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var adlerGeo = "US"; var detectedDevice = "Desktop"; var site = "lexi"; var page = "SERP"; var mupFpbConfiguration = { adlerGeo: adlerGeo, detectedDevice: detectedDevice, mupFpbApiEndpoint: "https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://irene.lexico.com/mup-fpb/v1", site: site }; var rtfFpbApiEndpoint = "https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://irene.lexico.com/v1"; var rtfFpbConfig = { adlerGeo: adlerGeo, detectedDevice: detectedDevice, rtfFpbApiEndpoint: rtfFpbApiEndpoint, site: site }; var pageTargeting = { loc: adlerGeo, tx1: "results", tx2: "serp", ptype: "content", ld: "1" }; // slotConfigs, lazySlotConfigs var slotConfigs = [{"placement":"lexi_serp_dkt_atf_728x90_10","code":"/23219321/lexico","sizes":[[728,90]],"targeting":{"pos":"top","pos2":"10"},"ad_uuid":"lexi_serp_dkt_atf_728x90_10"},{"placement":"lexi_serp_dkt_atf_160x600_1","code":"/23219321/lexico","sizes":[[160,600],[300,600]],"targeting":{"pos":"top","pos2":"1"},"ad_uuid":"lexi_serp_dkt_atf_160x600_1"},{"placement":"lexi_serp_dkt_btf_300x250_20","code":"/23219321/lexico","sizes":[[300,250]],"targeting":{"pos":"bot","pos2":"20"},"ad_uuid":"lexi_serp_dkt_btf_300x250_20"}]; var lazySlotConfigs = [{"placement":"lexi_serp_dkt_atf_300x250_30","code":"/23219321/lexico","sizes":[[300,250]],"targeting":{"pos":"bot","pos2":"30"},"ad_uuid":"lexi_serp_dkt_atf_300x250_30"}]; window.adlerData = { mup: { values: null, processed: false }, rtf: { values: null, processed: false } }; var generateFormattedTime = function generateFormattedTime() { var date = new Date(); var formattedMilliseconds = "".concat(date.getMilliseconds()); while (formattedMilliseconds.length < 3) { formattedMilliseconds = "0".concat(formattedMilliseconds); } var formattedSeconds = "".concat(date.getSeconds()); while (formattedSeconds.length < 2) { formattedSeconds = "0".concat(formattedSeconds); } return "" .concat(date.getHours(), ":") .concat(date.getMinutes(), ":") .concat(formattedSeconds, ".") .concat(formattedMilliseconds); }; var generateSessionId = function generateSessionId() { var sessionId = ""; var characters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"; for (var i = 0; i < 32; i += 1) { sessionId += characters.charAt( Math.floor(Math.random() * characters.length) ); } return sessionId; }; var sessionId = generateSessionId(); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ event: "oneTrustScriptLoaded", timing: generateFormattedTime(), sessionId: sessionId }); if (typeof window.__cmp === "function") { window.__cmp("getVendorConsents", {}, function(c) { window.dataLayer.push({ event: "cmpDoesExist", timing: generateFormattedTime(), consents: JSON.stringify(c), sessionId: sessionId }); }); } else { window.dataLayer.push({ event: "cmpDoesNotExist", timing: generateFormattedTime(), sessionId: sessionId }); } window.performance.mark("adStackStart"); var PWT = {}; /**-------------- Page level ad targeting configs --------------*/ pageTargeting.dow = new Date().getDay().toString(); var allSlotConfigs = filterSize((slotConfigs || []).concat(lazySlotConfigs)); // To prevent the 300 wide ad from displaying on smaller screens function filterSize(sizes){ var temp_sizes = []; for (var i = sizes.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if ( (sizes[i].placement.indexOf("_160x600_") > -1) && (sizes[i].sizes.join("_").indexOf("300,600") > -1) && window.innerWidth < 1540) { sizes[i].sizes = [160, 600]; } temp_sizes.push(sizes[i]); } return temp_sizes; } var determineConsent = function determineConsent() { /* FPB Determine IAB consent for ad personalization, and set for GPT. Default for EU is false, and default for non-EU is true. */ if (isEU) { try { if (typeof __cmp === "function") { __cmp("getVendorConsents", {}, function(c) { var consent = false; if (Array.isArray(c.purposeConsents)) { consent = c.purposeConsents.indexOf("3:true") !== -1; } else if (typeof c.purposeConsents === "object") { consent = c.purposeConsents[3]; } if (consent !== false && consent !== true) consent = false; setFpbGPTPersonalization(consent); }); } else { setFpbGPTPersonalization(false); } } catch (error) { console.error("personalization: ", error); setFpbGPTPersonalization(false); } } else { setFpbGPTPersonalization(true); } }; var setFpbGPTPersonalization = function setFpbGPTPersonalization( personalized, googletag ) { /* FPB Wait until DFP is ready and push personalization to DPT. */ googletag = googletag || window.googletag; googletag.cmd.push(function() { if (!window.dfpReady) { console.log("Awaiting DFP setup."); setTimeout(setFpbGPTPersonalization, 100, personalized); } else { console.log("Doing personalization."); if (personalized) { googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(0); } else { googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(1); } } }); }; /**-------------- Targeting runtime setup --------------*/ pageTargeting.ref = window.document.referrer.search( "dictionary.com|thesaurus.com|reference.com|lexico.com" ) > -1 ? "organic" : "direct"; pageTargeting.lang = window.navigator.userLanguage || window.navigator.language; pageTargeting.pv = typeof SCCookie !== "undefined" ? SCCookie.getPageViewCount() + "" : ""; pageTargeting.rpv = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100 + 1).toString(); pageTargeting.sid = ""; pageTargeting.bid = ""; var bidRpvThreshold = 4; window.adlerData.shouldSetLoki = pageTargeting.rpv > bidRpvThreshold; var apstagSlots = (function(slotConfigs) { var slots = slotConfigs.reduce(function(accumulator, currentValue) { accumulator.push({ slotID: currentValue.placement, sizes: currentValue.sizes }); return accumulator; }, []); return slots; })(slotConfigs); var FAILSAFE_TIMEOUT = 5000; // this timeout should be more than OpenWrap timeout var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; var adSlots = adSlots || { slots: {} }; </script><script>window.performance.mark('gptLoadStart');</script><script async="async" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843js_/https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" onload="(function() { window.performance.mark('gptLoadEnd'); window.performance.measure('gptLoad', 'gptLoadStart', 'gptLoadEnd'); var timing = window.performance.getEntriesByName('gptLoad')[0].duration; window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'gptLoad', page: page, timing: timing }); })()"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843js_/https://ads.pubmatic.com/AdServer/js/pwt/103207/1483/pwt.js"></script><script>determineConsent(); window.dataLayer.push({ event: "initialDetermineConsentInvocationComplete", timing: generateFormattedTime(), sessionId: sessionId }); function initAdserver(wasCalledByFailsafe) { if ( window.initAdserverFlag !== true && (wasCalledByFailsafe === true || (PWT.a9_BidsReceived && PWT.ow_BidsReceived && window.adlerData.mup.values && window.adlerData.rtf.values)) ) { window.dataLayer.push({ event: "initAdServerRun", timing: generateFormattedTime(), sessionId: sessionId }); window.initAdserverFlag = true; if (!PWT.ow_Bids) { var owBackup = []; for (var i = 0; i < slotConfigs.length; i++) { owBackup.push({ adUnitIndex: "" + i, adUnitId: slotConfigs[i].code, bidData: { kvp: {} }, code: slotConfigs[i].placement, divId: slotConfigs[i].placement }); } PWT.ow_Bids = owBackup; } if (!PWT.a9_Bids) { PWT.a9_Bids = []; } processMupFpbValues(PWT.ow_Bids); processRtfFpbValues(PWT.ow_Bids, PWT.a9_Bids, allSlotConfigs, window.adlerData.shouldSetLoki); PWT.addKeyValuePairsToGPTSlots(PWT.ow_Bids); PWT.a9_BidsReceived = PWT.ow_BidsReceived = false; PWT.a9_Bids = PWT.ow_Bids = undefined; googletag.pubads().refresh(PWT.requestBidSlots); window.performance.mark("adStackEnd"); window.performance.measure("adStack", "adStackStart", "adStackEnd"); window.performance.clearMarks(); window.performance.clearMeasures(); } } googletag.cmd.push(function() { window.dataLayer.push({ event: "setupDFP", timing: generateFormattedTime(), sessionId: sessionId }); /**-------------- Set page level targeting for DFP --------------*/ (function setPageLevelTargeting(googletag) { /* Both Bidders Set targeting params pertaining to all slots on page. */ googletag = googletag || window.googletag; Object.keys(pageTargeting).forEach(function(pageTarget) { if ( Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(pageTargeting, pageTarget) ) { (function(key, value) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting(key, value); }); })(pageTarget, pageTargeting[pageTarget]); } }); googletag.cmd.push(function() { }); })(googletag); /**-------------- Set ad slot level targeting for DFP --------------*/ if (typeof slotConfigs === "object") { (function setAdSlotTargeting(googletag) { /* Both Bidders 1. Define initial (static) slots for DPT. 2. Add listeners for events relevant to analytics. 3. Set targeting params pertaining to individual slots. */ var adSlotRenderPeriods = {}; googletag = googletag || window.googletag; slotConfigs.forEach(function(slot) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { adSlots.slots[slot.placement] = googletag .defineSlot(slot.code, slot.sizes, slot.placement) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag .pubads() .addEventListener("slotRenderEnded", function(event) { if (event.slot === adSlots.slots[slot.placement]) { adSlotRenderPeriods[slot.placement] = Date.now(); } }); googletag .pubads() .addEventListener("slotOnload", function(event) { if (event.slot === adSlots.slots[slot.placement]) { window.dataLayer.push({ event: "gptSlotRenderPeriod", page: page, slotId: slot.placement, code: slot.code, position: slot.targeting.pos, position2: slot.targeting.pos2, time: Date.now() - adSlotRenderPeriods[slot.placement] }); } }); googletag .pubads() .addEventListener("impressionViewable", function(event) { if (event.slot === adSlots.slots[slot.placement]) { window.dataLayer.push({ event: "gptImpressionViewable", page: page, slotId: slot.placement, code: slot.code, position: slot.targeting.pos, position2: slot.targeting.pos2 }); } }); Object.keys(slot.targeting).forEach(function(target) { if ( Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(slot.targeting, target) ) { adSlots.slots[slot.placement].setTargeting( target, slot.targeting[target] ); } }); adSlots.slots[slot.placement].setTargeting("adrefresh", "n"); }); }); })(googletag); } (function pushAdSlots(googletag) { googletag = googletag || window.googletag; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.enableServices(); window.dfpReady = true; }); })(googletag); googletag.display(); PWT.requestBidSlots = googletag.pubads().getSlots(); if (typeof PWT.requestBids === "function") { const config = PWT.generateConfForGPT( PWT.requestBidSlots ); PWT.requestBids(config, function(adUnitsArray) { PWT.ow_Bids = adUnitsArray; PWT.ow_BidsReceived = true; initAdserver(false); }); } setTimeout(function() { initAdserver(true); }, FAILSAFE_TIMEOUT); }); /**-------------------- A9 --------------------*/ function a9Q(c, r) { window[a9]._Q.push([c, r]); } window.apstag = { init: function init() { for (var _len = arguments.length, args = new Array(_len), _key = 0; _key < _len; _key++) { args[_key] = arguments[_key]; } a9Q('i', args); }, fetchBids: function fetchBids() { for (var _len2 = arguments.length, args = new Array(_len2), _key2 = 0; _key2 < _len2; _key2++) { args[_key2] = arguments[_key2]; } a9Q('f', args); }, setDisplayBids: function setDisplayBids() {}, _Q: [] }; window.performance.mark('apstagLoadStart'); </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843js_/https://c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js"></script><script>window.performance.mark('apstagLoadEnd'); window.performance.measure('apstagLoad', 'apstagLoadStart', 'apstagLoadEnd'); var timing = window.performance.getEntriesByName('apstagLoad')[0].duration; window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'apstagLoad', page: page, timing: timing }); /**----------------- Initialize apstag (A9) -----------------*/ apstag.init({ pubID: "3067", adServer: "googletag", bidTimeout: 1000 }); window.dataLayer.push({ event: "initialA9RequestInitiated", timing: generateFormattedTime(), sessionId: sessionId }); apstag.fetchBids( { slots: apstagSlots, timeout: 1000 // Make sure this timeout is less than or equal to OpenWrap TimeOut }, function(bids) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { apstag.setDisplayBids(); PWT.a9_Bids = bids; PWT.a9_BidsReceived = true; initAdserver(false); }); } ); /**-------------------------- Mup Fpb integration --------------------------*/ var MAGIC = 0xbeefcafe; function getMupFpbParams(mupFpbSlotConfigs, mupFpbConfig) { var mupParams = {}; mupFpbSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slotConfig) { try { mupParams[slotConfig.placement] = { site: mupFpbConfig.site, geo: mupFpbConfig.adlerGeo || "", platform: mupFpbConfig.detectedDevice, sizes: slotConfig.sizes, position: slotConfig.targeting.pos }; } catch (error) { console.log("Error forming mup params:", error.message); return false; } return true; }); return mupParams; } function getAdlerKey(size) { var keyMap = { "970x250": "adler_a", "300x600": "adler_a", "320x100": "adler_a", "970x90": "adler_b", "728x90": "adler", "300x250": "adler", "320x50": "adler", "160x600": "adler" }; return keyMap[size]; } function parseMupResponse(mupFpbAjaxCall) { try { window.adlerData.mup.values = JSON.parse(mupFpbAjaxCall.responseText); initAdserver(false); } catch (err) { console.log("Error parsing mupResponse: ".concat(err.message)); } } function processMupFpbValues(adUnitsArray) { if (!window.adlerData.mup.values) return false; var mupFpbValues = window.adlerData.mup.values; adUnitsArray.forEach(function(adUnit) { if (adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtsz) { try { var adlerKey = getAdlerKey(adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtsz); if ( adlerKey === null || !mupFpbValues[adUnit.code] || !mupFpbValues[adUnit.code][adlerKey] ) { return false; } var markup = mupFpbValues[adUnit.code][adlerKey]; var deobfuscatedMarkup = deobMup(markup.adler); var muv = 100 + deobfuscatedMarkup; var centPwtecp = parseInt( adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtecp.replace(".", ""), 10 ); var adjustedPwtecp = (centPwtecp * muv) / 10000; adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtecp = adjustedPwtecp.toFixed(2); adUnit.bidData.kvp.mup = "".concat(deobfuscatedMarkup); } catch (error) { console.log("Error applying mup for:", adUnit.code); return false; } } return true; }); window.adlerData.mup.processed = true; return true; } function callMupFpb(slotConfigs, mupFpbConfig) { var mupFpbReq = new XMLHttpRequest(); mupFpbReq.addEventListener( "load", parseMupResponse.bind(null, mupFpbReq) ); mupFpbReq.open("POST", mupFpbConfig.mupFpbApiEndpoint, true); mupFpbReq.timeout = 1000; mupFpbReq.send( JSON.stringify(getMupFpbParams(slotConfigs, mupFpbConfig)) ); } function reverse(n) { var x = new Uint32Array(1); x[0] = n; x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x0000ffff) << 16) | ((x[0] & 0xffff0000) >>> 16); x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x55555555) << 1) | ((x[0] & 0xaaaaaaaa) >>> 1); x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x33333333) << 2) | ((x[0] & 0xcccccccc) >>> 2); x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x0f0f0f0f) << 4) | ((x[0] & 0xf0f0f0f0) >>> 4); x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x00ff00ff) << 8) | ((x[0] & 0xff00ff00) >>> 8); return x[0]; } function unflip(n) { return reverse(n ^ MAGIC); } function deobMup(encryptedMup) { if (!encryptedMup) { throw new Error( "Missing Mup. Please confirm value is being passed in." ); } var decryptedMup = unflip(parseInt(encryptedMup, 10)); return decryptedMup; } /**-------------- End of Mup Fpb integration --------------*/ /**--------------------- Rtf integration ------------------*/ function setRtfInstrumentationKV(rtfSlotConfigs, status, error) { rtfSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slotConfig) { slotConfig.targeting.adler_status = status; if (error) { slotConfig.targeting.adler_error = error; } }); } function getRtfParams(rtfSlotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig) { var requestParams = {}; var geo = rtfFpbConfig.adlerGeo || ""; if (geo === "") { setRtfInstrumentationKV(rtfSlotConfigs, "nogeo", "nogeo"); } rtfSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slotConfig) { try { requestParams[slotConfig.placement] = { site: rtfFpbConfig.site, geo: geo, platform: rtfFpbConfig.detectedDevice, sizes: slotConfig.sizes, position: slotConfig.targeting.pos }; } catch (error) { console.log("Error forming rtf params:", error.message); return false; } return true; }); return requestParams; } function rtfFallback(rtfSlotConfigs, event) { setRtfInstrumentationKV(rtfSlotConfigs, event.type); } function injectRtfValue(adUnit, rtfSlotConfigs) { var rtfFpbValues = window.adlerData.rtf.values; rtfSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slotConfig) { if (slotConfig.placement !== adUnit.code) return false; if (!rtfFpbValues[slotConfig.placement]) { slotConfig.targeting.adler_status = "nofloor"; } else { slotConfig.targeting.adler = rtfFpbValues[slotConfig.placement].adler; slotConfig.targeting.adler_a = rtfFpbValues[slotConfig.placement].adler_a; slotConfig.targeting.adler_b = rtfFpbValues[slotConfig.placement].adler_b; slotConfig.targeting.adler_status = "ok"; } return true; }); } function parseRtfValues(rtfAjaxCall, rtfSlotConfigs) { try { window.adlerData.rtf.values = JSON.parse(rtfAjaxCall.responseText); initAdserver(false); } catch (err) { setRtfInstrumentationKV(rtfSlotConfigs, "parse", err.message); } } function processRtfFpbValues( pubmaticAdUnitsArray, a9BidsArray, rtfSlotConfigs, shouldSetLoki ) { if (!window.adlerData.rtf.values) return false; var rtfFpbValues = window.adlerData.rtf.values; var a9NoBidValues = ["0", "1", "2"]; for (var i = 0; i < pubmaticAdUnitsArray.length; i += 1) { var adUnit = pubmaticAdUnitsArray[i]; var noA9bidForSlot = false; for (var j = 0; j < a9BidsArray.length; j += 1) { var a9Bid = a9BidsArray[j]; if ( a9Bid.slotID === pubmaticAdUnitsArray[i].code && (!a9Bid.amznbid || a9NoBidValues.indexOf(a9Bid.amznbid) !== -1) ) { noA9bidForSlot = true; break; } } if ( !adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtsz && (noA9bidForSlot || a9BidsArray.length === 0) && shouldSetLoki ) { try { if (!rtfFpbValues[adUnit.code]) { return false; } var rtfValue = rtfFpbValues[adUnit.code].adler_a || rtfFpbValues[adUnit.code].adler; adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtpid = "loki"; adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtecp = rtfValue; adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtbst = "1"; injectRtfValue(adUnit, rtfSlotConfigs); } catch (error) { console.log("Error applying rtf for:", adUnit.code); } } } window.adlerData.rtf.processed = true; return true; } function callRTFFpb(slotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig) { var rtfReq = new XMLHttpRequest(); rtfReq.addEventListener( "load", parseRtfValues.bind(null, rtfReq, slotConfigs) ); rtfReq.addEventListener("timeout", rtfFallback.bind(null, slotConfigs)); rtfReq.addEventListener("error", rtfFallback.bind(null, slotConfigs)); rtfReq.open("POST", rtfFpbConfig.rtfFpbApiEndpoint, true); rtfReq.timeout = 1000; rtfReq.send(JSON.stringify(getRtfParams(slotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig))); } /**------------------ End of Rtf integration ------------------*/ googletag.cmd.push(function() { callMupFpb(allSlotConfigs, mupFpbConfiguration); callRTFFpb(allSlotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var testAdParam = {}; var mupData = undefined; var updatePageTargeting = function(pageTargeting, testParam) { pageTargeting.spe = 'n'; pageTargeting.kw = ''; pageTargeting.loc = mupFpbConfiguration && mupFpbConfiguration.adlerGeo ? mupFpbConfiguration.adlerGeo : ''; pageTargeting.rpv = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100 + 1).toString(); pageTargeting.evince = 'ad'; pageTargeting.ref = 'organic'; pageTargeting.lang = window.navigator.userLanguage || window.navigator.language; pageTargeting.dow = new Date().getDay().toString(); pageTargeting.pv = typeof SCCookie !== "undefined" ? SCCookie.getPageViewCount() + "" : ""; if (mupData) { pageTargeting.mup = mupData.profileNumber; } window.adlerData.shouldSetLoki = pageTargeting.rpv > bidRpvThreshold; const objs = [pageTargeting, testParam]; const targeting = objs.reduce(function(r, o) { Object.keys(o).forEach(function(key) { r[key] = o[key]; }); return r; }); return targeting; } function refreshAds(event) { var refreshSlotConfigs = event.detail.slotConfigs.concat(event.detail.lazySlotConfigs); var pageTargeting = updatePageTargeting(event.detail.pageTargeting, testAdParam); window.performance.mark('adStackStart'); (function refreshLazySlots(lazySlotConfigs) { window.refreshLazyAds = lazySlotConfigs.map(function(slot) { return { placement: slot.placement, refresh: true }; }); })(event.detail.lazySlotConfigs); // Clear old state window.initAdserverFlag = false; // Delete old config googletag.destroySlots(); callMupFpb(refreshSlotConfigs, mupFpbConfiguration); callRTFFpb(refreshSlotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig); determineConsent(); /**---------- Set page level targeting for DFP ----------*/ (function setPageLevelTargeting(googletag) { /* Both Bidders Set targeting params pertaining to all slots on page. */ googletag = googletag || window.googletag; Object.keys(pageTargeting).forEach(function(pageTarget) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(pageTargeting, pageTarget)) { (function(key, value) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting(key, value); }); })(pageTarget, pageTargeting[pageTarget]); } }); })(googletag); /**---------- Set ad slot level targeting for DFP ----------*/ if (typeof event.detail.slotConfigs === "object") { (function setSpecificAdSlotTargeting(googletag, specificSlotConfigs) { var refresh = arguments.length > 2 && arguments[2] !== undefined ? arguments[2] : false; /* FPB 1. Define initial (static) slots for DPT. 2. Add listeners for events relevant to analytics. 3. Set targeting params pertaining to individual slots. */ var adSlotRenderPeriods = {}; googletag = googletag || window.googletag; specificSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slot) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { adSlots.slots[slot.placement] = googletag.defineSlot(slot.code, slot.sizes, slot.placement).addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (event.slot === adSlots.slots[slot.placement]) { adSlotRenderPeriods[slot.placement] = Date.now(); } }); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotOnload', function(event) { if (event.slot === adSlots.slots[slot.placement]) { window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'gptSlotRenderPeriod', page: page, slotId: slot.placement, code: slot.code, position: slot.targeting.pos, position2: slot.targeting.pos2, time: Date.now() - adSlotRenderPeriods[slot.placement] }); } }); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('impressionViewable', function(event) { if (event.slot === adSlots.slots[slot.placement]) { window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'gptImpressionViewable', page: page, slotId: slot.placement, code: slot.code, position: slot.targeting.pos, position2: slot.targeting.pos2 }); } }); Object.keys(slot.targeting).forEach(function(target) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(slot.targeting, target)) { adSlots.slots[slot.placement].setTargeting(target, slot.targeting[target]); } }); adSlots.slots[slot.placement].setTargeting('adrefresh', refresh ? 'y' : 'n'); }); }); })(googletag, event.detail.slotConfigs, event.detail.isNotPageTransition); } (function pushAdSlots(googletag) { googletag = googletag || window.googletag; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.enableServices(); window.dfpReady = true; }); })(googletag); googletag.display(); PWT.requestBidSlots = googletag.pubads().getSlots(); if (typeof PWT.requestBids === 'function') { const config = PWT.generateConfForGPT(PWT.requestBidSlots); PWT.requestBids( config, function(adUnitsArray) { PWT.ow_Bids = adUnitsArray; PWT.ow_BidsReceived = true; initAdserver(false); } ); } apstag.fetchBids({ slots: apstagSlots, timeout: 1000 // Make sure this timeout is less than or equal to OpenWrap TimeOut }, function(bids) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { apstag.setDisplayBids(); PWT.a9_Bids = bids; PWT.a9_BidsReceived = true; initAdserver(false); }); }); } function requestLazyAd(event) { var results = {}; var lazyInitAdserver = function(slot) { if (results.a9_BidsReceived && results.ow_BidsReceived && window.adlerData.mup.values && window.adlerData.rtf.values) { if (!results.ow_Bids) { var owBackup = []; for (var i = 0; i < slotConfigs.length; i++) { owBackup.push({ adUnitIndex: '' + i, adUnitId: slotConfigs[i].code, bidData: { kvp: {} }, code: slotConfigs[i].placement, divId: slotConfigs[i].placement, }); } results.ow_Bids = owBackup; } if (!results.a9_Bids) { results.a9_Bids = []; } processMupFpbValues(results.ow_Bids); processRtfFpbValues(results.ow_Bids, results.a9_Bids, allSlotConfigs, window.adlerData.shouldSetLoki); PWT.addKeyValuePairsToGPTSlots(results.ow_Bids); googletag.display(slotConfig.placement); googletag.pubads().refresh([slot]); } } var slotConfig = lazySlotConfigs.find( (function(config) { return config.placement === event.detail; }) ); if (slotConfig && googletag) { var apstagSlot = (function formatApstagSlot(slot) { var slots = [{ slotID: slot.placement, sizes: slot.sizes }]; return slots; })(slotConfig); googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.destroySlots([adSlots.slots[slotConfig.placement]]); adSlots.slots[slotConfig.placement] = null; const slot = googletag.defineSlot( slotConfig.code, slotConfig.sizes, slotConfig.placement ); if (slot) { adSlots.slots[slotConfig.placement] = slot.addService( googletag.pubads() ); Object.keys(slotConfig.targeting).forEach(function(key) { adSlots.slots[slotConfig.placement].setTargeting( key, slotConfig.targeting[key] ); }); if (typeof PWT.requestBids === 'function') { const config = PWT.generateConfForGPT([slot]); PWT.requestBids( config, function(adUnitsArray) { results.ow_Bids = adUnitsArray; results.ow_BidsReceived = true; lazyInitAdserver(slot); } ); } apstag.fetchBids( { slots: apstagSlot, timeout: 1000 }, (function(bids) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { apstag.setDisplayBids(); results.a9_Bids = bids; results.a9_BidsReceived = true; lazyInitAdserver(slot); }); }) ); } }); } }; 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href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Primary breadcrumb">Home</a><span class="chevron"></span> <a data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="secondary breadcrumb" href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar">Grammar</a> <span class="chevron"></span> <a data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="secondary breadcrumb" href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/spelling">Spelling</a></p></div><div class="textBlock layout"><h1><span>Spelling</span></h1><p><p>Spelling matters. If you want to create a good <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/impression">impression</a> in your writing and make sure you get your meaning across clearly, it’s important to get your spelling right.</p><p>This section contains lots of quick-reference spelling tips. For example, if you can never remember whether the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/plural">plural</a> of <em>potato</em> is spelled <em>potatoes</em> or <em>potatos</em>, then you can jump straight to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/plurals-of-nouns">plurals of nouns</a> to get some <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/straightforward">straightforward</a> advice. There’s also a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/handy">handy</a> list of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/common-misspellings">common misspellings</a>, arranged in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alphabetical">alphabetical</a> order of the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/incorrect">incorrect</a> spellings, and a guide to the differences between <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/british-and-spelling">British and American spelling</a>.</p><p>For more ways to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/improve">improve</a> your writing see our <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/writing-help" title="Writing help">writing help</a> section, or for more spelling tips see the list below:</p></p></div><div class="categories"><section><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/spelling/abbreviations"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img alt="Abbreviations" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7071/original/abbreviations.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><h2>Abbreviations</h2><h4>How should you write abbreviations? Should they have capital letters, full stops, and apostrophes? </h4></article></a></section><section><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/spelling/endings-beginning-with-vowels"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img alt="Endings beginning with vowels" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7073/original/endings-beginning-with-vowels.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><h2>Are There Endings Beginning With Vowels?</h2><h4>-able, -ion, -er, -or, -ance, -ence, -ous, -ish, and –al: endings beginning with vowels</h4></article></a></section><section><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/spelling/spelling-differences-and-changes"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img alt="Spelling differences changes" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7074/original/spelling-differences-changes.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><h2>Spelling Differences Between Languages</h2><h4>Spelling isn’t always set in stone. Explore spelling differences between British and American English, and how some words have evolved over time.</h4></article></a></section></div><div class="categories pages"><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:44 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/adding-endings-to-words-that-end-in-our" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 1"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7075/original/words-end-in-our.jpg" alt="Words end in our"/></div><article><h2>Adding Endings To Words That End In "-our"</h2><h4>There are two simple rules you need to follow when adding endings to words from British English that end in -our.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:47 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/ante-or-anti" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 2"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7077/original/ante-or-anti.jpg" alt="Ante or anti"/></div><article><h2>"Ante-" or "anti-"?</h2><h4>Is it 'ante-' or 'anti-'? Find out the best way to remember which of these two spellings to use.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:41 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/i-before-e-except-after-c" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 3"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7078/original/i-before-e.jpg" alt="I before e"/></div><article><h2>Does The Rule "I Before E Except After C" Always Apply?</h2><h4>'I' before 'e' except after 'c'. Most people know this rule, but is it accurate? This article explores the subject in detail.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:36 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/prefixes-and-suffixes" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 4"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7259/original/prefixes-suffixes.jpg" alt="Prefixes suffixes"/></div><article><h2>English Prefixes And Suffixes</h2><h4>Prefixes and suffixes are some of the important building blocks for creating new words in English. Find out more about words formed this way.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:44 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/forming-adverbs" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 5"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7080/original/how-are-adverbs-formed.jpg" alt="How are adverbs formed"/></div><article><h2>How Are Adverbs Formed?</h2><h4>If you can’t decide if the –e in ‘comfortable’ stays or goes when you add a -y to make an adverb, our guide to forming adverbs has the answer.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:37 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/english-spelling-changes" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 6"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7079/original/english-spelling-changes.jpg" alt="English spelling changes"/></div><article><h2>How Has English Spelling Changed Over Time?</h2><h4>The spelling of English words is not fixed for all time. This article shows some everyday words which were spelled differently in the past.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:45 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/adding-endings-to-words-that-end-in-a-double-l" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 7"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7081/original/words-end-double-L.jpg" alt="Words end double l"/></div><article><h2>How to add endings to words that end in a double "l"</h2><h4>Here's what you need to keep in mind when adding endings to words that end in a double l.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:42 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/adding-endings-to-words-that-end-in-y" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 8"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7082/original/words-end-Y.jpg" alt="Words end y"/></div><article><h2>How To Add Endings To Words That End In "-y"</h2><h4>What rules apply when adding endings to words that end in -y? Find out in this short guide.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:47 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/adding-ful-or-fully" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 9"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7076/original/adding-ful-fully.jpg" alt="Adding ful fully"/></div><article><h2>How to add "-ful" or "-fully" to a word</h2><h4>There's one common mistake people always make when adding -ful to a word. Here's how to avoid it.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:48 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/adding-ly" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 10"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7084/original/add-ly-ending.jpg" alt="Add ly ending"/></div><article><h2>How to add the ending "-ly" to words</h2><h4>The ending -ly is often added to adjectives and nouns. Here's all you need to know about how to use it correctly.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2020-07-25 23:56:49 +0100"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/forming-comparative-and-superlative-adjectives" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 11"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7083/original/form-comparative-superlative-advectives.jpg" alt="Form comparative superlative advectives"/></div><article><h2>How to form comparative and superlative adjectives</h2><h4>Forming comparative and superlative adjectives can be more complex than just adding -er and -est. Find out how to spot adjectives that do things differently.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:42 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/using-capital-letters" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 12"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7230/original/how-to-use-capital-letters.jpg" alt="How to use capital letters"/></div><article><h2>How To Use Capital Letters</h2><h4>There are a number of situations where capital letters are needed. Are you confident that you know them all? Have a look at our guide to using capital letters.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 12:02:20 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/how-words-are-built" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 13"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7236/original/how-words-are-built-combining-forms-prefixes-suffixes.jpg" alt="How words are built combining forms prefixes suffixes"/></div><article><h2>How Words Are Built: Combining Forms, Prefixes, And Suffixes</h2><h4>Have you ever wondered how words are formed? This extensive list shows a selection of suffixes, prefixes, and combining forms</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-09-19 18:41:23 +0100"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/fore-or-for" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 14"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7258/original/prefix-fore-or-for.jpg" alt="Prefix fore or for"/></div><article><h2>Is it "fore-" or "for-"?</h2><h4>Sometimes you get as far as ‘for-‘ then it’s hard to tell whether ‘-e-‘ comes next. This guide will help you figure out when it’s ‘fore-‘ and when it’s ‘for-‘.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:40 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/plurals-of-nouns" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 15"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7256/original/plurals-of-nouns.jpg" alt="Plurals of nouns"/></div><article><h2>Plurals Of English Nouns</h2><h4>How do you form plurals of nouns in English? While many just need ‘s’ added to the end, some do change their endings. Here’s a quick guide to figuring it out.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:48 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/common-misspellings" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 16"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7250/original/most-common-misspellings.jpg" alt="Most common misspellings"/></div><article><h2>The most common English misspellings</h2><h4>English’s sometimes bizarre (not bizzare) spelling can give anyone a headache; luckily, we make it our business (not buisness) to clear up common errors.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2020-03-27 16:11:51 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/words-with-misleading-beginnings" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 17"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7268/original/these-words-have-misleading-prefixes.jpg" alt="These words have misleading prefixes"/></div><article><h2>These words have misleading prefixes</h2><h4>Ever tried to look up a word in a dictionary and not been able to find it because of the way it’s spelled? We look at some words with misleading beginnings.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:46 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/tracking-the-changes" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 18"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="/web/20210215071843im_/https://www.lexico.com/lexico-logo.svg" alt="Lexico logo"/></div><article><h2>Tracking the changes</h2><h4>How does Oxford Dictionaries keep track of changes to existing spellings? And when does a new spelling find its way into one of our dictionaries?</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:40 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/verb-tenses-adding-ed-and-ing" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 19"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7273/original/verb-tenses-adding-ed-and-ing.jpg" alt="Verb tenses adding ed and ing"/></div><article><h2>Verb Tenses: Adding "-ed" And "-ing"</h2><h4>Adding -ing or -ed to verbs is normally pretty simple, but what happens when you have a verb ending in -e, -t, or -l? Our guide to verb tenses has the answer.</h4></article></a></section><section class="record" data-time="2019-12-09 11:59:34 +0000"><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/words-containing-the-letter-q" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Story 20"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843im_/https://lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7297/original/words-containing-the-letter-q.jpg" alt="Words containing the letter q"/></div><article><h2>Words Containing The Letter "Q"</h2><h4>‘Q is always followed by u’: this is one of the rules you’re taught early on when learning English. But it’s not true of the words on this list…</h4></article></a></section></div><div class="sitemap_pagination category_pagination"> <nav class="pagination" role="navigation" aria-label="pager"> <span class="page current"> 1 </span> <span class="page"> <a rel="next" href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/spelling/2">2</a> </span> <span class="next"> <a rel="next" href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/spelling/2">Next &rsaquo;</a> </span> <span class="last"> <a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/spelling/2">Last »</a> </span> </nav> </div><div class="load_more_container"><a class="seemore" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="see more in cat" href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar">See more from Grammar</a></div></div></div><aside class="sideBanner"><div class="sideBannerWrap"><div class="adUnit banner "><div id="lexi_serp_dkt_atf_160x600_1"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("lexi_serp_dkt_atf_160x600_1"); });</script></div><div id=""><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display(""); });</script></div></div></div></aside><aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar extend"><div class="sidebar-content"><div class="banbox-mini ad-placeholder" id="top_right_rail"><div class="adUnit "><div id="lexi_serp_dkt_btf_300x250_20"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("lexi_serp_dkt_btf_300x250_20"); });</script></div><div id="lexi_serp_mweb_btf_300x250_10"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("lexi_serp_mweb_btf_300x250_10"); });</script></div></div></div><div class="dayword"><section><div class="daywordmain"><span class="wotd-title">Word of the day</span><div class="word_spacer"></div><div><div><strong><a class="linkword" id="ef1c8aa0-8376-4c8f-a5dd-08fbcd97456e" href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/unget-at-able" data-behaviour="ga-event-wotd" data-value="Word">unget-at-able</a></strong><p class="word_type phonetic_spelling">/ ʌnɡɛtˈatəb(ə)l /</p><p class="word_type pos">adjective</p></div></div><div class="cta"><a id="ef1c8aa0-8376-4c8f-a5dd-08fbcd97456e" href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/unget-at-able" data-behaviour="ga-event-wotd" data-value="Word">See definitions & examples</a></div></div></section></div><div class="news layout"><section><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/explore/word-of-the-year" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Sidebar - story 1"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="2.35" data-ratioy="1"><img alt="202012 semicolon lexico woty english 748x482" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/entropyhub/entropyhub.github.io/master/assets/images/reexternalwotypage/202012_semicolon_lexico_WOTY_english_748x482.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><span class="article-title">It's here! Lexico's first Word of the Year!</span></article></a></section><section><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/explore/what-is-the-longest-english-word" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Sidebar - story 2"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="2.35" data-ratioy="1"><img alt="Weird and wonderful words min" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7308/medium/weird-and-wonderful-words-min.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><span class="article-title">What Is The Longest English Word?</span></article></a></section><section><a href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/spelling" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Sidebar - story 3"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="2.35" data-ratioy="1"><img alt="Spelling" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071843/https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7010/medium/spelling.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><span class="article-title">These Are Our Top English Spelling Tips!</span></article></a></section></div><div class="quiz-panel-odo"><div class="quiz-panel" id="quiz_99"><div class="quizTitle">'Adverse' or 'Averse'?</div><form class="simple_form new_quiz_response" id="new_quiz_response" action="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/quiz_responses" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓"/><input type="hidden" name="quiz_id" id="quiz_id" value="99"/><div class="questions"><div class="question first current"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6088" value="6088"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6088">They have to take a risk averse view</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6089" value="6089"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6089">They have to take a risk adverse view</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6092" value="6092"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6092">Most men are conflict averse</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6093" value="6093"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6093">Most men are conflict adverse</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6091" value="6091"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6091">Check your car in averse weather</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6090" value="6090"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6090">Check your car in adverse weather</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6082" value="6082"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6082">It's an option to which he's averse</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6083" value="6083"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6083">It's an option to which he's adverse</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6086" value="6086"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6086">There was no adverse impact on service</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6087" value="6087"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6087">There was no averse impact on service</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6081" value="6081"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6081">I'm adverse to the idea of marriage</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6080" value="6080"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6080">I'm averse to the idea of marriage</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6120" value="6120"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6120">It's the long hours that I'm averse to</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6121" value="6121"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6121">It's the long hours that I'm adverse to</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6119" value="6119"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6119">Many are very computer adverse</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6118" value="6118"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6118">Many are very computer averse</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6084" value="6084"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6084">The adverse effects of the cuts are clear</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6085" value="6085"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6085">The averse effects of the cuts are clear</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6097" value="6097"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6097">Humans are naturally adverse to change</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6096" value="6096"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6096">Humans are naturally averse to change</label></li></ul></div><div class="question last"><h3 class="score-message">You scored <span class="final-score"></span>/10 practise again?</h3><button class="retry-quiz">Retry</button></div></div></form><button name="button" type="button" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="next question" class="next-question" html="{:disabled=>"disabled"}">Next</button><div class="score-counter"><span class="current-score">0</span>/10</div></div><br/></div><div class="trending-panel-odo sideTrendWrap"><div class="trend" lang="en"><section class="boxSizing"><span class="trend-title-wrapper"><span class="trend-title">Trending Words</span></span><div class="popular"><p><span>Most popular in the world</span></p></div><ol class="words_section"><li><a data-behaviour="ga-event-trending-words" data-value="word 1" href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/dvd">DVD</a></li><li><a data-behaviour="ga-event-trending-words" data-value="word 2" href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/scrambling">scrambling</a></li><li><a data-behaviour="ga-event-trending-words" data-value="word 3" href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/inculcator">inculcator</a></li><li><a data-behaviour="ga-event-trending-words" data-value="word 4" href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/modern_history">modern history</a></li><li><a data-behaviour="ga-event-trending-words" data-value="word 5" href="/web/20210215071843/https://www.lexico.com/definition/silage">silage</a></li></ol></section></div></div></div></aside></div></div></div><div class="violbox h-box lex"><div class="container full"><div 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