaur-bird transition. The specimen shows distribution of large pennaceous feathers on the forelimbs and tail, implying that pennaceous feathers spread to the rest of the body at an earlier stage in theropod evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of pennaceous feathers did not replace earlier filamentous feathers. Filamentous feathers are preserved alongside modern-looking flight feathers – including some with modifications found in the feathers of extant diving birds – in 80 million year old amber from Alberta.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two small wings trapped in amber dating to 100 mya show <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> existed in some bird predecessors. The wings most probably belonged to <a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">enantiornithes</a>, a diverse group of avian dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> analysis of early dinosaurs by Matthew Baron, <a href="/wiki/David_B._Norman" title="David B. Norman">David B. Norman</a> and Paul Barrett (2017) found that <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a> is actually more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a>, to which it formed the <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="/wiki/Ornithoscelida" title="Ornithoscelida">Ornithoscelida</a>. The study also suggested that if the feather-like structures of theropods and ornithischians are of common evolutionary origin then it would be possible that feathers were restricted to Ornithoscelida. If so, then the origin of feathers would have likely occurred as early as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ornithoscelida_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ornithoscelida-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this has been disagreed upon.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of feathers present in large sauropods and ankylosaurs could be that feathers were suppressed by genomic regulators.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_stages">Evolutionary stages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feather_stages_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Feather_stages_diagram.svg/220px-Feather_stages_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Feather_stages_diagram.svg/330px-Feather_stages_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Feather_stages_diagram.svg/440px-Feather_stages_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Diagram illustrating stages of evolution</figcaption></figure> <p>Several studies of feather development in the embryos of modern birds, coupled with the distribution of feather types among various prehistoric bird precursors, have allowed scientists to attempt a reconstruction of the sequence in which feathers first evolved and developed into the types found on modern birds. </p><p>Feather evolution was broken down into the following stages by Xu and Guo in 2009:<sup id="cite_ref-xu&guo2009_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xu&guo2009-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Single filament</li> <li>Multiple filaments joined at their base</li> <li>Multiple filaments joined at their base to a central filament</li> <li>Multiple filaments along the length of a central filament</li> <li>Multiple filaments arising from the edge of a membranous structure</li> <li>Pennaceous feather with vane of barbs and barbules and central rachis</li> <li>Pennaceous feather with an asymmetrical rachis</li> <li>Undifferentiated vane with central rachis</li></ol> <p>However, Foth (2011) showed that some of these purported stages (stages 2 and 5 in particular) are likely simply artifacts of preservation caused by the way fossil feathers are crushed and the feather remains or imprints are preserved. Foth re-interpreted stage 2 feathers as crushed or misidentified feathers of at least stage 3, and stage 5 feathers as crushed stage 6 feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-foth2011_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foth2011-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following simplified diagram of dinosaur relationships follows these results, and shows the likely distribution of plumaceous (downy) and pennaceous (vaned) feathers among dinosaurs and prehistoric birds. The diagram follows one presented by Xu and Guo (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-xu&guo2009_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xu&guo2009-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modified with the findings of Foth (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-foth2011_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foth2011-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numbers accompanying each name refer to the presence of specific feather stages. Note that 's' indicates the known presence of scales on the body. </p> <div class="noprint"><div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:70%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Dinosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosauria">Dinosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Heterodontosauridae" title="Heterodontosauridae">Heterodontosauridae</a> (1) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">Thyreophora</a> (s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ornithopoda" title="Ornithopoda">Ornithopoda</a> (s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psittacosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacosauridae">Psittacosauridae</a> (s, 1) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ceratopsidae" title="Ceratopsidae">Ceratopsidae</a> (s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a> (s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Aucasaurus" title="Aucasaurus">Aucasaurus</a></i> (s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus">Carnotaurus</a></i> (s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus">Ceratosaurus</a></i> (s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dilong_(dinosaur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilong (dinosaur)">Dilong</a></i> (3?) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Other <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauroidea" title="Tyrannosauroidea">tyrannosauroids</a> (s, 1) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Juravenator" title="Juravenator">Juravenator</a></i> (s, 3?) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosauropteryx" title="Sinosauropteryx">Sinosauropteryx</a></i> (3+) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Therizinosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Therizinosaur">Therizinosauria</a> (1, 3+) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Alvarezsauridae" title="Alvarezsauridae">Alvarezsauridae</a> (3?) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Oviraptorosauria" title="Oviraptorosauria">Oviraptorosauria</a> (4, 6) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Paraves" title="Paraves">Paraves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Troodontidae" title="Troodontidae">Troodontidae</a> (3+, 6) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Other dromaeosaurids </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sinornithosaurus" title="Sinornithosaurus">Sinornithosaurus</a></i> (3+, 6) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Microraptor" title="Microraptor">Microraptor</a></i> (3+, 6, 7) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Scansoriopterygidae" title="Scansoriopterygidae">Scansoriopterygidae</a> (3+, 6, 8) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeopterygidae" title="Archaeopterygidae">Archaeopterygidae</a> (3+, 6, 7) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jeholornis" title="Jeholornis">Jeholornis</a></i> (6, 7) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornis" title="Confuciusornis">Confuciusornis</a></i> (4, 6, 7, 8) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a> (4, 6, 7, 8) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Neornithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Neornithes">Neornithes</a> (4, 6, 7, 8) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_pterosaurs">In pterosaurs</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">Pterosaurs</a> were long known to have filamentous fur-like structures covering their body known as <a href="/wiki/Pycnofibres" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnofibres">pycnofibres</a>, which were generally considered distinct from the "true feathers" of birds and their dinosaur kin. However, a 2018 study of two small, well-preserved pterosaur fossils from the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> indicated that pterosaurs were covered in an array of differently-structured pycnofibres (rather than just filamentous ones), with several of these structures displaying diagnostic features of feathers, such as non-veined grouped filaments and bilaterally branched filaments, both of which were originally thought to be exclusive to birds and other maniraptoran dinosaurs. Given these findings, it is possible that feathers have deep evolutionary origins in ancestral <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a>, though there is also a possibility that these structures independently evolved to resemble bird feathers via <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mike Benton, the study's senior author, lent credence to the former theory, stating "We couldn't find any anatomical evidence that the four pycnofiber types are in any way different from the feathers of birds and dinosaurs. Therefore, because they are the same, they must share an evolutionary origin, and that was about 250 million years ago, long before the origin of birds."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181217_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181217-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the integumentary structures of the <a href="/wiki/Anurognathid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anurognathid">anurognathid</a> specimens is still based gross morphology as Liliana D'Alba pointed out. The pycnofibres of the two anurognathid specimens might not be homologous with the filamentous appendages on dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul M. Barrett suspects that during the integumentary evolution of pterosaurs, pterosaurs primitively lost scales and pycnofibers started to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Cascocauda</i> was almost entirely covered in an extensive coat of pycnofibres, which appear to have come in two types. The first are simple, curved filaments that range in length from 3.5–12.8 mm long. These filaments cover most of the animal, including the head, neck, body, limbs and tail. The second type consists of tufts of filaments joined near the base, similar to the branching <a href="/wiki/Down_feathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Down feathers">down feathers</a> of birds and other <a href="/wiki/Coelurosaurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelurosaurian">coelurosaurian</a> dinosaurs, around 2.5–8.0 mm long and only cover the wing membranes. Studies of sampled pycnofibres revealed the presence of microbodies within the filaments, resembling the <a href="/wiki/Melanosome" title="Melanosome">melanosome</a> pigments identified in other fossil integuments, specifically phaeomelanosomes. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectral analysis</a> of these pycnofibres show similar <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption spectra">absorption spectra</a> to red <a href="/wiki/Human_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Human hair">human hair</a>. These pycnofibres likely provided both insulation and may have helped streamline the body and wings during flight.<sup id="cite_ref-pycnos_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pycnos-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identity of these branching structures as pycnofibres or feathers was challenged by Unwin & Martill (2020), who interpreted them as bunched-up and degraded aktinofibrils–stiffening fibres found in the wing membrane of pterosaurs–and attributed the melanosomes and keratin to skin rather than filaments.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These claims were refuted by Yang and colleagues, who argue that Unwin and Martill's interpretations are inconsistent with the specimen's preservation. Namely, they argue that the consistent structure, regular spacing, and extension of the filaments beyond the wing membrane support their identification as pycnofibres. Further, they argue that the restriction of melanosomes and keratin to the fibres, as occurs in fossil dinosaur feathers, supports the case they are filaments and is not consistent with contamination from preserved skin.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protofeathers likely evolved in early archosaurs, not long after the P-T extinction event during the time metabolic rates of early archosaurs and synapsids were increasing, postures becoming erect, and sustained activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feather_development" title="Feather development">Feather development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_feathering_in_chickens" title="Delayed feathering in chickens">Delayed feathering in chickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hen_feathering_in_cocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hen feathering in cocks">Hen feathering in cocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imping" title="Imping">Imping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poultry_feathers" title="List of poultry feathers">List of poultry feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinioning" title="Pinioning">Pinioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">Plumage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feather" title="White feather">White feather</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Prum2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prum2002_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prum2002_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prum2002_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prum2002_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPrum,_Richard_O.AH_Brush2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Prum" title="Richard Prum">Prum, Richard O</a>.; AH Brush (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/pdf/Prum_n_Brush_2002.pdf">"The evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quarterly_Review_of_Biology" title="The Quarterly Review of Biology">The Quarterly Review of Biology</a></i>. <b>77</b> (3): 261–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F341993">10.1086/341993</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12365352">12365352</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6344830">6344830</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629175850/http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/pdf/Prum_n_Brush_2002.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+origin+and+diversification+of+feathers&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-295&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6344830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12365352&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F341993&rft.au=Prum%2C+Richard+O.&rft.au=AH+Brush&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Feeb%2Fprum%2Fpdf%2FPrum_n_Brush_2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prum2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prum2003_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prum2003_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prum2003_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prum2003_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrum,_R.O.Brush,_A.H2003" class="citation journal cs1">Prum, R.O. & Brush, A.H (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/pdf/Prum_n_Brush_2003.pdf">"Which Came First, the Feather or the Bird?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>288</b> (3): 84–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003SciAm.288c..84P">2003SciAm.288c..84P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0303-84">10.1038/scientificamerican0303-84</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12616863">12616863</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629175910/http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/pdf/Prum_n_Brush_2003.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Which+Came+First%2C+the+Feather+or+the+Bird%3F&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=84-93&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12616863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0303-84&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003SciAm.288c..84P&rft.au=Prum%2C+R.O.&rft.au=Brush%2C+A.H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Feeb%2Fprum%2Fpdf%2FPrum_n_Brush_2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prum1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prum1999_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrum,_Richard_O1999" class="citation journal cs1">Prum, Richard O (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110409103417/http://ncsce.org/PDF_files/feathers/Prum%20feather.pdf">"Development and Evolutionary Origin of Feathers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution</i>. <b>285</b> (4): 291–306. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JEZ...285..291P">1999JEZ...285..291P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-010X%2819991215%29285%3A4%3C291%3A%3AAID-JEZ1%3E3.0.CO%3B2-9">10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991215)285:4<291::AID-JEZ1>3.0.CO;2-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10578107">10578107</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsce.org/PDF_files/feathers/Prum%20feather.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Zoology+Part+B%3A+Molecular+and+Developmental+Evolution&rft.atitle=Development+and+Evolutionary+Origin+of+Feathers&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-306&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10578107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-010X%2819991215%29285%3A4%3C291%3A%3AAID-JEZ1%3E3.0.CO%3B2-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JEZ...285..291P&rft.au=Prum%2C+Richard+O&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsce.org%2FPDF_files%2Ffeathers%2FPrum%2520feather.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iridescence-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iridescence_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Quanguo (9 March 2012). "Reconstruction of <i>Microraptor</i> and the Evolution of Iridescent Plumage". <i>Science</i>. <b>335</b> (6073): 1215–1219. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...335.1215L">2012Sci...335.1215L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1213780">10.1126/science.1213780</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22403389">22403389</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206537426">206537426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+of+Microraptor+and+the+Evolution+of+Iridescent+Plumage&rft.volume=335&rft.issue=6073&rft.pages=1215-1219&rft.date=2012-03-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1213780&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206537426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22403389&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...335.1215L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Quanguo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pettingill-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pettingill_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pettingill_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pettingill_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettingill,_OS_Jr.1970" class="citation book cs1">Pettingill, OS Jr. (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ornithologyinlab0000pett/page/29"><i>Ornithology in Laboratory and Field. Fourth edition</i></a></span>. Burgess Publishing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ornithologyinlab0000pett/page/29">29–58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8087-1609-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8087-1609-3"><bdi>0-8087-1609-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ornithology+in+Laboratory+and+Field.+Fourth+edition&rft.pages=29-58&rft.pub=Burgess+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8087-1609-3&rft.au=Pettingill%2C+OS+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fornithologyinlab0000pett%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GalaPlum-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GalaPlum_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317093057/http://www.darwinfoundation.org/datazone/media/pdf/59/NG_59_1998_Harpp%26Geist_Galapagos_plumology.pdf">"Galapagos plumology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>darwinfoundation.org</i>. Charles Darwin Collections Database by the Charles Darwin Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinfoundation.org/datazone/galapagos-research/article/galapagos-plumology/">the original</a> on 17 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=darwinfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Galapagos+plumology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinfoundation.org%2Fdatazone%2Fgalapagos-research%2Farticle%2Fgalapagos-plumology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LangsFWPlumology-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LangsFWPlumology_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichhorn2005" class="citation book cs1">Eichhorn, hrsg. von Manfred (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRJfNmHhIpUC&q=Plumology&pg=PA537"><i>Langenscheidt Fachwörterbuch Biologie Englisch: englisch – deutsch, deutsch – englisch</i></a> (1. Aufl. ed.). Berlin [u.a.]: Langenscheidt. p. 537. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86117-228-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-86117-228-3"><bdi>3-86117-228-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171217235721/https://books.google.com/books?id=KRJfNmHhIpUC&pg=PA537&lpg=PA537&dq=Plumology&source=bl&ots=2pOkPvbmtz&sig=k-Z7u5Kx289CH0jH_iE9y77oWpE&hl=de&sa=X&ei=dP05VducMMjcaK6WgeAB&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Plumology&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Langenscheidt+Fachw%C3%B6rterbuch+Biologie+Englisch%3A+englisch+%E2%80%93+deutsch%2C+deutsch+%E2%80%93+englisch&rft.place=Berlin+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=537&rft.edition=1.+Aufl.&rft.pub=Langenscheidt&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-86117-228-3&rft.aulast=Eichhorn&rft.aufirst=hrsg.+von+Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKRJfNmHhIpUC%26q%3DPlumology%26pg%3DPA537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonser,_R.H.C.Dawson,_C.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bonser, R.H.C.; Dawson, C. (1999). "The structural mechanical properties of down feathers and biomimicking natural insulation materials". <i>Journal of Materials Science Letters</i>. <b>18</b> (21): 1769–1770. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006631328233">10.1023/A:1006631328233</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135061282">135061282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=The+structural+mechanical+properties+of+down+feathers+and+biomimicking+natural+insulation+materials&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=1769-1770&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1006631328233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135061282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Bonser%2C+R.H.C.&rft.au=Dawson%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Missouri-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Missouri_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonParsons2018" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Nicole & Parsons, Jean (20 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tam.missouri.edu/MHCTC/exhibit_origins_feather.html">"Feathers: Endangered – Fauna and Fashion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a>'s Historic Costume and Textiles Collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feathers%3A+Endangered+%E2%80%93+Fauna+and+Fashion&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri%27s+Historic+Costume+and+Textiles+Collection&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftam.missouri.edu%2FMHCTC%2Fexhibit_origins_feather.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pen%5B3%5D">"pen(3)"</a>. <i>The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919225647/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pen%5B3%5D">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=pen%283%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpen%255B3%255D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchorKrimm1961" class="citation journal cs1">Schor, R.; Krimm, S. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1366335">"Studies on the Structure of Feather Keratin: II. A β-Helix Model for the Structure of Feather Keratin"</a>. <i>Biophys. J</i>. <b>1</b> (6): 489–515. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961BpJ.....1..489S">1961BpJ.....1..489S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2861%2986904-X">10.1016/S0006-3495(61)86904-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1366335">1366335</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19431311">19431311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biophys.+J.&rft.atitle=Studies+on+the+Structure+of+Feather+Keratin%3A+II.+A+%CE%B2-Helix+Model+for+the+Structure+of+Feather+Keratin&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=489-515&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1366335%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19431311&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2861%2986904-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961BpJ.....1..489S&rft.aulast=Schor&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Krimm%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1366335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulingCorey1951" class="citation journal cs1">Pauling, Linus; Corey, Robert B. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063351">"The Structure of Feather Rachis Keratin"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>37</b> (5): 256–261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951PNAS...37..256P">1951PNAS...37..256P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.37.5.256">10.1073/pnas.37.5.256</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063351">1063351</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14834148">14834148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+Feather+Rachis+Keratin&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=256-261&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1063351%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14834148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.37.5.256&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1951PNAS...37..256P&rft.aulast=Pauling&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft.au=Corey%2C+Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1063351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornikKrishanYusufScaal2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hornik, C.; Krishan, K.; Yusuf, F.; Scaal, M.; Brand-Saberi, B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2004.08.050">"cDermo-1 misexpression induces dense dermis, feathers, and scales"</a>. <i>Developmental Biology</i>. <b>277</b> (1): 42–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2004.08.050">10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.050</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15572138">15572138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=cDermo-1+misexpression+induces+dense+dermis%2C+feathers%2C+and+scales&rft.volume=277&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-50&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2004.08.050&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15572138&rft.aulast=Hornik&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Krishan%2C+K.&rft.au=Yusuf%2C+F.&rft.au=Scaal%2C+M.&rft.au=Brand-Saberi%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ydbio.2004.08.050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nitzsch1867-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nitzsch1867_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitzsch1867" class="citation book cs1">Nitzsch, Christian Ludwig (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nitzschspterylog00nitzrich"><i>Nitzsch's Pterylography</i></a>. Ray Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nitzschspterylog00nitzrich/page/14">14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nitzsch%27s+Pterylography&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ray+Society&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Nitzsch&rft.aufirst=Christian+Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnitzschspterylog00nitzrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandler261-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chandler261_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1916">Chandler 1916</a>, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1916" class="citation journal cs1">Chandler, Asa C. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34806138">"A study of the structure of feathers, with reference to their taxonomic significance"</a>. <i>University of California Publications in Zoology</i>. <b>13</b> (11): 243–446 [284].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Publications+in+Zoology&rft.atitle=A+study+of+the+structure+of+feathers%2C+with+reference+to+their+taxonomic+significance&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=243-446+284&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Asa+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F34806138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atlas_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLelland1991" class="citation book cs1">McLelland, J. (1991). <i>A color atlas of avian anatomy</i>. W.B. Saunders Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7216-3536-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7216-3536-9"><bdi>0-7216-3536-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+color+atlas+of+avian+anatomy&rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders+Co.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7216-3536-9&rft.aulast=McLelland&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameronWessBonser2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, G.; Wess, T.; Bonser, R. (2003). "Young's modulus varies with differential orientation of keratin in feathers". <i>Journal of Structural Biology</i>. <b>143</b> (2): 118–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1047-8477%2803%2900142-4">10.1016/S1047-8477(03)00142-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12972348">12972348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Structural+Biology&rft.atitle=Young%27s+modulus+varies+with+differential+orientation+of+keratin+in+feathers&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=118-23&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1047-8477%2803%2900142-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12972348&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Wess%2C+T.&rft.au=Bonser%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonserSakerJeronimidis2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bonser, R.; Saker, L.; Jeronimidis, G. (2004). "Toughness anisotropy in feather keratin". <i>Journal of Materials Science</i>. <b>39</b> (8): 2895–2896. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JMatS..39.2895B">2004JMatS..39.2895B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AJMSC.0000021474.75864.ff">10.1023/B:JMSC.0000021474.75864.ff</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135873731">135873731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Science&rft.atitle=Toughness+anisotropy+in+feather+keratin&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2895-2896&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135873731%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AJMSC.0000021474.75864.ff&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JMatS..39.2895B&rft.aulast=Bonser&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Saker%2C+L.&rft.au=Jeronimidis%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang_2016_1600360-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_2016_1600360_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_2016_1600360_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Bin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5357985">"Light like a feather: A fibrous natural composite with a shape changing from round to square"</a>. <i>Advanced Science</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 1600360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadvs.201600360">10.1002/advs.201600360</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5357985">5357985</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28331789">28331789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Science&rft.atitle=Light+like+a+feather%3A+A+fibrous+natural+composite+with+a+shape+changing+from+round+to+square&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1600360&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5357985%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28331789&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fadvs.201600360&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Bin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5357985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingham-Soliar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677936">"A new helical crossed-fibre structure of b-keratin in flight feathers and its biomechanical implications"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (6): e65849. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...865849L">2013PLoSO...865849L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0065849">10.1371/journal.pone.0065849</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677936">3677936</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23762440">23762440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+new+helical+crossed-fibre+structure+of+b-keratin+in+flight+feathers+and+its+biomechanical+implications&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e65849&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3677936%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23762440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0065849&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...865849L&rft.aulast=Lingham-Soliar&rft.aufirst=Theagarten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3677936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatonLanyon2003" class="citation journal cs1">Eaton, Muir D.; Lanyon, Scott M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691429">"The ubiquity of avian ultraviolet plumage reflectance"</a>. <i>Proceedings: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>270</b> (1525): 1721–1726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2003.2431">10.1098/rspb.2003.2431</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691429">1691429</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12965000">12965000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+ubiquity+of+avian+ultraviolet+plumage+reflectance&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=1525&rft.pages=1721-1726&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691429%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12965000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2003.2431&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Muir+D.&rft.au=Lanyon%2C+Scott+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostwickRichard_O.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bostwick, Kimberly S.; Richard O., Prum (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cumv.bio.cornell.edu/pdf/Bostwick_Prum_2005_manuscript.pdf">"Courting Bird Sings with Stridulating Wing Feathers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>309</b> (5735): 736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1111701">10.1126/science.1111701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16051789">16051789</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22278735">22278735</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707152805/http://cumv.bio.cornell.edu/pdf/Bostwick_Prum_2005_manuscript.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Courting+Bird+Sings+with+Stridulating+Wing+Feathers&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=5735&rft.pages=736&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22278735%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16051789&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1111701&rft.aulast=Bostwick&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+S.&rft.au=Richard+O.%2C+Prum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcumv.bio.cornell.edu%2Fpdf%2FBostwick_Prum_2005_manuscript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delhey-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-delhey_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-delhey_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelheyPetersKempenaers2007" class="citation journal cs1">Delhey, K; Peters, A.; Kempenaers, B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203190459/http://www.orn.mpg.de/documents/peters/Delhey_AmNat2007_copy.pdf">"Cosmetic coloration in birds: occurrence, function and evolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Am. Nat</i>. <b>169</b>: S145–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F510095">10.1086/510095</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19426089">19426089</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29592388">29592388</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orn.mpg.de/documents/peters/Delhey_AmNat2007_copy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+Nat.&rft.atitle=Cosmetic+coloration+in+birds%3A+occurrence%2C+function+and+evolution&rft.volume=169&rft.pages=S145-158&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29592388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19426089&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F510095&rft.aulast=Delhey&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Peters%2C+A.&rft.au=Kempenaers%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orn.mpg.de%2Fdocuments%2Fpeters%2FDelhey_AmNat2007_copy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibakWeihsArad2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ribak, G.; Weihs, D.; Arad, Z. (2005). "Water retention in the plumage of diving great cormorants <i>Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis</i>". <i>J. Avian Biol</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 89–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0908-8857.2005.03499.x">10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03499.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Avian+Biol.&rft.atitle=Water+retention+in+the+plumage+of+diving+great+cormorants+Phalacrocorax+carbo+sinensis&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-95&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0908-8857.2005.03499.x&rft.aulast=Ribak&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Weihs%2C+D.&rft.au=Arad%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLederer1972" class="citation journal cs1">Lederer, Roger J. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v084n02/p0193-p0197.pdf">"The role of avian rictal bristles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wilson_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wilson Bulletin">The Wilson Bulletin</a></i>. <b>84</b>: 193–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204025111/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v084n02/p0193-p0197.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+role+of+avian+rictal+bristles&rft.volume=84&rft.pages=193-97&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lederer&rft.aufirst=Roger+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fwilson%2Fv084n02%2Fp0193-p0197.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConoverMiller1980" class="citation journal cs1">Conover, M. R.; Miller, D. E. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/node/103116">"Rictal bristle function in willow flycatcher"</a>. <i>Condor</i>. <b>82</b> (4): 469–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1367580">10.2307/1367580</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1367580">1367580</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222004514/https://sora.unm.edu/node/103116">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Condor&rft.atitle=Rictal+bristle+function+in+willow+flycatcher&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=469-471&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1367580&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1367580%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Conover&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Miller%2C+D.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fnode%2F103116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiersmavan_Eerden1989" class="citation journal cs1">Piersma, T; van Eerden, M. R. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/979340584/Ibis_-_October_1989_-_PIERSMA_-_Feather_eating_in_Great_Crested_Grebes_Podiceps_cristatus_a_unique_solution_to_the.pdf">"Feather eating in Great Crested Grebes <i>Podiceps cristatus</i>: a unique solution to the problems of debris and gastric parasites in fish-eating birds"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ibis</i>. <b>131</b> (4): 477–486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1989.tb04784.x">10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb04784.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ibis&rft.atitle=Feather+eating+in+Great+Crested+Grebes+Podiceps+cristatus%3A+a+unique+solution+to+the+problems+of+debris+and+gastric+parasites+in+fish-eating+birds&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=477-486&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1989.tb04784.x&rft.aulast=Piersma&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=van+Eerden%2C+M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.rug.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F979340584%2FIbis_-_October_1989_-_PIERSMA_-_Feather_eating_in_Great_Crested_Grebes_Podiceps_cristatus_a_unique_solution_to_the.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemay1940" class="citation journal cs1">Demay, Ida S. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/node/99003">"A Study of the Pterylosis and Pneumaticity of the Screamer"</a>. <i>The Condor</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 112–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1364475">10.2307/1364475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1364475">1364475</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221153848/https://sora.unm.edu/node/99003">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+the+Pterylosis+and+Pneumaticity+of+the+Screamer&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=112-118&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1364475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1364475%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Demay&rft.aufirst=Ida+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fnode%2F99003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall,_K.Susanna_S.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, K.; Susanna S. (2005). "Do nine-primaried passerines have nine or ten primary feathers? The evolution of a concept". <i>Journal of Ornithology</i>. <b>146</b> (2): 121–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10336-004-0070-5">10.1007/s10336-004-0070-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36055848">36055848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ornithology&rft.atitle=Do+nine-primaried+passerines+have+nine+or+ten+primary+feathers%3F+The+evolution+of+a+concept&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-126&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10336-004-0070-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36055848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Hall%2C+K.&rft.au=Susanna+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPycraft1895" class="citation journal cs1">Pycraft, W. P. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/382407">"On the pterylography of the hoatzin (<i>Opisthocomus cristatus</i>)"</a>. <i>Ibis</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 345–373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1895.tb06744.x">10.1111/j.1474-919X.1895.tb06744.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ibis&rft.atitle=On+the+pterylography+of+the+hoatzin+%28Opisthocomus+cristatus%29&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=345-373&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1895.tb06744.x&rft.aulast=Pycraft&rft.aufirst=W.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F382407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1997" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, J. Scott (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020202108/https://www.esf.edu/efb/turner/publication%20pdfs/thermal%20capacity%20of%20eggs.pdf">"On the Thermal Capacity of a Bird's Egg Warmed by a Brood Patch"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physiological Zoology</i>. <b>70</b> (4): 470–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F515854">10.1086/515854</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9237308">9237308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26584982">26584982</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esf.edu/efb/turner/publication%20pdfs/thermal%20capacity%20of%20eggs.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span> – via EBSCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Zoology&rft.atitle=On+the+Thermal+Capacity+of+a+Bird%27s+Egg+Warmed+by+a+Brood+Patch&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=470-80&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26584982%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9237308&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F515854&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=J.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esf.edu%2Fefb%2Fturner%2Fpublication%2520pdfs%2Fthermal%2520capacity%2520of%2520eggs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrawNogare2005" class="citation journal cs1">McGraw, KH; Nogare, MC (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1629064">"Distribution of unique red feather pigments in parrots"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 38–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2004.0269">10.1098/rsbl.2004.0269</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1629064">1629064</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17148123">17148123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+unique+red+feather+pigments+in+parrots&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-43&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1629064%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17148123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2004.0269&rft.aulast=McGraw&rft.aufirst=KH&rft.au=Nogare%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1629064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHausmannArnoldMarshallOwens2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hausmann, F.; Arnold, K.E.; Marshall, N.J.; Owens, I.P.F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691211">"Ultraviolet signals in birds are special"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>270</b> (1510): 61–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2002.2200">10.1098/rspb.2002.2200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691211">1691211</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12590772">12590772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+signals+in+birds+are+special&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=1510&rft.pages=61-67&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691211%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12590772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2002.2200&rft.aulast=Hausmann&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Arnold%2C+K.E.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+N.J.&rft.au=Owens%2C+I.P.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawkeyHill2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shawkey, Matthew D; Hill, Geoffrey E (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326144121/http://nature.berkeley.edu/%7Emshawkey/9.pdf">"Carotenoids need structural colours to shine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biol. Lett</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 121–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2004.0289">10.1098/rsbl.2004.0289</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626226">1626226</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17148144">17148144</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nature.berkeley.edu/%7Emshawkey/9.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biol.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Carotenoids+need+structural+colours+to+shine&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-124&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1626226%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17148144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2004.0289&rft.aulast=Shawkey&rft.aufirst=Matthew+D&rft.au=Hill%2C+Geoffrey+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnature.berkeley.edu%2F%257Emshawkey%2F9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVintherBriggsClarkeMayr2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vinther, Jakob; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Clarke, Julia; Mayr, Gerald; Prum, Richard O. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621083621/http://www.eeb.yale.edu/prum/pdf/Vinther%20et%20al%202010.pdf">"Structural coloration in a fossil feather"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biology_Letters" title="Biology Letters">Biology Letters</a></i>. <b>6</b> (1): 128–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0524">10.1098/rsbl.2009.0524</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817243">2817243</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19710052">19710052</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eeb.yale.edu/prum/pdf/Vinther%20et%20al%202010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Structural+coloration+in+a+fossil+feather&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=128-31&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817243%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19710052&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0524&rft.aulast=Vinther&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft.au=Briggs%2C+Derek+E.+G.&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Julia&rft.au=Mayr%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Prum%2C+Richard+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeb.yale.edu%2Fprum%2Fpdf%2FVinther%2520et%2520al%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyck1971" class="citation journal cs1">Dyck, J. (1971). "Structure and spectral reflectance of green and blue feathers of the Lovebird (<i>Agapornis roseicollis</i>)". <i>Biol. SKR</i>. <b>18</b>: 1–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biol.+SKR.&rft.atitle=Structure+and+spectral+reflectance+of+green+and+blue+feathers+of+the+Lovebird+%28Agapornis+roseicollis%29&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=1-67&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Dyck&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawkeyHill2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shawkey, M. D.; Hill, G. E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B0652%3AFAAFS%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"Feathers at a fine scale"</a>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>121</b> (3): 652–655. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B0652%3AFAAFS%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0652:FAAFS]2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.atitle=Feathers+at+a+fine+scale&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=652-655&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B0652%3AFAAFS%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Shawkey&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft.au=Hill%2C+G.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1642%252F0004-8038%25282004%2529121%255B0652%253AFAAFS%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelheyPetersBiedermannKempenaers2008" class="citation journal cs1">Delhey, K.; Peters, A.; Biedermann, P. H. W.; Kempenaers, B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-008-0406-8">"Optical properties of the uropygial gland secretion: no evidence for UV cosmetics in birds"</a>. <i>Naturwissenschaften</i>. <b>95</b> (10): 939–46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NW.....95..939D">2008NW.....95..939D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-008-0406-8">10.1007/s00114-008-0406-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0010-509C-A">11858/00-001M-0000-0010-509C-A</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18560743">18560743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=Optical+properties+of+the+uropygial+gland+secretion%3A+no+evidence+for+UV+cosmetics+in+birds&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=939-46&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0010-509C-A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18560743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-008-0406-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NW.....95..939D&rft.aulast=Delhey&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Peters%2C+A.&rft.au=Biedermann%2C+P.+H.+W.&rft.au=Kempenaers%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00114-008-0406-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawkeyPillaiHill2003" class="citation journal cs1">Shawkey, M. D.; Pillai, S. R.; Hill, G. E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910205855/http://nature.berkeley.edu/~mshawkey/2.pdf">"Chemical warfare? Effects of uropygial oil on feather-degrading bacteria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Avian Biology</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 345–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0908-8857.2003.03193.x">10.1111/j.0908-8857.2003.03193.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nature.berkeley.edu/~mshawkey/2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Avian+Biology&rft.atitle=Chemical+warfare%3F+Effects+of+uropygial+oil+on+feather-degrading+bacteria&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=345-349&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0908-8857.2003.03193.x&rft.aulast=Shawkey&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft.au=Pillai%2C+S.+R.&rft.au=Hill%2C+G.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnature.berkeley.edu%2F~mshawkey%2F2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndler1980" class="citation journal cs1">Endler, J. A. (1980). "Natural selection on color patterns in Poeci-lia reticulata". <i>Evolution</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 76–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2408316">10.2307/2408316</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2408316">2408316</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28563214">28563214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Natural+selection+on+color+patterns+in+Poeci-lia+reticulata&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-91&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28563214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2408316%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2408316&rft.aulast=Endler&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadyaevHill2000" class="citation journal cs1">Badyaev, A. V.; Hill, G. E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2000.tb01196.x">"Evolution of sexual dichromatism: contribution of carotenoid versus melanin-based colouration"</a>. <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>69</b> (2): 153–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2000.tb01196.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01196.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201965078">201965078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+sexual+dichromatism%3A+contribution+of+carotenoid+versus+melanin-based+colouration&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-172&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2000.tb01196.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201965078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Badyaev&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rft.au=Hill%2C+G.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8312.2000.tb01196.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLozano1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lozano, G. A. (1994). "Carotenoids, parasites, and sexual selection". <i>Oikos</i>. <b>70</b> (2): 309–311. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Oikos..70..309L">1994Oikos..70..309L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3545643">10.2307/3545643</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3545643">3545643</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86971117">86971117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oikos&rft.atitle=Carotenoids%2C+parasites%2C+and+sexual+selection&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=309-311&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3545643&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86971117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3545643%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Oikos..70..309L&rft.aulast=Lozano&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonser1995" class="citation journal cs1">Bonser, R. H. C. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/node/105022">"Melanin and the abrasion resistance of feathers"</a>. <i>Condor</i>. <b>97</b> (2): 590–591. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1369048">10.2307/1369048</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1369048">1369048</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223002132/https://sora.unm.edu/node/105022">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Condor&rft.atitle=Melanin+and+the+abrasion+resistance+of+feathers&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=590-591&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1369048&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1369048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bonser&rft.aufirst=R.+H.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fnode%2F105022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandeNegroTorres2004" class="citation journal cs1">Grande, J. M.; Negro, J. J.; Torres, M. J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ardeola.org/files/Ardeola_51(2)_375-383.pdf">"The evolution of bird plumage colouration: A role for feather-degrading bacteria?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ardeola</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 375–383. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910205855/http://www.ardeola.org/files/Ardeola_51(2)_375-383.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ardeola&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+bird+plumage+colouration%3A+A+role+for+feather-degrading+bacteria%3F&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=375-383&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Grande&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Negro%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Torres%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ardeola.org%2Ffiles%2FArdeola_51%282%29_375-383.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurttIchida2004" class="citation journal cs1">Burtt, Edward H. Jr.; Ichida, Jann M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.asu.edu/~kjmcgraw/pubs/Condor04b.pdf">"Gloger's Rule, feather-degrading bacteria, and color variation among Song Sparrows"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Condor</i>. <b>106</b> (3): 681–686. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1650%2F7383">10.1650/7383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5857742">5857742</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120194024/http://www.public.asu.edu/~kjmcgraw/pubs/Condor04b.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Condor&rft.atitle=Gloger%27s+Rule%2C+feather-degrading+bacteria%2C+and+color+variation+among+Song+Sparrows&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=681-686&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1650%2F7383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5857742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burtt&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.+Jr.&rft.au=Ichida%2C+Jann+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.asu.edu%2F~kjmcgraw%2Fpubs%2FCondor04b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinBadyaev1996" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, T. E.; Badyaev, A. V. (1996). "Sexual dichromatic in birds; importance of nest predation and nest location for females versus males". <i>Evolution</i>. <b>50</b> (6): 2454–2460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2410712">10.2307/2410712</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2410712">2410712</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28565684">28565684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Sexual+dichromatic+in+birds%3B+importance+of+nest+predation+and+nest+location+for+females+versus+males&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2454-2460&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28565684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2410712%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2410712&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rft.au=Badyaev%2C+A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaswell_StoddardPrum2011" class="citation journal cs1">Caswell Stoddard, Mary; Prum, Richard O. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farr088">"How colorful are birds? Evolution of the avian plumage color gamut"</a>. <i>Behavioral Ecology</i>. <b>22</b> (5): 1042–1052. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farr088">10.1093/beheco/arr088</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farr088">10.1093/beheco/arr088</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology&rft.atitle=How+colorful+are+birds%3F+Evolution+of+the+avian+plumage+color+gamut&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1042-1052&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farr088&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farr088&rft.aulast=Caswell+Stoddard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Prum%2C+Richard+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbeheco%252Farr088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToon,_A.Hughes,_J.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Toon, A. & Hughes, J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.2008.37">"Are lice good proxies for host history? A comparative analysis of the Australian magpie, <i>Gymnorhina tibicen</i>, and two species of feather louse"</a>. <i>Heredity</i>. <b>101</b> (2): 127–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.2008.37">10.1038/hdy.2008.37</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18461081">18461081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heredity&rft.atitle=Are+lice+good+proxies+for+host+history%3F+A+comparative+analysis+of+the+Australian+magpie%2C+Gymnorhina+tibicen%2C+and+two+species+of+feather+louse&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-135&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fhdy.2008.37&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18461081&rft.au=Toon%2C+A.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fhdy.2008.37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke,_M._de_L.Hiroshi_Nakamura1998" class="citation journal cs1">Brooke, M. de L.; Hiroshi Nakamura (1998). "The acquisition of host-specific feather lice by common cuckoos (<i>Cuculus canorus</i>)". <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>244</b> (2): 167–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836998002027">10.1017/S0952836998002027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=The+acquisition+of+host-specific+feather+lice+by+common+cuckoos+%28Cuculus+canorus%29&rft.volume=244&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-173&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0952836998002027&rft.au=Brooke%2C+M.+de+L.&rft.au=Hiroshi+Nakamura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevis,_Hannah_C.Deborah_A._Waller2004" class="citation journal cs1">Revis, Hannah C.; Deborah A. Waller (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B1262%3ABAFAOA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"Bactericidal and fungicidal activity of ant chemicals on feather parasites: an evaluation of anting behavior as a method of self-medication in songbirds"</a>. <i>Auk</i>. <b>121</b> (4): 1262–1268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B1262%3ABAFAOA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1262:BAFAOA]2.0.CO;2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85677766">85677766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auk&rft.atitle=Bactericidal+and+fungicidal+activity+of+ant+chemicals+on+feather+parasites%3A+an+evaluation+of+anting+behavior+as+a+method+of+self-medication+in+songbirds&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1262-1268&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B1262%3ABAFAOA%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85677766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Revis%2C+Hannah+C.&rft.au=Deborah+A.+Waller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1642%252F0004-8038%25282004%2529121%255B1262%253ABAFAOA%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen,_Gabriel_JWassenaar,_Leonard_IHobson,_Keith_A2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bowen, Gabriel J; Wassenaar, Leonard I; Hobson, Keith A (2005). "Global application of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to wildlife forensics". <i>Oecologia</i>. <b>143</b> (3): 337–348. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Oecol.143..337B">2005Oecol.143..337B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00442-004-1813-y">10.1007/s00442-004-1813-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15726429">15726429</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1762342">1762342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oecologia&rft.atitle=Global+application+of+stable+hydrogen+and+oxygen+isotopes+to+wildlife+forensics&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-348&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00442-004-1813-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1762342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15726429&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Oecol.143..337B&rft.au=Bowen%2C+Gabriel+J&rft.au=Wassenaar%2C+Leonard+I&rft.au=Hobson%2C+Keith+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaspers,_V.Voorspoels,_S.Covaci,_A.Lepoint,_G.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jaspers, V.; Voorspoels, S.; Covaci, A.; Lepoint, G. & Eens, M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/1067">"Evaluation of the usefulness of bird feathers as a non-destructive biomonitoring tool for organic pollutants: A comparative and meta-analytical approach"</a>. <i>Environment International</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 328–337. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EnInt..33..328J">2007EnInt..33..328J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2006.11.011">10.1016/j.envint.2006.11.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2268%2F1067">2268/1067</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17198730">17198730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+International&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+usefulness+of+bird+feathers+as+a+non-destructive+biomonitoring+tool+for+organic+pollutants%3A+A+comparative+and+meta-analytical+approach&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=328-337&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2268%2F1067&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17198730&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envint.2006.11.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EnInt..33..328J&rft.au=Jaspers%2C+V.&rft.au=Voorspoels%2C+S.&rft.au=Covaci%2C+A.&rft.au=Lepoint%2C+G.&rft.au=Eens%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbi.ulg.ac.be%2Fhandle%2F2268%2F1067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoopathi,_S.Abidha,_S.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Poopathi, S.; Abidha, S. (2007). "Use of feather-based culture media for the production of mosquitocidal bacteria". <i>Biological Control</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 49–55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007BiolC..43...49P">2007BiolC..43...49P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocontrol.2007.04.019">10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.04.019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Control&rft.atitle=Use+of+feather-based+culture+media+for+the+production+of+mosquitocidal+bacteria&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-55&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocontrol.2007.04.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007BiolC..43...49P&rft.au=Poopathi%2C+S.&rft.au=Abidha%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt,_W.F.Barone,_J.R.2004" class="citation conference cs1">Schmidt, W.F.; Barone, J.R. (2004). "New uses for chicken feathers keratin fiber". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=170632"><i>Poultry Waste Management Symposium Proceedings</i></a>. pp. 99–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=New+uses+for+chicken+feathers+keratin+fiber&rft.btitle=Poultry+Waste+Management+Symposium+Proceedings&rft.pages=99-101&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+W.F.&rft.au=Barone%2C+J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fpublication%2F%3FseqNo115%3D170632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasarin,_FrancianiBrandelli,_Florencia_Cladera-Olivera_AdrianoBrandelli2008" class="citation journal cs1">Casarin, Franciani; Brandelli, Florencia Cladera-Olivera Adriano; Brandelli, Adriano (2008). "Use of Poultry Byproduct for Production of Keratinolytic Enzymes". <i>Food and Bioprocess Technology</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 301–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11947-008-0091-9">10.1007/s11947-008-0091-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96154497">96154497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Bioprocess+Technology&rft.atitle=Use+of+Poultry+Byproduct+for+Production+of+Keratinolytic+Enzymes&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-305&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11947-008-0091-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96154497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Casarin%2C+Franciani&rft.au=Brandelli%2C+Florencia+Cladera-Olivera+Adriano&rft.au=Brandelli%2C+Adriano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiang,_Z.Qin,_D.Hse,_C.Kuo,_M.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, Z.; Qin, D.; Hse, C.; Kuo, M.; Luo, Z.; Wang, G.; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33607">"Preliminary Study on Chicken Feather Protein-Based Wood Adhesives"</a>. <i>Journal of Wood Chemistry & Technology</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 240–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02773810802347073">10.1080/02773810802347073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3656808">3656808</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219195609/http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33607">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Wood+Chemistry+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Study+on+Chicken+Feather+Protein-Based+Wood+Adhesives&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=240-246&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02773810802347073&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3656808%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Z.&rft.au=Qin%2C+D.&rft.au=Hse%2C+C.&rft.au=Kuo%2C+M.&rft.au=Luo%2C+Z.&rft.au=Wang%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srs.fs.usda.gov%2Fpubs%2F33607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neusius, Sarah W. and G. Timothy Gross 2007 Seeking Our Past: An Introduction to North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, NY.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroemming2006" class="citation journal cs1">Froemming, Steve (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1484469">"Traditional use of the Andean flicker (Colaptes rupicola) as a galactagogue in the Peruvian Andes"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</i>. <b>2</b>: 23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-2-23">10.1186/1746-4269-2-23</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1484469">1484469</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16677398">16677398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology+and+Ethnomedicine&rft.atitle=Traditional+use+of+the+Andean+flicker+%28Colaptes+rupicola%29+as+a+galactagogue+in+the+Peruvian+Andes&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1484469%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16677398&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1746-4269-2-23&rft.aulast=Froemming&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1484469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurariFreyFreyGowda2005" class="citation journal cs1">Murari, S.K.; Frey, F.J.; Frey, B.M.; Gowda, T.V.; Vishwanath, B.S. (2005). "Use of <i>Pavo cristatus</i> feather extract for the better management of snakebites: Neutralization of inflammatory reactions". <i>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</i>. <b>99</b> (2): 229–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2005.02.027">10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15894132">15894132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.atitle=Use+of+Pavo+cristatus+feather+extract+for+the+better+management+of+snakebites%3A+Neutralization+of+inflammatory+reactions&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-237&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jep.2005.02.027&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15894132&rft.aulast=Murari&rft.aufirst=S.K.&rft.au=Frey%2C+F.J.&rft.au=Frey%2C+B.M.&rft.au=Gowda%2C+T.V.&rft.au=Vishwanath%2C+B.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahawarJaroli2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mahawar, M. M.; Jaroli, D. P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892771">"Traditional knowledge on zootherapeutic uses by the Saharia tribe of Rajasthan, India"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</i>. <b>3</b>: 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-3-25">10.1186/1746-4269-3-25</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892771">1892771</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17547781">17547781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology+and+Ethnomedicine&rft.atitle=Traditional+knowledge+on+zootherapeutic+uses+by+the+Saharia+tribe+of+Rajasthan%2C+India&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1892771%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17547781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1746-4269-3-25&rft.aulast=Mahawar&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rft.au=Jaroli%2C+D.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1892771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccsna.org/scottish-highland-dress#NO%20FEATHERS%20IN%20YOUR%20CAP">"Scottish Highland Dress: Clan Campbell"</a>. Clan Campbell Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+Highland+Dress%3A+Clan+Campbell&rft.pub=Clan+Campbell+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccsna.org%2Fscottish-highland-dress%23NO%2520FEATHERS%2520IN%2520YOUR%2520CAP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doughty, Robin W. <i>Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation, A Study in Nature Protection</i>. University of California Press. Page 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlichDobkinWheye1988" class="citation web cs1">Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Plume_Trade.html">"Plume Trade"</a>. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930070559/http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Plume_Trade.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plume+Trade&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Dobkin%2C+David+S.&rft.au=Wheye%2C+Darryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fstanfordbirds%2Ftext%2Fessays%2FPlume_Trade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/feather/ftfa.htm">Feather trade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623044023/http://americanhistory.si.edu/feather/ftfa.htm">Archived</a> 23 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Smithsonian Institution</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner2011" class="citation news cs1">Bonner, Jessie L. (6 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/outdoors/2015246435_flyfash.html">"High fashion or bait? Fly ties now hair extensions"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610110027/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/outdoors/2015246435_flyfash.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=High+fashion+or+bait%3F+Fly+ties+now+hair+extensions&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Jessie+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Foutdoors%2F2015246435_flyfash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20161208-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20161208_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20161208_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Fleur2016" class="citation news cs1">St. Fleur, Nicholas (8 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/08/science/dinosaur-feathers-amber.html">"That Thing With Feathers Trapped in Amber? It Was a Dinosaur Tail"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161208224540/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/08/science/dinosaur-feathers-amber.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=That+Thing+With+Feathers+Trapped+in+Amber%3F+It+Was+a+Dinosaur+Tail&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft.aulast=St.+Fleur&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F08%2Fscience%2Fdinosaur-feathers-amber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sumida-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sumida_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumida,_SSCA_Brochu2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sumida, SS; CA Brochu (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.486">"Phylogenetic context for the origin of feathers"</a>. <i>American Zoologist</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 486–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.486">10.1093/icb/40.4.486</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Zoologist&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+context+for+the+origin+of+feathers&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=486-503&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.486&rft.au=Sumida%2C+SS&rft.au=CA+Brochu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F40.4.486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimond,_C._C.R._J._CabinJ._S._Brooks2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dimond, C. C.; R. J. Cabin; J. S. Brooks (2011). "Feathers, Dinosaurs, and Behavioral Cues: Defining the Visual Display Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods". <i>BIOS</i>. <b>82</b> (3): 58–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1893%2F011.082.0302">10.1893/011.082.0302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98221211">98221211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BIOS&rft.atitle=Feathers%2C+Dinosaurs%2C+and+Behavioral+Cues%3A+Defining+the+Visual+Display+Hypothesis+for+the+Adaptive+Function+of+Feathers+in+Non-Avian+Theropods&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=58-63&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1893%2F011.082.0302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98221211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Dimond%2C+C.+C.&rft.au=R.+J.+Cabin&rft.au=J.+S.+Brooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock,_WJ2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bock, WJ (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.478">"Explanatory History of the Origin of Feathers"</a>. <i>Am. Zool</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 478–485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.478">10.1093/icb/40.4.478</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+Zool.&rft.atitle=Explanatory+History+of+the+Origin+of+Feathers&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=478-485&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.478&rft.au=Bock%2C+WJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F40.4.478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield,_John2012" class="citation journal cs1">Whitfield, John (4 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/04/largest-feathered-dinosaur-discovered-in-china.html">"Largest feathered dinosaur yet discovered in China"</a>. <i>Nature News Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406145618/http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/04/largest-feathered-dinosaur-discovered-in-china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News+Blog&rft.atitle=Largest+feathered+dinosaur+yet+discovered+in+China&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft.au=Whitfield%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F04%2Flargest-feathered-dinosaur-discovered-in-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yutyrannus-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yutyrannus_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu_X.Wang_K.Zhang_K.Ma_Q.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Xu X.; Wang K.; Zhang K.; Ma Q.; Xing L.; Sullivan C.; Hu D.; Cheng S.; Wang S.; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417134949/http://www.xinglida.net/pdf/Xu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf">"A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>484</b> (7392): 92–95. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.484...92X">2012Natur.484...92X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10906">10.1038/nature10906</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22481363">22481363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29689629">29689629</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinglida.net/pdf/Xu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+gigantic+feathered+dinosaur+from+the+Lower+Cretaceous+of+China&rft.volume=484&rft.issue=7392&rft.pages=92-95&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29689629%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22481363&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.484...92X&rft.au=Xu+X.&rft.au=Wang+K.&rft.au=Zhang+K.&rft.au=Ma+Q.&rft.au=Xing+L.&rft.au=Sullivan+C.&rft.au=Hu+D.&rft.au=Cheng+S.&rft.au=Wang+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinglida.net%2Fpdf%2FXu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersonsCurrie2015" class="citation journal cs1">Persons, Walter S.; Currie, Philip J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.12634">"Bristles before down: A new perspective on the functional origin of feathers"</a>. <i>Evolution</i>. <b>69</b> (4): 857–862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.12634">10.1111/evo.12634</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-5646">1558-5646</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25756292">25756292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24319963">24319963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Bristles+before+down%3A+A+new+perspective+on+the+functional+origin+of+feathers&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=857-862&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1558-5646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24319963%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25756292&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fevo.12634&rft.aulast=Persons&rft.aufirst=Walter+S.&rft.au=Currie%2C+Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fevo.12634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_RicqlesA._J.K._PadianJ._R._Horner2003" class="citation journal cs1">De Ricqles; A. J.; K. Padian; J. R. Horner; E. T. Lamm; N. Myhrvold (2003). "Osteohistology of confuciusornis sanctus (theropoda: Aves)". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 373–386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634%282003%29023%5B0373%3Aoocsta%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0373:oocsta]2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84936431">84936431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=Osteohistology+of+confuciusornis+sanctus+%28theropoda%3A+Aves%29&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=373-386&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1671%2F0272-4634%282003%29023%5B0373%3Aoocsta%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84936431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=De+Ricqles&rft.au=A.+J.&rft.au=K.+Padian&rft.au=J.+R.+Horner&rft.au=E.+T.+Lamm&rft.au=N.+Myhrvold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiGaoVintherShawkey2010" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Quanguo; Gao, Ke-Qin; Vinther, Jakob; Shawkey, Matthew; Clarke, Julia; D'Alba, Liliana; Meng, Qingjin; Briggs, Derek; Prum, Richard (12 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/210394/files/PAL_E4402.pdf">"Plumage Color Patterns of an Extinct Dinosaur"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>327</b> (5971): 1369–1372. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...327.1369L">2010Sci...327.1369L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1186290">10.1126/science.1186290</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20133521">20133521</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206525132">206525132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Plumage+Color+Patterns+of+an+Extinct+Dinosaur&rft.volume=327&rft.issue=5971&rft.pages=1369-1372&rft.date=2010-03-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1186290&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206525132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20133521&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sci...327.1369L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Quanguo&rft.au=Gao%2C+Ke-Qin&rft.au=Vinther%2C+Jakob&rft.au=Shawkey%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Julia&rft.au=D%27Alba%2C+Liliana&rft.au=Meng%2C+Qingjin&rft.au=Briggs%2C+Derek&rft.au=Prum%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F210394%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E4402.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cincotta, A., Nicolaï, M., Campos, H.B.N. et al. Pterosaur melanosomes support signalling functions for early feathers. Nature 604, 684–688 (2022). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04622-3">10.1038/s41586-022-04622-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaino,_NicolaRiccardo_Stradi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Saino, Nicola; Riccardo Stradi (1999). "Carotenoid Plasma Concentration, Immune Profile, and Plumage Ornamentation of Male Barn Swallows". <i>American Naturalist</i>. <b>154</b> (4): 441–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F303246">10.1086/303246</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10523490">10523490</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4400888">4400888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Carotenoid+Plasma+Concentration%2C+Immune+Profile%2C+and+Plumage+Ornamentation+of+Male+Barn+Swallows&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=441-448&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4400888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10523490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F303246&rft.au=Saino%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Riccardo+Stradi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndler,_John_A.David_A._WestcottJoah_R._MaddenTim_Robson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Endler, John A.; David A. Westcott; Joah R. Madden; Tim Robson & Patrick Phillips (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2005.tb01827.x">"Animal visual systems and the evolution of color patterns: Sensory processing illumiates signal evolution"</a>. <i>Evolution</i>. <b>59</b> (8): 1795–1818. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2005.tb01827.x">10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01827.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16329248">16329248</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25683790">25683790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Animal+visual+systems+and+the+evolution+of+color+patterns%3A+Sensory+processing+illumiates+signal+evolution&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1795-1818&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25683790%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16329248&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2005.tb01827.x&rft.au=Endler%2C+John+A.&rft.au=David+A.+Westcott&rft.au=Joah+R.+Madden&rft.au=Tim+Robson&rft.au=Patrick+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.0014-3820.2005.tb01827.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelenitskyTherrienEricksonDeBuhr2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zelenitsky, D. K.; Therrien, F.; Erickson, G. M.; DeBuhr, C. L.; Kobayashi, Y.; Eberth, D. A.; Hadfield, F. (26 October 2012). "Feathered Non-Avian Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins". <i>Science</i>. <b>338</b> (6106): 510–514. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...338..510Z">2012Sci...338..510Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1225376">10.1126/science.1225376</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23112330">23112330</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2057698">2057698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Feathered+Non-Avian+Dinosaurs+from+North+America+Provide+Insight+into+Wing+Origins&rft.volume=338&rft.issue=6106&rft.pages=510-514&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2057698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...338..510Z&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1225376&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23112330&rft.aulast=Zelenitsky&rft.aufirst=D.+K.&rft.au=Therrien%2C+F.&rft.au=Erickson%2C+G.+M.&rft.au=DeBuhr%2C+C.+L.&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Eberth%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Hadfield%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuYanLaiNg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Ping; Yan, Jie; Lai, Yung-Chih; Ng, Chen Siang; Li, Ang; Jiang, Xueyuan; Elsey, Ruth M.; Widelitz, Randall; Bajpai, Ruchi; Li, Wen-Hsiung; Chuong, Cheng-Ming (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5850302">"Multiple Regulatory Modules Are Required for Scale-to-Feather Conversion"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 417–430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsx295">10.1093/molbev/msx295</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-1719">1537-1719</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5850302">5850302</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29177513">29177513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Multiple+Regulatory+Modules+Are+Required+for+Scale-to-Feather+Conversion&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=417-430&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5850302%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1537-1719&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29177513&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsx295&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Ping&rft.au=Yan%2C+Jie&rft.au=Lai%2C+Yung-Chih&rft.au=Ng%2C+Chen+Siang&rft.au=Li%2C+Ang&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Xueyuan&rft.au=Elsey%2C+Ruth+M.&rft.au=Widelitz%2C+Randall&rft.au=Bajpai%2C+Ruchi&rft.au=Li%2C+Wen-Hsiung&rft.au=Chuong%2C+Cheng-Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5850302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlibardiKnappSawyer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Alibardi, L.; Knapp, L. W.; Sawyer, R. H. (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6055177">"Beta-keratin localization in developing alligator scales and feathers in relation to the development and evolution of feathers"</a>. <i>Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology</i>. <b>38</b> (2–3): 175–192. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1122-9497">1122-9497</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17784647">17784647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Submicroscopic+Cytology+and+Pathology&rft.atitle=Beta-keratin+localization+in+developing+alligator+scales+and+feathers+in+relation+to+the+development+and+evolution+of+feathers&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=175-192&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17784647&rft.issn=1122-9497&rft.aulast=Alibardi&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Knapp%2C+L.+W.&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+R.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F6055177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlibardiKnappSawyer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Alibardi, L; Knapp, LW; Sawyer, RH (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6055177">"Beta-keratin localization in developing alligator scales and feathers in relation to the development and evolution of feathers"</a>. <i>Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology</i>. <b>38</b> (2–3): 175–92. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17784647">17784647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Submicroscopic+Cytology+and+Pathology&rft.atitle=Beta-keratin+localization+in+developing+alligator+scales+and+feathers+in+relation+to+the+development+and+evolution+of+feathers&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=175-92&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17784647&rft.aulast=Alibardi&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Knapp%2C+LW&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+RH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F6055177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoldSawyer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Greenwold, Matthew J.; Sawyer, Roger H. (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015014225/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50801629/jez.b.2143620161209-26901-9mlb8t-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1665801383&Signature=gJjg-n6ADk7cVZ2dpCUno4Q8X~l2ixG6T8NxcOwJxsDy1RgCxwvNv2UpiHylOeKMuq2TBU~~W0gxtieZHVMOjC1bQONwqdlg0xcNkKIvNXoGxrr7tRZ5J2DfxrJ-3JsT~Uns8SZ1ry8wBbv5V0Hz1etiFG4nPqs5Yx4b0D9xS2vVr~wIcqed8x84xspBlysJjavqztbFOLKPfGN7x9ez~L4sno3CogZU9bVpqD6Zq~w53esghZrWV5VQCw25je43qNFiWixHAi~aeFRpLP0IiiTFJc64XpHEiAMlu4Buh4ypOdP1z7Imnnc-bj3opJ1FSbM3VizRyqxdvDrNOMsEMw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">"Linking the molecular evolution of avian beta (β) keratins to the evolution of feathers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution</i>. <b>316B</b> (8): 609–616. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JEZB..316..609G">2011JEZB..316..609G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjez.b.21436">10.1002/jez.b.21436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21898788">21898788</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50801629/jez.b.2143620161209-26901-9mlb8t-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1665801383&Signature=gJjg-n6ADk7cVZ2dpCUno4Q8X~l2ixG6T8NxcOwJxsDy1RgCxwvNv2UpiHylOeKMuq2TBU~~W0gxtieZHVMOjC1bQONwqdlg0xcNkKIvNXoGxrr7tRZ5J2DfxrJ-3JsT~Uns8SZ1ry8wBbv5V0Hz1etiFG4nPqs5Yx4b0D9xS2vVr~wIcqed8x84xspBlysJjavqztbFOLKPfGN7x9ez~L4sno3CogZU9bVpqD6Zq~w53esghZrWV5VQCw25je43qNFiWixHAi~aeFRpLP0IiiTFJc64XpHEiAMlu4Buh4ypOdP1z7Imnnc-bj3opJ1FSbM3VizRyqxdvDrNOMsEMw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Zoology+Part+B%3A+Molecular+and+Developmental+Evolution&rft.atitle=Linking+the+molecular+evolution+of+avian+beta+%28%CE%B2%29+keratins+to+the+evolution+of+feathers&rft.volume=316B&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=609-616&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21898788&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjez.b.21436&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JEZB..316..609G&rft.aulast=Greenwold&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+Roger+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net%2F50801629%2Fjez.b.2143620161209-26901-9mlb8t-with-cover-page-v2.pdf%3FExpires%3D1665801383%26Signature%3DgJjg-n6ADk7cVZ2dpCUno4Q8X~l2ixG6T8NxcOwJxsDy1RgCxwvNv2UpiHylOeKMuq2TBU~~W0gxtieZHVMOjC1bQONwqdlg0xcNkKIvNXoGxrr7tRZ5J2DfxrJ-3JsT~Uns8SZ1ry8wBbv5V0Hz1etiFG4nPqs5Yx4b0D9xS2vVr~wIcqed8x84xspBlysJjavqztbFOLKPfGN7x9ez~L4sno3CogZU9bVpqD6Zq~w53esghZrWV5VQCw25je43qNFiWixHAi~aeFRpLP0IiiTFJc64XpHEiAMlu4Buh4ypOdP1z7Imnnc-bj3opJ1FSbM3VizRyqxdvDrNOMsEMw__%26Key-Pair-Id%3DAPKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlaterEdwardsWebbZhang2023" class="citation journal cs1">Slater, Tiffany S; Edwards, Nicholas P; Webb, Samuel M; Zhang, Fucheng; McNamara, Maria E (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-02177-8">"Preservation of corneous β-proteins in Mesozoic feathers"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>7</b> (10): 1706–1713. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatEE...7.1706S">2023NatEE...7.1706S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02177-8">10.1038/s41559-023-02177-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37735563">37735563</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:262125827">262125827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Preservation+of+corneous+%CE%B2-proteins+in+Mesozoic+feathers&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1706-1713&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02177-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A262125827%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37735563&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatEE...7.1706S&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Tiffany+S&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Nicholas+P&rft.au=Webb%2C+Samuel+M&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Fucheng&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Maria+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-023-02177-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentonDhouaillyJiangMcNamara2019" class="citation journal cs1">Benton, Michael J.; Dhouailly, Danielle; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria (1 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cora.ucc.ie/bitstream/handle/10468/8068/10285.pdf?sequence=1">"The Early Origin of Feathers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trends in Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>34</b> (9): 856–869. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019TEcoE..34..856B">2019TEcoE..34..856B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2019.04.018">10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10468%2F8068">10468/8068</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-5347">0169-5347</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31164250">31164250</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:174811556">174811556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Early+Origin+of+Feathers&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=856-869&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10468%2F8068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A174811556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019TEcoE..34..856B&rft.issn=0169-5347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2019.04.018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31164250&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Dhouailly%2C+Danielle&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Baoyu&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcora.ucc.ie%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10468%2F8068%2F10285.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimond,_C._C.R._J._CabinJ._S._Brooks2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dimond, C. C.; R. J. Cabin; J. S. Brooks (2011). "Feathers, Dinosaurs, and Behavioral Cues: Defining the Visual Display Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods". <i>BIOS</i>. <b>82</b> (3): 58–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1893%2F011.082.0302">10.1893/011.082.0302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98221211">98221211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BIOS&rft.atitle=Feathers%2C+Dinosaurs%2C+and+Behavioral+Cues%3A+Defining+the+Visual+Display+Hypothesis+for+the+Adaptive+Function+of+Feathers+in+Non-Avian+Theropods&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=58-63&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1893%2F011.082.0302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98221211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Dimond%2C+C.+C.&rft.au=R.+J.+Cabin&rft.au=J.+S.+Brooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu,_XingFucheng_Zhang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Xing; Fucheng Zhang (2005). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus". <i>Naturwissenschaften</i>. <b>92</b> (4): 173–177. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005NW.....92..173X">2005NW.....92..173X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-004-0604-y">10.1007/s00114-004-0604-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15685441">15685441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:789908">789908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=A+new+maniraptoran+dinosaur+from+China+with+long+feathers+on+the+metatarsus&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=173-177&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-004-0604-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A789908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15685441&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005NW.....92..173X&rft.au=Xu%2C+Xing&rft.au=Fucheng+Zhang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu,_Xing2006" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Xing (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-4877.2006.00004.x">"Feathered dinosaurs from China and the evolution of major avian characters"</a>. <i>Integrative Zoology</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 4–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-4877.2006.00004.x">10.1111/j.1749-4877.2006.00004.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21395983">21395983</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1516713">1516713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+Zoology&rft.atitle=Feathered+dinosaurs+from+China+and+the+evolution+of+major+avian+characters&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-11&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1516713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21395983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-4877.2006.00004.x&rft.au=Xu%2C+Xing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1749-4877.2006.00004.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZheng,_X._T.H._L._YouX._XuZ._M._Dong2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zheng, X. T.; H. L. You; X. Xu & Z. M. Dong (2009). "An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures". <i>Nature</i>. <b>458</b> (7236): 333–336. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.458..333Z">2009Natur.458..333Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07856">10.1038/nature07856</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19295609">19295609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4423110">4423110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=An+Early+Cretaceous+heterodontosaurid+dinosaur+with+filamentous+integumentary+structures&rft.volume=458&rft.issue=7236&rft.pages=333-336&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4423110%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19295609&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.458..333Z&rft.au=Zheng%2C+X.+T.&rft.au=H.+L.+You&rft.au=X.+Xu&rft.au=Z.+M.+Dong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xu&guo2009-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xu&guo2009_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xu&guo2009_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xu&guo2009_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuGuo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, X.; Guo, Y. (2009). "The origin and early evolution of feathers: insights from recent paleontological and neontological data". <i>Vertebrata PalAsiatica</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 311–329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vertebrata+PalAsiatica&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+early+evolution+of+feathers%3A+insights+from+recent+paleontological+and+neontological+data&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=311-329&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.au=Guo%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godefroit2014-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Godefroit2014_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodefroitSinitsaDhouaillyBolotsky2014" class="citation journal cs1">Godefroit, Pascal; Sinitsa, Sofia M.; Dhouailly, Danielle; Bolotsky, Yuri L.; Sizov, Alexander V.; McNamara, Maria E.; Benton, Michael J.; Spagna, Paul (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/dinosaur-evolution-a-jurassic-ornithischian-dinosaur-from-siberia-with-both-feathers-and-scales(a7ae6dfb-55bf-4ca4-bd8b-a5ea5f323103).html">"A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and scales"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>345</b> (6195): 451–455. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...345..451G">2014Sci...345..451G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1253351">10.1126/science.1253351</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2Fa7ae6dfb-55bf-4ca4-bd8b-a5ea5f323103">1983/a7ae6dfb-55bf-4ca4-bd8b-a5ea5f323103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25061209">25061209</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206556907">206556907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Jurassic+ornithischian+dinosaur+from+Siberia+with+both+feathers+and+scales&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=6195&rft.pages=451-455&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2Fa7ae6dfb-55bf-4ca4-bd8b-a5ea5f323103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206556907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...345..451G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25061209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1253351&rft.aulast=Godefroit&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft.au=Sinitsa%2C+Sofia+M.&rft.au=Dhouailly%2C+Danielle&rft.au=Bolotsky%2C+Yuri+L.&rft.au=Sizov%2C+Alexander+V.&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Maria+E.&rft.au=Benton%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Spagna%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bris.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fdinosaur-evolution-a-jurassic-ornithischian-dinosaur-from-siberia-with-both-feathers-and-scales%28a7ae6dfb-55bf-4ca4-bd8b-a5ea5f323103%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrettEvansCampione2015" class="citation journal cs1">Barrett, Paul M.; Evans, David C.; Campione, Nicolás E. (30 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528472">"Evolution of dinosaur epidermal structures"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>11</b> (6): 20150229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2015.0229">10.1098/rsbl.2015.0229</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528472">4528472</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26041865">26041865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+dinosaur+epidermal+structures&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=20150229&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4528472%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26041865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2015.0229&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft.au=Evans%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Campione%2C+Nicol%C3%A1s+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4528472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube.com-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MOCbXPwshA"><i>Those feathers won't stick: maximum likelihood modelling supports scales as primitive for Dinosauria (The 66th Symposium on Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy)</i></a>, 9 November 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/2MOCbXPwshA">archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Those+feathers+won%27t+stick%3A+maximum+likelihood+modelling+supports+scales+as+primitive+for+Dinosauria+%28The+66th+Symposium+on+Vertebrate+Palaeontology+and+Comparative+Anatomy%29&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D2MOCbXPwshA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayrPittmanSaittaKaye2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mayr, Gerald; Pittman, Michael; Saitta, Evan; Kaye, Thomas G.; Vinther, Jakob (30 August 2016). Benson, Roger (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12257">"Structure and homology of Psittacosaurus tail bristles"</a>. <i>Palaeontology</i>. <b>59</b> (6): 793–802. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Palgy..59..793M">2016Palgy..59..793M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12257">10.1111/pala.12257</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F029c668f-08b9-45f6-a0c5-30ce9256e593">1983/029c668f-08b9-45f6-a0c5-30ce9256e593</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89156313">89156313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&rft.atitle=Structure+and+homology+of+Psittacosaurus+tail+bristles&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=793-802&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F029c668f-08b9-45f6-a0c5-30ce9256e593&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A89156313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpala.12257&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Palgy..59..793M&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Pittman%2C+Michael&rft.au=Saitta%2C+Evan&rft.au=Kaye%2C+Thomas+G.&rft.au=Vinther%2C+Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fpala.12257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltz2018" class="citation web cs1">Holtz, Thomas (19 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SVP-2018-program-book-V4-FINAL-with-covers-9-24-18.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Integumentary Status: It's Complicated': Phylogenetic, Sedimentary, and Biological Impediments to Resolving the Ancestral Integument of Mesozoic Dinosauria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Society of Vertebrate Paleontology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=%22Integumentary+Status%3A+It%27s+Complicated%27%3A+Phylogenetic%2C+Sedimentary%2C+and+Biological+Impediments+to+Resolving+the+Ancestral+Integument+of+Mesozoic+Dinosauria&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft.aulast=Holtz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvertpaleo.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F03%2FSVP-2018-program-book-V4-FINAL-with-covers-9-24-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtegaEscasoSanz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ortega, Francisco; Escaso, Fernando; Sanz, José L. (9 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09181">"A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>467</b> (7312): 203–206. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.467..203O">2010Natur.467..203O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09181">10.1038/nature09181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20829793">20829793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4395795">4395795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+bizarre%2C+humped+Carcharodontosauria+%28Theropoda%29+from+the+Lower+Cretaceous+of+Spain&rft.volume=467&rft.issue=7312&rft.pages=203-206&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4395795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Natur.467..203O&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09181&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20829793&rft.aulast=Ortega&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=Escaso%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Sanz%2C+Jos%C3%A9+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature09181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFothTischlingerRauhut2014" class="citation journal cs1">Foth, Christian; Tischlinger, Helmut; Rauhut, Oliver W.M. (2 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13467">"New specimen of Archaeopteryx provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>511</b> (7507): 79–82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.511...79F">2014Natur.511...79F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13467">10.1038/nature13467</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24990749">24990749</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4464659">4464659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=New+specimen+of+Archaeopteryx+provides+insights+into+the+evolution+of+pennaceous+feathers&rft.volume=511&rft.issue=7507&rft.pages=79-82&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13467&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4464659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24990749&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.511...79F&rft.aulast=Foth&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Tischlinger%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Rauhut%2C+Oliver+W.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature13467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuestaOrtegaSanz2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cuesta, Elena; Ortega, Francisco; Sanz, José Luis (4 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/7177802">"Appendicular osteology of Concavenator corcovatus (Theropoda: Carcharodontosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain"</a>. <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>38</b> (4): (1)–(24). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2018.1485153">10.1080/02724634.2018.1485153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634">0272-4634</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91976402">91976402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=Appendicular+osteology+of+Concavenator+corcovatus+%28Theropoda%3A+Carcharodontosauridae%29+from+the+Lower+Cretaceous+of+Spain&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%281%29-%2824%29&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91976402%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0272-4634&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.2018.1485153&rft.aulast=Cuesta&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Ortega%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Sanz%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2F7177802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJi,_Q.P._J._CurrieM._A._NorellS._A._Ji1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ji, Q.; P. J. Currie; M. A. Norell; S. A. Ji (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/31829/files/PAL_E1436.pdf">"Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>393</b> (6687): 753–761. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.393..753Q">1998Natur.393..753Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F31635">10.1038/31635</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205001388">205001388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Two+feathered+dinosaurs+from+northeastern+China&rft.volume=393&rft.issue=6687&rft.pages=753-761&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205001388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F31635&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.393..753Q&rft.au=Ji%2C+Q.&rft.au=P.+J.+Currie&rft.au=M.+A.+Norell&rft.au=S.+A.+Ji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F31829%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E1436.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu,_X.H._H._ZhouR._O._Prum2001" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, X.; H. H. Zhou & R. O. Prum (2001). "Branched integumental structures in Sinornithosaurus and the origin of feathers". <i>Nature</i>. <b>410</b> (6825): 200–204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.410..200X">2001Natur.410..200X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35065589">10.1038/35065589</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11242078">11242078</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4426803">4426803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Branched+integumental+structures+in+Sinornithosaurus+and+the+origin+of+feathers&rft.volume=410&rft.issue=6825&rft.pages=200-204&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35065589&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4426803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11242078&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.410..200X&rft.au=Xu%2C+X.&rft.au=H.+H.+Zhou&rft.au=R.+O.+Prum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu,_D._Y.L._H._HouL._J._ZhangX._Xu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, D. Y.; L. H. Hou; L. J. Zhang; X. Xu (2009). "A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus". <i>Nature</i>. <b>461</b> (7264): 640–643. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.461..640H">2009Natur.461..640H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08322">10.1038/nature08322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19794491">19794491</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205218015">205218015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+pre-Archaeopteryx+troodontid+theropod+from+China+with+long+feathers+on+the+metatarsus&rft.volume=461&rft.issue=7264&rft.pages=640-643&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205218015%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19794491&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.461..640H&rft.au=Hu%2C+D.+Y.&rft.au=L.+H.+Hou&rft.au=L.+J.+Zhang&rft.au=X.+Xu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu,_X.Q._ZhaoM._NorellC._Sullivan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, X.; Q. Zhao; M. Norell; C. Sullivan; D. Hone; G. Erickson; X. L. Wang; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11434-009-0009-6">"A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin"</a>. <i>Chinese Science Bulletin</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 430–435. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SciBu..54..430X">2009SciBu..54..430X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11434-009-0009-6">10.1007/s11434-009-0009-6</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Science+Bulletin&rft.atitle=A+new+feathered+maniraptoran+dinosaur+fossil+that+fills+a+morphological+gap+in+avian+origin&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=430-435&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11434-009-0009-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009SciBu..54..430X&rft.au=Xu%2C+X.&rft.au=Q.+Zhao&rft.au=M.+Norell&rft.au=C.+Sullivan&rft.au=D.+Hone&rft.au=G.+Erickson&rft.au=X.+L.+Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11434-009-0009-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitmer,_L._M.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Witmer, L. M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F461601a">"Feathered dinosaurs in a tangle"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>461</b> (7264): 601–602. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.461..601W">2009Natur.461..601W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F461601a">10.1038/461601a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19794481">19794481</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205049989">205049989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Feathered+dinosaurs+in+a+tangle&rft.volume=461&rft.issue=7264&rft.pages=601-602&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F461601a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205049989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19794481&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.461..601W&rft.au=Witmer%2C+L.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F461601a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/dinosaur-feathers-found-in-alberta-amber-1.1086765">"Dinosaur feathers found in Alberta amber"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. 15 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915200138/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/story/2011/09/15/science-dinosaur-feathers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Dinosaur+feathers+found+in+Alberta+amber&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fdinosaur-feathers-found-in-alberta-amber-1.1086765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160628165734/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/dinosaur-bird-feather-burma-amber-myanmar-flying-paleontology-enantiornithes/">"Rare Dinosaur-Era Bird Wings Found Trapped in Amber"</a>. 28 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/dinosaur-bird-feather-burma-amber-myanmar-flying-paleontology-enantiornithes">the original</a> on 28 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rare+Dinosaur-Era+Bird+Wings+Found+Trapped+in+Amber&rft.date=2016-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F06%2Fdinosaur-bird-feather-burma-amber-myanmar-flying-paleontology-enantiornithes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXingMcKellarWangBai2016" class="citation journal cs1">Xing, Lida; McKellar, Ryan C.; Wang, Min; Bai, Ming; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Benton, Michael J.; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Yan; Tseng, Kuowei (28 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4931330">"Mummified precocial bird wings in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>7</b>: 12089. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...712089X">2016NatCo...712089X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms12089">10.1038/ncomms12089</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4931330">4931330</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27352215">27352215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Mummified+precocial+bird+wings+in+mid-Cretaceous+Burmese+amber&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=12089&rft.date=2016-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4931330%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27352215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms12089&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...712089X&rft.aulast=Xing&rft.aufirst=Lida&rft.au=McKellar%2C+Ryan+C.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Min&rft.au=Bai%2C+Ming&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Jingmai+K.&rft.au=Benton%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jianping&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yan&rft.au=Tseng%2C+Kuowei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4931330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ornithoscelida-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ornithoscelida_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronNormanBarrett2017" class="citation journal cs1">Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution". <i>Nature</i>. <b>543</b> (7646): 501–506. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.543..501B">2017Natur.543..501B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature21700">10.1038/nature21700</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28332513">28332513</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205254710">205254710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+new+hypothesis+of+dinosaur+relationships+and+early+dinosaur+evolution&rft.volume=543&rft.issue=7646&rft.pages=501-506&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature21700&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205254710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28332513&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.543..501B&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=M.G.&rft.au=Norman%2C+D.B.&rft.au=Barrett%2C+P.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangJiangMcNamaraKearns2018" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Zixiao; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria E.; Kearns, Stuart L.; Pittman, Michael; Kaye, Thomas G.; Orr, Patrick J.; Xu, Xing; Benton, Michael J. (17 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cora.ucc.ie/bitstream/handle/10468/8311/8816_Yang_et_al_2019_NEE_Pterosaur_feathers.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like branching"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 24–30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatEE...3...24Y">2018NatEE...3...24Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0728-7">10.1038/s41559-018-0728-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9">1983/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568282">30568282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56480710">56480710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Pterosaur+integumentary+structures+with+complex+feather-like+branching&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-30&rft.date=2018-12-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56480710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatEE...3...24Y&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0728-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30568282&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Zixiao&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Baoyu&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Maria+E.&rft.au=Kearns%2C+Stuart+L.&rft.au=Pittman%2C+Michael&rft.au=Kaye%2C+Thomas+G.&rft.au=Orr%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Xing&rft.au=Benton%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcora.ucc.ie%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10468%2F8311%2F8816_Yang_et_al_2019_NEE_Pterosaur_feathers.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangerEzcurraRauhutBenton2017" class="citation journal cs1">Langer, Max C.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Benton, Michael J.; Knoll, Fabien; McPhee, Blair W.; Novas, Fernando E.; Pol, Diego; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/136903911/Langer_et_al._reply_to_Baron_et_al._mjb.pdf">"Untangling the dinosaur family tree"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>551</b> (7678): E1–E3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.551E...1L">2017Natur.551E...1L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature24011">10.1038/nature24011</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2Fd088dae2-c7fa-4d41-9fa2-aeebbfcd2fa3">1983/d088dae2-c7fa-4d41-9fa2-aeebbfcd2fa3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29094688">29094688</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205260354">205260354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Untangling+the+dinosaur+family+tree&rft.volume=551&rft.issue=7678&rft.pages=E1-E3&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2Fd088dae2-c7fa-4d41-9fa2-aeebbfcd2fa3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205260354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.551E...1L&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature24011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29094688&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Max+C.&rft.au=Ezcurra%2C+Mart%C3%ADn+D.&rft.au=Rauhut%2C+Oliver+W.+M.&rft.au=Benton%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Knoll%2C+Fabien&rft.au=McPhee%2C+Blair+W.&rft.au=Novas%2C+Fernando+E.&rft.au=Pol%2C+Diego&rft.au=Brusatte%2C+Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bris.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F136903911%2FLanger_et_al._reply_to_Baron_et_al._mjb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentonDhouaillyJiangMcNamara2019" class="citation journal cs1">Benton, Michael J.; Dhouailly, Danielle; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria (1 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cora.ucc.ie/bitstream/handle/10468/8068/10285.pdf?sequence=1">"The Early Origin of Feathers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trends in Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>34</b> (9): 856–869. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019TEcoE..34..856B">2019TEcoE..34..856B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2019.04.018">10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10468%2F8068">10468/8068</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-5347">0169-5347</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31164250">31164250</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:174811556">174811556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Early+Origin+of+Feathers&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=856-869&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10468%2F8068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A174811556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019TEcoE..34..856B&rft.issn=0169-5347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2019.04.018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31164250&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Dhouailly%2C+Danielle&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Baoyu&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcora.ucc.ie%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10468%2F8068%2F10285.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foth2011-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foth2011_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foth2011_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoth2011" class="citation journal cs1">Foth, C (2011). "On the identification of feather structures in stem-line representatives of birds: evidence from fossils and actuopalaeontology". <i>Paläontologische Zeitschrift</i>. <b>86</b>: 91–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12542-011-0111-3">10.1007/s12542-011-0111-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86362907">86362907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A4ontologische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=On+the+identification+of+feather+structures+in+stem-line+representatives+of+birds%3A+evidence+from+fossils+and+actuopalaeontology&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=91-102&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12542-011-0111-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86362907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Foth&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnwinMartill2020" class="citation journal cs1">Unwin, David M.; Martill, David M. (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-01308-9">"No protofeathers on pterosaurs"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>4</b> (12): 1590–1591. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatEE...4.1590U">2020NatEE...4.1590U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-020-01308-9">10.1038/s41559-020-01308-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32989266">32989266</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222168569">222168569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=No+protofeathers+on+pterosaurs&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1590-1591&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222168569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatEE...4.1590U&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-020-01308-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32989266&rft.aulast=Unwin&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Martill%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-020-01308-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangJiangMcNamaraKearns2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Zixiao; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria E.; Kearns, Stuart L.; Pittman, Michael; Kaye, Thomas G.; Orr, Patrick J.; Xu, Xing; Benton, Michael J. (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/184677374/Main_Text_revised_mjb.pdf">"Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like branching"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 24–30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatEE...3...24Y">2018NatEE...3...24Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0728-7">10.1038/s41559-018-0728-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9">1983/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568282">30568282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56480710">56480710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Pterosaur+integumentary+structures+with+complex+feather-like+branching&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-30&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56480710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatEE...3...24Y&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0728-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30568282&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Zixiao&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Baoyu&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Maria+E.&rft.au=Kearns%2C+Stuart+L.&rft.au=Pittman%2C+Michael&rft.au=Kaye%2C+Thomas+G.&rft.au=Orr%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Xing&rft.au=Benton%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bris.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F184677374%2FMain_Text_revised_mjb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci-news.com/paleontology/pterosaur-feathers-06733.html">"Pterosaurs Had Four Types of Feathers, New Study Shows | Paleontology | Sci-News.com"</a>. <i>Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com</i>. 18 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Breaking+Science+News+%7C+Sci-News.com&rft.atitle=Pterosaurs+Had+Four+Types+of+Feathers%2C+New+Study+Shows+%7C+Paleontology+%7C+Sci-News.com&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci-news.com%2Fpaleontology%2Fpterosaur-feathers-06733.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20181217-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20181217_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Fleur2018" class="citation news cs1">St. Fleur, Nicholas (17 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/17/science/pterosaur-feathers-fur.html">"Feathers and Fur Fly Over Pterosaur Fossil Finding – An analysis of two fossils would push back the origins of feathers by about 70 million years, but more specimens may be needed for confirmation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Feathers+and+Fur+Fly+Over+Pterosaur+Fossil+Finding+%E2%80%93+An+analysis+of+two+fossils+would+push+back+the+origins+of+feathers+by+about+70+million+years%2C+but+more+specimens+may+be+needed+for+confirmation.&rft.date=2018-12-17&rft.aulast=St.+Fleur&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F17%2Fscience%2Fpterosaur-feathers-fur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2018" class="citation news cs1">Briggs, Helen (17 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46572782">"Fur flies over new pterosaur fossils"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fur+flies+over+new+pterosaur+fossils&rft.date=2018-12-17&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-46572782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Alba2019" class="citation journal cs1">D'Alba, Liliana (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0767-0">"Pterosaur plumage"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 12–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0767-0">10.1038/s41559-018-0767-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568284">30568284</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56480834">56480834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Pterosaur+plumage&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56480834%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30568284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0767-0&rft.aulast=D%27Alba&rft.aufirst=Liliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41559-018-0767-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pycnos-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pycnos_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZixiao_YangBaoyu_JiangMaria_E._McNamaraStuart_L._Kearns2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zixiao Yang; Baoyu Jiang; Maria E. McNamara; Stuart L. Kearns; Michael Pittman; Thomas G. Kaye; Patrick J. Orr; Xing Xu; Michael J. Benton (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9">"Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like branching"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 24–30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatEE...3...24Y">2018NatEE...3...24Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0728-7">10.1038/s41559-018-0728-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9">1983/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568282">30568282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56480710">56480710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Pterosaur+integumentary+structures+with+complex+feather-like+branching&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-30&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56480710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatEE...3...24Y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30568282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0728-7&rft.au=Zixiao+Yang&rft.au=Baoyu+Jiang&rft.au=Maria+E.+McNamara&rft.au=Stuart+L.+Kearns&rft.au=Michael+Pittman&rft.au=Thomas+G.+Kaye&rft.au=Patrick+J.+Orr&rft.au=Xing+Xu&rft.au=Michael+J.+Benton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bris.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnwinMartill2020" class="citation journal cs1">Unwin, D. M.; Martill, D. M. (2020). "No protofeathers on pterosaurs". <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>4</b> (12): 1590–1591. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatEE...4.1590U">2020NatEE...4.1590U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-020-01308-9">10.1038/s41559-020-01308-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32989266">32989266</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222168569">222168569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=No+protofeathers+on+pterosaurs&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1590-1591&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-020-01308-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222168569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32989266&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatEE...4.1590U&rft.aulast=Unwin&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Martill%2C+D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangJiangMcNamaraKearns2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Z.; Jiang, B.; McNamara, M. E.; Kearns, S. L.; Pittman, M.; Kaye, T. G.; Orr, P. J.; Xu, X.; Benton, M. J. (2020). "Reply to: No protofeathers on pterosaurs". <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>4</b> (12): 1592–1593. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatEE...4.1592Y">2020NatEE...4.1592Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-020-01309-8">10.1038/s41559-020-01309-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10468%2F11874">10468/11874</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32989267">32989267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222163211">222163211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Reply+to%3A+No+protofeathers+on+pterosaurs&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1592-1593&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10468%2F11874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222163211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatEE...4.1592Y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32989267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-020-01309-8&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+B.&rft.au=McNamara%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Kearns%2C+S.+L.&rft.au=Pittman%2C+M.&rft.au=Kaye%2C+T.+G.&rft.au=Orr%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Xu%2C+X.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Thor (2011). <a href="/wiki/Feathers:_The_Evolution_of_a_Natural_Miracle" title="Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle"><i>Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02013-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02013-3"><bdi>978-0-465-02013-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feathers%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Natural+Miracle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02013-3&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Thor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lucas, Alfred M.; Stettenheim, Peter R. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYIWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA235">"Structure of feathers"</a>. <i>Avian Anatomy Integument</i>. Vol. Part 1. Washington D.C.: US Department of Agriculture. pp. 235–276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Structure+of+feathers&rft.btitle=Avian+Anatomy+Integument&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=235-276&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Alfred+M.&rft.au=Stettenheim%2C+Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYIWAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeather" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feather" class="extiw" title="commons:Feather"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Feather</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pluma" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pluma">pluma</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calamus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:calamus">calamus</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>McGraw, K. J. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.asu.edu/~kjmcgraw/pubs/ABK2005.pdf">Polly want a pigment? Cracking the chemical code to red coloration in parrots.</a> Australian Birdkeeper Magazine 18:608–611.</li> <li>DeMeo, Antonia M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animallaw.info/articles/ar22hstclq771.htm"><i>Access to Eagles and Eagle Parts: Environmental Protection v. Native American Free Exercise of Religion</i> (1995)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610034613/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&tpl=%2Fecfrbrowse%2FTitle50%2F50cfr22_main_02.tpl">Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR), <i>Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries PART 22—EAGLE PERMITS</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animallaw.info/cases/caus649fsupp269.htm">U.S. v. Thirty Eight Golden Eagles (1986)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206211602/http://www.rdg.ac.uk/biomim/personal/richard/keratin.htm">Mechanical structure of feathers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educatedearth.net/video.php?id=4982">Documentary on the evolution of feathers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221358/http://faculty.weber.edu/jcavitt/Lecture4.pdf">Lecture notes on the avian integument</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508075330/http://www.lab.fws.gov/featheratlas/">U.S. National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory's Feather Atlas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.federn.org/index_en.html">Federn.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birds_(class:_Aves)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds" title="Template:Birds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds" title="Template talk:Birds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birds_(class:_Aves)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>: Aves)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_birds" title="Outline of birds">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">Beak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_brain" title="Avian brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)#Birds" title="Crop (anatomy)">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyly#bird_digits" title="Dactyly">Dactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_egg" title="Bird egg">Eggs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">Preen gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">Plumage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">Vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird behaviour">Behaviour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_intelligence" title="Bird intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_foraging" title="Avian foraging">Foraging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_birds" title="Sexual selection in birds">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">Lek mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_breeding_behavior" title="Seabird breeding behavior">Seabird breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_incubation#Avian_incubation" title="Egg incubation">Incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">Brood parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">Nesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hybrid" title="Bird hybrid">Hybrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Origin of flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Evolution of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_bird_genera" title="List of fossil bird genera">Fossil birds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivoropterygidae" title="Omnivoropterygidae">Omnivoropterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeholornithidae" title="Jeholornithidae">Jeholornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Confuciusornithiformes">Confuciusornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyangiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoyangiformes">Chaoyangiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagopterygiformes" title="Patagopterygiformes">Patagopterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiortiformes" title="Ambiortiformes">Ambiortiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songlingornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Songlingornithiformes">Songlingornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshanornithidae" title="Hongshanornithidae">Hongshanornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gansus" title="Gansus">Gansuiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornithes" title="Ichthyornithes">Ichthyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperornithes" title="Hesperornithes">Hesperornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithornithidae" title="Lithornithidae">Lithornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">Dinornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">Aepyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastornithiformes" title="Gastornithiformes">Gastornithiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human <br />interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">Ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithomancy" title="Ornithomancy">Ornithomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_collections" title="Bird collections">Bird collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_feeding" title="Bird feeding">Bird feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imping" title="Imping">Imping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oology" title="Oology">Egg collecting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds" title="List of birds">Families and orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bird_genera" title="List of bird genera">Genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Glossary of bird terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_by_population" title="List of birds by population">List by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_birds_by_region" title="Lists of birds by region">Lists by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_bird_species_since_1500" title="List of extinct bird species since 1500">Extinct species since 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_bird_species" title="List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species">Late Quaternary prehistoric birds</a></li> <li>Notable birds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_birds" title="List of individual birds">individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_birds" title="List of fictional birds">fictional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neornithes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neornithes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palaeognathae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struthionidae" title="Struthionidae">Struthioniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(ostriches)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheidae" title="Rheidae">Rheiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(rheas)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">Tinamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tinamous)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">Apterygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kiwis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuariiformes" title="Casuariiformes">Casuariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(emus and cassowaries)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">N<br />e<br />o<br />g<br />n<br />a<br />t<br />h<br />a<br />e</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Galloanserae_(fowls)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">G<br />a<br />l<br />l<br />o<br />a<br />n<br />s<br />e<br />r<br />a<br />e</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowls</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(waterfowls)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatinae" title="Anatinae">Anatinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">Aythyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergini" title="Mergini">Mergini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyurini" title="Oxyurini">Oxyurini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anserinae" title="Anserinae">Anserinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan"><span style="font-size:85%;">swans</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose"><span style="font-size:85%;">true geese</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistling_duck" title="Whistling duck">Dendrocygninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freckled_duck" title="Freckled duck">Stictonettinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadorninae" title="Tadorninae">Tadorninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhimidae">Anhimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Horned_screamer" title="Horned screamer">Anhima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chauna" title="Chauna">Chauna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseranatidae" title="Anseranatidae">Anseranatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magpie_goose" title="Magpie goose">Anseranas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Landfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfowl">landfowls</a>-</span> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gamebirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamebirds">gamebirds</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cracidae" title="Cracidae">Cracidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cracinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracinae">Cracinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreophasinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreophasinae">Oreophasinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelopinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelopinae">Penelopinae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megapodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodidae">Megapodidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepypodius" title="Aepypodius">Aepypodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectura" class="mw-redirect" title="Alectura">Alectura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eulipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulipoa">Eulipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipoa">Leipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrocephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocephalon">Macrocephalon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodius">Megapodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talegalla" title="Talegalla">Talegalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Numididae">Numididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vulturine_guineafowl" title="Vulturine guineafowl">Acryllium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agelastes" title="Agelastes">Agelastes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttera" title="Guttera">Guttera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numida" class="mw-redirect" title="Numida">Numida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odontophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophoridae">Odontophoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Callipepla" title="Callipepla">Callipepla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colinus" title="Colinus">Colinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtonyx" title="Cyrtonyx">Cyrtonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylortyx">Dactylortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendrortyx" title="Dendrortyx">Dendrortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophorus">Odontophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreortyx">Oreortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Philortyx">Philortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchortyx">Rhynchortyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meleagridinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meleagridinae">Meleagridinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(turkeys)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdicinae" title="Perdicinae">Perdicinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasianinae" title="Phasianinae">Phasianinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(pheasants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">Tetraoninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbea" title="Columbea">Columbea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbimorphae" title="Columbimorphae">Columbimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(doves and pigeons)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesite" title="Mesite">Mesitornithiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mesites)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">Pterocliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(sandgrouse)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirandornithes" title="Mirandornithes">Mirandornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Phoenicopteriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(flamingos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">Podicipediformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(grebes)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passerea" title="Passerea">Passerea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otidimorphae" title="Otidimorphae">Otidimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">Cuculiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cuckoos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turaco" title="Turaco">Musophagiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(turacos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustard" title="Bustard">Otidiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(bustards)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strisores" title="Strisores">Strisores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caprimulgiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Caprimulgiformes">Caprimulgiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(nightjars and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatornithiformes">Steatornithiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(oilbirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctibiiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyctibiiformes">Nyctibiiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(potoos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podargiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Podargiformes">Podargiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(frogmouths)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegotheliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegotheliformes">Aegotheliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(owlet-nightjars)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(swifts and hummingbirds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthocomiformes">Opisthocomiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomidae" title="Opisthocomidae">Opisthocomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hoatzins)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cursorimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursorimorphae">Cursorimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(gulls and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruiformes" title="Gruiformes">Gruiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cranes and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phaethontimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaethontimorphae">Phaethontimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropicbird" title="Tropicbird">Phaethontiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tropicbirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypygiformes" title="Eurypygiformes">Eurypygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kagus and sunbitterns)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aequornithes" title="Aequornithes">Aequornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">Gaviiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(loons or divers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">Sphenisciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(penguins)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(albatrosses and petrels)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">Ciconiiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(storks)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suliformes" title="Suliformes">Suliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cormorants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecaniformes" title="Pelecaniformes">Pelecaniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(pelicans and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(seriemas and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(falcons and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">Psittaciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(parrots)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(perching birds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroaves" title="Afroaves">Afroaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(raptors)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Strigiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(owls)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousebird" title="Mousebird">Coliiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mousebirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogon" title="Trogon">Trogoniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(trogons and quetzals)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo-roller" title="Cuckoo-roller">Leptosomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cuckoo-rollers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucerotiformes" title="Bucerotiformes">Bucerotiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hornbills and hoopoes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kingfishers and rollers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(woodpeckers and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds" title="Category:Birds">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Birds">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Birds" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feather_tracts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feather-tracts" title="Template:Feather-tracts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Feather-tracts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Feather-tracts (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feather-tracts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feather-tracts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feather_tracts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feather tracts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alula" title="Alula">alula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_feather" title="Covert feather">coverts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye-ring" title="Eye-ring">eye-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_feather" title="Flight feather">flight feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculum_feathers" title="Speculum feathers">speculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercilium" title="Supercilium">supercilium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81025#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4324230-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85047536">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Plumes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11972131b">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Plumes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11972131b">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00755542">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529148205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feather&oldid=1254903946">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feather&oldid=1254903946</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feathers" title="Category:Feathers">Feathers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bird_products" title="Category:Bird products">Bird products</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2021">Use dmy dates from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_April_2014" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2014">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link is on Wikidata">Commons link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 07:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feather&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5945864d7d-t8d47","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.779","walltime":"2.087","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9321,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":647000,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3660,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":32,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":556601,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1741.272 1 -total"," 59.09% 1028.913 1 Template:Reflist"," 40.06% 697.489 96 Template:Cite_journal"," 37.85% 659.088 25 Template:Clade"," 16.48% 287.033 14 Template:Navbox"," 8.83% 153.682 1 Template:Birds"," 5.87% 102.192 1 Template:Harvnb"," 4.30% 74.928 1 Template:By_whom"," 4.14% 72.133 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.10% 71.423 1 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.158","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9306893,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlibardiKnappSawyer2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBadyaevHill2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaronNormanBarrett2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrettEvansCampione2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBentonDhouaillyJiangMcNamara2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBock,_WJ2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonser,_R.H.C.Dawson,_C.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonser1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonserSakerJeronimidis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBostwickRichard_O.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowen,_Gabriel_JWassenaar,_Leonard_IHobson,_Keith_A2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooke,_M._de_L.Hiroshi_Nakamura1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurttIchida2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameronWessBonser2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasarin,_FrancianiBrandelli,_Florencia_Cladera-Olivera_AdrianoBrandelli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaswell_StoddardPrum2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandler1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConoverMiller1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuestaOrtegaSanz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Alba2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_RicqlesA._J.K._PadianJ._R._Horner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelheyPetersBiedermannKempenaers2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelheyPetersKempenaers2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemay1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimond,_C._C.R._J._CabinJ._S._Brooks2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDyck1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatonLanyon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrlichDobkinWheye1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEichhorn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndler,_John_A.David_A._WestcottJoah_R._MaddenTim_Robson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndler1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoth2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFothTischlingerRauhut2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFroemming2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodefroitSinitsaDhouaillyBolotsky2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandeNegroTorres2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwoldSawyer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall,_K.Susanna_S.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHausmannArnoldMarshallOwens2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornikKrishanYusufScaal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHu,_D._Y.L._H._HouL._J._ZhangX._Xu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaspers,_V.Voorspoels,_S.Covaci,_A.Lepoint,_G.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJi,_Q.P._J._CurrieM._A._NorellS._A._Ji1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiang,_Z.Qin,_D.Hse,_C.Kuo,_M.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstonParsons2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangerEzcurraRauhutBenton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLederer1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiGaoVintherShawkey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLingham-Soliar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLozano1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahawarJaroli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinBadyaev1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayrPittmanSaittaKaye2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrawNogare2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLelland1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurariFreyFreyGowda2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNitzsch1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtegaEscasoSanz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulingCorey1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPersonsCurrie2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettingill,_OS_Jr.1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiersmavan_Eerden1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoopathi,_S.Abidha,_S.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrum,_R.O.Brush,_A.H2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrum,_Richard_O.AH_Brush2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrum,_Richard_O1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPycraft1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRevis,_Hannah_C.Deborah_A._Waller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRibakWeihsArad2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaino,_NicolaRiccardo_Stradi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt,_W.F.Barone,_J.R.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorKrimm1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawkeyHill2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShawkeyPillaiHill2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlaterEdwardsWebbZhang2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Fleur2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Fleur2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumida,_SSCA_Brochu2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToon,_A.Hughes,_J.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnwinMartill2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVintherBriggsClarkeMayr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitfield,_John2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitmer,_L._M.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuYanLaiNg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXingMcKellarWangBai2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXu,_X.H._H._ZhouR._O._Prum2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXu,_X.Q._ZhaoM._NorellC._Sullivan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXu,_Xing2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXu,_XingFucheng_Zhang2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuGuo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXu_X.Wang_K.Zhang_K.Ma_Q.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangJiangMcNamaraKearns2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangJiangMcNamaraKearns2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangJiangMcNamaraKearns2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZelenitskyTherrienEricksonDeBuhr2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZheng,_X._T.H._L._YouX._XuZ._M._Dong2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZixiao_YangBaoyu_JiangMaria_E._McNamaraStuart_L._Kearns2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birds\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 96,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Clade\"] = 25,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Feather-tracts\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordered list\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","20.3"],["?","180","15.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","10.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","10.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","8.5"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","60","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","5.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.4"],["checkParams \u003Cmw.message.lua:36\u003E","20","1.7"],["[others]","200","16.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-xjjhc","timestamp":"20241203065407","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Feather","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feather","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q81025","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q81025","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-30T04:13:20Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T07:08:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/80\/Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg","headline":"body-covering structure of some dinosaurs including birds"}</script> </body> </html>