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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADNR" title="ADNR – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ADNR" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregierte_Diamant-Nanost%C3%A4bchen" title="Aggregierte Diamant-Nanostäbchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aggregierte Diamant-Nanostäbchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregados_de_nanobarras_de_diamante" title="Agregados de nanobarras de diamante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agregados de nanobarras de diamante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanobaguettes_de_diamants_agr%C3%A9g%C3%A9es" title="Nanobaguettes de diamants agrégées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nanobaguettes de diamants agrégées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B3%A0%EA%B2%BD%EB%8F%84_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%AA%AC%EB%93%9C" title="초고경도 다이아몬드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초고경도 다이아몬드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorod_berlian_teragregasi" title="Nanorod berlian teragregasi – 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searchaux" style="display:none">Nanocrystalline form of diamond</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"hyperdiamond" redirects here. For 4-polytope, see <a href="/wiki/24-cell" title="24-cell">24-cell</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Popigai_nanodiamonds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Popigai_nanodiamonds.jpg/260px-Popigai_nanodiamonds.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Popigai_nanodiamonds.jpg/390px-Popigai_nanodiamonds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Popigai_nanodiamonds.jpg/520px-Popigai_nanodiamonds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Natural nanodiamond aggregates from the <a href="/wiki/Popigai_impact_structure" title="Popigai impact structure">Popigai impact structure</a>, Siberia, Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-popigai_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popigai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Natural_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg/260px-Natural_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Natural_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg/390px-Natural_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Natural_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg/520px-Natural_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Internal structure of the Popigai nanodiamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-popigai_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popigai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synthetic_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Synthetic_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg/260px-Synthetic_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Synthetic_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg/390px-Synthetic_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Synthetic_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg/520px-Synthetic_nanodiamond_TEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Internal structure of synthetic nanodiamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-popigai_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popigai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aggregated diamond nanorods</b>, or <b>ADNRs</b>, are a <a href="/wiki/Nanocrystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanocrystalline">nanocrystalline</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, also known as <b>nanodiamond</b> or <b>hyperdiamond</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggregated_diamond_nanorod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nanodiamond or hyperdiamond was produced by compression of <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> in 2003 by a group of researchers in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and in the same work, published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, it was shown to be much harder than bulk diamond.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, it was also produced by compression of <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerene</a> and confirmed to be the hardest and least compressible known material, with an <a href="/wiki/Isothermal_bulk_modulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Isothermal bulk modulus">isothermal bulk modulus</a> of 491 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">gigapascals</a> (GPa), while a conventional diamond has a modulus of 442–446 GPa; these results were inferred from <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a> data, which also indicated that ADNRs are 0.3% denser than regular diamond.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same group later described ADNRs as "having a hardness and <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> comparable to that of natural diamond, but with 'superior wear resistance'".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardness">Hardness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggregated_diamond_nanorod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hardness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Miller_index" title="Miller index"><111></a> surface (normal to the largest diagonal of a cube) of pure diamond has a hardness value of 167±6 GPa when scratched with a nanodiamond tip, while the nanodiamond sample itself has a value of 310 GPa when tested with a nanodiamond tip. However, the test only works properly with a tip made of harder material than the sample being tested due to cracking. This means that the true value for nanodiamond is likely lower than 310 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-blank_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blank-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its hardness, a hyperdiamond could possibly exceed 10 on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale of mineral hardness</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggregated_diamond_nanorod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ADNRs (hyperdiamonds/nanodiamonds) are produced by compressing fullerite powder—a solid form of <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropic</a> carbon fullerene—by either of two somewhat similar methods. One uses a <a href="/wiki/Diamond_anvil_cell" title="Diamond anvil cell">diamond anvil cell</a> and applied pressure ~37 GPa without heating the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-blank2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blank2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another method, fullerite is compressed to lower pressures (2–20 GPa) and then heated to a temperature in the range of 300 to 2,500 K (27 to 2,227 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extreme hardness of what now appears likely to have been nanodiamonds was reported by researchers in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-blank_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blank-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blank2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blank2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material is a series of interconnected diamond nanorods, with diameters of between 5 and 20 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometres</a> and lengths of around 1 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometre</a> each.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nanodiamond aggregates ca. 1 mm in size also form in nature, from graphite upon meteoritic impact, such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Popigai_impact_structure" title="Popigai impact structure">Popigai impact structure</a> in Siberia, Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-popigai_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popigai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggregated_diamond_nanorod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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exceeding 40 gigapascals</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggregated_diamond_nanorod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-popigai-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popigai_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popigai_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popigai_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popigai_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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"Phase transformations in solid C<sub>60</sub> at high-pressure-high-temperature treatment and the structure of 3D polymerized fullerites". <i>Physics Letters A</i>. <b>220</b> (1–3): 149–157. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PhLA..220..149B">1996PhLA..220..149B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0375-9601%2896%2900483-5">10.1016/0375-9601(96)00483-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+A&rft.atitle=Phase+transformations+in+solid+C%3Csub%3E60%3C%2Fsub%3E+at+high-pressure-high-temperature+treatment+and+the+structure+of+3D+polymerized+fullerites&rft.volume=220&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=149-157&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0375-9601%2896%2900483-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996PhLA..220..149B&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggregated+diamond+nanorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggregated_diamond_nanorod&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nanodiamonds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nanodiamonds">Nanodiamonds</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news6436.html">The invention of aggregated diamond nanorods</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/">Physorg.com</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeandron2005" class="citation news cs1">Jeandron, Michelle (August 26, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304203718/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/22997">"Diamonds are not forever"</a>. <i>Physics World</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/22997">the original</a> on March 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Template:Allotropes of carbon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Template talk:Allotropes of carbon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allotropes of carbon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allotropes_of_carbon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">Allotropes of carbon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>sp<sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation" title="Orbital hybridisation">forms</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond (cubic)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonsdaleite" title="Lonsdaleite">Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>sp<sup>2</sup> forms</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">Fullerenes</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">C<sub>60</sub> (buckminsterfullerene)</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub></a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_whiskers" title="Fullerene whiskers">Fullerene whiskers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">Nanotubes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanobud" title="Carbon nanobud">Nanobuds</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanoscrolls" title="Carbon nanoscrolls">Nanoscrolls</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassy_carbon" title="Glassy carbon">Glassy carbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>sp forms</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_acetylenic_carbon" title="Linear acetylenic carbon">Linear acetylenic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo(6)carbon" title="Cyclo(6)carbon"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span> (cyclo[6]carbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo(18)carbon" title="Cyclo(18)carbon"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">18</sub></span></span></span> (cyclo[18]carbon)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>mixed sp<sup>3</sup>/sp<sup>2</sup> forms</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbon" title="Amorphous carbon">Amorphous carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanofoam" title="Carbon nanofoam">Carbon nanofoam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbide-derived_carbon" title="Carbide-derived carbon">Carbide-derived carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-carbon">Q-carbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>other forms</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_carbon" title="Atomic carbon"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sub></span></span></span> (atomic carbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> (diatomic carbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> (tricarbon)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>hypothetical forms</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropatriene" title="Cyclopropatriene"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> (cyclopropatriene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prismane_C8" class="mw-redirect" title="Prismane C8"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span> (prismane C8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoite" title="Chaoite">Chaoite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeckelites" title="Haeckelites">Haeckelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon#Other_possible_forms" title="Allotropes of carbon">Cubic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon#Other_possible_forms" title="Allotropes of carbon">Metallic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penta-graphene" title="Penta-graphene">Penta-graphene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>related</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">Carbon black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fiber</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aggregated diamond nanorod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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