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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Naval career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationships and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lord_High_Admiral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_High_Admiral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lord High Admiral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord_High_Admiral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reform crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Hanover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Hanover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>King of Hanover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_Hanover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_reign_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_reign_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Later reign and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_reign_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours and arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours and arms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancestry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William IV</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="William IV van die Verenigde Koninkryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="William IV van die Verenigde Koninkryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willelm_IV_Bretta_Cyning" title="Willelm IV Bretta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Willelm IV Bretta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="ويليام الرابع ملك المملكة المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام الرابع ملك المملكة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guill%C3%A9n_IV_d%27o_Reino_Uniu" title="Guillén IV d'o Reino Uniu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guillén IV d'o Reino Uniu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermu_IV_del_Reinu_Xun%C3%ADu" title="Guillermu IV del Reinu Xuníu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guillermu IV del Reinu Xuníu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Vilhelm_(B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Britaniya_kral%C4%B1)" title="IV Vilhelm (Böyük Britaniya kralı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IV Vilhelm (Böyük Britaniya kralı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="دؤردونجو ویلیام (پادشاهی متحده) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤردونجو ویلیام (پادشاهی متحده)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_4-s%C3%A8_(Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp_%C3%94ng-kok)" title="William 4-sè (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="William 4-sè (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_IV_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Вільгельм IV (кароль брытанскі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вільгельм IV (кароль брытанскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_IV" title="Уилям IV – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям IV" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilim_IV,_kralj_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva" title="Vilim IV, kralj Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vilim IV, kralj Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_ar_Rouantelezh-Unanet" title="William IV ar Rouantelezh-Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="William IV ar Rouantelezh-Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillem_IV_del_Regne_Unit" title="Guillem IV del Regne Unit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guillem IV del Regne Unit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_IV._Britsk%C3%BD" title="Vilém IV. Britský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vilém IV. Britský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="William IV" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV,_brenin_y_Deyrnas_Unedig" title="William IV, brenin y Deyrnas Unedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="William IV, brenin y Deyrnas Unedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_4._af_Storbritannien" title="Vilhelm 4. af Storbritannien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vilhelm 4. af Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_IV._(Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich)" title="Wilhelm IV. (Vereinigtes Königreich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilhelm IV. (Vereinigtes Königreich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William IV" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Γουλιέλμος Δ΄ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουλιέλμος Δ΄ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_IV_del_Reino_Unido" title="Guillermo IV del Reino Unido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guillermo IV del Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmo_la_4-a_(Britio)" title="Vilhelmo la 4-a (Britio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vilhelmo la 4-a (Britio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilen_IV.a_Erresuma_Batukoa" title="Gilen IV.a Erresuma Batukoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gilen IV.a Erresuma Batukoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="ویلیام چهارم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام چهارم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_IV_av_St%C3%B3rabretlandi" title="Vilhelm IV av Stórabretlandi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vilhelm IV av Stórabretlandi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_IV_(roi_du_Royaume-Uni)" title="Guillaume IV (roi du Royaume-Uni) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guillaume IV (roi du Royaume-Uni)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_IV_na_R%C3%ADochta_Aontaithe" title="Liam IV na Ríochta Aontaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Liam IV na Ríochta Aontaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uilleam_IV" title="Uilleam IV – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uilleam IV" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillerme_IV_do_Reino_Unido" title="Guillerme IV do Reino Unido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guillerme IV do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_4-s%E1%B9%B3_(Y%C3%AEn-koet)" title="William 4-sṳ (Yîn-koet) – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="William 4-sṳ (Yîn-koet)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_4%EC%84%B8" title="윌리엄 4세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 4세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_IV" title="Ուիլյամ IV – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ IV" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="विलियम ४, युनाईटेड किंगडम का महाराजा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलियम ४, युनाईटेड किंगडम का महाराजा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilim_IV.,_kralj_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva" title="Vilim IV., kralj Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vilim IV., kralj Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_la_4ma_dil_Unionita_Rejio" title="William la 4ma dil Unionita Rejio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="William la 4ma dil Unionita Rejio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_dari_Britania_Raya" title="William IV dari Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William IV dari Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmo_IV_del_Regno_Unite" title="Gulielmo IV del Regno Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gulielmo IV del Regno Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhj%C3%A1lmur_4._Bretakonungur" title="Vilhjálmur 4. Bretakonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vilhjálmur 4. Bretakonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_IV_del_Regno_Unito" title="Guglielmo IV del Regno Unito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guglielmo IV del Regno Unito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA" title="ויליאם הרביעי, מלך הממלכה המאוחדת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם הרביעי, מלך הממלכה המאוחדת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_William_IV" title="Raja William IV – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Raja William IV" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_IV" title="უილიამ IV – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უილიამ IV" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_(%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B)" title="IV Уильям (Ұлыбритания патшасы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="IV Уильям (Ұлыбритания патшасы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="William IV" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_IV_(rex_Britanniarum)" title="Gulielmus IV (rex Britanniarum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus IV (rex Britanniarum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_IV" title="Viljams IV – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams IV" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmas_IV" title="Vilhelmas IV – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vilhelmas IV" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._Vilmos_brit_kir%C3%A1ly" title="IV. Vilmos brit király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IV. Vilmos brit király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_IV" title="Вилијам IV – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилијам IV" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="युनायटेड किंग्डमचा चौथा विल्यम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनायटेड किंग्डमचा चौथा विल्यम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="ويليام الرابع ملك المملكه المتحده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام الرابع ملك المملكه المتحده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A7)" title="ویلیام چاروم (بریتانیا شا) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویلیام چاروم (بریتانیا شا)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_dari_United_Kingdom" title="William IV dari United Kingdom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="William IV dari United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_IV_van_het_Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Willem IV van het Verenigd Koninkrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Willem IV van het Verenigd Koninkrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A04%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)" title="ウィリアム4世 (イギリス王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム4世 (イギリス王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_IV_av_Storbritannia" title="Vilhelm IV av Storbritannia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vilhelm IV av Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_IV_av_Storbritannia" title="Vilhelm IV av Storbritannia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vilhelm IV av Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dgillaume_IV_du_Rouoyaume_Unni" title="Dgillaume IV du Rouoyaume Unni – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Dgillaume IV du Rouoyaume Unni" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%85%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85" title="څلورم وېلیام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="څلورم وېلیام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_IV_Hanowerski" title="Wilhelm IV Hanowerski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelm IV Hanowerski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilherme_IV_do_Reino_Unido" title="Guilherme IV do Reino Unido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guilherme IV do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilgelm_IV_(Ull%C4%B1_Britaniya_patshas%C4%B1)" title="Vilgelm IV (Ullı Britaniya patshası) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vilgelm IV (Ullı Britaniya patshası)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_al_IV-lea_al_Regatului_Unit" title="William al IV-lea al Regatului Unit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William al IV-lea al Regatului Unit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_IV_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Вильгельм IV (король Великобритании) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вильгельм IV (король Великобритании)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viliamu_IV" title="Viliamu IV – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Viliamu IV" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A5%AA" title="विलियम ४ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विलियम ४" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_o_the_Unitit_Kinrick" title="William IV o the Unitit Kinrick – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="William IV o the Unitit Kinrick" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="William IV of the United Kingdom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William IV of the United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viliam_IV._(Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo)" title="Viliam IV. (Spojené kráľovstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viliam IV. (Spojené kráľovstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljem_IV._Britanski" title="Viljem IV. Britanski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Viljem IV. Britanski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%85" title="ویلیامی چوارەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویلیامی چوارەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_IV_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вилијам IV од Уједињеног Краљевства – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам IV од Уједињеног Краљевства" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_od_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva" title="William IV od Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William IV od Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_IV_(Iso-Britannia)" title="Vilhelm IV (Iso-Britannia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vilhelm IV (Iso-Britannia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_IV_av_Storbritannien" title="Vilhelm IV av Storbritannien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vilhelm IV av Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_IV_ng_Nagkakaisang_Kaharian" title="Guillermo IV ng Nagkakaisang Kaharian – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Guillermo IV ng Nagkakaisang Kaharian" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் நான்காம் வில்லியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் நான்காம் வில்லியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_4_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าวิลเลียมที่ 4 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าวิลเลียมที่ 4 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._William" title="IV. William – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IV. William" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_IV_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Вільгельм IV (король Великої Британії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільгельм IV (король Великої Британії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%8C_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81" title="ولیم چہارم، مملکت متحدہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولیم چہارم، مملکت متحدہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="William IV của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="William IV của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="威廉四世（英国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威廉四世（英国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of the United Kingdom and Hanover from 1830 to 1837</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people titled William IV, see <a href="/wiki/William_IV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="William IV (disambiguation)">William IV (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">William IV</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_IV_in_1833_by_Shee_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="William in Garter Robes with his right hand on his sword and St Edward's Crown and sceptre beside him on a cushion resting on a covered table; in the distance to the right is a view of Windsor Castle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_IV_in_1833_by_Shee_cropped.jpg/220px-William_IV_in_1833_by_Shee_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_IV_in_1833_by_Shee_cropped.jpg/330px-William_IV_in_1833_by_Shee_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_IV_in_1833_by_Shee_cropped.jpg/440px-William_IV_in_1833_by_Shee_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1661" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_William_IV_(Archer_Shee)" title="Portrait of William IV (Archer Shee)">Portrait of William IV</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Archer_Shee" title="Martin Archer Shee">Martin Archer Shee</a>, 1833</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">26 June 1830 – <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">20 June 1837</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_William_IV_and_Adelaide" title="Coronation of William IV and Adelaide">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 September 1831</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">26 June 1830 – <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">20 June 1837</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">George IV</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Viceroy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1765-08-21</span>)</span>21 August 1765<br /><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham House</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 June 1837<span style="display:none">(1837-06-20)</span> (aged 71)<br /><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, Berkshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">8 July 1837<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label">Royal Vault, <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="11 July 1818">1818</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_FitzClarence,_Earl_of_Munster" class="mw-redirect" title="George FitzClarence, Earl of Munster">George FitzClarence, Earl of Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Sidney,_Baroness_De_L%27Isle_and_Dudley" title="Sophia Sidney, Baroness De L'Isle and Dudley">Sophia Sidney, Baroness De L'Isle and Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Mary_Fox" title="Lady Mary Fox">Lady Mary Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_FitzClarence" title="Lord Frederick FitzClarence">Lord Frederick FitzClarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Hay,_Countess_of_Erroll" title="Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll">Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Adolphus_FitzClarence" title="Lord Adolphus FitzClarence">Lord Adolphus FitzClarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Augusta_Gordon" title="Lady Augusta Gordon">Lady Augusta Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Augustus_FitzClarence" title="Lord Augustus FitzClarence">Lord Augustus FitzClarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Cary,_Viscountess_Falkland" title="Amelia Cary, Viscountess Falkland">Amelia Cary, Viscountess Falkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Clarence" title="Princess Elizabeth of Clarence">Princess Elizabeth of Clarence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">William Henry</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protestantism in the United Kingdom">Protestant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_IV_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William IV's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature of William IV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/William_IV_Signature.svg/125px-William_IV_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/William_IV_Signature.svg/188px-William_IV_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/William_IV_Signature.svg/250px-William_IV_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of active service</th><td class="infobox-data">1779–1790</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Rear admiral (Royal Navy)">Rear admiral</a> (active service)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Valiant_(1759)" title="HMS Valiant (1759)">HMS <i>Valiant</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Andromeda_(1784)" title="HMS Andromeda (1784)">HMS <i>Andromeda</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Pegasus_(1779)" title="HMS Pegasus (1779)">HMS <i>Pegasus</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Battle of Cape St. Vincent</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William IV</b> (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a> from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, William succeeded his elder brother <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a>, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a>. </p><p>William served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in his youth, spending time in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and was later nicknamed the "Sailor King". In 1789, he was created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence_and_St_Andrews" title="Duke of Clarence and St Andrews">Duke of Clarence and St Andrews</a>. Between 1791 and 1811, he cohabited with the actress <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Jordan" title="Dorothea Jordan">Dorothea Jordan</a>, with whom he had ten children. In 1818, he married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen</a>. William remained faithful to Adelaide during their marriage. In 1827, he was appointed Britain's first <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral</a> since 1709. </p><p>As his two elder brothers died without leaving <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">legitimate</a> issue, William <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">inherited the throne</a> when he was 64 years old. His reign saw several reforms: the <a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws" title="English Poor Laws">Poor Law</a> was updated, <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a> restricted, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">slavery abolished</a> in nearly all of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and the electoral system refashioned by the Reform Acts of 1832. Although William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father, he was the last British monarch to appoint a prime minister contrary to the will of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>. He granted <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">his German kingdom</a> a short-lived liberal constitution. William had no surviving legitimate children at the time of his death, so he was succeeded by his niece <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a> in the United Kingdom and his brother <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus</a> in Hanover. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_William_and_Prince_Edward_1778.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prince_William_and_Prince_Edward_1778.jpg/170px-Prince_William_and_Prince_Edward_1778.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prince_William_and_Prince_Edward_1778.jpg/255px-Prince_William_and_Prince_Edward_1778.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prince_William_and_Prince_Edward_1778.jpg/340px-Prince_William_and_Prince_Edward_1778.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>William (left), aged thirteen, and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Edward</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>, 1778</figcaption></figure> <p>William was born in the early hours of the morning on 21 August 1765 at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham House</a>, the third child and son of <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Charlotte">Queen Charlotte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had two elder brothers, <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George, Prince of Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York and Albany</a>), and was not expected to inherit the Crown. He was baptised in the Great Council Chamber of <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a> on 20 September 1765. His godparents were the King's siblings: <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Prince Henry</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Augusta of Great Britain">Princess Augusta</a>, Hereditary Duchess of <a href="/wiki/Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William spent most of his early life in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_London" title="Richmond, London">Richmond</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a>, where he was educated by private tutors.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of thirteen, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Digby_(admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Digby (admiral)">Admiral Digby</a>'s squadron. For four years the lieutenant of his watch was <a href="/wiki/Richard_Goodwin_Keats" title="Richard Goodwin Keats">Richard Goodwin Keats</a>, with whom he formed a life-long friendship and whom he described as the one to whom he owed all his professional knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Hannah_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannah-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was present at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Battle of Cape St Vincent</a> in 1780,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the <i>San Julián</i> struck her colours to his ship.<sup id="cite_ref-Hannah_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannah-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His experiences in the navy seem to have been little different from those of other midshipmen, though in contrast to other sailors he was accompanied on board ship by a tutor. He did his share of the cooking<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and got arrested with his shipmates after a drunken brawl in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>; he was hastily released from custody after his identity became known.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William served in New York during the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>, making him the only member of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a> to visit America up to and through the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. While William was in America, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> approved a plot to kidnap him, writing: </p> <blockquote> <p>The spirit of enterprise so conspicuous in your plan for surprising in their quarters and bringing off the Prince William Henry and Admiral Digby merits applause; and you have my authority to make the attempt in any manner, and at such a time, as your judgment may direct. I am fully persuaded, that it is unnecessary to caution you against offering insult or indignity to the persons of the Prince or Admiral...<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The plot did not come to fruition; the British heard of it and assigned guards to William, who had until then walked around New York unescorted.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1781, William held court at the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> home of <a href="/wiki/James_Robertson_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Robertson (British Army officer)">Governor Robertson</a>. In attendance were Mayor <a href="/wiki/David_Mathews" title="David Mathews">David Mathews</a>, Admiral Digby, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_De_Lancey_(American_loyalist)" title="Oliver De Lancey (American loyalist)">General Delancey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gainsborough_-_Prince_William,_1782.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gainsborough_-_Prince_William%2C_1782.jpg/220px-Gainsborough_-_Prince_William%2C_1782.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gainsborough_-_Prince_William%2C_1782.jpg/330px-Gainsborough_-_Prince_William%2C_1782.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gainsborough_-_Prince_William%2C_1782.jpg/440px-Gainsborough_-_Prince_William%2C_1782.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Prince William at the age of 17, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> September 1782</span></figcaption></figure> <p>William became a lieutenant in 1785 and <a href="/wiki/Captain_(naval)" title="Captain (naval)">captain</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pegasus_(1779)" title="HMS Pegasus (1779)">HMS <i>Pegasus</i></a> the following year,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which he <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#History" title="Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador">spent time in the colonies of Newfoundland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Nova_Scotia#History" title="Monarchy in Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. Later in 1786, he was stationed in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> under <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>, who wrote of William, "in his professional line, he is superior to two-thirds, I am sure, of the [naval] list; and in attention to orders, and respect to his superior officer, I hardly know his equal."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two were great friends, and dined together almost nightly. At Nelson's wedding, William insisted on giving <a href="/wiki/Frances_Nelson" title="Frances Nelson">the bride</a> away.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Quebec#The_American_Revolution" title="Monarchy in Quebec">touring Quebec</a> in 1787, he was, the next year, given command of the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Andromeda_(1784)" title="HMS Andromeda (1784)">HMS <i>Andromeda</i></a> and promoted to <a href="/wiki/Rear-admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear-admiral">rear-admiral</a> while commanding <a href="/wiki/HMS_Valiant_(1759)" title="HMS Valiant (1759)">HMS <i>Valiant</i></a> in 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William sought to be made a <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a> like his elder brothers, and to receive a similar parliamentary grant, but his father was reluctant. To put pressure on him, William threatened to stand for the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a> for the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Totnes_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Totnes (UK Parliament constituency)">Totnes</a> in Devon. Appalled at the prospect of his son making his case to the voters, the King created him <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence_and_St_Andrews" title="Duke of Clarence and St Andrews">Duke of Clarence and St Andrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Munster" title="Earl of Munster">Earl of Munster</a> on 19 May 1789,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supposedly saying: "I well know it is another vote added to the Opposition."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William's political record was inconsistent and, like many politicians of the time, cannot be ascribed to a single party. However, he allied himself publicly with the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a>, as did his elder brothers, who were known to be in conflict with the political positions of their father.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_career">Naval career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Naval career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_IV_by_Sir_Martin_Archer_Shee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/William_IV_by_Sir_Martin_Archer_Shee.jpg/170px-William_IV_by_Sir_Martin_Archer_Shee.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/William_IV_by_Sir_Martin_Archer_Shee.jpg/255px-William_IV_by_Sir_Martin_Archer_Shee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/William_IV_by_Sir_Martin_Archer_Shee.jpg/340px-William_IV_by_Sir_Martin_Archer_Shee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Portrait of the Duke of Clarence">Portrait in dress uniform</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Archer_Shee" title="Martin Archer Shee">Martin Archer Shee</a>, c. 1800</figcaption></figure> <p>William ceased his active service in the Royal Navy in 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-rh_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Britain declared war on France in 1793, he was eager to serve his country and expected to be given a command but was not, perhaps at first because he had broken his arm by falling down some stairs drunk, but later perhaps because he gave a speech in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> opposing the war.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year he spoke in favour of the war, and expected a command after his change of heart; none came. The Admiralty did not reply to his request.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not lose hope of being appointed to an active post. In 1798 he was made an admiral, but the rank was purely nominal.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite repeated petitions, he was never given a command throughout the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1811, he was appointed to the honorary position of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral of the Fleet</a>. In 1813, he came nearest to involvement in actual fighting, when he visited the British troops fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. Watching the bombardment of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> from a church steeple, he came under fire, and a bullet pierced his coat.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead of serving at sea, William spent time in the House of Lords, where he spoke in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolition of slavery</a>, which still existed in the British colonies. Freedom would do the slaves little good, he argued. He had travelled widely and, in his eyes, the living standard among freemen in the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands" title="Highlands and Islands">Highlands and Islands</a> of Scotland was worse than that among slaves in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His experience in the Caribbean, where he "quickly absorbed the plantation owners' views about slavery",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lent weight to his position, which was perceived as well-argued and just by some of his contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his first speech before Parliament he called himself "an attentive observer of the state of the negroes" who found them well cared for and "in a state of humble happiness".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others thought it "shocking that so young a man, under no bias of interest, should be earnest in continuance of the slave trade".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his speech to the House, William insulted <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, the leading abolitionist, saying: "the proponents of the abolition are either fanatics or hypocrites, and in one of those classes I rank Mr. Wilberforce".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On other issues he was more liberal, such as supporting moves to abolish <a href="/wiki/Penal_law_(Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal law (Britain)">penal laws</a> against <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">dissenting Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also opposed efforts to bar those found guilty of adultery from remarriage.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_and_marriage">Relationships and marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationships and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lubber%27s-hole,_-alias-_the_crack%27d_Jordan_(BM_1851,0901.552).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lubber%27s-hole%2C_-alias-_the_crack%27d_Jordan_%28BM_1851%2C0901.552%29.jpg/170px-Lubber%27s-hole%2C_-alias-_the_crack%27d_Jordan_%28BM_1851%2C0901.552%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lubber%27s-hole%2C_-alias-_the_crack%27d_Jordan_%28BM_1851%2C0901.552%29.jpg/255px-Lubber%27s-hole%2C_-alias-_the_crack%27d_Jordan_%28BM_1851%2C0901.552%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lubber%27s-hole%2C_-alias-_the_crack%27d_Jordan_%28BM_1851%2C0901.552%29.jpg/340px-Lubber%27s-hole%2C_-alias-_the_crack%27d_Jordan_%28BM_1851%2C0901.552%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> of William and Mrs. Jordan: A large, cracked <a href="/wiki/Chamber-pot" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber-pot">chamber-pot</a> represents Mrs. Jordan, and the Duke has thrust himself into a fissure in the "Jordan".</figcaption></figure> <p>William had an illegitimate son before 1791 whose mother is unknown; the son, also called William, drowned off <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Blenheim_(1761)" title="HMS Blenheim (1761)">HMS <i>Blenheim</i></a> in February 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caroline von Linsingen, whose father was a general in the Hanoverian infantry, claimed to have had a son, Heinrich, by William in around 1790 but William was not in Hanover at the time that she claims, and the story is considered implausible by historians.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1791, William lived with an Irish actress, <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Bland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothea Bland">Dorothea Bland</a>, better known by her stage name Mrs Jordan,<sup id="cite_ref-rh_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the title "Mrs" being assumed at the start of her stage career to explain an inconvenient pregnancy<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Jordan" because she had "crossed the water" from Ireland to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appeared to enjoy the domesticity of his life with Mrs. Jordan, remarking to a friend: "Mrs Jordan is a very good creature, very domestic and careful of her children. To be sure she is absurd sometimes and has her humours. But there are such things more or less in all families."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple, while living quietly, enjoyed entertaining, with Mrs. Jordan writing in late 1809: "We shall have a full and merry house this Christmas, 'tis what the dear Duke delights in."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King was accepting of his son's relationship with the actress (though recommending that he halve her allowance);<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1797, he created William the Ranger of <a href="/wiki/Bushy_Park" title="Bushy Park">Bushy Park</a>, which included a large residence, <a href="/wiki/Bushy_House" title="Bushy House">Bushy House</a>, for William's growing family.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William used Bushy as his principal residence until he became king.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His London residence, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a>, was constructed to the designs of <a href="/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)" title="John Nash (architect)">John Nash</a> between 1825 and 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The couple had ten illegitimate children—five sons and five daughters—nine of whom were named after William's siblings; each was given the surname "<a href="/wiki/FitzClarence" title="FitzClarence">FitzClarence</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weir_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their affair lasted for twenty years before ending in 1811. Mrs Jordan had no doubt about the reason for the break-up: "Money, money, my good friend, has, I am convinced made HIM at this moment the most wretched of men", adding, "With all his excellent qualities, his domestic <i>virtues</i>, his love for his <i>lovely</i> children, what must he not at this moment suffer?"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was given a financial settlement of £4,400 (equivalent to £403,300 in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per year and custody of her daughters on condition that she did not resume the stage. When she resumed acting in an effort to repay debts incurred by the husband of one of her daughters from a previous relationship, William took custody of the daughters and stopped paying the £1,500 (equivalent to £132,500 in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designated for their maintenance. After Mrs Jordan's acting career began to fail, she fled to France to escape her creditors and died, impoverished, near Paris in 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheDisconsolateSailor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TheDisconsolateSailor.jpg/280px-TheDisconsolateSailor.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TheDisconsolateSailor.jpg/420px-TheDisconsolateSailor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TheDisconsolateSailor.jpg/560px-TheDisconsolateSailor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>"The Disconsolate Sailor", 1811: a cartoon by Charles Williams about Catherine Tylney-Long's choice between the Duke of Clarence (right) and <a href="/wiki/William_Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley,_4th_Earl_of_Mornington" title="William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley, 4th Earl of Mornington">William Wesley-Pole</a> (left)</figcaption></figure> <p>Deeply in debt, William made several attempts at marrying a wealthy heiress, such as <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Tylney-Long" title="Catherine Tylney-Long">Catherine Tylney-Long</a>, but his suits were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the death of William's niece <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)">Princess Charlotte of Wales</a>, then second-in-line to the British throne, in 1817, George III was left with twelve children but no legitimate grandchildren. The race was on among his sons, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_duke" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal duke">royal dukes</a>, to marry and produce an heir. William had great advantages in this race—his two older brothers were both childless and estranged from their wives, who were both beyond childbearing age anyway, and William was the healthiest of the three.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If he lived long enough, he would almost certainly ascend the British and Hanoverian thrones and have the opportunity to sire the next monarch. William's initial choices of potential wives either met with the disapproval of his eldest brother, the Prince of Wales, or turned him down. His younger brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a>, was sent to Germany to scout out the available Protestant princesses; he came up with <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel">Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel</a>, but her father, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel">Frederick</a>, declined the match.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months later Adolphus married Augusta himself. Eventually, however, a princess was found who was amiable, home-loving and willing to accept (even enthusiastically welcome) William's nine surviving children, several of whom had not yet reached adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Drawing Room at <a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a> on 11 July 1818, William married <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William's marriage, which lasted almost twenty years until his death, was a happy one. Adelaide took both William and his finances in hand. For their first year of marriage the couple lived in economical fashion in Germany. William's debts were soon on the way to being paid, especially since Parliament had voted him an increased allowance, which he reluctantly accepted after his requests to have it increased further were refused.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William is not known to have had mistresses after his marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-ma_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ma-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dnb_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had two short-lived daughters and Adelaide suffered two miscarriages.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler,_p._136_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler,_p._136-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, false rumours that she was pregnant persisted into William's reign—he dismissed them as "damned stuff".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lord_High_Admiral">Lord High Admiral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lord High Admiral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamIVWhileLordHighAdmiral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/WilliamIVWhileLordHighAdmiral.jpg/220px-WilliamIVWhileLordHighAdmiral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/WilliamIVWhileLordHighAdmiral.jpg/330px-WilliamIVWhileLordHighAdmiral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/WilliamIVWhileLordHighAdmiral.jpg/440px-WilliamIVWhileLordHighAdmiral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Portrait as Lord High Admiral. Print by William James Ward, after <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Wivell" title="Abraham Wivell">Abraham Wivell</a>'s painting, first published in 1827</figcaption></figure> <p>William's eldest brother, the Prince of Wales, had been <a href="/wiki/Prince_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Regent">Prince Regent</a> since 1811 because of the mental illness of their father. In 1820, George III died and the Prince Regent became George IV. William was now second in the line of succession, preceded only by his brother Frederick. Reformed since his marriage, William walked for hours, ate relatively frugally, and the only drink he imbibed in quantity was <a href="/wiki/Barley_water" title="Barley water">barley water</a> flavoured with lemon.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of his older brothers were unhealthy, and it was considered only a matter of time before he became king.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Frederick died in 1827, William, then more than 60 years old, became heir presumptive. Later that year, the incoming prime minister, <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a>, appointed him to the office of <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral</a>, which had been in commission (that is, exercised by a board rather than by a single individual) since 1709. While in office, William had repeated conflicts with his Council, which was composed of <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> officers. Things finally came to a head in 1828 when, as Lord High Admiral, he put to sea with a squadron of ships, leaving no word of where they were going, and remained away for ten days. The King requested his resignation through the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>; he complied.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the difficulties William experienced, he did considerable good as Lord High Admiral. He abolished the <a href="/wiki/Cat_o%27_nine_tails" title="Cat o' nine tails">cat o' nine tails</a> for most offences other than mutiny, attempted to improve the standard of naval gunnery, and required regular reports of the condition and preparedness of each ship. He commissioned the first steam warship and advocated the construction of more.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holding the office permitted him to make mistakes and learn from them—a process that might have been far more costly if he had not learnt before becoming king that he should act only with the advice of his councillors.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> William spent much of his remaining time during his brother's reign in the House of Lords. He supported the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a> Bill against the opposition of his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland</a>, describing the latter's position on the Bill as "infamous", to Ernest's outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler143_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler143-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George IV's health was increasingly bad; it was obvious by early 1830 that he was near death. The King took his leave of William at the end of May, stating, "God's will be done. I have injured no man. It will all rest on you then."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William's genuine affection for his older brother could not mask his rising anticipation that he would soon be king.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler143_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler143-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamIVbyLonsdale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/WilliamIVbyLonsdale.jpg/220px-WilliamIVbyLonsdale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/WilliamIVbyLonsdale.jpg/330px-WilliamIVbyLonsdale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/WilliamIVbyLonsdale.jpg/440px-WilliamIVbyLonsdale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/James_Lonsdale_(painter)" title="James Lonsdale (painter)">James Lonsdale</a>, 1830. William wears Masonic insignia.</figcaption></figure> <p>When George IV died on 26 June 1830 without surviving legitimate issue, William succeeded him as William IV. Aged 64, he was the oldest person at that point to assume the British throne,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a distinction he would hold until surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike his extravagant brother, William was unassuming, discouraging pomp and ceremony. In contrast to George IV, who tended to spend most of his time in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, William was known, especially early in his reign, to walk, unaccompanied, through London or <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>. Until the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Crisis">Reform Crisis</a> eroded his standing he was very popular among the people, who saw him as more approachable and down-to-earth than his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King immediately proved himself a conscientious worker. The prime minister, the Duke of Wellington, stated that he had done more business with King William in ten minutes than he had with George IV in as many days.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Brougham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Brougham">Lord Brougham</a> described him as an excellent man of business, asking enough questions to help him understand the matter—whereas George IV feared to ask questions lest he display his ignorance and George III would ask too many and then not wait for a response.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King did his best to endear himself to the people. <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Williams-Wynn_(diarist)" title="Charlotte Williams-Wynn (diarist)">Charlotte Williams-Wynn</a> wrote shortly after his accession: "Hitherto the King has been indefatigable in his efforts to make himself popular, and do good natured and amiable things in every possible instance."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emily_Eden" title="Emily Eden">Emily Eden</a> noted: "He is an immense improvement on the last unforgiving animal, who died growling sulkily in his den at Windsor. This man at least <i>wishes</i> to make everybody happy, and everything he has done has been benevolent."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William dismissed his brother's French chefs and German band, replacing them with English ones to public approval. He gave much of George IV's art collection to the nation and halved the royal <a href="/wiki/Stud_(animal)" title="Stud (animal)">stud</a>. George had begun an extensive (and expensive) renovation of <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>; William refused to reside there and twice tried to give the palace away, once to the Army as a barracks and once to Parliament after the <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a> burned down in 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His informality could be startling: when in residence at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pavilion" title="Royal Pavilion">Royal Pavilion</a> in Brighton, he used to send to the hotels for a list of their guests and invite anyone he knew to dinner, urging guests not to "bother about clothes. The Queen does nothing but embroider flowers after dinner."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon taking the throne, William did not forget his nine surviving illegitimate children, creating his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/George_FitzClarence,_1st_Earl_of_Munster" title="George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of Munster">George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Munster" title="Earl of Munster">Earl of Munster</a> and granting the other children the precedence of a daughter or a younger son of a marquess. Despite this his children importuned for greater opportunities, disgusting elements of the press who reported that the "impudence and rapacity of the FitzJordans is unexampled".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between William and his sons "was punctuated by a series of savage and, for the King at least, painful quarrels" over money and honours.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His daughters, on the other hand, proved an ornament to his court, as "They are all, you know, pretty and lively, and make society in a way that real princesses could not."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_crisis">Reform crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reform crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time, the <a href="/wiki/Demise_of_the_Crown" title="Demise of the Crown">death of the monarch</a> caused fresh Parliamentary elections and, in the <a href="/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1830 United Kingdom general election">general election of 1830</a>, Wellington's <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> lost ground to the Whigs under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Lord Grey</a>, though the Tories still had the largest number of seats. With the Tories bitterly divided, Wellington was defeated in the House of Commons in November, and Lord Grey formed a government. Grey pledged to reform the electoral system, which had seen few changes since the fifteenth century. The inequities in the system were great; for example, large towns such as <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> elected no members (though they were part of county constituencies), while small boroughs, known as <a href="/wiki/Rotten_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten borough">rotten</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pocket_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket borough">pocket boroughs</a>—such as <a href="/wiki/Old_Sarum_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Old Sarum (UK Parliament constituency)">Old Sarum</a> with just seven voters—elected two members of Parliament each. Often, the rotten boroughs were controlled by great aristocrats, whose nominees were invariably elected by the constituents—who were, most often, their tenants—especially since the secret ballot was not yet used in Parliamentary elections. Landowners who controlled seats were even able to sell them to prospective candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reformact1832cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Reformact1832cartoon.jpg/220px-Reformact1832cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Reformact1832cartoon.jpg/330px-Reformact1832cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Reformact1832cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Political cartoon supporting the Reform Act: King William sits above the clouds, surrounded by Whig politicians; below <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> and the British Lion cause the Tories to flee.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the First Reform Bill was defeated in the House of Commons in 1831, Grey's ministry urged William to dissolve Parliament, which would lead to a new general election. At first, William hesitated to exercise his prerogative powers to dissolve Parliament because elections had just been held the year before and the country was in a state of high excitement which might boil over into violence. He was, however, irritated by the conduct of the Opposition, which announced its intention to move the passage of an Address, or resolution, in the House of Lords, against dissolution. Regarding the Opposition's motion as an attack on his prerogative, and at the urgent request of Lord Grey and his ministers, the King prepared to go in person to the House of Lords and <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session#Procedure_in_Commonwealth_realms" title="Legislative session">prorogue</a> Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarch's arrival would stop all debate and prevent passage of the Address.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler188_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler188-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When initially told that his horses could not be ready at such short notice, William is supposed to have said, "Then I will go in a <a href="/wiki/Hackney_cab" class="mw-redirect" title="Hackney cab">hackney cab</a>!"<sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler188_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler188-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coach and horses were assembled quickly and he immediately proceeded to Parliament. Said <i>The Times</i> of the scene before William's arrival, "It is utterly impossible to describe the scene ... The violent tones and gestures of noble Lords ... astonished the spectators, and affected the ladies who were present with visible alarm."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane,_3rd_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry">Lord Londonderry</a> brandished a whip, threatening to thrash the Government supporters, and was held back by four of his colleagues. William hastily put on the crown, entered the Chamber, and dissolved Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This forced <a href="/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1831 United Kingdom general election">new elections for the House of Commons</a>, which yielded a great victory for the reformers. But although the Commons was clearly in favour of parliamentary reform, the Lords remained implacably opposed to it.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crisis saw a brief interlude for the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_William_IV_and_Adelaide" title="Coronation of William IV and Adelaide">King's coronation</a> on 8 September 1831. At first, William wished to dispense with the coronation entirely, feeling that his wearing the crown while proroguing Parliament answered any need.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was persuaded otherwise by traditionalists. He refused, however, to celebrate the coronation in the expensive way his brother had—the 1821 coronation had cost £240,000, of which £16,000 was merely to hire the jewels. At William's instructions, the Privy Council budgeted less than £30,000 for the coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When traditionalist Tories threatened to boycott what they called the "<a href="/wiki/Half_crown_(British_coin)" title="Half crown (British coin)">Half Crown</a>-nation",<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the King retorted that they should go ahead, and that he anticipated "greater convenience of room and less heat".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the rejection of the Second Reform Bill by the House of Lords in October 1831, agitation for reform grew across the country; demonstrations grew violent in so-called "Reform Riots". In the face of popular excitement, the Grey ministry refused to accept defeat, and re-introduced the Bill, despite the continued opposition of peers in the House of Lords. Frustrated by the Lords' obdurate attitude, Grey suggested that the King create a sufficient number of new peers to ensure the passage of the Reform Bill. The King objected—though he had the power to create an unlimited number of peers, he had already created 22 new peers in his Coronation Honours.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William reluctantly agreed to the creation of the number of peers sufficient "to secure the success of the bill".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the King, citing the difficulties with a permanent expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a>, told Grey that the creations must be restricted as much as possible to the eldest sons and collateral heirs of existing peers, so that the created peerages would for the most part be absorbed as subsidiary titles. This time, the Lords did not reject the bill outright, but began preparing to change its basic character through amendments. Grey and his fellow ministers decided to resign if the King did not agree to an immediate and large creation to force the bill through in its entirety.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King refused, and accepted their resignations. The King attempted to restore the Duke of Wellington to office, but Wellington had insufficient support to form a ministry and the King's popularity sank to an all-time low. Mud was slung at his carriage and he was publicly hissed. The King agreed to reappoint Grey's ministry, and to create new peers if the House of Lords continued to pose difficulties. Concerned by the threat of the creations, most of the bill's opponents abstained and the <a href="/wiki/1832_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1832 Reform Act">1832 Reform Act</a> was passed. The mob blamed William's actions on the influence of his wife and brother, and his popularity recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William distrusted foreigners, particularly anyone French,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he acknowledged as a "prejudice".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also felt strongly that Britain should not interfere in the internal affairs of other states, which brought him into conflict with the interventionist <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">foreign secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William supported <a href="/wiki/Belgian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian independence">Belgian independence</a> and, after unacceptable <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours">French candidates</a> were put forward, favoured <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, the widower of his niece Charlotte, as a candidate for the newly created Belgian throne.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though he had a reputation for tactlessness and buffoonery, William could be shrewd and diplomatic. He foresaw that the potential construction of a <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">canal at Suez</a> would make good relations with <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a> vital to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in his reign, he flattered the American ambassador at a dinner by announcing that he regretted not being "born a free, independent American, so much did he respect that nation, which had given birth to <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, the greatest man that ever lived".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By exercising his personal charm, William assisted in the repair of Anglo-American relations, which had been so deeply damaged during the reign of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_of_Hanover">King of Hanover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: King of Hanover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public perception in Germany was that Britain dictated <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanoverian</a> policy. This was not the case. In 1832, Austrian chancellor <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a> introduced laws that curbed fledgling liberal movements in Germany. Lord Palmerston opposed this, and sought William's influence to cause the Hanoverian government to take the same position. The Hanoverian government instead agreed with Metternich, much to Palmerston's dismay, and William declined to intervene. The conflict between William and Palmerston over Hanover was renewed the following year when Metternich called a conference of the German states, to be held in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, and Palmerston wanted Hanover to decline the invitation. Instead, William's brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Adolphus">Prince Adolphus</a>, Viceroy of Hanover, accepted, backed fully by William.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1833, William signed a new constitution for Hanover, which empowered the middle class, gave limited power to the lower classes, and expanded the role of the parliament. The constitution would later be revoked by his brother and successor in Hanover, <a href="/wiki/King_Ernest_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ernest Augustus">King Ernest Augustus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_reign_and_death">Later reign and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later reign and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_William_IV_by_Sir_David_Wilkie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/King_William_IV_by_Sir_David_Wilkie.jpg/170px-King_William_IV_by_Sir_David_Wilkie.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/King_William_IV_by_Sir_David_Wilkie.jpg/255px-King_William_IV_by_Sir_David_Wilkie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/King_William_IV_by_Sir_David_Wilkie.jpg/340px-King_William_IV_by_Sir_David_Wilkie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2921" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/David_Wilkie_(artist)" title="David Wilkie (artist)">Sir David Wilkie</a>, 1837</figcaption></figure> <p>For the remainder of his reign, William interfered actively in politics only once, in 1834, when he became the last British sovereign to choose a prime minister contrary to the will of Parliament. In 1834, the ministry was facing increasing unpopularity and Lord Grey retired; the <a href="/wiki/Home_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Home secretary">home secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne</a>, replaced him. Melbourne retained most Cabinet members, and his ministry retained an overwhelming majority in the House of Commons. Some members of the Government, however, were anathema to the King, and increasingly left-wing policies concerned him. The previous year Grey had already pushed through <a href="/wiki/Church_Temporalities_Act_1833" title="Church Temporalities Act 1833">legislation</a> reforming the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>. The Church collected <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a> throughout Ireland, supported multiple bishoprics and was wealthy. However, barely an eighth of the Irish population belonged to the Church of Ireland. In some parishes, there were no Church of Ireland members at all, but there was still a priest paid for by tithes collected from the local Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a>, leading to charges that idle priests were living in luxury at the expense of Irish people living at the level of subsistence. Grey's Act had reduced the number of bishoprics by half, abolished some of the sinecures and overhauled the tithe system. Further measures to appropriate the surplus revenues of the Church of Ireland were mooted by the more radical members of the Government, including <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King had an especial dislike for Russell, calling him "a dangerous little Radical."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William4coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/William4coin.jpg/170px-William4coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/William4coin.jpg/255px-William4coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/William4coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Half_crown_(British_coin)" title="Half crown (British coin)">Half-Crown</a> of William IV, 1836. The inscription reads GULIELMUS IIII D(EI) G(RATIA) BRITANNIAR(UM) REX <a href="/wiki/Fidei_defensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei defensor">F(IDEI) D(EFENSOR)</a> (William IV by the Grace of God King of the Britains, <a href="/wiki/Fidei_defensor#Modern_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei defensor">Defender of the Faith)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1834, the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">leader of the House of Commons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Althorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Althorp">Lord Althorp</a>, inherited a peerage, thus removing him from the Commons to the Lords. Melbourne had to appoint a new Commons leader and a new Chancellor (who by long custom, must be drawn from the Commons), but the only candidate whom Melbourne felt suitable to replace Althorp as Commons leader was Lord John Russell, whom William (and many others) found unacceptable due to his radical politics. William claimed that the ministry had been weakened beyond repair and used the removal of Lord Althorp—who had previously indicated that he would retire from politics upon becoming a peer<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—as the pretext for the dismissal of the entire ministry. With Lord Melbourne gone, William chose to entrust power to a Tory, Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>. Since Peel was then in Italy, the Duke of Wellington was provisionally appointed prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Peel returned and assumed leadership of the ministry for himself, he saw the impossibility of governing because of the Whig majority in the House of Commons. Consequently, Parliament was dissolved to force <a href="/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1835 United Kingdom general election">fresh elections</a>. Although the Tories won more seats than in the <a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">previous election</a>, they were still in the minority. Peel remained in office for a few months but resigned after a series of parliamentary defeats. Melbourne was reappointed as prime minister, remaining there for the rest of William's reign, and the King was forced to accept Russell as Commons leader.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King had a mixed relationship with Lord Melbourne. Melbourne's government mooted more ideas to introduce greater democracy, such as the devolution of powers to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Council of Lower Canada">Legislative Council of Lower Canada</a>, which greatly alarmed the King, who feared it would eventually lead to the loss of the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the King bitterly opposed these proposals. William exclaimed to <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Acheson,_2nd_Earl_of_Gosford" title="Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford">Lord Gosford</a>, Governor General-designate of Canada: "Mind what you are about in Canada ... mind me, my Lord, the Cabinet is not my Cabinet; they had better take care or by God, I will have them impeached."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When William's son <a href="/wiki/Lord_Augustus_FitzClarence" title="Lord Augustus FitzClarence">Augustus</a> enquired of his father whether the King would be entertaining during <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ascot" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Ascot">Ascot week</a>, William gloomily replied, "I cannot give any dinners without inviting the ministers, and I would rather see the devil than any one of them in my house."<sup id="cite_ref-Somerset200_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somerset200-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, William approved the Cabinet's recommendations for reform.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his disagreements with Melbourne, the King wrote warmly to congratulate the prime minister when he triumphed in the adultery case brought against him concerning <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Norton" title="Caroline Norton">Caroline Norton</a>—he had refused to permit Melbourne to resign when the case was first brought.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King and Lord Melbourne eventually found a <i>modus vivendi</i>, with Melbourne applying tact and firmness when called for and William realising that his prime minister was far less radical in his politics than the King had feared.<sup id="cite_ref-Somerset200_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somerset200-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the King and Queen were fond of their niece, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandrina_Victoria_of_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent">Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent</a>. Their attempts to forge a close relationship with the girl were frustrated by the conflict between the King and Victoria's widowed mother, the <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess of Kent and Strathearn">Duchess of Kent and Strathearn</a>. The King, angered at what he took to be disrespect from the Duchess to his wife, took the opportunity at what proved to be his final birthday banquet in August 1836 to settle the score. Speaking to those assembled at the banquet, who included the Duchess and Princess Victoria, William expressed his hope that he would survive until Victoria was 18 so that the Duchess would never be regent. He said, "I trust to God that my life may be spared for nine months longer ... I should then have the satisfaction of leaving the exercise of the Royal authority to the personal authority of that young lady, heiress presumptive to the Crown, and not in the hands of a person now near me, who is surrounded by evil advisers and is herself incompetent to act with propriety in the situation in which she would be placed."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech was so shocking that Victoria burst into tears, while her mother sat in silence and was only with difficulty persuaded not to leave immediately after dinner (the two left the next day). William's outburst undoubtedly contributed to Victoria's tempered view of him as "a good old man, though eccentric and singular".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William survived, though mortally ill, to the month after Victoria's coming of age. "Poor old man!", Victoria wrote as he was dying, "I feel sorry for him; he was always personally kind to me."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_IV_in_1837_by_his_daughter_Sophia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/William_IV_in_1837_by_his_daughter_Sophia.jpg/170px-William_IV_in_1837_by_his_daughter_Sophia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/William_IV_in_1837_by_his_daughter_Sophia.jpg/255px-William_IV_in_1837_by_his_daughter_Sophia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/William_IV_in_1837_by_his_daughter_Sophia.jpg/340px-William_IV_in_1837_by_his_daughter_Sophia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="6786" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by his daughter Sophia de L'Isle and Dudley, early 1837</figcaption></figure> <p>William was "very much shaken and affected" by the death of his eldest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Sidney,_Baroness_De_L%27Isle_and_Dudley" title="Sophia Sidney, Baroness De L'Isle and Dudley">Sophia, Lady de L'Isle and Dudley</a>, in childbirth in April 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William and his eldest son, the Earl of Munster, were estranged at the time, but William hoped that a letter of condolence from Munster signalled a reconciliation. His hopes were not fulfilled and Munster, still thinking he had not been given sufficient money or patronage, remained bitter to the end.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queen Adelaide attended the dying William devotedly, not going to bed herself for more than ten days.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William died in the early hours of the morning of 20 June 1837 at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, where he was buried in the Royal Vault at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Chapel">St George's Chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_William_IV._monument_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/King_William_IV._monument_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg/170px-King_William_IV._monument_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/King_William_IV._monument_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Statue of William IV erected in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> in 1837 on the 100th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">the university's</a> foundation</figcaption></figure> <p>As William had no living legitimate issue, the British throne passed to his niece Victoria, the only legitimate child of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a>, George III's fourth son. Under <a href="/wiki/Salic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Salic Law">Salic Law</a>, a woman could not rule <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a> and so the Hanoverian throne went to George III's fifth son, Ernest Augustus. William's death thus ended the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> of Britain and Hanover, which had persisted since 1714. The main beneficiaries of his will were his eight surviving children by Mrs Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although William is not the direct ancestor of the later monarchs of the United Kingdom, he has many notable descendants through his illegitimate children with Mrs Jordan, including British prime minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TV presenter <a href="/wiki/Adam_Hart-Davis" title="Adam Hart-Davis">Adam Hart-Davis</a>, and author and statesman <a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William IV had a short but eventful reign. In Britain, the Reform Crisis marked the ascendancy of the House of Commons and the corresponding decline of the House of Lords, and the King's unsuccessful attempt to remove the Melbourne ministry indicated a reduction in the political influence of the Crown and of the King's influence over the electorate. During the reign of George III, the king could have dismissed one ministry, appointed another, dissolved Parliament, and expected the electorate to vote in favour of the new administration. Such was the result of a dissolution in 1784, after the dismissal of the <a href="/wiki/Fox-North_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox-North Coalition">Fox-North Coalition</a>, and in 1807, after the dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Grenville" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Grenville">Lord Grenville</a>. But when William dismissed the Melbourne ministry, the Tories under Peel failed to win the ensuing elections. The monarch's ability to influence the opinion of the electorate, and therefore national policy, had been reduced. None of William's successors has attempted to remove a government or to appoint another against the wishes of Parliament. William understood that as a constitutional monarch he had no power to act against the opinion of Parliament. He said, "I have my view of things, and I tell them to my ministers. If they do not adopt them, I cannot help it. I have done my duty."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During William's reign, the British Parliament enacted major reforms, including the <a href="/wiki/Factory_Act_of_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory Act of 1833">Factory Act of 1833</a> (preventing child labour), the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a> (emancipating slaves in the colonies), and the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment Act 1834</a> (standardising provision for the destitute).<sup id="cite_ref-ma_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ma-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William attracted criticism both from reformers, who felt that reform did not go far enough, and from reactionaries, who felt that reform went too far. A modern interpretation sees him as failing to satisfy either political extreme by trying to find a compromise between two bitterly opposed factions, but in the process proving himself more capable as a constitutional monarch than many had supposed.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_arms">Honours and arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honours and arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>British and Hanoverian honours</b><sup id="cite_ref-cokayne_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cokayne-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>5 April 1770</i>: <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Thistle" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Thistle">Knight of the Thistle</a> (KT)</li> <li><i>19 April 1782</i>: <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Garter">Knight of the Garter</a> (KG)</li> <li><i>23 June 1789</i>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a> (PC)</li> <li><i>2 January 1815</i>: <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a> (GCB)</li> <li><i>12 August 1815</i>: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order</a></li> <li><i>26 April 1827</i>: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Royal Fellow of the Royal Society">Royal Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (FRS)</li></ul> <p><b>Foreign honours</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>: <i>11 April 1814</i>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/35px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/45px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom of France</a>: <i>24 April 1814</i>: <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Holy Spirit">Knight of the Holy Spirit</a><sup id="cite_ref-cokayne_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cokayne-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i>9 June 1814</i>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a></li> <li><i>9 June 1814</i>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <i>15 July 1830</i>: <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/46px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-HandbuchBaden_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbuchBaden-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i>1831</i>: <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Fidelity" title="House Order of Fidelity">Knight of the House Order of Fidelity</a></li> <li><i>1831</i>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Z%C3%A4hringer_Lion" title="Order of the Zähringer Lion">Knight Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <i>21 February 1834</i>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_W%C3%BCrttemberg_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Württemberg Crown">Knight Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before becoming king, William, as a son of the sovereign, was granted the use of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms">royal arms</a> (without the electoral <a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">inescutcheon</a> in the Hanoverian <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quarter</a>) in 1781, differenced by a <a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">label</a> of three points <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a>, the centre point bearing a cross <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">gules</a>, the outer points each bearing an anchor <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">azure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1801 his arms altered with the royal arms, however <a href="/wiki/Cadency_labels_of_the_British_royal_family" title="Cadency labels of the British royal family">the marks of difference</a> remained the same. </p><p>As king, William used the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a> undifferenced: Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions <a href="/wiki/Passant_guardant" class="mw-redirect" title="Passant guardant">passant guardant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">pale</a> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">for England</a>); II Or a lion <a href="/wiki/Rampant" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampant">rampant</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Tressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tressure">tressure</a> flory-counter-flory Gules (<a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">for Scotland</a>); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (<a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">for Ireland</a>); overall an escutcheon <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">tierced per pale and per chevron</a> (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a <a href="/wiki/Semy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semy">semy</a> of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)#Courant" title="Attitude (heraldry)">courant</a> Argent (<a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Coat of arms of Lower Saxony">for Westphalia</a>), overall an inescutcheon Gules charged with the crown of Charlemagne Or, the whole escutcheon surmounted by a crown.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="0" style="margin:auto; width:70%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="33%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Henry,_Duke_of_Clarence.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Henry%2C_Duke_of_Clarence.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Henry%2C_Duke_of_Clarence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Henry%2C_Duke_of_Clarence.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Henry%2C_Duke_of_Clarence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Henry%2C_Duke_of_Clarence.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Henry%2C_Duke_of_Clarence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th width="33%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1816-1837).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th width="33%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_(1816-1837).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281816-1837%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281816-1837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281816-1837%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281816-1837%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Coat of Arms from 1801 to 1830 as Duke of Clarence and St Andrews </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Coat of arms of King William IV </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Coat of arms of King William IV (in Scotland) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"><b>Unknown mother</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>William</td> <td>before 1791</td> <td>1807</td> <td>Drowned at sea. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"><b>By <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Jordan" title="Dorothea Jordan">Dorothea Jordan</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_FitzClarence,_1st_Earl_of_Munster" title="George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of Munster">George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of Munster</a></td> <td>29 January 1794</td> <td>20 March 1842</td> <td>Married Mary Wyndham, had issue. Committed suicide, aged 48. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henry FitzClarence</td> <td>27 March 1795</td> <td>September 1817</td> <td>Died unmarried, aged 22. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Sidney,_Baroness_De_L%27Isle_and_Dudley" title="Sophia Sidney, Baroness De L'Isle and Dudley">Sophia FitzClarence</a></td> <td>August 1796</td> <td>10 April 1837</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney,_1st_Baron_De_L%27Isle_and_Dudley" title="Philip Sidney, 1st Baron De L'Isle and Dudley">Philip Sidney, 1st Baron De L'Isle and Dudley</a>, had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_FitzClarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary FitzClarence">Mary FitzClarence</a></td> <td>19 December 1798</td> <td>13 July 1864</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richard_Fox" title="Charles Richard Fox">Charles Richard Fox</a>, no issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_FitzClarence" title="Lord Frederick FitzClarence">Lord Frederick FitzClarence</a></td> <td>9 December 1799</td> <td>30 October 1854</td> <td>Married Lady Augusta Boyle, had one surviving daughter. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_FitzClarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth FitzClarence">Elizabeth FitzClarence</a></td> <td>17 January 1801</td> <td>16 January 1856</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/William_Hay,_18th_Earl_of_Erroll" title="William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll">William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll</a>, had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lord_Adolphus_FitzClarence" title="Lord Adolphus FitzClarence">Lord Adolphus FitzClarence</a></td> <td>18 February 1802</td> <td>17 May 1856</td> <td>Died unmarried. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Augusta_FitzClarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta FitzClarence">Augusta FitzClarence</a></td> <td>17 November 1803</td> <td>8 December 1865</td> <td>Married twice, had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lord_Augustus_FitzClarence" title="Lord Augustus FitzClarence">Lord Augustus FitzClarence</a></td> <td>1 March 1805</td> <td>14 June 1854</td> <td>Married Sarah Gordon, had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Cary,_Viscountess_Falkland" title="Amelia Cary, Viscountess Falkland">Amelia FitzClarence</a></td> <td>21 March 1807</td> <td>2 July 1858</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cary,_10th_Viscount_Falkland" title="Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland">Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland</a>, had one son. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"><b>By <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Princess Charlotte Augusta Louisa of Clarence</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">27 March 1819</td> <td>Died a few hours after being baptised, in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stillborn child</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">5 September 1819</td> <td>Born dead at <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler,_p._136_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler,_p._136-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Clarence" title="Princess Elizabeth of Clarence">Princess Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide of Clarence</a></td> <td>10 December 1820</td> <td>4 March 1821</td> <td>Born and died at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stillborn twin boys</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">8 April 1822</td> <td>Born dead at <a href="/wiki/Bushy_Park" title="Bushy Park">Bushy Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:100%;width:100%;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:100%">Ancestors of William IV</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a><sup id="cite_ref-weir2_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir2-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irnstiel_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irnstiel-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach">Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a><sup id="cite_ref-weir2_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir2-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irnstiel_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irnstiel-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III of the United Kingdom</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-weir2_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir2-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irnstiel_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irnstiel-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" title="Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Magdalena_Augusta_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst">Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst</a><sup id="cite_ref-weir2_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir2-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irnstiel_136-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irnstiel-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>William IV of the United Kingdom</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a><sup id="cite_ref-irnstiel_136-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irnstiel-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Duke_Charles_Louis_Frederick_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen<sup id="cite_ref-irnstiel_136-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irnstiel-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen">Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen</a><sup id="cite_ref-irnstiel_136-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irnstiel-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_Albertine_of_Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen">Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Countess_Sophia_Albertine_of_Erbach-Erbach" title="Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach">Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach</a><sup id="cite_ref-irnstiel_136-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irnstiel-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid #CC0000;vertical-align:text-top;" title="White; Border-width:1px"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:white; border-width:1px;color:inherit;"> </span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid #CC0000;vertical-align:text-top;" title="White; Border-width:2px"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:white; border-width:2px;color:inherit;"> </span></span>: Red borders indicate British monarchs</li> <li><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid #000000;vertical-align:text-top;" title="White; Border-width:2px"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:white; border-width:2px;color:inherit;"> </span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid #CC0000;vertical-align:text-top;" title="White; Border-width:2px"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:white; border-width:2px;color:inherit;"> </span></span>: Bold borders indicate legitimate children of British monarchs</li></ul> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Family of William IV, spanning the reigns of his father, <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, to his niece, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC0000"><b><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1738–1820<br /><b>r. 1760–1820</b></span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charlotte</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Mecklenburg-Strelitz<br />1744–1818</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000"><b><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1762–1830<br /><b>r. 1820–1830</b></span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Caroline</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Brunswick<br />1768–1821</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Frederick</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Duke of York and Albany<br />1763–1827</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Frederica_Charlotte_of_Prussia" title="Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia">Frederica Charlotte</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Prussia<br />1767–1820</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Adelaide</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Saxe-Meiningen<br />1792–1849</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000"><b>William IV</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1765–1837<br /><b>r. 1830–1837</b></span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Jordan" title="Dorothea Jordan">Dorothea Jordan</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1761–1816</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Princess_Royal" title="Charlotte, Princess Royal">Charlotte</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Princess Royal<br />1766–1828</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">King of Württemberg<br />1754–1816</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Edward</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Duke of Kent and Strathearn<br />1767–1820</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Victoria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld<br />1786–1861</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom">Augusta Sophia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1768–1840</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1770–1840</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Homburg" title="Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg">Frederick VI</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg<br />1769–1829</span></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">King of Hanover<br />1771–1851</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederica_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Frederica</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Mecklenburg-Strelitz<br />1778–1841</span></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Augustus Frederick</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Duke of Sussex<br />1773–1843</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Adolphus</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Duke of Cambridge<br />1774–1850</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel">Augusta</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Hesse-Kassel<br />1797–1889</span></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Mary</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1776–1857</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Frederick,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">William Frederick</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh<br />1776–1834</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom">Sophia Matilda</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1777–1848</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Octavius_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Octavius of Great Britain">Octavius</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1779–1783</span></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Alfred of Great Britain">Alfred</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1780–1783</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom">Amelia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1783–1810</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">King of the Belgians<br />1790–1865</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)">Charlotte</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Wales<br />1796–1817</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Charlotte of Clarence">Charlotte</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Clarence<br />1819</span></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Clarence" title="Princess Elizabeth of Clarence">Elizabeth</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Clarence<br />1820–1821</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/George_FitzClarence,_1st_Earl_of_Munster" title="George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of Munster">George FitzClarence</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Earl of Munster<br />1794–1842</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Henry FitzClarence<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1795–1817</span></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Sidney,_Baroness_De_L%27Isle_and_Dudley" title="Sophia Sidney, Baroness De L'Isle and Dudley">Sophia FitzClarence</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1796–1837</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_FitzClarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary FitzClarence">Mary FitzClarence</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1798–1864</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_FitzClarence" title="Lord Frederick FitzClarence">Frederick FitzClarence</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1799–1854</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_FitzClarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth FitzClarence">Elizabeth FitzClarence</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Countess of Erroll<br />1801–1856</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_FitzClarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolphus FitzClarence">Adolphus FitzClarence</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1802–1856</span></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Augusta_FitzClarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta FitzClarence">Augusta FitzClarence</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1803–1865</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Augustus_FitzClarence" title="Lord Augustus FitzClarence">Augustus FitzClarence</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1805–1854</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Cary,_Viscountess_Falkland" title="Amelia Cary, Viscountess Falkland">Amelia FitzClarence</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Viscountess Falkland<br />1807–1858</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">George V</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">King of Hanover<br />1819–1878</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Saxe-Altenburg" title="Marie of Saxe-Altenburg">Marie</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Saxe-Altenburg<br />1818–1907</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">George</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Duke of Cambridge<br />1819–1904</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Augusta of Cambridge">Augusta</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Cambridge<br />1822–1916</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Frederick William, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Frederick William</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz<br />1819–1904</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_Adelaide_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge">Mary Adelaide</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Cambridge<br />1833–1897</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Teck" title="Francis, Duke of Teck">Francis</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Duke of Teck<br />1837–1900</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC0000"><b><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1819–1901<br /><b>r. 1837–1901</b></span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Albert</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha<br />1819–1861</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_William_IV" title="Cultural depictions of William IV">Cultural depictions of William IV</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette10558" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10558/page/1">"No. 10558"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 21 September 1765. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+10558&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1765-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F10558%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 13–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 23–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannah-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hannah_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hannah_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah2021" class="citation book cs1">Hannah, P (2021). <i>Keats, A Treasure to the Service</i>. Adelaide: Green Hill. pp. 14–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922629-73-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922629-73-9"><bdi>978-1-922629-73-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keats%2C+A+Treasure+to+the+Service&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pages=14-18&rft.pub=Green+Hill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-922629-73-9&rft.aulast=Hannah&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, p. 29 and Ziegler, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Washington writing to Colonel Ogden, 28 March 1782, quoted in Allen, p. 31 and Ziegler, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, p. 32 and Ziegler, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabine1956" class="citation book cs1">Sabine, William H. W., ed. (1956). <i>Historical Memoirs of William Smith</i>. Vol. III. New York: Arno Press. pp. 446–447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Memoirs+of+William+Smith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=446-447&rft.pub=Arno+Press&rft.date=1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 54–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somerset, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyrettDiNardo1994" class="citation book cs1">Syrett, David; DiNardo, R. L. (1994). <i>The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660–1815</i>. Aldershot: Scolar Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85928-122-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85928-122-2"><bdi>1-85928-122-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commissioned+Sea+Officers+of+the+Royal+Navy+1660%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Scolar+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85928-122-2&rft.aulast=Syrett&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=DiNardo%2C+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinfield2014" class="citation book cs1">Winfield, Rif (2014). <i>British Warships in the Age of Sail 1817–1863: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates</i>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-169-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-169-4"><bdi>978-1-84832-169-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Warships+in+the+Age+of+Sail+1817%E2%80%931863%3A+Design%2C+Construction%2C+Careers+and+Fates&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Seaforth&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-169-4&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Rif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette13097" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13097/page/377">"No. 13097"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 19 May 1789. p. 377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13097&rft.pages=377&rft.date=1789-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13097%2Fpage%2F377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memoirs of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Nathaniel_Wraxall,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, 1st Baronet">Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, 1st Baronet</a>, p. 154 quoted in Ziegler, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, p. 46 and Ziegler, pp. 89–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rh-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rh_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rh_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/william-iv-r-1830-1837">"William IV"</a>. <i>Official web site of the British monarchy</i>. 15 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001850/https://www.royal.uk/william-iv-r-1830-1837">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+web+site+of+the+British+monarchy&rft.atitle=William+IV&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fwilliam-iv-r-1830-1837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 91–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 95–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hochschild, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 97–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hochschild, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Macaulay" title="Zachary Macaulay">Zachary Macaulay</a> writing to Miss Mills, 1 June 1799, quoted in Ziegler, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulford, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulford, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William writing to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Collingwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Collingwood">Lord Collingwood</a>, 21 May 1808, quoted in Ziegler, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, p. 36 and Ziegler, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Kiste, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, p. 49 and Ziegler, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock2020" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, Tom (2020) [1991]. <i>The Sailor King: The Life of William IV</i> (ebook ed.). Lume Books. pp. 979–980. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85619-075-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85619-075-6"><bdi>978-1-85619-075-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sailor+King%3A+The+Life+of+William+IV&rft.pages=979-980&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=Lume+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-85619-075-6&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulford, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somerset, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, pp. 52–53 and Ziegler, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/royal-residences-clarence-house">"Royal Residences: Clarence House"</a>. <i>Official web site of the British monarchy</i>. 4 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328155336/https://www.royal.uk/royal-residences-clarence-house">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+web+site+of+the+British+monarchy&rft.atitle=Royal+Residences%3A+Clarence+House&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Froyal-residences-clarence-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weir-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weir_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir, pp. 303–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somerset, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Hesse to the Duke of Cambridge, 1 March 1818, quoted in Ziegler, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, Monday, 13 July 1818 p. 3 col.A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 121–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ma-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ma_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ma_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1998" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Mike (1998). <i>The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens</i>. London: Robinson. pp. 686–687. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-096-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-096-9"><bdi>978-1-84119-096-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Book+of+British+Kings+and+Queens&rft.place=London&rft.pages=686-687&rft.pub=Robinson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-84119-096-9&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnb-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brock" title="Michael Brock">Brock, Michael</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29451">"William IV (1765–1837)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29451">10.1093/ref:odnb/29451</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+IV+%281765%E2%80%931837%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29451&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F29451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler,_p._136-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler,_p._136_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler,_p._136_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molloy, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler143-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler143_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler143_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulford, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashley, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner2013" class="citation news cs1">Rayner, Gordon (19 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10320264/Prince-of-Wales-will-be-oldest-monarch-crowned.html">"Prince of Wales will be oldest monarch crowned"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130920192835/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10320264/Prince-of-Wales-will-be-oldest-monarch-crowned.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Prince+of+Wales+will+be+oldest+monarch+crowned&rft.date=2013-09-19&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fprince-charles%2F10320264%2FPrince-of-Wales-will-be-oldest-monarch-crowned.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurness2022" class="citation web cs1">Furness, Hannah (8 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/09/08/queen-dead-age-96-royal-family-balmoral-buckingham-palace/">"Queen Elizabeth II dies aged 96 at Balmoral"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Queen+Elizabeth+II+dies+aged+96+at+Balmoral&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft.aulast=Furness&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Froyal-family%2F2022%2F09%2F08%2Fqueen-dead-age-96-royal-family-balmoral-buckingham-palace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, pp. 83–86; Ziegler, pp. 150–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Kiste, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somerset, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somerset, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Kiste, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somerset, pp. 110–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somerset, pp. 119f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Morning Post</i> quoted in Ziegler, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somerset, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 177–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 182–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler188-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler188_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler188_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, p. 59, quoting <i>The Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, pp. 121–122 and Ziegler, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, pp. 124–127; Ziegler, pp. 190f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, pp. 124, 130; Ziegler, pp. 189, 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molloy, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, p. 130 and Ziegler, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Taylor_(British_Army_officer)" title="Herbert Taylor (British Army officer)">Herbert Taylor</a>, the King's secretary, writing to Lord Grey, 15 August 1831, quoted in Ziegler, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Correspondence of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey</a>, with William IV and Sir Herbert Taylor, edited by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey,_3rd_Earl_Grey" title="Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey">Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey</a>, (1867) 2.102, 113, quoted in Brock</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, pp. 137–141; 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UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111948/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/mother-tongue/familyhistory/3355487/Family-detective-Adam-Hart-Davis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Family+detective%3A+Adam+Hart-Davis&rft.date=2008-01-05&rft.aulast=Barratt&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fwomen%2Fmother-tongue%2Ffamilyhistory%2F3355487%2FFamily-detective-Adam-Hart-Davis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Recollections</i> of <a href="/wiki/John_Hobhouse,_1st_Baron_Broughton" title="John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton">John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton</a>, quoted in Ziegler, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulford1967" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fulford, Roger (1967). "William IV". <i>Collier's Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 23. p. 493.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+IV&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=493&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Fulford&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 291–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cokayne-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cokayne_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cokayne_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Cokayne" class="mw-redirect" title="George Cokayne">Cokayne, G.E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vicary_Gibbs_(St_Albans_MP)" title="Vicary Gibbs (St Albans MP)">Gibbs, Vicary</a>; Doubleday, H. A. (1913). <i>The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant</i>, London: St. Catherine's Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo03coka#page/260/mode/2up">Vol. III, p. 261</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler</i> (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10362193?page=27">p. 17</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213073743/https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10362193_00027.html">Archived</a> 13 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ"><i>Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817</i></a>. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. pp. 63, 78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901003308/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanach+de+la+cour%3A+pour+l%27ann%C3%A9e+...+1817&rft.pages=63%2C+78&rft.pub=l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Imp.+des+Sciences&rft.date=1817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZpKAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pedersen, Jørgen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ"><i>Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009</i></a> (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2"><bdi>978-87-7674-434-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205020834/https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riddere+af+Elefantordenen%2C+1559%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Syddansk+Universitetsforlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-87-7674-434-2&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dglw-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HandbuchBaden-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HandbuchBaden_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden</i> (1834), "Großherzogliche Orden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1866769">pp. 32</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902073759/https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1866769">Archived</a> 2 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1866787">50</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902073755/https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1866787">Archived</a> 2 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Caballeros existentes en la insignie Orden del Toison de Oro". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000936054&search=&lang=en"><i>Guía de forasteros en Madrid para el año de 1835</i></a> (in Spanish). En la Imprenta Nacional. 1835. p. 73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607093308/http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000936054&search=&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caballeros+existentes+en+la+insignie+Orden+del+Toison+de+Oro&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%ADa+de+forasteros+en+Madrid+para+el+a%C3%B1o+de+1835&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=En+la+Imprenta+Nacional&rft.date=1835&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemerotecadigital.bne.es%2Fissue.vm%3Fid%3D0000936054%26search%3D%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=blsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA26"><i>Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1831</i></a>. Guttenberg. 1831. p. 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727032424/https://books.google.com/books?id=blsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6niglich-W%C3%BCrttembergisches+Hof-+und+Staats-Handbuch%3A+1831&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Guttenberg&rft.date=1831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DblsAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm">"Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family"</a>. <i>Heraldica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317070105/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldica&rft.atitle=Marks+of+Cadency+in+the+British+Royal+Family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fbritain%2Fcadency.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinchesPinches,_Rosemary1974" class="citation book cs1">Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974). <i>The Royal Heraldry of England</i>. Heraldry Today. Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press. pp. 232–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900455-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900455-25-4"><bdi>978-0-900455-25-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Heraldry+of+England&rft.place=Slough%2C+Buckinghamshire&rft.series=Heraldry+Today&rft.pages=232-233&rft.pub=Hollen+Street+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-900455-25-4&rft.aulast=Pinches&rft.aufirst=John+Harvey&rft.au=Pinches%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weir2-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weir2_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir2_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir2_135-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir2_135-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir, pp. 277–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irnstiel-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irnstiel_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irnstiel_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irnstiel_136-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irnstiel_136-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irnstiel_136-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irnstiel_136-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irnstiel_136-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irnstiel_136-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans</i></a> [<i>Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living</i>] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112040248/https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogie+ascendante+jusqu%27au+quatrieme+degre+inclusivement+de+tous+les+Rois+et+Princes+de+maisons+souveraines+de+l%27Europe+actuellement+vivans&rft.place=Bourdeaux&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Frederic+Guillaume+Birnstiel&rft.date=1768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAINPAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1960" class="citation book cs1">Allen, W. Gore (1960). <i>King William IV</i>. London: Cresset Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+William+IV&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cresset+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=W.+Gore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brock" title="Michael Brock">Brock, Michael</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29451">"William IV (1765–1837)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29451">10.1093/ref:odnb/29451</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+IV+%281765%E2%80%931837%29%22&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29451&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F29451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulford1973" class="citation book cs1">Fulford, Roger (1973). <i>Royal Dukes</i> (revised ed.). London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Dukes&rft.place=London&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Fulford&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1836" class="citation book cs1">Grant, James (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/randomrecollect00goog"><i>Random Recollections of the House of Lords</i></a>. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Random+Recollections+of+the+House+of+Lords&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co.&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frandomrecollect00goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild2005" class="citation book cs1">Hochschild, Adam (2005). <i>Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves</i>. New York: Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bury+the+Chains%3A+Prophets+and+Rebels+in+the+Fight+to+Free+an+Empire%27s+Slaves&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolloy1903" class="citation book cs1">Molloy, Fitzgerald (1903). <i>The Sailor King: William the Fourth, His Court and His Subjects</i>. London: Hutchinson & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sailor+King%3A+William+the+Fourth%2C+His+Court+and+His+Subjects&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Co.&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Molloy&rft.aufirst=Fitzgerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Walter_Prothero" class="mw-redirect" title="George Walter Prothero">Prothero, George Walter</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/William IV., King of England"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/William_IV.,_King_of_England">"William IV., King of England" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 664–665.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+IV.%2C+King+of+England&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=664-665&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=George+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomerset1980" class="citation book cs1">Somerset, Anne (1980). <i>The Life and Times of William IV</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-83225-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-83225-6"><bdi>978-0-297-83225-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+William+IV&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-297-83225-6&rft.aulast=Somerset&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Kiste1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_der_Kiste" title="John Van der Kiste">Van der Kiste, John</a> (1994). <i>George III's Children</i>. Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III%27s+Children&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Van+der+Kiste&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Kiste2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_der_Kiste" title="John Van der Kiste">Van der Kiste, John</a> (2022). <i>William IV: The last Hanoverian King of Britain</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+IV%3A+The+last+Hanoverian+King+of+Britain&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Van+der+Kiste&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alison Weir (historian)">Weir, Alison</a> (1996). <i>Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7448-5"><bdi>978-0-7126-7448-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy%2C+Revised+edition&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7448-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ziegler" title="Philip Ziegler">Ziegler, Philip</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingwilliamiv00zieg/mode/1up"><i>King William IV</i></a>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211934-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211934-4"><bdi>978-0-00-211934-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+William+IV&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211934-4&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingwilliamiv00zieg%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_IV&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/william_iv.shtml">William IV</a> at BBC History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04835">Portraits of King William IV</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130822#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV</a> at Wikisource</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>William IV </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">House of Welf</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 21 August 1765</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 20 June 1837</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />26 June 1830 – 20 June 1837 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a> </b><br />26 June 1830 – 20 June 1837 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dundas,_2nd_Viscount_Melville" title="Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville">The Viscount Melville</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral</a> </b><br />1827–1828 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dundas,_2nd_Viscount_Melville" title="Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville">The Viscount Melville</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> </b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">The Duke of York and Albany</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Great_Master_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Master of the Order of the Bath">Great Master of the Order of the Bath</a> </b><br />1827–1830 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">The 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ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Hanover" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#ffd700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Hanover" title="Template:Rulers of Hanover"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Hanover" title="Template talk:Rulers of Hanover"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Hanover" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Hanover"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Hanover" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hanover_(region)" title="History of Hanover (region)">Rulers of Hanover</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ffd700; text-align:center;">Electors of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Elector_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover">Ernest Augustus I</a><i> (Elector-designate)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I Louis</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>*</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/113px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/75px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/113px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ffd700; text-align:center;">Kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus II</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">George V</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ffd700;"><div>* also <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British monarch</a> **also <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Teviotdale" title="Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale">Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_princes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_princes" title="Template:British princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_princes" title="Template talk:British princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_princes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_prince" title="British prince">British princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, who formalised the use of the titles <i>prince</i> and <i>princess</i> for members of the British royal family.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_William_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince George William of Great Britain">Prince George William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Prince William, Duke of Cumberland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Frederick of Great Britain">Prince Frederick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">King George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">King Ernest Augustus of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Octavius_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Octavius of Great Britain">Prince Octavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Alfred of Great Britain">Prince Alfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Frederick,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">King George V of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Prince George, Duke of Cambridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">King Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince Ernest Augustus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_John_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alexander John of Wales">Prince Alexander John of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur of Connaught</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover#Issue" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince George William of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover#Issue" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince Christian of Hanover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick">Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George, Duke of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prince John of the United Kingdom">Prince John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Windsor,_2nd_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Leopold,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hubertus_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(pilot)" title="Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (pilot)">Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ernest_Augustus_of_Hanover_(born_1914)" title="Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (born 1914)">Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_William_of_Hanover" title="Prince George William of Hanover">Prince George William of Hanover</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_of_Gloucester" title="Prince William of Gloucester">Prince William of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Kent" title="Prince Michael of Kent">Prince Michael of Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="James, Earl of Wessex">James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales" title="Prince George of Wales">Prince George of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Wales" title="Prince Louis of Wales">Prince Louis of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Archie_of_Sussex" title="Prince Archie of Sussex">Prince Archie of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> Not a British prince by birth, but created <a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">Prince Consort</a>. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom.<br /><i>Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hanoverian_princes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanoverian_princes" title="Template:Hanoverian princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanoverian_princes" title="Template talk:Hanoverian princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanoverian_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanoverian princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hanoverian_princes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_prince" title="Hanoverian prince">Hanoverian princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Generations are numbered by descent from <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">king of Hanover</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">King George IV</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King William IV</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">King Ernest Augustus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg/90px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg/135px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg/180px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">King George V</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Prince George, Duke of Cambridge</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Crown Prince Ernest Augustus</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick">Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ernest_Augustus_of_Hanover_(born_1914)" title="Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (born 1914)">Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_William_of_Hanover" title="Prince George William of Hanover">Prince George William</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_August_von_Hannover_(born_1954)" title="Ernst August von Hannover (born 1954)">Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_Rudolf_of_Hanover" title="Prince Ludwig Rudolf of Hanover">Prince Ludwig Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Prinz_von_Hannover" title="Heinrich Prinz von Hannover">Prince Heinrich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ernst_August_of_Hanover_(born_1983)" title="Prince Ernst August of Hanover (born 1983)">Hereditary Prince Ernest Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Christian_of_Hanover" title="Prince Christian of Hanover">Prince Christian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i><sup>1</sup> also <a href="/wiki/British_prince" title="British prince">prince</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Clarence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Clarence" title="Template:Dukes of Clarence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Clarence" title="Template talk:Dukes of Clarence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Clarence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Clarence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Clarence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence" title="Duke of Clarence">Dukes of Clarence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence">Lionel of Antwerp</a> (1362–1368)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence">Thomas of Lancaster</a> (1412–1421)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet</a> (1461–1478)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews</a> (1789–1830)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a> (1890–1892)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Template:Grand Masters of the Order of the Bath"><abbr 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href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a> (1767–1827)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews</a> (1827–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a> (1837–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Albert, Prince Consort</a> (1843–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward, Prince of Wales</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a> (1901–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a> (1942–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> (1974–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG/80px-CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG/120px-CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG/160px-CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty" title="Template:First Lords of the Admiralty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty" title="Template talk:First Lords of the Admiralty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Lords of the Admiralty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lords of the Admiralty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">of England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Weston,_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland">The Earl of Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bertie,_1st_Earl_of_Lindsey" title="Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey">The Earl of Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Juxon" title="William Juxon">William Juxon, Bishop of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Percy,_10th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland">The Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cottington,_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">The Lord Cottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Capell,_Baron_Capell_of_Tewkesbury" title="Henry Capell, Baron Capell of Tewkesbury">Sir Henry Capell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finch,_2nd_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham">The Earl of Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Torrington" title="Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington">The Earl of Torrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herbert,_8th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke">The Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_3rd_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis">The Lord Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cary,_5th_Viscount_Falkland" title="Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland">The Viscount Falkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Russell,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" title="Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford">The Earl of Orford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton,_3rd_Earl_of_Bridgewater" title="John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater">The Earl of Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herbert,_8th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke">The Earl of Pembroke</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">of Great Britain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Russell,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" title="Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford">The Earl of Orford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leake" title="John Leake">Sir John Leake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth,_1st_Earl_of_Strafford_(1672%E2%80%931739)" title="Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (1672–1739)">The Earl of Strafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Russell,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" title="Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford">The Earl of Orford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Berkeley,_3rd_Earl_of_Berkeley" title="James Berkeley, 3rd Earl of Berkeley">The Earl of Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Torrington" title="George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington">The Viscount Torrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wager" title="Charles Wager">Sir Charles Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finch,_8th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea">The Earl of Winchilsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford">The Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">The Earl of Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Anson,_1st_Baron_Anson" title="George Anson, 1st Baron Anson">The Lord Anson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville-Temple,_2nd_Earl_Temple" title="Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple">The Earl Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finch,_8th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea">The Earl of Winchilsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Anson,_1st_Baron_Anson" title="George Anson, 1st Baron Anson">The Lord Anson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" title="George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax">The Earl of Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">The Earl of Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Perceval,_2nd_Earl_of_Egmont" title="John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont">The Earl of Egmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Saunders_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Charles Saunders (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Charles Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hawke,_1st_Baron_Hawke" title="Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke">Sir Edward Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">The Earl of Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Keppel,_1st_Viscount_Keppel" title="Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel">The Viscount Keppel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">The Viscount Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Keppel,_1st_Viscount_Keppel" title="Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel">The Viscount Keppel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">The Viscount Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham" title="John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham">The Earl of Chatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">The Earl Spencer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">of the United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent" title="John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent">The Earl of St Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">The Viscount Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Middleton,_1st_Baron_Barham" title="Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham">The Lord Barham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Viscount Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grenville" title="Thomas Grenville">Thomas Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">The Lord Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip_Yorke" title="Charles Philip Yorke">Charles Philip Yorke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dundas,_2nd_Viscount_Melville" title="Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville">The Viscount Melville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dundas,_2nd_Viscount_Melville" title="Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville">The Viscount Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet">Sir James Graham, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">The Lord Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Grey,_2nd_Earl_de_Grey" title="Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey">The Earl de Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">The Lord Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_2nd_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 2nd Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hamilton,_9th_Earl_of_Haddington" title="Thomas Hamilton, 9th Earl of Haddington">The Earl of Haddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Earl_of_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough">The Earl of Ellenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">The Earl of Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baring,_1st_Baron_Northbrook" title="Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook">Sir Francis Baring, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Percy,_4th_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland">The Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet">Sir James Graham, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Sir Charles Wood, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pakington,_1st_Baron_Hampton" title="John Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton">Sir John Pakington, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_St_Maur,_12th_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward St Maur, 12th Duke of Somerset">The Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pakington,_1st_Baron_Hampton" title="John Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton">Sir John Pakington, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lowry-Corry_(1803%E2%80%931873)" title="Henry Lowry-Corry (1803–1873)">Henry Lowry-Corry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Hugh Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">George Ward Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">William Henry Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Northbrook" title="Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook">The Earl of Northbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton" title="Lord George Hamilton">Lord George Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Marquess of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton" title="Lord George Hamilton">Lord George Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">The Earl Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Palmer,_2nd_Earl_of_Selborne" title="William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne">The Earl of Selborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Campbell,_3rd_Earl_Cawdor" title="Frederick Campbell, 3rd Earl Cawdor">The Earl Cawdor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Marjoribanks,_2nd_Baron_Tweedmouth" title="Edward Marjoribanks, 2nd Baron Tweedmouth">The Lord Tweedmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Sir Edward Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Geddes" title="Eric Geddes">Sir Eric Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Long,_1st_Viscount_Long" title="Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long">Walter Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee,_1st_Viscount_Lee_of_Fareham" title="Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham">The Viscount Lee of Fareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">The Viscount Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridgeman,_1st_Viscount_Bridgeman" title="William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman">The Viscount Bridgeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">A. V. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Sir Austen Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Eyres-Monsell,_1st_Viscount_Monsell" title="Bolton Eyres-Monsell, 1st Viscount Monsell">The Viscount Monsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Sir Samuel Hoare, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope">The Earl Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">A. V. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Bracken" title="Brendan Bracken">Brendan Bracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">A. V. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hall,_1st_Viscount_Hall" title="George Hall, 1st Viscount Hall">The Viscount Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford">Lord Pakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas,_1st_Viscount_Cilcennin" title="James Thomas, 1st Viscount Cilcennin">Viscount Cilcennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">The Viscount Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Douglas-Hamilton,_10th_Earl_of_Selkirk" title="George Douglas-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Selkirk">The Earl of Selkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">The Lord Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jellicoe,_2nd_Earl_Jellicoe" title="George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe">The Earl Jellicoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130822#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130822#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130822#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000006658031X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/265993441">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5257152684021723430009">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18639/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjqD6dvcy4f4yT8dx4Qxym">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118632906">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50059902">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149535263">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149535263">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071467475">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810622321605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007270078505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10817549?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500373195">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/b9af291e-f237-41c6-bb23-f51282631c2d">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118632906.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118632906">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083988971">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63s1h1q">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/32201">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30026815">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_IV&oldid=1259829210">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_IV&oldid=1259829210</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:William_IV" title="Category:William IV">William IV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1765_births" title="Category:1765 births">1765 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1837_deaths" title="Category:1837 deaths">1837 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_British_people" title="Category:18th-century British people">18th-century British people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_British_monarchs" title="Category:19th-century British monarchs">19th-century British monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Royal_Navy_personnel" title="Category:18th-century Royal Navy personnel">18th-century Royal Navy personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Royal_Navy_personnel" title="Category:19th-century Royal Navy personnel">19th-century Royal Navy personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Children_of_George_III" title="Category:Children of George III">Children of George III</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="Category:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Clarence" title="Category:Dukes of Clarence">Dukes of Clarence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peers_of_Great_Britain_created_by_George_III" title="Category:Peers of Great Britain created by George III">Peers of Great Britain created by George III</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earls_of_Munster" title="Category:Earls of Munster">Earls of Munster</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peers_of_Ireland_created_by_George_III" title="Category:Peers of Ireland created by George III">Peers of Ireland created by George III</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Category:Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London">Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of 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