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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldnanorods1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Goldnanorods1.JPG/270px-Goldnanorods1.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Goldnanorods1.JPG/405px-Goldnanorods1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Goldnanorods1.JPG/540px-Goldnanorods1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>Gold nanorods under <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscopy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, <b>nanorods</b> are one morphology of nanoscale objects. Each of their dimensions range from 1–100 <a href="/wiki/1_E-9_m" class="mw-redirect" title="1 E-9 m">nm</a>. They may be synthesized from metals or semiconducting materials.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standard <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratios</a> (length divided by width) are 3-5. Nanorods are produced by direct <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">chemical synthesis</a>. A combination of <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a> act as shape control agents and bond to different facets of the nanorod with different strengths. This allows different faces of the nanorod to grow at different rates, producing an elongated object. </p><p>One potential application of nanorods is in display technologies, because the reflectivity of the rods can be changed by changing their orientation with an applied electric field. Another application is for <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">microelectromechanical systems</a> (MEMS). Nanorods, along with other noble metal nanoparticles, also function as theragnostic agents. Nanorods absorb in the near IR, and generate heat when excited with IR light. This property has led to the use of nanorods as cancer therapeutics. Nanorods can be conjugated with tumor targeting motifs and ingested. When a patient is exposed to IR light (which passes through body tissue), nanorods selectively taken up by tumor cells are locally heated, destroying only the cancerous tissue while leaving healthy cells intact. </p><p>Nanorods based on semiconducting materials have also been investigated for application as energy harvesting and light emitting devices. In 2006, Ramanathan et al. demonstrated<sup>1</sup> electric-field mediated tunable <a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">photoluminescence</a> from ZnO nanorods, with potential for application as novel sources of near-ultraviolet radiation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanorod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZnO_nanorod_gas_sensor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/ZnO_nanorod_gas_sensor.jpg/160px-ZnO_nanorod_gas_sensor.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/ZnO_nanorod_gas_sensor.jpg/240px-ZnO_nanorod_gas_sensor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/ZnO_nanorod_gas_sensor.jpg/320px-ZnO_nanorod_gas_sensor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">gas sensor</a>, based on ZnO nanorods<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ZnO_nanorods">ZnO nanorods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanorod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: ZnO nanorods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">Zinc oxide</a> (ZnO) nanorod, also known as <a href="/wiki/Nanowire" title="Nanowire">nanowire</a>, has a direct <a href="/wiki/Bandgap_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandgap energy">bandgap energy</a> of 3.37 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a>, which is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/GaN" class="mw-redirect" title="GaN">GaN</a>, and it has an excitation <a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">binding energy</a> of 60 meV. The optical bandgap of ZnO nanorod can be tuned by changing the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(architecture_and_engineering)" title="Morphology (architecture and engineering)">morphology</a>, composition, size etc. Recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> ZnO nanorods have been intensely used to fabricate nano-scale electronic devices, including <a href="/wiki/Field_effect_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Field effect transistor">field effect transistor</a>, ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetector</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a>, and ultra-bright <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a> (LED). Various methods have been developed to fabricate the single crystalline, <a href="/wiki/Wurtzite" title="Wurtzite">wurtzite</a> ZnO nanorods. Among those methods, growing from vapor phase is the most developed approach. In a typical growth process, ZnO vapor is condensed onto a solid substrate. ZnO vapor can be generated by three methods: thermal evaporation, chemical reduction, and <a href="/wiki/Vapor-Liquid-Solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapor-Liquid-Solid">Vapor-Liquid-Solid</a> (VLS) method. In the thermal evaporation method, commercial ZnO powder is mixed with SnO<sub>2</sub> and evaporated by heating the mixture at elevated temperature. In the chemical reduction method, zinc vapor, generated by the reduction of ZnO, is transferred to the growth zone, followed by reoxidation to ZnO. The VLS process, originally proposed in 1964, is the most commonly used process to synthesize single crystalline ZnO nanorods. In a typical process, catalytic droplets are deposited on the substrate and the gas mixtures, including Zn vapor and a mixture of CO/CO<sub>2</sub>, react at the catalyst-substrate interface, followed by nucleation and growth. Typical metal catalysts involve <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>. ZnO nanowires are grown epitaxially on the substrate and assemble into monolayer arrays. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (<a href="/wiki/MOCVD" class="mw-redirect" title="MOCVD">MOCVD</a>) has also been recently developed. No catalyst is involved in this process and the growth temperature is at 400 ~500 °C, i.e. considerably milder conditions compared to the traditional vapor growth method.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, metal oxide nanorods (ZnO, CuO, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, others) can be simply made by heating initial metal in air in a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_oxidation" title="Thermal oxidation">thermal oxidation</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, to make a dense "carpet" of CuO nanorods it was found to be enough to heat Cu foil in air at 420 °C. Apart from these manufacturing schemes, ZnO nanorods and tubes can be fabricated by the combination of deep UV lithography, dry etch, and atomic layer deposition (ALD).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="InGaN/GaN_nanorods"><span id="InGaN.2FGaN_nanorods"></span>InGaN/GaN nanorods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanorod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: InGaN/GaN nanorods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/InGaN" class="mw-redirect" title="InGaN">InGaN</a>/<a href="/wiki/GaN" class="mw-redirect" title="GaN">GaN</a> nanorod array light-emitting diodes can be manufactured with dry etching or focused ion beam etching techniques. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such LEDs emit polarized blue or green light <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three-dimensional nanorod structures have a larger emitting surface, which results in better efficiency and light emission compared to planar LEDs.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ink-printed quantum dot nanorod LED (QNED) displays are being researched by Samsung, with InGaN nanorod LEDs replacing the organic OLED layer in <a href="/wiki/QD-OLED" class="mw-redirect" title="QD-OLED">QD-OLED</a> displays.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_nanorods">Gold nanorods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanorod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gold nanorods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seed-mediated growth method is the most common and achieved method for synthesizing high-quality gold nanorods.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical growth protocol involves the addition of gold nanospheres capped by <a href="/wiki/Cetyltrimethylammonium_bromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide">cetyltrimethylammonium bromide</a> (CTAB) or citrate, served as seeds, to the bulk HAuCl<sub>4</sub> growth solution. The growth solution is obtained by the reduction of HAuCl<sub>4</sub> with <a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Cetyltrimethylammonium_bromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide">cetyltrimethylammonium bromide</a> (CTAB) <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a> and silver ions. Longer nanorods (up to an <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> of 25) can be obtained in the absence of silver nitrate by use of a three-step addition procedure. In this protocol, seeds are sequentially added to growth solution in order to control the rate of heterogeneous deposition and thereby the rate of crystal growth. </p><p>The shortcoming of this method is the formation of gold nanospheres, which requires non-trivial separations and cleanings. In one modifications of this method sodium citrate is replaced with a stronger CTAB stabilizer in the nucleation and growth procedures. Raising the pH is another way to achieve high aspect ratio (> 25:1) nanorods with high yield (> 90%) at the cost of increased polydispersity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another improvement is to introduce silver ions to the growth solution, which results in the nanorods of aspect ratios less than five in greater than 90% yield.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver, of a lower reduction potential than gold, can be reduced on the surface of the rods to form a monolayer by underpotential deposition. Here, silver deposition competes with that of gold, thereby retarding the growth rate of specific crystal facets, allowing for <a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">one-directional growth</a> and rod formation. Another shortcoming of this method is the high toxicity of CTAB. Polymers, such as <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol" title="Polyethylene glycol">Polyethylene glycol</a> (PEG), <a href="/wiki/Polyallylamine_hydrochloride" title="Polyallylamine hydrochloride">Polyallylamine hydrochloride</a> (PAH) coating; dietary fibers, such as <a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">chitosan</a>; or biomolecules, such as phospholipids have been used to displace the CTAB out from the nanorod surface without affecting the stability has been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cation_exchange">Cation exchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanorod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cation exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cation exchange is a conventional but promising technique for new nanorod synthesis. Cation exchange transformations in nanorods are kinetically favorable and often shape-conserving. Compared to bulk crystal systems, the cation exchange of nanorods is million-times faster due to high surface area. Existing nanorods serve as templates to make a variety of nanorods that are not accessible in traditional wet-chemical synthesis. Furthermore, complexity can be added by partial transformation, making nanorod heterostructures.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanorod&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsmll.202006797">"Evaluating Phospholipid-Functionalized Gold Nanorods for In Vivo Applications"</a>. <i>Small</i>. <b>17</b> (13): 2006797. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsmll.202006797">10.1002/smll.202006797</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-6829">1613-6829</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33682366">33682366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small&rft.atitle=Evaluating+Phospholipid-Functionalized+Gold+Nanorods+for+In+Vivo+Applications&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2006797&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1613-6829&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33682366&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsmll.202006797&rft.au=Roach%2C+L.&rft.au=Booth%2C+M.&rft.au=Ingram%2C+N.&rft.au=Paterson%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Moorcroft%2C+S.+C.+T.&rft.au=Bushby%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Critchley%2C+K.&rft.au=Coletta%2C+P.+L.&rft.au=Evans%2C+S.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fsmll.202006797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrashant_K._JainJessy_B._Rivest2012" class="citation journal cs1">Prashant K. 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Ramanathan, S. Patibandla, S. Bandyopadhyay, J.D. Edwards, J. Anderson, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. 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