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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_von_Schoultz" title="Nils Gustaf von Schoultz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nils Gustaf von Schoultz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7037443#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Nils von Schoultz</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Nils Gustaf Ulrik von Schoultz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Nils Scholtewskii von Schoultz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">October 7, 1807<br /><a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden">Kingdom of Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 8, 1838 (age 31)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Henry National Historic Site">Fort Henry, Kingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">St. Mary's Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Sweden"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></span><br /><span data-sort-value="Poland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></span><br /><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hunters%27_Lodges" title="Hunters' Lodges">Hunters' Lodges</a>/<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Canada" title="Republic of Canada">Republic of Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Swedish Armed Forces</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Congress_Poland" title="Army of Congress Poland">Army of Congress Poland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1825-1829 (Sweden)<br />1830 (Poland)<br />1831-1832 (France)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6jtnant" title="Löjtnant">Löjtnant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Svea_Artillery_Regiment" title="Svea Artillery Regiment">Royal Svea Artillery Regiment</a><br /><a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">Polish-Russian War of 1830-1831</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1831)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1831)">Battle of Warsaw (1831)</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Windmill" title="Battle of the Windmill">Battle of the Windmill</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)" title="Reform movement (Upper Canada)">Reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgomery%27s_Tavern" title="Battle of Montgomery's Tavern">Montgomery's Tavern</a><br /><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">William Lyon Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncombe_(Upper_Canada_Rebellion)" title="Charles Duncombe (Upper Canada Rebellion)">Charles Duncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lount" title="Samuel Lount">Samuel Lount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Lloyd" title="Jesse Lloyd">Jesse Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthews_(rebel)" title="Peter Matthews (rebel)">Peter Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Van_Egmond" title="Anthony Van Egmond">Anthony Van Egmond</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_affair" title="Caroline affair"><i>Caroline</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Windsor" title="Battle of Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pelee_Island" title="Battle of Pelee Island">Pelee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Short_Hills" title="Raid on Short Hills">Short Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Windmill" title="Battle of the Windmill">Windmill</a><br /><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters%27_Lodges" title="Hunters' Lodges">Hunters' Lodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_D._Smith" title="Abram D. Smith">Abram D. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Johnston_(pirate)" title="Bill Johnston (pirate)">Bill Johnston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nils von Schoultz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Nils von Schoultz</b> (October 7, 1807 – December 8, 1838) was a Swedish military officer, chemist, and adventurer of <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Finland-Swedish</a> origin who led the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Windmill" title="Battle of the Windmill">Battle of the Windmill</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a> in 1838. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_early_life">Family and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils_von_Schoultz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nils von Schoultz was born as <b>Nils Gustaf Ulrik von Schoultz</b> on October 7, 1807, in the Finnish city of <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden">Kingdom of Sweden</a>. He was the second surviving child of the nobleman, Nils Fredrik von Schoultz, governor of Vaasa, a mid-ranking Swedish government official, and his wife Johanna Henrika Gripenberg. His younger sister was <a href="/wiki/Johanna_von_Schoultz" title="Johanna von Schoultz">Johanna von Schoultz</a>, who became comparatively famous in her own right as a talented opera singer described as being a “perfect soprano.” She was the first opera singer from Finland to travel internationally around Europe, and famed Italian composers like <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a> all composed pieces with her voice in mind. </p><p>Only a few months after his birth, in February 1808, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a> broke out between the Kingdom of Sweden and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, which was an ally of <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>. Although Nils Fredrik von Schoultz stayed behind to take up arms as an officer in the war, the family fled to Stockholm for the time being. The war ended with Sweden losing Finland to Russia in September 1809 under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fredrikshamn" title="Treaty of Fredrikshamn">Treaty of Fredrikshamn</a>. The family remained in Stockholm and was soon after reunited with Nils Fredrik von Schoultz, who died seven years later in 1816, when his son Nils was only eight years old.<sup id="cite_ref-DCB-bio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils_von_Schoultz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the footsteps of his father and grandfather, and in alignment with the expectations of young gentlemen in the early 19th-century, von Schoultz enlisted in the military, and passed his artillery officer's examination in May 1829. He excelled academically, especially with mathematics and sciences. Given his charming personality and his handsome appearance, he also frequented balls and other events of the high society of Stockholm at that time. By October 1830, however, at the age of 23, von Schoultz requested permission to resign his commission, and he was granted an honourable discharge. Rumours exist that this was perhaps due to serious gambling debts which von Schoultz had acquired. Regardless, he soon found himself in Poland, and on the side of <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">the rebelling force which was engaged in a bloody insurrection against the Russian Empire</a>. Little is known about von Schoultz's time in Poland, but by his account he partook in the defence of Warsaw and was there when the city fell to the Imperial Russian forces on September 8, 1831, from which he was captured, but he managed to escape captivity soon afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-DCB-bio_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By some way or another, von Schoultz made his way to <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a> and enlisted with the newly established <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a>. As France had just begun <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">its takeover of Algeria in 1830</a>, von Schoultz was sent across the Mediterranean and participated in the ongoing conquest. By his account, von Schoultz claimed to have had some terrible experiences there and found himself to be disgusted with what was occurring. By the springtime of 1832, however, and again by some way or another, von Schoultz managed to leave the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a>, and he made his way to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, where he happily reunited with his mother and <a href="/wiki/Johanna_von_Schoultz" title="Johanna von Schoultz">sister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DCB-bio_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1836, von Schoultz travelled to London and then left England for the United States, where he was engaged in various commercial attempts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion_of_Upper_Canada">Invasion of Upper Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils_von_Schoultz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Invasion of Upper Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Windmill" title="Battle of the Windmill">Battle of the Windmill</a></div> <p>In 1837, von Schoultz began to be interested in the rebellions in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>. He became involved with the <a href="/wiki/Hunters%27_Lodges" title="Hunters' Lodges">Hunters' Lodges</a>, secret societies which had the aim of overthrowing British rule in Upper Canada. He came to adopt the view that white Canadians were subject to colonial oppression, similar to his views on Poles living under Russian control.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838, von Schoultz was recruited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ward_Birge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ward Birge (page does not exist)">John Ward Birge</a> to take part in an attack against <a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Ontario" title="Prescott, Ontario">Prescott</a> in Upper Canada, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a>. Birge felt that von Schoultz would be a welcome addition to the campaign because he believed von Schoultz had been an officer in the Polish army for a time and therefore had some experience with leadership and invasion tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 11, 1838, Birge, von Schoultz, and roughly 400 members of the Hunters' Lodges left the shores of New York and proceeded down the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> to put their attack plan into motion. Von Schoultz was placed in charge of a schooner called the <i>Charlotte of Toronto</i>, the only original vessel that would reach the Upper Canadian shore. On November 12, von Schoultz and his crew of about one hundred and fifty men landed three kilometres east of Prescott and worked to construct fortifications in the hamlet of Newport. When the men reached one of the main structures in community, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Windmill_National_Historic_Site" title="Battle of the Windmill National Historic Site">the windmill</a>, they elected von Schoultz as their leader. He helped arrange a solid defence, which held up against British, Canadian and American forces for nearly five days, but on November 16, von Schoultz and his men surrendered to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-DCB-bio_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial_and_death">Trial and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils_von_Schoultz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trial and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg/220px-John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg/330px-John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg/440px-John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>John A. Macdonald, who advised von Schoultz in his defence</figcaption></figure> <p>The captured invaders were transported to Kingston by boat where they were held at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Henry National Historic Site">Fort Henry</a>. Von Schoultz and the other prisoners were tried by court martial at the end of November 1838. Von Schoultz was allowed to retain a legal adviser and employed a young <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, the future prime minister of Canada, but the rules of the court required von Schoultz to conduct his own defence.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court martial was presided over by <a href="/wiki/John_B._Marks" title="John B. Marks">John B. Marks</a>, a militia officer and member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada">Legislative Assembly</a> for the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Frontenac_County" title="Frontenac County">county of Frontenac</a>. Another member of the court martial was <a href="/wiki/John_Solomon_Cartwright" title="John Solomon Cartwright">John Solomon Cartwright</a>, also a member of the Legislative Assembly, as well as lawyer and militia officer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_(judge)" title="William Henry Draper (judge)">William Henry Draper</a>, the Solicitor General for Upper Canada and future premier of the Province of Canada, acted as the <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate" class="mw-redirect" title="Judge Advocate">Judge Advocate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Von Schoultz maintained that he had misunderstood the desires of the Canadian people and had been misinformed about their situation. Although Macdonald advised against it, von Schoultz told the court that he felt as if he had to pay for his crimes. He was the only one of the captives who actually pleaded guilty to his violations of law.<sup id="cite_ref-Creighton67_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creighton67-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also placed some of the blame of his defeat at Prescott on Birge, who had not done anything to help von Schoultz, and his men and had also not sent any reinforcements to the town.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court martial convicted Von Schoultz and sentenced him to death. His demeanour throughout the trial made him appear to be a respectable man who was filled with regret over what he had done.<sup id="cite_ref-Creighton67_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creighton67-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won over many of the people he came in contact with during the course of the trial, and some of them even attempted to get <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Arthur,_1st_Baronet#Canada" title="Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet">Sir George Arthur</a>, the lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, to spare his life.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, von Schoultz was hanged at Fort Henry on December 8, 1838, aged 31.<sup id="cite_ref-DCB-bio_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils_von_Schoultz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DCB-bio-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCB-bio_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB-bio_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB-bio_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB-bio_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB-bio_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/schoultz_nils_von_7E.html">“Schoultz, Nils Von,” by Ronald J. Stagg in <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography</i>, ed. Ramsay Cook (Toronto: University of Toronto, 2000).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald G. Creighton, <i>John A. Macdonald: The Young Politician</i> (Toronto: Macmillan Co., 1952), p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oscar Arvie Kinchen, <i>The Rise and Fall of the Patriot Hunters</i> (New York: Bookman Associates, 1956), p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Creighton, <i>Macdonald: The Young Politician</i>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian S. Osborne and Donald Swainson, <i>Kingston: Building on the Past</i> (Canada: Butternut Press Inc., 1988), p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Cartwright, John Solomon", by J. Douglas Stewart and Mary Stewart, <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography</i>, Vol. VII (1836–1850).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Creighton, <i>Macdonald: The Young Politician</i>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creighton67-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Creighton67_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creighton67_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Creighton, <i>Macdonald: The Young Politician</i>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinchen, <i>The Rise and Fall of the Patriot Hunters</i>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne and Swainson, <i>Kingston: Building on the Past</i>, pp. 74-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Beasley, <i>Canadian Don Quixote: the life and works of Major John Richardson, Canada’s first novelist</i> (Ontario: The Porcupine’s Quill Inc., 1977), p. 112.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils_von_Schoultz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5NiuFnPFNA"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Heritage Minute: The Trial of Nils Von Schoultz</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/BIRGE/2005-07/1120492056">John Ward Birge at RootsWeb/Ancestry.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7037443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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