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upper middle class subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-American_upper_middle_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_upper_middle_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_upper_middle_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>British upper middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supra_meza_klaso" title="Supra meza klaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Supra meza klaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="طبقه متوسط روبه‌بالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طبقه متوسط روبه‌بالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_moyenne_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="Classe moyenne supérieure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classe moyenne supérieure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogere_middenklasse_(sociaal-economisch)" title="Hogere middenklasse (sociaal-economisch) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hogere middenklasse (sociaal-economisch)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A3%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="上位中産階級 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="上位中産階級" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98vre_middelklasse" title="Øvre middelklasse – 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interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1a_srednja_klasa" title="Viša srednja klasa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Viša srednja klasa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A7ng_l%E1%BB%9Bp_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_trung_l%C6%B0u" title="Tầng lớp thượng trung lưu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tầng lớp thượng trung lưu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B1%82%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="上层中产阶级 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Social class</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about socio-economic studies. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Page_numbers_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg/40px-Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg/60px-Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg/80px-Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article cites its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">sources</a> but <b>does not provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEHOW" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEHOW">page references</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Chicago,_Harper_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/University_of_Chicago%2C_Harper_Library.jpg/220px-University_of_Chicago%2C_Harper_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/University_of_Chicago%2C_Harper_Library.jpg/330px-University_of_Chicago%2C_Harper_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/University_of_Chicago%2C_Harper_Library.jpg/440px-University_of_Chicago%2C_Harper_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4879" data-file-height="3231" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a> is one of the most distinguishing features of the upper middle class.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, the <b>upper middle class</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social group</a> constituted by higher status members of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>. This is in contrast to the term <i><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">lower middle class</a></i>, which is used for the group at the opposite end of the middle-class stratum, and to the broader term <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a></i>. There is considerable debate as to how the upper middle class might be defined. According to sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, the upper middle class consists of well-educated professionals with <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate degree">postgraduate degrees</a> and comfortable incomes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">American upper middle class</a> is defined similarly using <a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">education</a>, and occupation as the predominant indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the upper middle class is defined as consisting mostly of <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar</a> professionals who not only have above-average <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal incomes</a> and advanced <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">educational degrees</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also a higher degree of autonomy in their work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEichar1989_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEichar1989-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main occupational tasks of upper-middle-class individuals tend to center on conceptualizing, consulting, and instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich1989_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_upper_middle_class">American upper middle class</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_middle_class&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: American upper middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper middle class in the United States</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a> (and its subdivisions) is not a strictly defined concept across disciplines, as <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologists</a> do not agree on defining the term.<sup id="cite_ref-Drum_Major_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drum_Major-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In academic models, the term "upper middle class" applies to highly <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">educated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salaried</a> professionals whose work is largely <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">self-directed</a>. Many have <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate degree">postgraduate degrees</a>, with educational attainment serving as the main distinguishing feature of this class. Household <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">incomes</a> commonly exceed $100,000 ($163,000 in 2024 dollars).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1998ThompsonHickey2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1998ThompsonHickey2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical professions for this class include <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians">physicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Military officers">military officers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychologists">psychologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Certified_public_accountants" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified public accountants">certified public accountants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacists">pharmacists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optometrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Optometrists">optometrists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_planner" title="Financial planner">financial planners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentists" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentists">dentists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professors" class="mw-redirect" title="Professors">professors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planners" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban planners">urban planners</a>, civil service executives, and civilian contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich1989_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Professional_Occupations_according_to_the_US_Department_of_Labor_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Professional_Occupations_according_to_the_US_Department_of_Labor-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The upper middle class has grown ... and its composition has changed. Increasingly salaried managers and professionals have replaced individual business owners and independent professionals. The key to the success of the upper middle class is the growing importance of educational certification ... its lifestyles and opinions are becoming increasingly normative for the whole society. It is in fact a porous class, open to people ... who earn the right credentials.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gilbert_(sociologist)" title="Dennis Gilbert (sociologist)">Dennis Gilbert</a>, <i>The American Class Structure</i>, 1998<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1998_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In addition to having autonomy in their work, above-average incomes, and advanced educations, the upper middle class also tends to be influential, setting trends and largely shaping public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich1989Gilbert1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich1989Gilbert1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, members of this class are also secure from economic down-turns and, unlike their counterparts in the <a href="/wiki/Income_quintiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Income quintiles">statistical middle class</a>, do not need to fear downsizing, corporate cost-cutting, or outsourcing—an economic benefit largely attributable to their postgraduate degrees and <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">comfortable incomes</a>, likely in the <a href="/wiki/Income_quintiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Income quintiles">top income quintile</a> or <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">top third</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income">Income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_middle_class&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income in the United States</a></div> <p>While many Americans cite <a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">income</a> as the prime determinant of class, occupational status, <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">educational attainment</a>, and value systems are equally important variables. Income is in part determined by the scarcity of certain skill sets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An occupation that requires a scarce skill set which is attained through higher <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">educational degree</a>, and which involves higher autonomy, responsibility and influence, will usually offer higher economic compensation. Qualifying for such higher <a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">income</a> often requires that individuals obtain the necessary skills (e.g., by attending law, medical, or <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate school">postgraduate school</a>) and demonstrate the necessary competencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine1998_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also differences between <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">individual income</a>. In 2005, 42% of US households (76% among the <a href="/wiki/Income_quintiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Income quintiles">top quintile</a>) had two or more <a href="/wiki/Income_earner" title="Income earner">income earners</a>; as a result, 18% of households but only 5% of individuals had <a href="/wiki/Six-figure_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-figure income">six-figure incomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_shuuush_income_quintile_and_top_5%_household_income_distribution_and_demographic_characteristics,_2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_shuuush_income_quintile_and_top_5%_household_income_distribution_and_demographic_characteristics,_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To illustrate, two nurses each making $55,000 per year can out-earn, in a household sense, a single attorney who makes a median of $95,000 annually.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Department_of_Labor,_median_income_of_registered_nurses_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Department_of_Labor,_median_income_of_registered_nurses-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bureau_of_Labor_statistics_data_published_by_Monster.com,_20_highest_paying_jobs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau_of_Labor_statistics_data_published_by_Monster.com,_20_highest_paying_jobs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociologists Dennis Gilbert, William Thompson and Joseph Hickey estimate the upper middle class to constitute roughly 15% of the population. Using the 15% figure one may conclude that the American upper middle class consists, strictly in an income sense, of professionals with <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal incomes</a> in excess of $62,500 ($101,000 in 2024 dollars), who commonly reside in households with six-figure incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1998ThompsonHickey2005_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1998ThompsonHickey2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_shuuush_income_quintile_and_top_5%_household_income_distribution_and_demographic_characteristics,_2006_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_shuuush_income_quintile_and_top_5%_household_income_distribution_and_demographic_characteristics,_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_distribution_of_personal_income,_2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_distribution_of_personal_income,_2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference between personal and household income can be explained by considering that 76% of households with incomes exceeding $90,000 (the top 20%, $170,000 to cross this threshold in 2020 dollars) had two or more income earners.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_shuuush_income_quintile_and_top_5%_household_income_distribution_and_demographic_characteristics,_2006_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_shuuush_income_quintile_and_top_5%_household_income_distribution_and_demographic_characteristics,_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the threshold for entering the top 15% of American household incomes is $202,000 <sup id="cite_ref-Household_Income_Percentile_Calculator_for_the_United_States_in_2020_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Household_Income_Percentile_Calculator_for_the_United_States_in_2020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Income statistics (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_overall_household_income_distribution,_2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_overall_household_income_distribution,_2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_distribution,_age_25+,_2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_distribution,_age_25+,_2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Data </th> <th>Top third </th> <th>Top quarter </th> <th>Top quintile </th> <th>Top 15% </th> <th>Top 10% </th> <th>Top 5% </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a><sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_overall_household_income_distribution,_2006_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_overall_household_income_distribution,_2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lower threshold (annual gross income)</td> <td>$65,000</td> <td>$80,000</td> <td>$91,705</td> <td>$100,000</td> <td>$118,200</td> <td>$166,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exact percentage of households</td> <td>34.72%</td> <td>25.60%</td> <td>20.00%</td> <td>17.80%</td> <td>10.00%</td> <td>5.00% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a> (age 25+)<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_distribution,_age_25+,_2006_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_distribution,_age_25+,_2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lower threshold (annual gross income)</td> <td>$37,500</td> <td>$47,500</td> <td>$52,500</td> <td>$62,500</td> <td>$75,000</td> <td>$100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exact percentage of individuals</td> <td>33.55%</td> <td>24.03%</td> <td>19.74%</td> <td>14.47%</td> <td>10.29%</td> <td>5.63% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Income statistics (2024) (source from 2006, inflation adjusted)<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_overall_household_income_distribution,_2006_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_overall_household_income_distribution,_2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_distribution,_age_25+,_2006_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_distribution,_age_25+,_2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Data </th> <th>Top third </th> <th>Top quarter </th> <th>Top quintile </th> <th>Top 15% </th> <th>Top 10% </th> <th>Top 5% </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a><sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_overall_household_income_distribution,_2006_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_overall_household_income_distribution,_2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lower threshold (annual gross income)</td> <td>$103,000</td> <td>$127,000</td> <td>$145,000</td> <td>$158,618</td> <td>$187,000</td> <td>$263,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exact percentage of households</td> <td>34.72%</td> <td>25.60%</td> <td>20.00%</td> <td>17.80%</td> <td>10.00%</td> <td>5.00% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a> (age 25+)<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_distribution,_age_25+,_2006_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_distribution,_age_25+,_2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lower threshold (annual gross income)</td> <td>$59,000</td> <td>$75,000</td> <td>$83,000</td> <td>$99,000</td> <td>$119,000</td> <td>$159,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exact percentage of individuals</td> <td>33.55%</td> <td>24.03%</td> <td>19.74%</td> <td>14.47%</td> <td>10.29%</td> <td>5.63% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> The above income thresholds may vary greatly based on region due to significant differences in average income based on region and urban, suburban, or rural development. In more expensive suburbs, the threshold for the top 15% of income earners may be much higher. For example, in 2006 the <a href="/wiki/Highest-income_counties_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest-income counties in the United States">ten highest income counties</a> had median household incomes of $85,000 compared to a national average of about $50,000. The top 15% of all US income earners nationally tend to be more concentrated in these richer suburban counties where the <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> is also higher. If middle-class households earning between the 50th percentile ($46,000) and the 85th percentile ($62,500) tend to live in lower cost of living areas, then their difference in <i><a href="/wiki/Real_income" title="Real income">real income</a></i> may be <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value (economics)">smaller than what the differences in nominal income suggest</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Values">Values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_middle_class&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upper-middle-class people tend to highly value <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> for themselves and their children, favoring the pursuit of undergraduate and postgraduate degrees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Political ideology is not found to be correlated with <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>; however, a statistical relationship is seen between the level of one's educational attainment and one's likelihood of subscribing to a particular political ideology. In terms of income, liberals tend to be tied with pro-business conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_Research_Center._(10_May_2005)._Beyond_Red_vs._Blue._17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Center._(10_May_2005)._Beyond_Red_vs._Blue.-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Mass_affluent" title="Mass affluent">mass affluent</a> households tend to be more <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>-leaning on fiscal issues but more <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a>-leaning on social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority, between 50% and 60%, of households with incomes above $50,000 overall, not all of whom are upper middle class,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1998_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> in the 2000, 2004, and 2006 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN._(2000)._Exit_Poll._19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN._(2000)._Exit_Poll.-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN._(2004)._Exit_Poll._20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN._(2004)._Exit_Poll.-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with postgraduate degrees who work in academia statistically favor the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN._(2004)._Exit_Poll._20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN._(2004)._Exit_Poll.-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN._(2006)._Exit_Poll._22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN._(2006)._Exit_Poll.-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in 2005, 72% of surveyed full-time faculty members at four-year institutions, the majority of whom would be considered upper middle class,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identified themselves as liberal.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upper middle class is often the dominant group to shape society and bring <a href="/wiki/Social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Social movements">social movements</a> to the forefront. Movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-smoking_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-smoking movement">anti-smoking movement</a>, and even in the past with <a href="/wiki/Blue_law" title="Blue law">blue laws</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> have been in large part (although not solely), products of the upper middle class. Some claim this is because this is the largest class (and the lowest class) with any true political power for change, while others claim some of the more restrictive social movements (such as with smoking and drinking) are based upon "saving people from themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich1989_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_upper_middle_class">British upper middle class</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_middle_class&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British upper middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom#Upper_middle_class" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class in the United Kingdom § Upper middle class</a></div> <p>The upper middle class in Britain traditionally consists of the educated professionals who were born into higher-income backgrounds, such as legal professionals, executives, and <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeons</a>. This stratum, in England, traditionally uses <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> natively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A typical Mosaic geodemographic type for this group would be cultural leadership. It is also usually assumed that this class is most predominant in the <a href="/wiki/Home_counties" title="Home counties">home counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a> and the more affluent <a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">boroughs</a> of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Children of this group are often educated at a <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory school</a> until about 13 years old and then at one of the "major" or "minor" <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">British public schools</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which will typically charge fees of at least £11,500 per year per pupil (as of 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor2000679_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor2000679-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by studying at post-graduation level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_middle_class&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuppie" title="Yuppie">Yuppie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_middle_class&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_middle_class&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonHickey2005_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompsonHickey2005">Thompson & Hickey 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEichar1989-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEichar1989_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEichar1989">Eichar 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich1989-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich1989_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich1989_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich1989_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrenreich1989">Ehrenreich 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drum_Major-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drum_Major_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/now/politics/middleclassoverview.html">"Middle class according to The Drum Major Institute for public policy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Thank+God+I+Don%27t+Have+that+Ghastly+Sense+of+Entitlement+that+Eton+Instils&rft.date=2011-12-17&rft.aulast=Delingpole&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Fcolumnists%2Fjames-delingpole%2F7482608%2Fthank-god-i-dont-have-that-ghastly-sense-of-entitlement-that-eton-instils%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrnes2010" class="citation news cs1">Byrnes, Sholto (20 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/apr/20/clegg-cameron-posher">"Who's Posher: Clegg or Cameron?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Posher%3A+Clegg+or+Cameron%3F&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft.aulast=Byrnes&rft.aufirst=Sholto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Fapr%2F20%2Fclegg-cameron-posher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarndale2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farndale" title="Nigel Farndale">Farndale, Nigel</a> (28 January 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9821490/Is-there-a-private-school-prejudice.html">"Is There a Private School Prejudice?"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9821490/Is-there-a-private-school-prejudice.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Is+There+a+Private+School+Prejudice%3F&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.aulast=Farndale&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Feducationnews%2F9821490%2FIs-there-a-private-school-prejudice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor2000679-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor2000679_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrainor2000">Trainor 2000</a>, p. 679.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_middle_class&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCometFinez2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Comet, Catherine; Finez, Jean (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fsopr.021.0049">"Le cœur de l'élite patronale"</a>. <i>Sociologies Pratiques</i> (in French). <b>2</b> (21): 49–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fsopr.021.0049">10.3917/sopr.021.0049</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7246-3205-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7246-3205-7"><bdi>978-2-7246-3205-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2104-3787">2104-3787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociologies+Pratiques&rft.atitle=Le+c%C5%93ur+de+l%27%C3%A9lite+patronale&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=49-66&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=2104-3787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fsopr.021.0049&rft.isbn=978-2-7246-3205-7&rft.aulast=Comet&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Finez%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Fsopr.021.0049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreich1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich, Barbara</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fearoffallinginn00ehre"><i>Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class</i></a>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097333-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097333-9"><bdi>978-0-06-097333-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+of+Falling%3A+The+Inner+Life+of+the+Middle+Class&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-06-097333-9&rft.aulast=Ehrenreich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffearoffallinginn00ehre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichar1989" class="citation book cs1">Eichar, Douglas M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/occupationclassc00eich"><i>Occupation and Class Consciousness in America</i></a>. Contributions in Labor Studies. Vol. 27. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26111-4"><bdi>978-0-313-26111-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-8239">0886-8239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupation+and+Class+Consciousness+in+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=Contributions+in+Labor+Studies&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0886-8239&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26111-4&rft.aulast=Eichar&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foccupationclassc00eich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gilbert_(sociologist)" title="Dennis Gilbert (sociologist)">Gilbert, Dennis</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2"><i>The American Class Structure</i></a></span>. New York: Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-50520-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-50520-2"><bdi>978-0-534-50520-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Class+Structure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-534-50520-2&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1998" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Rhonda (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialclassstrat00levi"><i>Social Class and Stratification</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8543-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8543-1"><bdi>978-0-8476-8543-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Class+and+Stratification&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8543-1&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Rhonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialclassstrat00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrainor2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Trainor" title="Rick Trainor">Trainor, Richard</a> (2000). "The Middle Class". In <a href="/wiki/Martin_Daunton" title="Martin Daunton">Daunton, Martin</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Urban History of Britain. Volume 3: 1840–1950</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41707-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41707-5"><bdi>978-0-521-41707-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Middle+Class&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Urban+History+of+Britain.+Volume+3%3A+1840%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41707-5&rft.aulast=Trainor&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinçon-CharlotPinçon2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Monique_Pin%C3%A7on-Charlot" title="Monique Pinçon-Charlot">Pinçon-Charlot, Monique</a>; Pinçon, Michel (2010). "Regard sociologique sur l'oligarchie: Entretien avec Monique Pinçon-Charlot et Michel Pinçon" [Sociological view on the oligarchy: Interview with Monique Pinçon-Charlot and Michel Pinçon]. <i>Mouvements</i> (in French). <b>4</b> (64). Interviewed by Bourdeau, Vincent; Flory, Julienne; Maric, Michel: 22–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fmouv.064.0022">10.3917/mouv.064.0022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-6653-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-6653-1"><bdi>978-2-7071-6653-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1776-2995">1776-2995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mouvements&rft.atitle=Regard+sociologique+sur+l%27oligarchie%3A+Entretien+avec+Monique+Pin%C3%A7on-Charlot+et+Michel+Pin%C3%A7on&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=64&rft.pages=22-40&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1776-2995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fmouv.064.0022&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-6653-1&rft.aulast=Pin%C3%A7on-Charlot&rft.aufirst=Monique&rft.au=Pin%C3%A7on%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonHickey2005" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, William E.; Hickey, Joseph V. (2005). <i>Society in Focus</i> (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-41365-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-41365-2"><bdi>978-0-205-41365-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+in+Focus&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-205-41365-2&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft.au=Hickey%2C+Joseph+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_middle_class&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagley1990" class="citation book cs1">Bagley, Bruce Michael (1990). "Middle Class". In Hanratty, Dennis M.; Meditz, Sandra W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a231408.pdf"><i>Colombia: A Country Study</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4th ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 87–90. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218132518/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a231408.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Middle+Class&rft.btitle=Colombia%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=87-90&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Bagley&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa231408.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamont2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Lamont" title="Michèle Lamont">Lamont, Michèle</a> (2012). <i>Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and the American Upper-Middle Class</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-92259-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-92259-1"><bdi>978-0-226-92259-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Money%2C+Morals%2C+and+Manners%3A+The+Culture+of+the+French+and+the+American+Upper-Middle+Class&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-92259-1&rft.aulast=Lamont&rft.aufirst=Mich%C3%A8le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> 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