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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Special privileges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_privileges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_de_l%27Esperit_Sant" title="Orde de l'Esperit Sant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orde de l'Esperit Sant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%A1d_sv._Ducha" title="Řád sv. Ducha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řád sv. Ducha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_vom_Heiligen_Geist" title="Orden vom Heiligen Geist – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orden vom Heiligen Geist" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_del_Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo" title="Orden del Espíritu Santo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orden del Espíritu Santo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit" title="Ordre du Saint-Esprit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordre du Saint-Esprit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordine_dello_Spirito_Santo" title="Ordine dello Spirito Santo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ordine dello Spirito Santo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ventosios_Dvasios_ordinas" title="Šventosios Dvasios ordinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šventosios Dvasios ordinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_van_de_Heilige_Geest" title="Orde van de Heilige Geest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orde van de Heilige Geest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Hellige_%C3%85nds_orden" title="Den Hellige Ånds orden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den Hellige Ånds orden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_Ducha_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego" title="Order Ducha Świętego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Order Ducha Świętego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_do_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Ordem do Espírito Santo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ordem do Espírito Santo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Орден Святого Духа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орден Святого Духа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdhri_Shpirti_i_Shenjt%C3%AB" title="Urdhri Shpirti i Shenjtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Urdhri Shpirti i Shenjtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Svetega_Duha" title="Red Svetega Duha – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Red Svetega Duha" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4n_Hengen_ritarikunta" title="Pyhän Hengen ritarikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhän Hengen ritarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgeandsorden_(utm%C3%A4rkelse)" title="Helgeandsorden (utmärkelse) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Helgeandsorden (utmärkelse)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Орден Святого Духа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орден Святого Духа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%81%B5%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0" title="圣灵勋章 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣灵勋章" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight_of_the_Holy_Spirit&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Holy Spirit">Knight of the Holy Spirit</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French order of chivalry</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the French dynastic order of chivalry. For the Catholic religious order, see <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Ghost" title="Order of the Holy Ghost">Order of the Holy Ghost</a>. For the Catholic congregation, see <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ghost Fathers">Holy Ghost Fathers</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Special:EditPage/Order of the Holy Spirit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Order+of+the+Holy+Spirit%22">"Order of the Holy Spirit"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Order+of+the+Holy+Spirit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Order+of+the+Holy+Spirit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Order+of+the+Holy+Spirit%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Order+of+the+Holy+Spirit%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Order+of+the+Holy+Spirit%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #DAEFFF; text-align: center;">Order of the Holy Spirit<br /><small><i>Ordre du Saint-Esprit</i></small><br /></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_(heraldry).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28heraldry%29.svg/200px-Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28heraldry%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28heraldry%29.svg/300px-Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28heraldry%29.svg/400px-Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Badge of the Order</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DAEFFF">Awarded by the <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">King of France</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_order" title="Dynastic order">Dynastic order</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 1578</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Royal house</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="House of France">House of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ribbon</th><td class="infobox-data">Light blue</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Duce et Auspice</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Abolished in 1830 after the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a><br />Recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_order" title="Dynastic order">dynastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">order of chivalry</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Orders_of_Chivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Commission on Orders of Chivalry">ICOC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (order)">Grand Master</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Disputed:<br /><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alphonse_de_Bourbon" title="Louis Alphonse de Bourbon">Prince Louis, Duke of Anjou</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Jean, Count of Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DAEFFF">Precedence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Next (lower)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael" title="Order of Saint Michael">Order of Saint Michael</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_Chevalier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/120px-Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/180px-Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/240px-Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span><br />Ribbon of the Order<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Order of the Holy Spirit</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Ordre du Saint-Esprit</i>; sometimes translated into English as the <b>Order of the Holy Ghost</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-Moeller_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moeller-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a French <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">order of chivalry</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> in 1578. Today, it is a <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_order" title="Dynastic order">dynastic order</a> under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="House of France">House of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardinale-1984_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardinale-1984-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ghost Fathers">Congregation of the Holy Ghost</a> or with the religious <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Ghost" title="Order of the Holy Ghost">Order of the Holy Ghost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moeller_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moeller-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the senior chivalric order of France by precedence, although not by age, since the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael" title="Order of Saint Michael">Order of Saint Michael</a> was established more than a century earlier. </p><p>Although officially abolished by the government authorities in 1830 following the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a>, its activities carried on. It is still recognised by the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_Orders_of_Chivalry" title="International Commission for Orders of Chivalry">International Commission for Orders of Chivalry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the creation of the Order of the Holy Spirit in 1578 by King Henry III, the senior order of chivalry in France had been the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael" title="Order of Saint Michael">Order of Saint Michael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardinale-1984_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardinale-1984-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea flashed to him in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, where he had seen the original manuscript of an <i>Order of the Saint Esprit</i> or <i>Droit Desir</i> founded in <a href="/wiki/1353" title="1353">1353</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Naples" title="Louis I of Naples">Louis of Anjou</a>, titular king of Jerusalem and Sicily and husband of <a href="/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples" title="Joanna I of Naples">Joanna</a>, queen of Naples and countess of Provence, and placed under the protection of <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_of_Bari" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas of Bari">St. Nicholas of Bari</a>, whose image was reproduced on the pendant of the collar. Henry III realised that the Order of St. Michael had inflated and degraded during the civil wars, and therefore decided to place the new order of the Holy Spirit alongside it and to attribute them together; for this reason who was created knight of the Holy Spirit was called <i>chevalier des ordres du roi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its membership was initially restricted to a small number of powerful princes and nobles, but this increased dramatically due to the pressures of the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a>. </p><p>At the beginning of the reign of Henry III, the Order of Saint Michael had several hundred living members, ranging from kings to bourgeois. Recognising that the order had been significantly devalued, Henry III founded the Order of the Holy Spirit on December 31, 1578, thereby creating a two-tier system: the new order would be reserved for princes and powerful nobles, whilst the Order of Saint Michael would be for less eminent servants of the Crown. The new order was dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> to commemorate the fact that Henry III was elected as King of Poland (1573) and inherited the throne of France (1574) on two <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecosts</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Order_of_the_Knot"></span> The new order was also identified with the "Order of the Knot" (<i>Ordre du Nœud</i>, also known as <i>Ordre du Saint-Esprit au Droit Désir</i> "Order of the Holy Spirit of the Right Will") which had been founded in 1352/3 by <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Naples" title="Louis I of Naples">Louis I of Naples</a>. This had been one of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">chivalric orders</a> popular among the high nobility at the time. The statutes of the 14th-century order are preserved as BNF Fr 4274. An elaborate facsimile of this manuscript was produced under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the Order of the Holy Spirit was officially abolished by the French government, along with all other chivalric orders of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>, although the exiled <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a> continued to acknowledge it. Following the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>, the order was officially revived and a number were awarded for the 1825 <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Charles X">Coronation of Charles X</a>, only to be abolished again by the <a href="/wiki/Orleanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanist">Orleanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe of France">Louis-Philippe</a> following the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> in 1830. Despite the abolition of the order, both the <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cardinale-1984_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardinale-1984-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimist</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pretenders to the French throne have continued to nominate members of the order, long after the abolition of the French monarchy itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-esprit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Saint-esprit.jpg/220px-Saint-esprit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Saint-esprit.jpg/330px-Saint-esprit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Saint-esprit.jpg/440px-Saint-esprit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Nevers" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers">Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers</a> was the first knight to receive the order</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roslin_Louis_XVI_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Roslin_Louis_XVI_of_France.jpg/220px-Roslin_Louis_XVI_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Roslin_Louis_XVI_of_France.jpg/330px-Roslin_Louis_XVI_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Roslin_Louis_XVI_of_France.jpg/440px-Roslin_Louis_XVI_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>King Louis XVI in the habit of the Order of the Holy Spirit, by Alexandre Roslin.</figcaption></figure> <p>The King of France was the Sovereign and Grand Master (<i>Souverain Grand Maître</i>), and he made all appointments to the order. Members of the order can be split into three categories: </p> <ul><li>8 Ecclesiastic members;</li> <li>4 Officers;</li> <li>100 Knights.</li></ul> <p>Initially, four of the ecclesiastic members had to be cardinals, whilst the other four had to be archbishops or prelates. This was later relaxed so that all eight had to be either cardinals, archbishops or prelates. </p><p>Members of the order had to be Catholic and had to be able to demonstrate three degrees of nobility. The minimum age for members was 35, although there were some exceptions: </p> <ul><li>Children of the king were members from birth, but they were not received into the order until they were 12;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes of the Blood">Princes of the Blood</a> could be admitted to the order from the age of 16;</li> <li>Foreign royalty could be admitted to the order from the age of 25.</li></ul> <p>All knights of the order were also members of the Order of Saint Michael. As such, they were generally known by the term <i>Chevalier des Ordres du Roi</i> (i.e. "Knight of the Royal Orders"), instead of the more lengthy <i>Chevalier de Saint-Michel et Chevalier du Saint-Esprit</i> (i.e. "Knight of Saint Michael and Knight of the Holy Spirit"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Officers">Officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Phelypeaux,_comte_de_Pontchartrain_(1643-1727),.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Louis_Phelypeaux%2C_comte_de_Pontchartrain_%281643-1727%29%2C.jpg/220px-Louis_Phelypeaux%2C_comte_de_Pontchartrain_%281643-1727%29%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Louis_Phelypeaux%2C_comte_de_Pontchartrain_%281643-1727%29%2C.jpg/330px-Louis_Phelypeaux%2C_comte_de_Pontchartrain_%281643-1727%29%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Louis_Phelypeaux%2C_comte_de_Pontchartrain_%281643-1727%29%2C.jpg/440px-Louis_Phelypeaux%2C_comte_de_Pontchartrain_%281643-1727%29%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_comte_de_Pontchartrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain">Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain</a> is wearing the cross and star of the Order of the Holy Spirit</figcaption></figure> <p>The order had its own officers. They were responsible for the ceremonies and the administration of the order. </p><p>Officers of the order were as follows: </p> <ul><li>Chancellor;</li> <li>Provost and Master of Ceremonies;</li> <li>Treasurer;</li> <li>Clerk (<i>greffier</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vestments_and_accoutrements">Vestments and accoutrements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vestments and accoutrements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The symbol of the order is known as the Cross of the Holy Spirit (this is a <a href="/wiki/Maltese_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltese Cross">Maltese Cross</a>). At the periphery, the eight points of the cross are rounded, and between each pair of arms there is a <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a>. Imposed on the centre of the cross is a dove. The eight rounded corners represent the <a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a>, the four fleur-de-lis represent the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>, the twelve petals represent the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Apostles</a>, and the dove signifies the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. The Cross of the Holy Spirit was worn hung from a blue riband ("Le cordon bleu").<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cordon_Bleu"><i>Cordon Bleu</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cordon Bleu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the blue riband from which the Cross of the Holy Spirit was hung, the knights became known as <i>Les Cordons Bleus</i>. Allegedly, the <a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">banquets</a> after ceremonial occasions were so famous that the expression <i>cordon bleu</i> became synonymous with high quality <i><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a></i> and, over time, extended to refer to other distinctions of the highest class. The culinary magazine <i><a href="/wiki/La_Cuisini%C3%A8re_Cordon_Bleu" title="La Cuisinière Cordon Bleu">La Cuisinière Cordon Bleu</a></i> refers to the ribbon, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Le_Cordon_Bleu" title="Le Cordon Bleu">eponymous network of hospitality and culinary schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern English usage, <i>cordon bleu</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɜː/: r-less 'ur' in 'nurse'">ɜː</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">also <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is used as an adjective for chefs who are able to cook food to the highest standard as well as the food itself.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Riband" title="Blue Riband">Blue Riband</a> sporting events are also sometimes associated with the <i>cordon bleu</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habit_and_insignia">Habit and insignia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Habit and insignia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France,_comte_d%27Artois_(futur_roi_Charles_X).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France%2C_comte_d%27Artois_%28futur_roi_Charles_X%29.jpg/220px-Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France%2C_comte_d%27Artois_%28futur_roi_Charles_X%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France%2C_comte_d%27Artois_%28futur_roi_Charles_X%29.jpg/330px-Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France%2C_comte_d%27Artois_%28futur_roi_Charles_X%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France%2C_comte_d%27Artois_%28futur_roi_Charles_X%29.jpg/440px-Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France%2C_comte_d%27Artois_%28futur_roi_Charles_X%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles-Philippe, comte d'Artois</a> in the habit of the Order</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DukeOrleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DukeOrleans.jpg/220px-DukeOrleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DukeOrleans.jpg/330px-DukeOrleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DukeOrleans.jpg/440px-DukeOrleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3792" data-file-height="5264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1869%E2%80%931926)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1869–1926)">Prince Philippe, duc d'Orléans</a> wearing the breast star of the Order</figcaption></figure> <p>The badge of the Order is a gold <a href="/wiki/Maltese_cross" title="Maltese cross">Maltese cross</a> with white borders, each of the eight points ending in a gold ball (points boutonnées) and with a gold fleur-de-lys between each adjacent pair of its arms. At the center of the cross, was set a white dove descending (i.e., with its wings and head pointing downward) surrounded by green flames. The back of this cross worn by the knights was the same as the front except with the medallion of the Order of Saint Michael at the center rather than the dove and flames (those of ecclesiastical members were the same on the back as on the front). During the ceremonies, the cross of officers and commanders officers was attached to a collar of links of gold fleur-de-lis alternating with links consisting of a white enameled letter H (the first initial of name of the founder) crowned with a gold French royal crown, with identical crowns on either side of it or alternately with a trophy of weapons. Each of these links was surrounded with red enamel flames forming a square around it.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, the cross was suspended from a large ribbon of color moirée blue sky, hence the nickname cordon bleu the knights wore. </p><p>For the ceremonies of the Order and when the knights of the Order made their Communion, the knights wore a long black velvet mantle sprinkled with embroidered gold and red flames and with a representation of the collar round its edges embroidered in gold, red and silver. Like the royal mantle, this mantle opened on the right side and just as an ermine shoulder cape covered the top of the royal mantle, a shoulder cape of pale green velvet with the same embroidery but smaller was worn over this mantle and formed the upper part of it. Both the mantle proper and the shoulder cape were lined with a yellowish orange satin.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mantle was worn over a white coat (with the star of the Order embroidered on the left breast), waistcoat and puffed hose, heavily embroidered with silver. A black hat with a white plume completed the dress. The star of the Order had the same design as the front of the badge, but embroidered in silver (later a medal star in silver was used) on both the knights' coats and their vests. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spilla_dell%27ordine_di_santo_spirito_donata_da_luigi_XV_a_filippo_o_ferdinando_di_parma,_1750_ca,_daiamanti,_rubino,_oro_e_argento.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Breast star of the Order with diamonds, c. 1750"><img alt="Breast star of the Order with diamonds, c. 1750" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Spilla_dell%27ordine_di_santo_spirito_donata_da_luigi_XV_a_filippo_o_ferdinando_di_parma%2C_1750_ca%2C_daiamanti%2C_rubino%2C_oro_e_argento.jpg/120px-Spilla_dell%27ordine_di_santo_spirito_donata_da_luigi_XV_a_filippo_o_ferdinando_di_parma%2C_1750_ca%2C_daiamanti%2C_rubino%2C_oro_e_argento.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Spilla_dell%27ordine_di_santo_spirito_donata_da_luigi_XV_a_filippo_o_ferdinando_di_parma%2C_1750_ca%2C_daiamanti%2C_rubino%2C_oro_e_argento.jpg/180px-Spilla_dell%27ordine_di_santo_spirito_donata_da_luigi_XV_a_filippo_o_ferdinando_di_parma%2C_1750_ca%2C_daiamanti%2C_rubino%2C_oro_e_argento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Spilla_dell%27ordine_di_santo_spirito_donata_da_luigi_XV_a_filippo_o_ferdinando_di_parma%2C_1750_ca%2C_daiamanti%2C_rubino%2C_oro_e_argento.jpg/240px-Spilla_dell%27ordine_di_santo_spirito_donata_da_luigi_XV_a_filippo_o_ferdinando_di_parma%2C_1750_ca%2C_daiamanti%2C_rubino%2C_oro_e_argento.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Breast star of the Order with diamonds, c. 1750</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OotHS_Breast_Star.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Breast star from the Bourbon Restoration"><img alt="Breast star from the Bourbon Restoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/OotHS_Breast_Star.jpg/117px-OotHS_Breast_Star.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/OotHS_Breast_Star.jpg/176px-OotHS_Breast_Star.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/OotHS_Breast_Star.jpg/234px-OotHS_Breast_Star.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Breast star from the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The collar shown in the arms of France and Navarre"><img alt="The collar shown in the arms of France and Navarre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg/90px-Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg/135px-Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg/180px-Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1585" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The collar shown in the arms of France and Navarre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manteau_d%27officier_de_l%27Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_MS_54_;_CL_18559_-_photo_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceremonial robe of the Order of the Holy Spirit"><img alt="Ceremonial robe of the Order of the Holy Spirit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Manteau_d%27officier_de_l%27Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_MS_54_%3B_CL_18559_-_photo_3.jpg/120px-Manteau_d%27officier_de_l%27Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_MS_54_%3B_CL_18559_-_photo_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Manteau_d%27officier_de_l%27Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_MS_54_%3B_CL_18559_-_photo_3.jpg/180px-Manteau_d%27officier_de_l%27Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_MS_54_%3B_CL_18559_-_photo_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Manteau_d%27officier_de_l%27Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_MS_54_%3B_CL_18559_-_photo_3.jpg/240px-Manteau_d%27officier_de_l%27Ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_MS_54_%3B_CL_18559_-_photo_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2653" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceremonial robe of the Order of the Holy Spirit</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Portraits of some Knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit wearing their insignia as a saltire or a sash.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francois_Annibal_d-Estrees.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="François Annibal d'Estrées"><img alt="François Annibal d'Estrées" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Francois_Annibal_d-Estrees.jpg/91px-Francois_Annibal_d-Estrees.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Francois_Annibal_d-Estrees.jpg/136px-Francois_Annibal_d-Estrees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Francois_Annibal_d-Estrees.jpg/181px-Francois_Annibal_d-Estrees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Annibal_d%27Estr%C3%A9es" title="François Annibal d'Estrées">François Annibal d'Estrées</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_of_France,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_%22Monsieur%22_wearing_the_sash_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_(Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans."><img alt="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Philippe_of_France%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_%22Monsieur%22_wearing_the_sash_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%29.jpg/94px-Philippe_of_France%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_%22Monsieur%22_wearing_the_sash_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Philippe_of_France%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_%22Monsieur%22_wearing_the_sash_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%29.jpg/141px-Philippe_of_France%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_%22Monsieur%22_wearing_the_sash_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Philippe_of_France%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_%22Monsieur%22_wearing_the_sash_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%29.jpg/189px-Philippe_of_France%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_%22Monsieur%22_wearing_the_sash_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1771_portrait_painting_of_Louis_de_Bourbon,_Count_of_Clermont_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hubert_Drouais.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis de Bourbon-Conde, Comte de Clermont"><img alt="Louis de Bourbon-Conde, Comte de Clermont" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1771_portrait_painting_of_Louis_de_Bourbon%2C_Count_of_Clermont_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hubert_Drouais.jpg/78px-1771_portrait_painting_of_Louis_de_Bourbon%2C_Count_of_Clermont_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hubert_Drouais.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1771_portrait_painting_of_Louis_de_Bourbon%2C_Count_of_Clermont_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hubert_Drouais.jpg/118px-1771_portrait_painting_of_Louis_de_Bourbon%2C_Count_of_Clermont_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hubert_Drouais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1771_portrait_painting_of_Louis_de_Bourbon%2C_Count_of_Clermont_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hubert_Drouais.jpg/157px-1771_portrait_painting_of_Louis_de_Bourbon%2C_Count_of_Clermont_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hubert_Drouais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1957" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bourbon-Conde,_comte_de_Clermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis de Bourbon-Conde, comte de Clermont">Louis de Bourbon-Conde, Comte de Clermont</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_(heraldry).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Collar of the knights of the order."><img alt="Collar of the knights of the order." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28heraldry%29.svg/97px-Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28heraldry%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28heraldry%29.svg/145px-Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28heraldry%29.svg/193px-Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Collar of the knights of the order.</div> </li> </ul><p>Portraits of some Commanders of the Order of the Holy Spirit wearing their insignia in saltire.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1770_portrait_of_the_%22Cardinal_de_Rochechouart%22_(Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_de_Rochechouart)_by_an_unknown_artist.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-François-Joseph de Rochechouart, Bishop of Laon"><img alt="Jean-François-Joseph de Rochechouart, Bishop of Laon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1770_portrait_of_the_%22Cardinal_de_Rochechouart%22_%28Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_de_Rochechouart%29_by_an_unknown_artist.jpg/82px-1770_portrait_of_the_%22Cardinal_de_Rochechouart%22_%28Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_de_Rochechouart%29_by_an_unknown_artist.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1770_portrait_of_the_%22Cardinal_de_Rochechouart%22_%28Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_de_Rochechouart%29_by_an_unknown_artist.jpg/124px-1770_portrait_of_the_%22Cardinal_de_Rochechouart%22_%28Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_de_Rochechouart%29_by_an_unknown_artist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1770_portrait_of_the_%22Cardinal_de_Rochechouart%22_%28Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_de_Rochechouart%29_by_an_unknown_artist.jpg/165px-1770_portrait_of_the_%22Cardinal_de_Rochechouart%22_%28Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_de_Rochechouart%29_by_an_unknown_artist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_de_Rochechouart" title="Jean-François-Joseph de Rochechouart">Jean-François-Joseph de Rochechouart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Laon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Laon">Bishop of Laon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armand-Gaston-Maximilien_de_Rohan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armand-Gaston-Maximilien de Rohan-Soubise, Bishop of Strasbourg."><img alt="Armand-Gaston-Maximilien de Rohan-Soubise, Bishop of Strasbourg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Armand-Gaston-Maximilien_de_Rohan.jpg/94px-Armand-Gaston-Maximilien_de_Rohan.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Armand-Gaston-Maximilien_de_Rohan.jpg/141px-Armand-Gaston-Maximilien_de_Rohan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Armand-Gaston-Maximilien_de_Rohan.jpg/188px-Armand-Gaston-Maximilien_de_Rohan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Armand-Gaston-Maximilien_de_Rohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Gaston-Maximilien de Rohan">Armand-Gaston-Maximilien de Rohan-Soubise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Strasbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Strasbourg">Bishop of Strasbourg</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis-René-Édouard, Prince de Rohan."><img alt="Louis-René-Édouard, Prince de Rohan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg/80px-Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg/120px-Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg/160px-Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_de_Rohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal de Rohan">Louis-René-Édouard, Prince de Rohan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Esprit2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross of the Order always worn as a saltire by ecclesiastics."><img alt="Cross of the Order always worn as a saltire by ecclesiastics." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saint-Esprit2.svg/87px-Saint-Esprit2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saint-Esprit2.svg/130px-Saint-Esprit2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saint-Esprit2.svg/173px-Saint-Esprit2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross of the Order always worn as a saltire by ecclesiastics.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_privileges">Special privileges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Special privileges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, red or green <a href="/wiki/Sealing_wax" title="Sealing wax">sealing wax</a> was used for the royal seal on documents requiring a royal seal. Only in documents relating to the Order of the Holy Spirit was white wax used for this royal seal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huguenot_cross" title="Huguenot cross">Huguenot cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Knights_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the Knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit">List of the Knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jean Vergnet-Ruiz, "Les peintures de l’Ordre du Saint-Esprit", in La Revue du Louvre et des Musées de France, 1962, no 1, pp. 155–164.</li> <li>Mary Levkoff, "L'art cérémonial de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit sous Henri III", in Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de l'art français, 1987, pp. 7–23.</li> <li>Daniel Alcouffe, « À propos de l'orfèvrerie commandée par Henri III pour l'ordre du Saint-Esprit », Hommage à Hubert Landais. Études sur l'art du Moyen Âge et de la Renaissance, sur l'histoire du goût et des collections, Paris, Réunion des musées nationaux, 1987, pp. 135–142.</li> <li>Daniel Alcouffe, "L'Ordre du Saint-Esprit : la chapelle", dans La Revue du Louvre et des Musées de France, 1994, no 1, pp. 29–42.</li> <li>Michel Popoff, "Armorial de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit". Paris : Le Léopard d'or, 1996.</li> <li>Michel Popoff et Patrick Spilliaert, "Hommage à Hervé Pinoteau (1927–2020), autour de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit". Paris: Le Léopard d'or, 2020.</li> <li>Patrick Spilliaert, <i>Les insignes de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit, Que nous apprennent les archives du musée de la Légion d'honneur sur les insignes de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit ?</i>, in Bulletin no 12 de la Société des amis du musée national de la Légion d'honneur et des ordres de chevalerie, 2009, pp. 4–33.</li> <li>Agnès Bos and Antoinette Villa, "Éléments de technique et de vocabulaire, sur la broderie d'or à l'époque moderne, autour d'un manteau de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit conservé au musée du Louvre", in Technè 41 (2015), pp. 55–64.</li> <li>Patrick Spilliaert, <i>Les colliers et croix de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit sous l'Ancien Régime</i>, in Bulletin n°18 de la Société des amis du musée de la Légion d'honneur et des ordres de chevalerie, 2015, pp. 14–31.</li> <li>Patrick Spilliaert, <i>The insignia of the Order of the Holy Spirit, 1578–1830</i>, in The journal of the Orders and Medals Research Society (OMRS), June 2016.</li> <li>Agnès Bos, "Art et liturgie au temps d’Henri III. À propos d'un élément textile de la chapelle de l’ordre du Saint-Esprit", in Bulletin de la Société nationale des Antiquaires de France (2016), pp. 87–100.</li> <li>Patrick Spilliaert, <i>Les insignes de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit, colliers, croix, plaques, chapelets et autres ornements distribués à Messieurs les chevaliers, prélats et officiers des Ordres du roi</i>. Paris : Le Léopard d'or, 2016.</li> <li>Lenaïg Roumegou, «L'Ordre du Saint-Esprit sous Louis XIV : un instrument au service du pouvoir (1643–1715) », thèse de l'École nationale des Chartes, réalisée sous la direction d’Olivier Poncet, 2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Moeller-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moeller_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moeller_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoeller1910" class="citation journal cs1">Moeller, Charles (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07415a.htm">"Orders of the Holy Ghost"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. <b>7</b>. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>A distinction must be drawn between this order and the Royal Order of the Holy Spirit founded in France by King Henry III, in 1578, to supersede the Order of St. Michael of Louis XI, which had fallen into discredit, and to commemorate his accession to the throne on Pentecost Sunday. This was a purely secular order of the court.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Orders+of+the+Holy+Ghost&rft.volume=7&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Moeller&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07415a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardinale-1984-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cardinale-1984_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardinale-1984_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardinale-1984_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardinalevan_Duren,_Peter_Bander1984" class="citation book cs1">Cardinale, Hyginus Eugene; van Duren, Peter Bander (1984). <i>Orders of knighthood, awards and the Holy See</i> (Rev. ed.). Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire: Van Duren. pp. 154–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0905715233" title="Special:BookSources/0905715233"><bdi>0905715233</bdi></a>. <q>The Royal House of Bourbon-Orléans, The Order of the Holy Ghost: The Order was founded in 1578 by Henry III, King of France (1574-1589) to mark his election to the Crown of Poland and elevation to the throne of France....The Order of St. Michael of France.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orders+of+knighthood%2C+awards+and+the+Holy+See&rft.place=Gerrards+Cross%2C+Buckinghamshire&rft.pages=154-56&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Van+Duren&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0905715233&rft.aulast=Cardinale&rft.aufirst=Hyginus+Eugene&rft.au=van+Duren%2C+Peter+Bander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.icocregister.org/2016.ICOCRegister.pdf">http://www.icocregister.org/2016.ICOCRegister.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpazioSputnik.it" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">SpazioSputnik.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rialfri.eu/rialfriWP/opere/statuts-de-lordre-du-saint-espirit">"Statuts de l'Ordre du Saint Espirit – RIALFrI"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statuts+de+l%27Ordre+du+Saint+Espirit+%E2%80%93+RIALFrI&rft.au=SpazioSputnik.it&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rialfri.eu%2FrialfriWP%2Fopere%2Fstatuts-de-lordre-du-saint-espirit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesterfield.)ChesterfieldCarey1872" class="citation book cs1">Chesterfield.), Philip Dormer Stanhope (4th earl of; Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope Earl of; Carey, Charles Stokes (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I6NCAQAAIAAJ&q=bari&pg=PA1"><i>Letters Written by Lord Chesterfield to His Son</i></a>. W. Tegg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+Written+by+Lord+Chesterfield+to+His+Son&rft.pub=W.+Tegg&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Chesterfield.%29&rft.aufirst=Philip+Dormer+Stanhope+%284th+earl+of&rft.au=Chesterfield%2C+Philip+Dormer+Stanhope+Earl+of&rft.au=Carey%2C+Charles+Stokes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI6NCAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbari%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">« Statuts de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit au droit désir ou du Noeud, étably par Louis d'Anjou, roy de Naples et de Sicile, en 1352, 1353 et 1354 » (Reproduction fac-simile, exécutée sous Louis XIV, de l'original conservé sous le n° 4274 du fonds français <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52504405g/f11.image">gallica.bnf.fr</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>État présent de la maison de Bourbon. Quatrième édition.</i> Paris, Le Léopard d'or, 1991; p. 222: « <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIX">Louis XIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_d%27Artois" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri d'Artois">Henri V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Charles XI</a> et <a href="/wiki/Jaime,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaime, Duke of Madrid">Jacques I</a> continuèrent à donner l'ordre dans la discrétion et en 1972, <a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Jacques-Henri VI</a> suivit leur exemple, son fils <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Duke_of_Anjou_and_C%C3%A1diz" title="Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz">Alphonse II</a> faisant de même. » L’<i>État présent…</i> donne ensuite le nom de quatre chevaliers, créés par lettres patentes de 1972 et 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now You Know Royalty – Page 108 Doug Lennox – 2009 "Why is a first-class chef called a "cordon bleu"? This term comes from our French kings. The cordon bleu was the blue ribbon worn by Knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit, the French equivalent of the Order of the Garter, founded in 1578 by ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cordonbleu.edu/our-story/en">"The History of Le Cordon Bleu"</a>. <i>cordonbleu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cordonbleu.edu&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Le+Cordon+Bleu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cordonbleu.edu%2Four-story%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cordon-bleu">"cordon bleu"</a>. <i>Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary+%26+Thesaurus&rft.atitle=cordon+bleu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcordon-bleu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Collier_de_l%27ordre_du_Saint-Esprit_.jpg" title="File:Collier de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit .jpg">File:Collier de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit .jpg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Elements_collier_Saint-Esprit.svg" title="File:Elements collier Saint-Esprit.svg">File:Elements collier Saint-Esprit.svg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Louis_Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(known_as_Philippe_%C3%89galit%C3%A9)_in_ceremonial_robes_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit_by_Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois_Callet.jpg" title="File:Portrait of Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (known as Philippe Égalité) in ceremonial robes of the Order of the Holy Spirit by Antoine François Callet.jpg">File:Portrait of Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (known as Philippe Égalité) in ceremonial robes of the Order of the Holy Spirit by Antoine François Callet.jpg</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335445#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335445#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335445#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/189158786">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/312557558">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/238108360">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4439265-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85068749">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12496571b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12496571b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/1143">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007605553005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ordre du Saint-Esprit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/066857074">IdRef</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="France. Ordre du Saint-Esprit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027692507">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&oldid=1252724658">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit&oldid=1252724658</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Category:Order of the Holy Spirit">Order of the Holy Spirit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orders_of_chivalry_of_France" title="Category:Orders of chivalry of France">Orders of chivalry of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dynastic_orders" title="Category:Dynastic orders">Dynastic orders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1578_establishments_in_France" title="Category:1578 establishments in France">1578 establishments in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orders_of_chivalry_awarded_to_heads_of_state,_consorts_and_sovereign_family_members" title="Category:Orders of chivalry awarded to heads of state, consorts and sovereign family members">Orders of chivalry awarded to heads of state, consorts and sovereign family members</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022">Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2014" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2014">Articles needing additional references from September 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 17:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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