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Battle of the Windmill - Wikipedia
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Attempted seizure of Prescott</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_seizure_of_Prescott-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First assault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second assault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Windmill&params=44.7209_N_75.4871_W_type:event_region:CA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°43′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°29′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.7209°N 75.4871°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.7209; -75.4871</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of the Windmill</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions of 1837">Rebellions of 1837</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Windmill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Battle_of_the_Windmill.jpg/300px-Battle_of_the_Windmill.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Battle_of_the_Windmill.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />Contemporary engraving of the <i> <b>Battle of the Windmill</b> </i> as seen from the American shore.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>November 12 – November 16, 1838</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Edwardsburgh/Cardinal#New_Wexford" title="Edwardsburgh/Cardinal">Windmill Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> - 2 miles (3.2 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Ontario" title="Prescott, Ontario">Prescott, Ontario</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Windmill&params=44.7209_N_75.4871_W_type:event_region:CA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°43′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°29′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.7209°N 75.4871°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.7209; -75.4871</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Anglo-American victory;</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Hunters%27_Lodges" title="Hunters' Lodges">Hunters' Lodges</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></li></ul> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Nils_von_Schoultz" title="Nils von Schoultz">Nils von Schoultz</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_3rd_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 3rd Viscount Melville">Henry Dundas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Duncan_Fraser" title="Richard Duncan Fraser">Richard Duncan Fraser</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ogle_Robert_Gowan" title="Ogle Robert Gowan">Ogle Robert Gowan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Crysler" title="John Crysler">John Crysler</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 250 Hunter invaders</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>British:</b><br />1,133 Canadian militia<br />500 British regulars<br />Royal Navy<br /><b>American:</b><br />U.S. Army<br />U.S. Navy<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 53 dead<br />61 wounded<br />136 captured</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 17 dead<br />60 wounded</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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of Montgomery's Tavern">Montgomery's Tavern</a><br /><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">William Lyon Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncombe_(Upper_Canada_Rebellion)" title="Charles Duncombe (Upper Canada Rebellion)">Charles Duncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lount" title="Samuel Lount">Samuel Lount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Lloyd" title="Jesse Lloyd">Jesse Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthews_(rebel)" title="Peter Matthews (rebel)">Peter Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Van_Egmond" title="Anthony Van Egmond">Anthony Van Egmond</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_affair" title="Caroline affair"><i>Caroline</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Windsor" title="Battle of Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pelee_Island" title="Battle of Pelee Island">Pelee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Short_Hills" title="Raid on Short Hills">Short Hills</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windmill</a><br /><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters%27_Lodges" title="Hunters' Lodges">Hunters' Lodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_D._Smith" title="Abram D. Smith">Abram D. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Johnston_(pirate)" title="Bill Johnston (pirate)">Bill Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nils_von_Schoultz" title="Nils von Schoultz">Nils von Schoultz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Final battle of the Patriot War</div> <p>The <b>Battle of the Windmill</b> was fought in November 1838 in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a>. Loyalist forces of the Upper Canadian government and American troops, aided by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defeated an invasion by militants of a <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> clandestine organization known as <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Patriot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter Patriot">Hunter Patriots</a>. The insurgents had intended using Windmill Point as a base for further offensives into Canada. Canadian, British, and American troops thwarted the invasion, successfully defending Canadian soil and forced the invaders to surrender. Others still in the U.S. were captured and arrested by U.S. officials. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Windmill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a rebellion by disaffected Upper Canadians was suppressed in 1837, the majority of the rebel leaders fled to the United States. Popular sentiment in the States held that Canadians were eager to overthrow British rule and form a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> patterned after the American model. </p><p>An organization known as the Hunter Patriots was formed to assist the rebellion. Organized in secret neo-Masonic lodges, and with widespread support in the northern border states from Vermont to Wisconsin, the Patriot Hunters aimed to invade Canada and lead an army of insurgent Canadians against the British colonial government. In reality, much of the Canadian population was loyal to existing British institutions and decidedly against the prospects of revolution or invasion. </p><p>In November 1838, a group of Hunter Patriots decided that it was time to invade Canada and restart the rebellion. They chose as their target the town of <a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Ontario" title="Prescott, Ontario">Prescott</a>, on the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> downriver from Kingston. Prescott is the site of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wellington" title="Fort Wellington">Fort Wellington</a>, a British military fortification that commanded the St. Lawrence River and was serving as a fortified depot for the Upper Canadian militia. To initiate the strike, a large group of Hunters assembled in <a href="/wiki/Sackets_Harbor,_New_York" title="Sackets Harbor, New York">Sackets Harbor, New York</a>, and descended the river to <a href="/wiki/Ogdensburg,_New_York" title="Ogdensburg, New York">Ogdensburg</a> in civilian vessels. Overall military command of the invading forces was held by John Birge, a senior member of the Hunter organization in New York state. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempted_seizure_of_Prescott">Attempted seizure of Prescott</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Windmill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attempted seizure of Prescott"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the morning of November 12, a force of about 250 men attempted to land in Prescott. However, the British had infiltrated the Hunter organization, and had advance warning of the attack. With the element of surprise gone, and with the town militia ready to repel a landing, the Hunter forces abandoned the landing. Their vessels ran aground on a mud flat where the Oswegatchie River flows into the St. Lawrence off Ogdensburg. </p><p>Later in the morning, Bill Johnston, Admiral of the Hunter navy, arrived and freed the stranded vessels, which then ran downriver to Windmill Point, a promontory located approximately two miles east of Prescott. Here, most of the Hunter forces landed to occupy the hamlet of Newport and its most prominent feature, a large, stone windmill building that enjoyed a panoramic view of the St. Lawrence River as far west as Brockville and eastwards over the Gallop Rapids. The commanders of the Hunters appointed a Swedish immigrant with some military experience, <a href="/wiki/Nils_von_Schoultz" title="Nils von Schoultz">Nils von Schoultz</a>, to command the Hunter forces while the Hunter leadership withdrew to Ogdensburg to collect reinforcements and supplies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_assault">First assault</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Windmill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First assault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The windmill was built of thick stone and stood 60 feet (18 m) high on top of a 30-foot (9.1 m) bluff. Although the attackers had not planned to use the structure, it provided an ideal fortified position. Its height prevented the British forces from approaching unobserved, and its thick stone walls were impervious to small arms and to small field and naval artillery. Early on the morning of 13 November, a force under the command of the militia officers Colonel Plomer Young, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Richard_Duncan_Fraser" title="Richard Duncan Fraser">Richard Fraser</a>, Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Crysler" title="John Crysler">John Crysler</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Greenfield_Macdonell" title="George Greenfield Macdonell">Captain George Greenfield Macdonell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ogle_Robert_Gowan" title="Ogle Robert Gowan">Colonel Ogle Gowan</a> and comprising a handful of British infantry from the <a href="/wiki/83rd_(County_of_Dublin)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot">83rd Regiment</a> and approximately 600 Canadian militiamen, including the Grenville Militia, <a href="/wiki/Dundas_County_Militia" title="Dundas County Militia">Dundas Militia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stormont,_Dundas_and_Glengarry_Highlanders" title="Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders">Glengarry Militia</a>, invested the Hunter position around Newport and attacked. The attack failed, leaving 13 regulars and militiamen killed and 70 wounded. The <a href="/wiki/Dundas_County_Militia" title="Dundas County Militia">Dundas County Militia</a> lost 3 men killed and 7 men wounded. The Hunters suffered about 18 killed and some wounded. </p><p>The next several days were a standoff. As time passed, von Schoultz's position became desperate. Promised reinforcements and supplies never arrived as the United States Navy aided the Royal Navy in blocking egress from Ogdensburg. Law enforcement and military officials in Ogdensburg secured available vessels, and most of the prominent Hunter leaders fled from town to avoid arrest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_assault">Second assault</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Windmill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second assault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heavy artillery from Kingston, as well as sizeable detachments of British Army regulars, Canadian militia and U.S. Army regulars,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tried to strengthen the Canadian forces. An artillery bombardment of the windmill was conducted on November 16 as they had been reinforced by four companies of the <a href="/wiki/83rd_(County_of_Dublin)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot">83rd Regiment</a>, Commanded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_3rd_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 3rd Viscount Melville">Henry Dundas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> gunboats and steamers, and ships of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. navy</a> blocked the Hunters from escaping, and Hunter casualties mounted, so von Schoultz unconditionally surrendered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Windmill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of the battle, almost all of the Hunters were captured and were transported to <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a> for trial. Eleven people, including the Hunter leader <a href="/wiki/Nils_von_Schoultz" title="Nils von Schoultz">Nils von Schoultz</a>, were executed; another 60 were sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transportation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. 40 were acquitted, and another 86 were later pardoned and released. Von Schoultz enjoyed the legal counsel of <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, a prominent young Kingston lawyer who would later become the architect of Canada's <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a> in 1867 and Canada's first prime minister. </p><p>The site of the battle was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Windmill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Windmill_National_Historic_Site" title="Battle of the Windmill National Historic Site">Battle of the Windmill National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Windmill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Graves, Donald E. (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Graves_(historian)" title="Donald Graves (historian)">Donald Graves</a>) (2001). <i>Guns Across the River: The Battle of the Windmill, 1838</i>. Friends of Windmill Point. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896941-21-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-896941-21-4">1-896941-21-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Windmill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonthius2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bonthius, Andrew (2003). "The Patriot War of 1837–1838: Locofocoism With a Gun?". <i>Labour/Le Travail</i>. <b>52</b>: 10–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25149383">10.2307/25149383</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25149383">25149383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142863197">142863197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour%2FLe+Travail&rft.atitle=The+Patriot+War+of+1837%E2%80%931838%3A+Locofocoism+With+a+Gun%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142863197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25149383%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25149383&rft.aulast=Bonthius&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Windmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonthius2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bonthius, Andrew (2003). "The Patriot War of 1837–1838: Locofocoism With a Gun?". <i>Labour/Le Travail</i>. <b>52</b>: 10–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25149383">10.2307/25149383</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25149383">25149383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142863197">142863197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour%2FLe+Travail&rft.atitle=The+Patriot+War+of+1837%E2%80%931838%3A+Locofocoism+With+a+Gun%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142863197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25149383%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25149383&rft.aulast=Bonthius&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Windmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guns Across the River: The Battle of the Windmill, 1838</i> by Donald Graves</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recorder.ca/news/local-news/the-battle-of-the-windmill-a-soldiers-version">"Remembering the Battle of the Windmill"</a>. <i>Recorder & Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recorder+%26+Times&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+Battle+of+the+Windmill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recorder.ca%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fthe-battle-of-the-windmill-a-soldiers-version&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Windmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recorder.ca/news/local-news/the-battle-of-the-windmill-a-soldiers-version">"The Battle of the Windmill: A soldier's version"</a>. <i>Recorder & Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recorder+%26+Times&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+the+Windmill%3A+A+soldier%27s+version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recorder.ca%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fthe-battle-of-the-windmill-a-soldiers-version&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Windmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonthius2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bonthius, Andrew (2003). "The Patriot War of 1837–1838: Locofocoism With a Gun?". <i>Labour/Le Travail</i>. <b>52</b>: 10–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25149383">10.2307/25149383</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25149383">25149383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142863197">142863197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour%2FLe+Travail&rft.atitle=The+Patriot+War+of+1837%E2%80%931838%3A+Locofocoism+With+a+Gun%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142863197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25149383%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25149383&rft.aulast=Bonthius&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Windmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/lhn-nhs/det_E.asp?oqSID=0503&oqeName=Battle+of+the+Windmill&oqfName=Bataille+du+Moulin%2D%E0%2DVent">Battle of the Windmill</a>, Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=13962&pid=0">Battle of the Windmill</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Canadian Register of Historic Places">Canadian Register of Historic Places</a></i>. </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Windmill&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/windmill">Canadian National Parks site on Windmill Point</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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