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<li id="toc-Rule_in_Syria,_infighting,_the_1966_coup_and_split:_1963–1966" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_in_Syria,_infighting,_the_1966_coup_and_split:_1963–1966"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rule in Syria, infighting, the 1966 coup and split: 1963–1966</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_in_Syria,_infighting,_the_1966_coup_and_split:_1963–1966-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>National organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Regional organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideology and policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology_and_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology and policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundational_Ba'ath:_1947–1960" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundational_Ba'ath:_1947–1960"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Foundational Ba'ath: 1947–1960</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundational_Ba'ath:_1947–1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab_Nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Arab Nation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peasant_and_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peasant_and_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Peasant and workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peasant_and_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Unity,_Freedom,_Socialism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Unity,_Freedom,_Socialism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>"Unity, Freedom, Socialism"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Unity,_Freedom,_Socialism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitional_Ba'ath:_1960–1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitional_Ba'ath:_1960–1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Transitional Ba'ath: 1960–1964</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitional_Ba'ath:_1960–1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regionalists_versus_nationalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regionalists_versus_nationalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Regionalists versus nationalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regionalists_versus_nationalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Arab_road_to_socialism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Arab_road_to_socialism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>The "Arab road to socialism"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Arab_road_to_socialism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stance_on_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stance_on_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Stance on religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stance_on_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Ba'ath:_1964–1966" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Ba'ath:_1964–1966"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Neo-Ba'ath: 1964–1966</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Ba'ath:_1964–1966-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regional branches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional branches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ba'ath Party</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A" title="حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%92%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%92%DC%A5%DC%AC" title="ܓܒܐ ܕܒܥܬ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܒܐ ܕܒܥܬ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պաաս կուսակցութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաաս կուսակցութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_%C3%81rabe_Socialista_Baaz" title="Partíu Árabe Socialista Baaz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Partíu Árabe Socialista Baaz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99%C9%99s_Partiyas%C4%B1" title="Bəəs Partiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bəəs Partiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="বাথ পার্টি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাথ পার্টি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D2%93%D3%99%D2%AB" title="Бәғәҫ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәғәҫ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Баас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Баас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Баас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strollad_Baath" title="Strollad Baath – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strollad Baath" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Baas" title="Partit Baas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Baas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baas" title="Baas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath-partiet" title="Ba'ath-partiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ba'ath-partiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baath-Partei" title="Baath-Partei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baath-Partei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%A2%DE%A6%DE%98%DE%B0_%DE%95%DE%A7%DE%93%DE%A9" title="ބަޢަޘް ޕާޓީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަޢަޘް ޕާޓީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_Taass%C3%BCnni_Sotsialistlik_Partei" title="Araabia Taassünni Sotsialistlik Partei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araabia Taassünni Sotsialistlik Partei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B1%CE%B8" title="Κόμμα Μπάαθ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόμμα Μπάαθ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Baaz_%C3%81rabe_Socialista" title="Partido Baaz Árabe Socialista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Baaz Árabe Socialista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baazo" title="Baazo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baazo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baath_Alderdi_Arabiar_Sozialista" title="Baath Alderdi Arabiar Sozialista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baath Alderdi Arabiar Sozialista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB" title="حزب بعث – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب بعث" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Baas" title="Parti Baas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti Baas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_%C3%81rabe_Socialista_Baaz" title="Partido Árabe Socialista Baaz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Árabe Socialista Baaz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%8B%B9" title="바트당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바트당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բաաս կուսակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բաաս կուսակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="बाथ सोशलिस्ट पार्टी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाथ सोशलिस्ट पार्टी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baas" title="Baas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27as-partiso" title="Ba'as-partiso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ba'as-partiso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Ba%27ath" title="Partai Ba'ath – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Ba'ath" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath-flokkurinn" title="Ba'ath-flokkurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ba'ath-flokkurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Ba%27th" title="Partito Ba'th – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Ba'th" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA%27" title="בעת' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעת'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბაასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiya_Bees" title="Partiya Bees – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Partiya Bees" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%81bu_soci%C4%81listisk%C4%81s_atdzim%C5%A1anas_partija" title="Arābu sociālistiskās atdzimšanas partija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arābu sociālistiskās atdzimšanas partija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baasz_P%C3%A1rt" title="Baasz Párt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baasz Párt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%89" title="حزب البعث العربى الاشتراكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب البعث العربى الاشتراكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8" title="بعث حزب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بعث حزب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Ba%27ath" title="Parti Ba'ath – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Ba'ath" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Baath" title="Partido Baath – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Partido Baath" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Socialistische_Ba%27ath-partij" title="Arabische Socialistische Ba'ath-partij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabische Socialistische Ba'ath-partij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E5%85%9A" title="バアス党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バアス党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%E2%80%99athpartiet" title="Ba’athpartiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ba’athpartiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baathpartiet_i_Irak" title="Baathpartiet i Irak – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baathpartiet i Irak" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CA%BCs_partiyasi" title="Baʼs partiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baʼs partiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Baas" title="Partia Baas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Baas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Baath_(1947%E2%80%931966)" title="Partido Baath (1947–1966) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Baath (1947–1966)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Baas_Arab_Socialist" title="Partidul Baas Arab Socialist – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Baas Arab Socialist" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Баас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Pairty" title="Ba'ath Pairty – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ba'ath Pairty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ba'ath Party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BD%D9%8A" title="بعث پارٽي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بعث پارٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%A1_socialistick%C3%A1_strana_obrody" title="Arabská socialistická strana obrody – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arabská socialistická strana obrody" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B9%D8%B3" title="حیزبی بەعس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حیزبی بەعس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Баас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Баас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baas" title="Baas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Baas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baathpartiet" title="Baathpartiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baathpartiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80" title="బాత్ పార్టీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాత్ పార్టీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8A%D1%81" title="Ҳизби Баъс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳизби Баъс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baas_Partisi" title="Baas Partisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baas Partisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Баас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="بعث سیاسی جماعت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بعث سیاسی جماعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%89" title="بەئس پارتىيەسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بەئس پارتىيەسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_h%C6%B0ng_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp" title="Đảng Xã hội chủ nghĩa Phục hưng Ả Rập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Xã hội chủ nghĩa Phục hưng Ả Rập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" title="阿拉伯复兴社会党 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拉伯复兴社会党" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%90%D7%98" title="באאט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%BB%A8" title="阿拉伯復興社會黨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿拉伯復興社會黨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%BB%A8" title="阿拉伯復興社會黨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯復興社會黨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179933#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Syrian political party (1947–1966)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the party which governed Iraq, see <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a>. For the party which governed Syria, see <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ba'ath Party (disambiguation)">Ba'ath Party (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #017B48; border-bottom:2px solid #017B48; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي</span></span></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">Secretary-General</span></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> (1954–65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a> (1965–66)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">April 7, 1947<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1947-04-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1966 (as a unified party)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merger of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party<br /><small>(Iraqi-dominated faction)</small></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party<br /><small>(Syrian-dominated faction)</small></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27ath" title="Al-Ba'ath">Al-Ba'ath</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007a3d; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ce1126; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"<a href="/wiki/Unity,_Freedom,_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity, Freedom, Socialism">Unity, Freedom, Socialism</a>"<br />"Long Live The Arabs"<br />"A single Arab nation with an eternal mission"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baathparty.sy">baathparty<wbr />.sy</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #017B48;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li></ul></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27athism" title="Category:Ba'athism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0; font-size: 175%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Ba'ath Party"><img alt="Flag of the Ba'ath Party" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Major_groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1947–1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1968–2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Syrian)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–2024</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ba%27athism" title="Neo-Ba'athism">Neo-Ba'athism</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1979–2003</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="History of the Ba'ath Party">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Abdul-Karim_Qasim" title="Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim">Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">UN sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Committee_to_Help_Iraq" title="Syrian Committee to Help Iraq">Syrian Committee to Help Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963</a> / <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup d'états</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_invasion_of_Jordan" title="Syrian invasion of Jordan">Syrian invasion of Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_intervention_in_the_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War">Intervention in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">Fall of the Assad regime</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Regional_branches" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Regional organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;text-align:center;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Algeria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Algeria" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Bahrain</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Assembly" title="Nationalist Democratic Assembly">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Bahrain" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Egypt</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Egypt_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Egypt" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Iraq</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Iraq" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Jordan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kuwait</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Kuwait" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Lebanon</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Libya</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Mauritania</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party" title="National Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Socialist Democratic Unionist Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Palestine</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sudan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Organization_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Syria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Syria" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Tunisia</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Tunisia" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Yemen</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Splinter-groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Splinter groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1960–1962/63</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Lebanon" title="Socialist Lebanon">Socialist Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1965–1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1970–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Sudanese Ba'ath Party">Sudanese Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2002–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Armed groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Arab Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abud_Network" title="Al-Abud Network">Al-Abud Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeish_Muhammad" title="Jeish Muhammad">Jeish Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionists" title="Rejectionists">Rejectionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Party" title="Snake Party">Snake Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Naqshbandi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Iraqi_Army" title="Free Iraqi Army">Free Iraqi Army</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadist%E2%80%93Saddamist_conflict" title="Assadist–Saddamist conflict">Assadist–Saddamist conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B8%A5da,_%E1%B8%A4urriyya,_Ishtir%C4%81kiyya" title="Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya">Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Baath_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Syrian_Baath_Logo.svg/220px-Syrian_Baath_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Syrian_Baath_Logo.svg/330px-Syrian_Baath_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Syrian_Baath_Logo.svg/440px-Syrian_Baath_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Ba'ath party logo</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥizb al-Baʿth al-ʿArabī al-Ishtirākī</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈħɪzb<span class="wrap"> </span>alˈbaʕθ<span class="wrap"> </span>alˈʕarabiː<span class="wrap"> </span>alɪʃtɪˈraːkiː]</a></span>), also transliterated as <b>Ba'th</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB#Etymology_1.2" class="extiw" title="wikt:بعث">البعث</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'resurrection'),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> founded in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a>, and associates of <a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a>. The party espoused <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a>, which is an ideology mixing <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a> interests. Ba'athism calls for the unification of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">single state</a>. Its motto, "<a href="/wiki/Unity,_Freedom,_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity, Freedom, Socialism">Unity, Freedom, Socialism</a>", refers to <a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab unity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">freedom</a> from non-Arab control and interference. </p><p>The party was founded by the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a>, led by ʿAflaq and al-Bitar, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a>, led by al-ʾArsūzī, on 7 April 1947 as the <b>Arab Ba'ath Party</b>. The party quickly established branches in other Arab countries, although it would only hold power in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. In 1952, the Arab Ba'ath Party merged with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a>, to form the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. The newly formed party was a relative success, and it became the second-largest party in the Syrian parliament in the <a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1954 Syrian parliamentary election">1954 election</a>. This, coupled with the increasing strength of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (UAR), a union of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and Syria, in 1958. The UAR would prove unsuccessful, and was dissolved following the <a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">1961 Syrian coup d'état</a>. </p><p>Following the break-up of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">UAR</a>, the Ba'ath Party was reconstituted. However, during the UAR period, military activists had established the Military Committee that took control of the Ba'ath Party away from civilian hands. In the meantime, in Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">the local Ba'ath Party branch</a> had taken power by orchestrating and leading the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a>, only to <a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">lose power a couple of months later</a>. The Military Committee, with Aflaq's consent, took power in Syria in the <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a>. </p><p>A power struggle quickly developed between the civilian faction led by ʿAflaq, al-Bitar, and <a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munīf ar-Razzāz</a> and the Military Committee led by <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>. As relations between the two factions deteriorated, the Military Committee initiated the <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a>, which ousted the National Command led by al-Razzāz, ʿAflaq, and their supporters. The 1966 coup split the Ba'ath Party between the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Iraqi-dominated Ba'ath Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Syrian-dominated Ba'ath Party</a>. There are currently no longer any Ba’athist countries after <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">the fall of the Ba’ath regime</a> in Syria on December 8, 2024. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="History of the Ba'ath Party">History of the Ba'ath Party</a></div> <p>The party was founded on 7 April 1947 as the Arab Ba'ath Party by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Antiochian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>), and the followers of <a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawite</a> who later became an atheist) in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria, leading to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian Regional Branch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200366_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200366-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other regional branches were established throughout the Arab world in the later 1940s and early 1950s, in, among others, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199098_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199098-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout its existence, the National Command (the body responsible for all-Arab affairs) gave most attention to Syrian affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200366_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200366-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd National Congress was convened in June 1954 and elected a seven-man National Command; Aflaq, Bitar, and <a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a> were elected and represented the Syrian Regional Branch,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich199010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich199010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a> and Abdallah Na'was were elected to represent the Jordanian Branch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005231_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005231-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1954 congress is notable for sanctioning the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a> and the Ba'ath Party, which took place in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199065_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199065-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syrian Regional Branch rose to prominence in the 1940s and 1950s; in the <a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1954 Syrian parliamentary election">1954 parliamentary elections</a> the Syrian Regional Branch won 22 seats in parliament, becoming the second largest party in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylani197215_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylani197215-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 90 percent of Ba'ath Party members who stood for elections were elected to parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylani197215_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylani197215-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure of the traditional parties, represented by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Syria)" title="National Party (Syria)">National Party</a>, strengthened the Ba'ath Party's public credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylani197216_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylani197216-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this position, the party was able to get two of its members into the cabinet; Bitar was appointed <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Expatriates_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> and Khalil Kallas became Minister of Economics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylani197219_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylani197219-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its new, strengthened position was used successfully to garner support for Syria's merger with <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>'s Egypt, which led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (UAR) in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylani197219–21_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylani197219–21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Gamal_Abdul_Nasser_with_Baath_Party_founders_Michel_Aflaq_and_Salah_al-Bitar_in_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/President_Gamal_Abdul_Nasser_with_Baath_Party_founders_Michel_Aflaq_and_Salah_al-Bitar_in_1958.jpg/240px-President_Gamal_Abdul_Nasser_with_Baath_Party_founders_Michel_Aflaq_and_Salah_al-Bitar_in_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/President_Gamal_Abdul_Nasser_with_Baath_Party_founders_Michel_Aflaq_and_Salah_al-Bitar_in_1958.jpg/360px-President_Gamal_Abdul_Nasser_with_Baath_Party_founders_Michel_Aflaq_and_Salah_al-Bitar_in_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/President_Gamal_Abdul_Nasser_with_Baath_Party_founders_Michel_Aflaq_and_Salah_al-Bitar_in_1958.jpg/480px-President_Gamal_Abdul_Nasser_with_Baath_Party_founders_Michel_Aflaq_and_Salah_al-Bitar_in_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din Bitar</a> (right) with Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (centre) in 1958. The three leaders were prime advocates for a <a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">pan-Arab union</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 June 1959, <a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a>, the Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch, accused the National Command of betraying Arab nationalist principles by conspiring against the UAR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960271_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960271-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light of these criticisms, the Ba'ath convened the 3rd National Congress, held 27 August–1 September 1959, attended by delegates from Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, South Arabia, the Gulf, "Arab South", "Arab Maghreb", Palestine, and Party student organisations in Arab and other universities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information197133_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information197133-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The congress is notable for endorsing the dissolution of the Syrian Regional Branch, which had been decided by Aflaq and Bitar without inner-party consultation in 1958,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPodeh1999219_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodeh1999219-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for expelling Rimawi, the Regional Secretary of the Jordanian Regional Branch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960497_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960497-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rimawi reacted to his expulsion by forming his own party, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a>, which established a rival National Command to compete with the original.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005203_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005203-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Command responded to the problems in Iraq by appointing a Temporary Regional Command on 2 February 1960, which appointed <a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a> as Regional Secretary,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960271_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960271-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 15 June 1961 the National Command expelled Rikabi from the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960271_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960271-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iraq, the Iraqi Regional Branch had supported <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>'s seizure of power and its ensuing abolishment of the Iraqi Monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi Ba'athists supported Qasim on the grounds that they believed he would enter Iraq into the UAR, enlarging the Arab nationalist republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this was proven to be a ruse, and after taking power, Qasim launched an Iraq first policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In retaliation, the Ba'ath Party tried to assassinate Qasim in February 1959, but the operation, involving a young <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200529_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200529-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qasim was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a> led by young Ba'athist officer <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a>; long suspected to be supported by the American <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200540_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200540-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however pertinent contemporary documents relating to the CIA's operations in Iraq have remained classified by the U.S. government,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the Iraqi Ba'athists are documented to have maintained supportive relationships with U.S. officials before, during, and after the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi Regional Branch, when it took power, was so riven by factionalism that its purported allies launched a counter-coup forcing them out of power in November 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200544–46_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200544–46-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 4th National Congress, held in August 1960, criticized the leadership of Aflaq and Bitar, called for the reestablishment of the Syrian Regional Branch and deemphasized the party's commitment to <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> while emphasizing more the socialist character of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199066_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199066-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197224_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197224-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, during the UAR's nadir in Syria, the Syrian General <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_al-Nahlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi">Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi</a> launched <a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">a coup on 28 September 1961</a>, which led to the reestablishment of the Syrian Arab Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-USDoS_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDoS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule_in_Syria,_infighting,_the_1966_coup_and_split:_1963–1966"><span id="Rule_in_Syria.2C_infighting.2C_the_1966_coup_and_split:_1963.E2.80.931966"></span>Rule in Syria, infighting, the 1966 coup and split: 1963–1966</h3></div> <p>The challenges of building a Ba'athist state led to considerable ideological discussion and internal struggle within the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFronzo200961_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFronzo200961-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi Regional Branch was increasingly dominated by self-described <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFronzo200961_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFronzo200961-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Sa'di was supported in his ideological reorientation by <a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a>, the Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Branch;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yasin al-Hafiz, one of the party's few ideological theorists; and by certain members of the secret Military Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199087_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199087-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marxist wing gained new ground at the 6th National Congress (held in October 1963), in which the Iraqi and Syrian regional branches called for the establishment of "socialist planning",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli2004105_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2004105-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collective farms</a> run by peasants", "workers' democratic control of the means of production", and other demands reflecting a certain emulation of <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet-style socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiro1982143_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiro1982143-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aflaq, angry at this transformation of his party, retained a nominal leadership role, but the National Command as a whole came under the control of the radicals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli2004106–107_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2004106–107-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, the Ba'ath Party <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">seized power</a> in Syria, and from then on the Ba'ath functioned as the only officially recognized Syrian political party, but factionalism and splintering within the party led to a succession of varying governments and new constitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200455_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200455-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 February 1966, <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">a coup d'état</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a>, the informal head of the Military Committee, overthrew Aflaq and Bitar's cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200459_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200459-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coup sprung out of factional rivalry between Jadid's "regionalist" (qutri) camp, which promoted ambitions for a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Syria">Greater Syria</a>, and the more traditionally <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arab</a> faction then in power, the "nationalist" (qawmi) faction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200459_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200459-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jadid's supporters were considered to have been more left-wing then Aflaq and his peers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004213_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004213-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of Jadid's opponents managed to make their escape, and they fled to <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200459_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200459-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jadid moved the party in a more radical direction. Although he and his supporters had not signed onto the victorious far-left line at the 6th Party Congress, they had now moved to adopt its positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004213_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004213-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moderate faction, formerly led by Aflaq and al-Bitar, were purged from the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004213_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004213-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it took some years, the 1966 coup resulted in the creation of two competing National Commands, <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">one Syrian-dominated</a> and another <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Iraqi-dominated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli2004106–107_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2004106–107-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both in Iraq and Syria, the Regional Command became the real centre of party power, and the membership of the National Command became a largely honorary position, often the destination of figures being eased out of the leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli2004106–107_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2004106–107-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One consequence of the split was that <a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a> took Aflaq's place as the official father of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athist thought</a> in the pro-Syrian Ba'ath movement, while the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath movement still considered Aflaq the <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> father of Ba'athist thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBengio1998218_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBengio1998218-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div> <p>The organizational structure of the Ba'ath Party was created at the 2nd National Congress (1954) by amending the party's Internal Regulations (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">An-Nidhāmu-d-Dākhilī</i></span>), which had been previously approved at the party's 1st National Congress (1947).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999392_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999392-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organizational structure ran from top to bottom, and members were forbidden to initiate contacts between groups on the same level of the organisation, i.e., all contacts had to pass through a higher command level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_organization">National organization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="National Command of the Ba'ath Party">National Command of the Ba'ath Party</a></div> <p>The National Command was the ruling organ of the party between sessions of the National Congress and was headed by a Secretary-General.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200465-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between National Congresses, the National Command was held accountable by the National Consultative Council (Arabic: <i>al-majlis al-istishari al-qawmi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Consultative Council was a forum made up of representatives from the party's regional branches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the number of National Consultative Council members was decided by the size of the regional branch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Congress elected the National Command, National Tribunal, the party's discipline body, and the Secretary-General, the party leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The congress delegates determined the party's policies and procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 1954, the party was ruled by the Executive Committee, but this organ, along with others, too, was replaced at the 2nd National Congress in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200465-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ba'athist jargon, "Nation" means the <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab Nation</a>, because of that, the National Command formed the highest policy-making and coordinating council for the Ba'ath movement throughout the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200465-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Command had several bureaus, similar to those of the Regional Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National Command sessions were held monthly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, the National Liaisons Office was responsible for maintaining contact with the party's Regional Branches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972148_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972148-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_organization">Regional organization</h3></div> <p>A "region" (<i>quṭr</i>), in Ba'athist parlance, is an Arab state, e.g., Syria, Iraq, or Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of the term <i>region</i> reflected the Party's refusal to acknowledge these countries as separate nation-states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Regional Congress, which combined all the provincial branches, was the region's highest authority and elected a Regional Command, the party leadership in a specific region; the Regional Tribunal, the body responsible for discipline inspection; and a Regional Secretary, the regional party leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Regional Congress was made of delegates from the provincial branches; other members attended, but as observers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Regional Congress was responsible for evaluating the party's performance since the last Regional Congress, while at the same time formulating new policies for the next period, which would last until the next Regional Congress was held.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How long this period lasted was decided by the Regional Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Regional Command, similar to the Branch Command, operated through bureaus and met for weekly-sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below the Regional Commands were <i>branches</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The branch came above the sub-branch; it comprised at least two to five sub-branches<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and operated at the provincial level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The branch held a congress periodically in which it elected a Command and a Secretary (leader).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Command operated through bureaus, such as the Workers Bureau and the Bureau of the Secretariat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>sub-branch</i> level constituted three to five sections "and was the lowest level of the party to hold a periodical Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sub-branches were independent of central authority and elected their own Command and secretaries, while other sub-branches were incorporated into the branches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter case, the sub-branch secretary would be appointed by the superior branch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>section</i>, which comprised two to five divisions, functioned at the level of a large city quarter, a town, or a rural district.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200465-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It elected its own command, composed of five members, but the sub-branch appointed the command's secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beneath the section were <i>divisions</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200465-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A division comprised two to seven <i>circles</i>, controlled by a division commander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200465-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowest level was the circle. It was composed of three to seven members, constituting the basic organizational unit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200465-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such Ba'athist groups occurred throughout the bureaucracy and the military. They functioned as the Party's watchdogs and were an effective form of covert surveillance within a public administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Military Organization was made up of branches similar to those in the Ba'ath's civilian sector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike the civilian sector, the Military Organization was controlled by a separate Military Bureau and held periodical Military Congresses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Military Organization and the Civilian Organization converged at the Regional Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership">Membership</h3></div> <p>There existed three types of membership categories in the Ba'ath Party: Active member (Arabic: <i>udw ämil</i>), Apprentice Member (Arabic: <i>udw mutadarrib</i>) and Supporter (Arabic: <i>firqa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Active member had to attend all formal meetings of his party unit, was given the right to vote in party elections,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and could run for party office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Syrian Regional Branch, a member had to spend 18 months as a Supporter to be promoted to Apprentice status, and then wait another 18 months to be promoted to Active member status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_policy">Ideology and policy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundational_Ba'ath:_1947–1960"><span id="Foundational_Ba.27ath:_1947.E2.80.931960"></span>Foundational Ba'ath: 1947–1960</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_Nation">Arab Nation</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%27ath_Constitution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ba%27ath_Constitution.jpg/220px-Ba%27ath_Constitution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ba%27ath_Constitution.jpg/330px-Ba%27ath_Constitution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Ba%27ath_Constitution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Part of the 1947 Ba'ath Party constitution</figcaption></figure> <p>For more than 2 decades, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>'s essay compilation titled "<i>Fi Sabil al-Ba'ath</i>" (translation: "The Road to Renaissance") was the primary ideological book of the Ba'ath party. The work was published by Aflaq in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its very beginning, the party was a manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalist</a> thought, with the party describing itself as "The Party of Arab Unity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999134_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999134-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pan-Arab tendencies of the party's predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a>, were strengthened in 1945–1947 by recruiting members from <a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a>'s Arab Ba'ath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999135_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999135-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first article of the party's constitution stated that: "...the Arabs form one nation. This nation has the natural right to live in a single state. [As such,] the Arab fatherland constitutes an indivisible political and economic unit. No Arab can live apart from the others."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaessen201024_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaessen201024-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To express his heartfelt belief in Arab nationalism, Aflaq coined the term "one Arab nation with an eternal message" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">ummah arabiyyah wahidah thatu risalah khalidah</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199030_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199030-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Party ideology, and Ba'athism in general, was not based on concepts such as the purity of the Arab race or ethnic chauvinism, but on idealistic concepts borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightenment era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199030–31_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199030–31-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to author Tabitha Petran, the basic tenet of the party's ideology was:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoaddel2005229_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoaddel2005229-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>...that the Arab nation is a permanent entity in history. The Arab nation is considered, philosophically speaking, not as a social and economic formation, but as a transcendent fact inspiring different forms, one of its highest contributions taking the form of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. It was not Islam that modeled the peoples of Arabia, the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, equipping them with Islamic values, especially the Arabic language and the Arabic culture, but the Arab nation which created Islam. This conception of the Arab nation implicitly advantages the Arab contribution to history. On the other hand, Arab decadence can be overcome through a purifying and spiritual action, not religious but moral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoaddel2005229_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoaddel2005229-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peasant_and_workers">Peasant and workers</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Talk:Ba'ath Party">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ba%27ath_Party&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ba%27ath+Party%22">"Ba'ath Party"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ba%27ath+Party%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ba%27ath+Party%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ba%27ath+Party%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ba%27ath+Party%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ba%27ath+Party%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The early Ba'ath gave little attention to the problems facing the peasants and workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the historian <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Batatu" title="Hanna Batatu">Hanna Batatu</a> notes, "Aflaq was basically urban in outlook. The peasants never constituted an object of his special concern. In his writing there is scarcely an expression of concentrated interest in the country's husbandsmen."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While peasants and the issues they faced are mentioned in some of Aflaq's work, there was scarcely any depth given to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aflaq never expressed explicit enmity towards traditional landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Issues such as these would only gain prominence when <a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a> became a leading party figure and when the "transitional Ba'athists" took power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the four members in the 1st Executive Committee, <a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a> was the only one who paid much attention to the problems of peasants and workers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the other members (Aflaq, <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a> and Jalil al-Sayyide) had a <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> upbringing and upheld middle-class values.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999134–136_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999134–136-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early party organization never cultivated a deep following in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, at the party's founding congress, only one peasant and one worker were present among the 217 delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136_53-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the delegates were either school teacher or students attending universities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136_53-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Party</a> (ASP) merged with the Ba'ath Party, the majority of ASP members of peasant origin did not join the Ba'ath Party, instead becoming personal followers of Hawrani.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136_53-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the majority of Ba'ath members were of rural upbringing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136_53-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999136-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Transitional Ba'ath", which grew out of the dissolution of the Syrian Regional Branch (1958) and the Military Committee, was more rural in outlook, policy and ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999144–145_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999144–145-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Unity,_Freedom,_Socialism""><span id=".22Unity.2C_Freedom.2C_Socialism.22"></span>"Unity, Freedom, Socialism"</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unity,_Freedom,_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity, Freedom, Socialism">Unity, Freedom, Socialism</a></div> <p>The slogan "<a href="/wiki/Unity,_Freedom,_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity, Freedom, Socialism">Unity, Freedom, Socialism</a>" is the key tenet in Ba'athist thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalem199462_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalem199462-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unity stood for the creation of an independent, strong Arab Nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalem199465-66_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalem199465-66-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> did not mean <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, but rather freedom from colonial oppression and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">thought</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalem199466–68_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalem199466–68-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aflaq believed that the Ba'ath Party, at least in theory, would rule, and guide the people, in a transitional period of time without consulting the people,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalem199467–68]_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalem199467–68]-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however he did support intra-party democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalem199467_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalem199467-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last tenet, 'socialism', did not mean socialism as defined in the West, but rather a unique form of <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalem199469–70_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalem199469–70-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ba'athist thought, socialism had originated under the rule of the Prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalem199469–70_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalem199469–70-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original interpretation of Arab socialism did not answer questions regarding economic equality or how much <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state control</a> was necessary, but instead focused on freeing the Arab Nation and its people from colonization and oppression in general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalem199469–70_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalem199469–70-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitional_Ba'ath:_1960–1964"><span id="Transitional_Ba.27ath:_1960.E2.80.931964"></span>Transitional Ba'ath: 1960–1964</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regionalists_versus_nationalists">Regionalists versus nationalists</h4></div> <p>After the failure of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (UAR), a union of Egypt and Syria, the Ba'ath Party was divided into two main factions, the Regionalists (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">Qutriyyun</i>) and the Nationalists (pan-Arab) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">Qawmiyyun</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the union with Egypt collapsed, the Ba'ath Party was put in a difficult position, as the party still sought Arab unity but did not oppose the UAR's dissolution and did not want to seek another union with Egypt under <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>'s rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, being the unionist party that it was, the party's leaders could not state their position on this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end result was that the pro-Arab nationalists within the Ba'ath Party became committed <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserists</a>, while the more moderate Arab nationalists founded the pro-Nasserite <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Unionists">Socialist Unionists</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third group, led by people disenchanted with both Nasser and the union period, remained in the Ba'ath Party but stopped believing in the feasibility of pan-Arabism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 February 1962, the National Command issued a new policy regarding the pan-Arab project by first mentioning the successes and failures of the UAR, but ending the statement by calling for the reestablishment of the UAR as a decentralized <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal union</a> with Nasser's Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197237_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197237-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many rank-and-file members opposed this change in policy, with many members being both disenchanted with pan-Arabism and Aflaq's continued party rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197237_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197237-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Syrian Regional Branch was reestablished, the majority of its members in the provinces were of communal origins – Druze, Alawi, or Ismaili.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968166_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968166-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provincial party members had not been told of the Syrian Regional Branch's dissolution, which in fact broke the communication line with provincial branches and the National Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968166_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968166-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is true that in 1962 the Regionalists supported the slogan adopted at the 5th National Congress, "the renewal of the union with Egypt while taking note of past mistakes", they treated such a slogan as a propaganda slogan rather than a feasible goal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968166–167_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968166–167-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_"Arab_road_to_socialism""><span id="The_.22Arab_road_to_socialism.22"></span>The "Arab road to socialism"</h4></div> <p>The disillusionment felt among party members on the pan-Arab project, led to the radicalization of the party's interpretation of socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yasin al-Hafiz, a former member of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a>, was an early frontrunner for the party's radicalization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he didn't oppose the pan-Arab project, he wanted to turn the concept of Arab socialism into a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialist</a> ideology which adapted <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> to local conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Atassi" title="Jamal al-Atassi">Jamal al-Atassi</a>, who had been a moderate socialist for most of his life, called for the renunciation of Arab socialism in 1963 and the adoption of a "virtually Marxist concept of socialism" by claiming that <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class struggle</a> was the moving force in society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241–42_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241–42-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a> became the leader of the party's Marxist faction during his short stint as Syrian Regional Secretary, literally the head of the Syrian Regional Organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197277_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197277-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shufi was able, due to his position as head of the Organization Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Regional Command</a>, to recruit several Marxist or Marxist-leaning members to the top of the Syrian Regional party hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197277–78_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197277–78-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radical socialists led by Ali Salih al-Sadi took control of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraqi Regional Branch</a> in 1963, which led to the official radicalization of the party's ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197282–83_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197282–83-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The delegates at the 6th National Congress elected an Ideology Committee that was responsible for writing a charter about the party's ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197284–86_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197284–86-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end result was the document <i>Points of Departure</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197284–86_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197284–86-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document, which was approved by the 6th National Congress, relegated Arab unity to a secondary role and gave socialism prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197284–86_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197284–86-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxist concepts were used interchangeably alongside Ba'athist ones; however, the document was reluctant in explicitly admitting that certain ideas were of Marxist origins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197287_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197287-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 6th National Congress borrowed key <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> tenets such as "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">people's democracy</a>" and emphasized the need of a <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">socialist vanguard</a> in-order to: </p> <blockquote><p>"play the role of mediator and leader (even if it is in power) that acts to direct the journey of the masses towards the socialist future in a scientific way and in a democratic style".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While the <i>Points of Departure</i> didn't create a break with the party's traditional ideology, it criticized the party's old guard for giving Arab unity primacy over socialism and their failure to turn Ba'athism into a comprehensive theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197287_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197287-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the documents says Arab unity is progressive, the reason for it being important changed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document stated: "Arab unity is an indispensable basis for the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">socialist economy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aflaq also believed that Arab unity was only an intermediate goal, but it stood at the centre of classical Ba'athism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Points of Departure</i>, despite not firmly stating it, the goal of creating a socialist society seemed to be both an immediate goal and the main goal of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of Arab socialism, accused of being narrow-minded and nationalistic, was replaced with the "Arab road to socialism" concept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Points of Departure</i> criticized the classical Ba'athist view regarding <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288_74-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical Ba'athists supported private ownership as a way to recruit into the party many <a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">petty bourgeois</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197289_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197289-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document called for <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of the commanding heights of the economy, the slow incorporation of the petty bourgeoisie into the socialist economy and the elimination of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">national bourgeoisie</a> and its allied classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197289_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197289-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To safeguard the party from evolving into one supporting <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>, the socialist economy would be controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">vanguard party</a> together with popular participation from the toiler masses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197289_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197289-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major policies in the "Arab road to socialism" included: </p> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of the major branches of the economy with the participation of the toiling masses in the management of the economy, and for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Collective_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective farms">collective farms</a> to effect the <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> necessary for the peasants...the Congress stipulated that the changes be directed by a "revolutionary vanguard", the final aim being to establish a "popular democracy" that was to guarantee freedom to the classes which constitute the true people and ensure the country's rapid development. This regime was to center on the party, leading the popular organizations and councils and operating according to the principle of "<a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stance_on_religion">Stance on religion</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">Militant secularism</a> was emphasized in the "<i>Declaration of Principles</i>" manifesto published by the Ba'ath party in 1960; which declared that the party's "educational policy" was to build a "new generation of Arabs that believe in the unity of the nation and the eternity of its mission".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manifesto also stated that this envisaged Ba'athist generation would be "committed to <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific thought</a> freed from the shackles of superstition and backward customs" and replace religion with <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> as their belief system.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Ba'ath:_1964–1966"><span id="Neo-Ba.27ath:_1964.E2.80.931966"></span>Neo-Ba'ath: 1964–1966</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism#Neo-Ba'athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism § Neo-Ba'athism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism#Neo-Ba'athism" title="Ba'athism">Neo-Ba'athism</a> refers to the dramatic changes that manifested in Ba'athist ideology from 1960 to 1964, and the Military Committee's takeover of the Syrian Regional Branch and the National Command in the period 1964 to 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968170–175_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968170–175-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 6th National Congress signified the takeover of the party by an anti-militarist left, which opposed both the traditional leaders in the National Command and the pragmatists in the Military Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968174–175_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968174–175-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the anti-military left called for <a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">popular democracy</a>, no involvement of the military in national politics and popular struggle, the Military Committee became concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968175_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968175-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, Ba'athist President <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a> imposed the socialist policies adopted in the 6th National Congress; fully nationalizing Syrian industry and vast segments of the private sector, and establishing a centralized <a href="/wiki/Command_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Economy">command economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1965 the anti-military leftists began to "spread rumors about the rightist character of the military junta [Military Committee] within the party and their subversive efforts to engulf it. There was not a single officer in the party who was not accused of conspiracy and reactionary tendencies."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968177_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968177-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In collaboration with the National Command, the Military Committee succeeded in expelling the anti-military left from the party at the 7th National Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968179_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968179-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Military Committee, which now controlled the Syrian Regional Branch, took control of the Ba'ath Party in the <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">coup of 1966</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968180_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968180-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military committee accused the Old Guard of diluting socialist ideology and casting aside "<a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Middle East expert Avraham Ben-Tzur, "the [neo-]Ba'th in its latest variant is a bureaucratic apparatus headed by the military, whose daily life and routine are shaped by the rigid military oppression on the home front, and [Soviet aid among others] military aid."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968181_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968181-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_branches">Regional branches</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a> founded the Iraqi Regional Branch in 1951<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhareebDougherty2004194_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhareebDougherty2004194-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are those who trace the branch's founding to Abd ar Rahman ad Damin and Abd al Khaliq al Khudayri in 1947, after their return from the 1st National Congress, which was held in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another version is that the branch was established in 1948 by Rikabi and Sa'dun Hamadi, a <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShefferMa'oz2002174_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShefferMa'oz2002174-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Efraim Karsh and Inari Rautsi contend that the Regional Branch was established in the 1940s, but that it received official recognition as a Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party in 1952 by the National Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarshRautsi199113_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarshRautsi199113-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is certain is that Rikabi was elected the Regional Branch's first Regional Secretary in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShefferMa'oz2002174_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShefferMa'oz2002174-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party initially consisted of a majority of Shia Muslims, as Rikabi recruited supporters mainly from his friends and family, but slowly became <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> dominated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakash2003136_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakash2003136-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Regional Branch, and other parties of pan-Arab inclination, had difficulties in recruiting Shia members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Shi'ites considered pan-Arab ideology as a Sunni project, since the majority of Arabs are Sunnis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a> in 1958, which overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Hashemite monarchy</a>, the Regional Branch had 300 members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200522_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200522-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi Regional Branch supported <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>'s rule on the grounds that he would seek Iraq's entry into the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 16-members of Qasim's cabinet, 12 of them were Regional Branch members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking power, Qasim changed his position on the UAR, reverting to the old "Iraq first policy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This turn displeased the Regional Branch and other Arab nationalists groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200525–26_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200525–26-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his policy reversal, the Regional Branch gathered a group, led by <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, which tried but failed to assassinate Qasim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200526_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200526-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Regional Branch seized power in the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200539_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200539-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coup was led by leading Regional Branch member <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200539_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200539-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plotters appointed <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a>, a Nasserite, to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">Presidency</a> while al-Bakr was appointed the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">country's Prime Minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, real power was in the hands of Ali Salih al-Sadi, the branch's Regional Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996161_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996161-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking power, the Regional Branch through its militia, the National Guard, initiated what Iraqi expert Con Coughlin referred to as an "orgy of violence" against <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These repressive measures coupled with factionalism within the Regional Branch led to the <a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a> by President Arif and his Nasserite supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200544_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200544-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq expert Malik Mufti believes Aflaq may have supported Arif's coup because it weakened al-Sadi's position within the party and strengthened his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996165_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996165-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coup forced the branch to go underground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200546–48_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200546–48-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the coup, several leading Ba'athist were jailed, such as al-Bakr and Saddam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200546–48_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200546–48-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the Regional Branch elected al-Bakr as Regional Secretary in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200546–48_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200546–48-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></div> <p>Following the party's establishment in Syria, Ba'athist ideas spread throughout the Arab world. In Jordan Ba'athist thought first spread to the <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">East Bank</a> in the late-1940s, most notably at universities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005135_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005135-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Regional Branch was not formed until 1951, several meetings took place at the universities where students and professors alike would discuss the Ba'athist thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005135_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005135-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the ideology being very popular, it took time before the actual Regional Branch was established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of teachers established the Regional Branch in the city by <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">Al-Karak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the very beginning, the clinic owned by Abd al-Rahman Shuqyar was used as the branch's meeting place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahjat Abu Gharbiyah became the Regional Branch's first member in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, and was thus resigned the responsibility of building the party's organization in the area the branch secretary in the West Bank, and was thus responsible in that area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the West Bank, the branch was most active in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1st Regional Congress was held in 1951 in the home of <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The congress mapped out the "future course of the party".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, the 2nd Regional Congress was held, this time in Abdallah Na'was' home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It elected a Regional Command and appointed Rimawi as the branch's Regional Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shugyar, Gharbiyah and Na'was agreed to serve in the Regional Branch's Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rimawi and Na'was, his deputy, would prove effective leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the 2nd Regional Congress, the branch launched a successful recruitment campaign in Jordanian and Palestinian neighbourhoods and cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 August 1956 the branch was legalized by a High Court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136–137_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136–137-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Rimawi and Na'was were <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">elected to Parliament</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1950_Jordanian_general_election" title="1950 Jordanian general election">1950</a> and <a href="/wiki/1951_Jordanian_general_election" title="1951 Jordanian general election">1951 elections</a> as <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politics)">independents</a> (the branch was not a legal party at the time).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005137_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005137-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1951 election, the branch managed to elect three members to parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005135_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005135-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rimawi was able to retain his seat in parliament until the <a href="/wiki/1956_Jordanian_general_election" title="1956 Jordanian general election">1956 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of these elections can be considered democratic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005175_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005175-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shuqyar, during the 1951 elections, was imprisoned by the authorities because his views were deemed to radical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005175_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005175-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than a month before the election day, the British Embassy in Amman had estimated that Shuqyar would gain an easy victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005175_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005175-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because of the undemocratic nature of the election, Shuqyar was not elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005175_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005175-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As voting patterns would prove, voters who voted for Ba'athist candidates lived in <a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> on the East Bank, and Jerusalem and <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> on the West Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136_104-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005136-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shuqyar during a government-imposed exile to Southern Jordan, used his spare time reading Marxist and <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005137_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005137-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he never became a communist, Shuqyar began to support communist concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005137_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005137-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return from exile he tried to persuade the Regional Branch to join in an electoral front with the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Communist_Party" title="Jordanian Communist Party">Jordanian Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005137_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005137-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Regional Branch leaders Rimawi, Na'was, Gharbiyah and <a href="/wiki/Munif_al-Razzaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Munif al-Razzaz">Munif al-Razzaz</a> opposed such an idea, and because of it, Shuqyar left the Ba'ath Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005137_106-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005137-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rimawi and Na'was were elected to the National Command at the 2nd National Congress (held in 1952).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005231_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005231-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 6th and 7th National Congress, the Regional Branch elected Razzaz to the National Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972227_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972227-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party</a></div> <p>The Lebanese Regional Branch was formed in 1949–1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeddon200485_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeddon200485-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the existence of the UAR, the Regional Branch was split into two factions, those supporting Nasser and those opposing him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960497_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960497-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in April 1960, the UAR denied the Regional Branch organ <i>As Sahafäh</i> access into the UAR-ruled Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960497_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960497-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Regional Branch was strongest in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960356_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960356-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1960_Lebanese_general_election" title="1960 Lebanese general election">1960 elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Majid_al-Rafei" title="Abd al-Majid al-Rafei">Abd al-Majid al-Rafei</a> was just a few votes short of being elected to parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960356_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960356-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a persistent problem for him during his election campaign was the vocal criticism of him and the Regional Branch by the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">Lebanese Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960356_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960356-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tripoli the Communists supported the candidacy of <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Karami" title="Rashid Karami">Rashid Karami</a>, to ensure themselves of a Regional Branch victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960348_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960348-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 July 1961 a group of rival Ba'athists led by Rimawi opened fire on several of the Regional Branch's members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960378_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960378-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the UAR years, the same factional lines that developed in the Syrian Regional Branch came to the Lebanese Regional Branch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197223_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197223-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 4th National Congress (held in Lebanon), which was mainly attended by delegates representing Lebanon, several resolutions with a pronounced anti-Nasser tone were approved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197223–24_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197223–24-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, criticism of Aflaq and Bitar was severe, both their leadership records and their ideology were criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197224_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197224-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A resolution was approved, which stated that the party leaders (Aflaq and al-Bitar among others) had too hastily entered into a union with Egypt, had wrongly dissolved the Syrian Regional Branch in 1958, and had given pan-Arabism primacy when socialism was more important. The resolution also affirmed the need to use a more Marxist lens rather than a Ba'athist one to analyze the current situation, and the need for the party to strengthen their positions among the workers, peasants, artisans, and shopkeepers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197224_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197224-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the position of the Lebanese Regional Branch, Aflaq at the 5th National Congress invited enough Iraqi Regional Branch delegates to neutralize the Lebanese delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197237_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197237-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at the same time, the Lebanese Regional Branch opposed Hawrani and his faction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197239_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197239-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 6th National Congress, the Lebanese Regional Branch elected Jubrän Majdalani and Khalid al-Ali to the National Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972227_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972227-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the 7th National Congress, the National Command in collaboration with the Military Committee removed leftists, such as those found in the Lebanese Regional Branch, from leadership positions, and expelled them from the party in the most severe cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972106_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972106-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lebanese Regional Branch managed to elect three members to the National Command at the 7th National Congress; Majdalani, al-Ali and Abd al-Majid Rafi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972227_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972227-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libya">Libya</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></div> <p>The Regional Branch was founded in the 1950s<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmons1993166_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons1993166-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Amr Taher Deghayes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1981227_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1981227-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ba'athism was a major political force in Libya following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>. Many intellectuals were attracted to Ba'athist ideology during the later years of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a>. However, with help from Nasserist propaganda, several Ba'athists changed affiliation and became Nasserists instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198194_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198194-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of these pan-Arab ideologies concerned the government, which led to the incarceration of several Nasserist and Ba'athist military officers in the early sixties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198196_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198196-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ba'athist were accused of working to overthrow "the political, economic and social system" of the Kingdom; the sentences ranged from everything to eight months to two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmons1993161_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons1993161-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1964, the Libyan Regional Branch had only managed to establish one-level below the Regional Command, the branch-level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevlin197918_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevlin197918-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian specialist John Devlin estimated that the Libyan Regional Branch had been 50 and 150 members in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevlin197918_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevlin197918-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></div> <p>Syrian politics took a dramatic turn in 1954 when the military government of <a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Adib Shishakli</a> was overthrown and the democratic system restored. The Ba'ath, now a large and popular organisation, won 15 out of 142 parliamentary seats in the <a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1954 Syrian parliamentary election">Syrian election</a> that year, becoming the second-largest party in parliament. Aside from the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a> (SCP), the Ba'ath Party was the only party able to organise mass protests among workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeretz1994413_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeretz1994413-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> due to their pro-Egyptian and <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a> stance along with their advocation of social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinerStanley2009149_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinerStanley2009149-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ba'ath faced considerable competition from ideological competitors, notably the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> (SSNP), which supported the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Syria">Greater Syria</a>. The Ba'ath Party's main adversary was the SCP, whose support for class struggle and internationalism was anathema to the Ba'ath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004211_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004211-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to parliamentary-level competition, all these parties (as well as <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a>) competed in street-level activity and sought to recruit support among the military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004210–211_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004210–211-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1957, the SCP was able to weaken the Ba'ath Party to such an extent that the Ba'ath Party drafted a bill in December that called for a union with Egypt, a move that proved to be very popular. The Ba'ath leadership dissolved the party in 1958, gambling that the illegalisation of certain parties would hurt the SCP more than it would the Ba'ath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004211–212_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004211–212-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg/250px-Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg/375px-Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg/500px-Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a> (left) with <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, 1957.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">military coup</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in 1961 brought the UAR to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200452–53_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200452–53-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixteen prominent politicians signed a statement supporting the coup, among them al-Hawrani and <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a> (who later retracted his signature).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPodeh1999152–153_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodeh1999152–153-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the UAR's dissolution, the Ba'ath Party was reestablished at the 1962 congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200455_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200455-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Military Committee did not show itself to the civilian wing of the party at this congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200368_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200368-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the congress, Aflaq and the Military Committee, through <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Umran" title="Muhammad Umran">Muhammad Umran</a>, made contact for the first time; the committee asked for permission to initiate a coup d'état; Aflaq supported the conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199075_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199075-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the success of the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a>, led by the Ba'ath Party's <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraqi Regional Branch</a>, the Military Committee hastily convened to hatch a coup against <a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Kudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim al-Kudsi">Nazim al-Kudsi</a>'s presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199076–78_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199076–78-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">8 March Revolution</a> proved successful, and a Ba'athist government in Syria was established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199076–78_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199076–78-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plotters first order was to establish the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Revolutionary_Command" title="National Council for the Revolutionary Command">National Council for the Revolutionary Command</a> (NCRC), consisting entirely of Ba'athists and Nasserists, and controlled by military personnel rather than civilians from the very beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199078_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199078-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Ba'ath Party had attained power, there was significant infighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200368–69_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200368–69-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Military Committee, which was itself a tiny minority of the already small Ba'ath Party membership, ruled by force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200368–69_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200368–69-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ba'ath Party lacked a popular base, as it had only 2,500 members by mid-1963. Even if membership expanded, the authoritarian rule it had introduced would only increase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200368–69_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200368–69-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The civilian wing was plagued by infighting between the radical socialist and moderate faction, while the military stood more unified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200369_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200369-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever the case, the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian Regional Command</a> slowly amassed its powers by weakening the National Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200369_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200369-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This all came to a head in the <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200369_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200369-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party officially indefinitely suspended all activities in Syria on 11 December 2024, following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">Fall of the Assad regime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> <p>Following the Ba'ath Party's founding, regional branches were established in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman200260_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman200260-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not long after it established branches in <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">North Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_South_Arabia" title="Protectorate of South Arabia">South Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972169_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972169-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">Regional Branch</a> was established in the 1950s, but was forced underground for much of its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-underground_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-underground-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saudi Regional Branches elected Ali Ghannäm to represent them at the 7th National Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972227_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972227-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While its currently unknown which side the Saudi Ba'ath took after the 1966 split, it published a newspaper, <i>Sawt al-Tal'iyya</i>, from 1973 to 1980. It was an ardent critic of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Saudi royal family</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>. The majority of its members were <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1963, Ba'ath cells were being established in Sudan, and there were even rumours that a Ba'ath cell had been established in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199090_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199090-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">regional Ba'ath Party branch</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> in 1988 after the one-party system ended.<sup id="cite_ref-baathflagbook_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baathflagbook-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengio, Ofra (1998). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddamswordpolit0000beng">Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq</a></i> (Paperback). Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 35. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511439-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511439-3">978-0-19-511439-3</a>. "The name Ba'th at once evokes the party's central slogans: "A single Arab nation with an eternal mission" and "Unity, freedom, socialism." The first slogan echoes several verses of the Qur'an where the words umma wahida (one nation) appear. Verse 209 of the sura al-Baqara, for instance, reads: "The people were one nation; then God sent forth the Prophets, good tidings to bear and warning." The whole party phrase, with its internal rhyme in Arabic, elicits a longing for completeness, a yearning for a messianic transformation. The glorious past of the Arabs is made the source and aim fo emulation. Arsuzi wrote: "The Arabs conquered the world in order to civilize it and for that vision they sacrificed their lives... They spread their rule from the Chinese Wall to the Atlantic Ocean and from the center of Europe to the center of Africa... One caliph, one law, one official language."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Shaffi_Agwani1961" class="citation journal cs1">Mohammed Shaffi Agwani (January 1961). "The Baʻth: A Study in Contemporary Arab Politics". <i>International Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002088176100300102">10.1177/002088176100300102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8817">0020-8817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154673494">154673494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ba%CA%BBth%3A+A+Study+in+Contemporary+Arab+Politics&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1961-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154673494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-8817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002088176100300102&rft.au=Mohammed+Shaffi+Agwani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200366-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200366_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200366_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolk2006">Polk 2006</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199098-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199098_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeale1990">Seale 1990</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich199010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich199010_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReich1990">Reich 1990</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005231-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005231_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005231_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199065-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199065_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeale1990">Seale 1990</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylani197215-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylani197215_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylani197215_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaylani1972">Kaylani 1972</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylani197216-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylani197216_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaylani1972">Kaylani 1972</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylani197219-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylani197219_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaylani1972">Kaylani 1972</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylani197219–21-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylani197219–21_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaylani1972">Kaylani 1972</a>, pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960271-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960271_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960271_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960271_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOron1960">Oron 1960</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information197133-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information197133_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Information1971">Ministry of Information 1971</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodeh1999219-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPodeh1999219_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPodeh1999">Podeh 1999</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOron1960497-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960497_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960497_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOron1960497_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOron1960">Oron 1960</a>, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005203-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005203_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200529-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200529_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200540-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200540_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (2015-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/dh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/dh/dht121">"Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad"</a>. <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">98–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121">10.1093/dh/dht121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <q>While scholars and journalists have long suspected that the CIA was involved in the 1963 coup, as yet, there is very little archival analysis of the question. The most comprehensive study put forward thus far finds "mounting evidence of U.S. involvement" but ultimately runs up against the problem of available documentation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Embracing+Regime+Change+in+Iraq%3A+American+Foreign+Policy+and+the+1963+Coup+d%27etat+in+Baghdad&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fdh%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). <i>The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>. <q>What really happened in Iraq in February 1963 remains shrouded behind a veil of official secrecy. Many of the most relevant documents remain classified. Others were destroyed. And still others were never created in the first place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2011" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/kennedy-administration-counterinsurgency-and-iraqs-first-bathist-regime/B4DA680E1CD37E8293DCEE8788C7C826">"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a></i>. <b>43</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">635–</span>653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743811000882">10.1017/S0020743811000882</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6380">1471-6380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159490612">159490612</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703150509/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/kennedy-administration-counterinsurgency-and-iraqs-first-bathist-regime/B4DA680E1CD37E8293DCEE8788C7C826">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or cataloged.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kennedy+Administration%2C+Counterinsurgency%2C+and+Iraq%27s+First+Ba%27thist+Regime&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E653&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159490612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1471-6380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743811000882&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Weldon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fkennedy-administration-counterinsurgency-and-iraqs-first-bathist-regime%2FB4DA680E1CD37E8293DCEE8788C7C826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2011" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743811000882/type/journal_article">"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a></i>. <b>43</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">635–</span>653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743811000882">10.1017/S0020743811000882</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159490612">159490612</a>. <q>[Kennedy] Administration officials viewed the Iraqi Ba'th Party in 1963 as an agent of counterinsurgency directed against Iraqi communists, and they cultivated supportive relationships with Ba'thist officials, police commanders, and members of the Ba'th Party militia. The American relationship with militia members and senior police commanders had begun even before the February coup, and Ba'thist police commanders involved in the coup had been trained in the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kennedy+Administration%2C+Counterinsurgency%2C+and+Iraq%27s+First+Ba%27thist+Regime&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E653&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159490612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743811000882&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Weldon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0020743811000882%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (2015-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/dh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/dh/dht121">"Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad"</a>. <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">98–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121">10.1093/dh/dht121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Embracing+Regime+Change+in+Iraq%3A+American+Foreign+Policy+and+the+1963+Coup+d%27etat+in+Baghdad&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fdh%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200544–46-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200544–46_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199066-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199066_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeale1990">Seale 1990</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197224-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197224_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197224_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197224_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDoS-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDoS_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm">"Background Note: Syria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</i>. May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121022641/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972230_41-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200465-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200465_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCommins2004">Commins 2004</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972231_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972148-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972148_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoueiri2000234_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoueiri2000">Choueiri 2000</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021035254/https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/michel-aflaq">"Michel Aflaq"</a>. <i>harvard.edu</i>. 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaessen201024_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClaessen2010">Claessen 2010</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199030-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199030_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeale1990">Seale 1990</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199030–31-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199030–31_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeale1990">Seale 1990</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoaddel2005229-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoaddel2005229_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoaddel2005229_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoaddel2005">Moaddel 2005</a>, p. 229.</span> 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href="#CITEREFBatatu1999">Batatu 1999</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999134–136-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999134–136_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatatu1999">Batatu 1999</a>, pp. 134–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999144–145-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatatu1999144–145_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatatu1999">Batatu 1999</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalem199462-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalem199462_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalem1994">Salem 1994</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalem199465-66-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalem199465-66_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalem199469–70_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalem199469–70_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalem1994">Salem 1994</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197237-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197237_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197237_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197237_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968166-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968166_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968166_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Tzur1968">Ben-Tzur 1968</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968166–167-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968166–167_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Tzur1968">Ben-Tzur 1968</a>, pp. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241–42-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197241–42_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197277-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197277_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197277–78-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197277–78_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197282–83-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197282–83_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197284–86-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197284–86_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197284–86_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197284–86_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, pp. 84–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197287-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197287_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197287_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinat2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ginat, Rami (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284075">"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200008701312">10.1080/00263200008701312</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284075">4284075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144922816">144922816</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221122004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284075">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+the+Syrian+Ba%27th+regime%3A+From+hesitation+to+Rapprochement&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144922816%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4284075%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200008701312&rft.aulast=Ginat&rft.aufirst=Rami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4284075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288_74-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197288_74-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197289-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197289_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197289_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197289_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinat2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ginat, Rami (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284075">"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200008701312">10.1080/00263200008701312</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284075">4284075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144922816">144922816</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221122004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284075">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+the+Syrian+Ba%27th+regime%3A+From+hesitation+to+Rapprochement&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144922816%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4284075%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200008701312&rft.aulast=Ginat&rft.aufirst=Rami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4284075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723214138/http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf">"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bashar%27s+Syria%3A+The+Regime+and+its+Strategic+Worldview&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E364-%3C%2Fspan%3E365&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herzliyaconference.org%2F_Uploads%2F2590Bashars.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2007" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970". <i>The Truth About Syria</i>. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8273-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8273-5"><bdi>978-1-4039-8273-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+The+World%27s+Most+Unstable+Country%2C+1946-1970&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+Syria&rft.place=175+Fifth+Avenue%2C+New+York%2C+NY+10010&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-8273-5&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968170–175-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968170–175_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Tzur1968">Ben-Tzur 1968</a>, pp. 170–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968174–175-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968174–175_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Tzur1968">Ben-Tzur 1968</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968175-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968175_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Tzur1968">Ben-Tzur 1968</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinat2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ginat, Rami (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284075">"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200008701312">10.1080/00263200008701312</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284075">4284075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144922816">144922816</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221122004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284075">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+the+Syrian+Ba%27th+regime%3A+From+hesitation+to+Rapprochement&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144922816%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4284075%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200008701312&rft.aulast=Ginat&rft.aufirst=Rami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4284075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968181-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Tzur1968181_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Tzur1968">Ben-Tzur 1968</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhareebDougherty2004194-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhareebDougherty2004194_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhareebDougherty2004">Ghareeb & Dougherty 2004</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz,_Helen_Chapin" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen Chapin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/iraq/77.htm">"Iraq — Politics: The Baath Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012073305/http://countrystudies.us/iraq/77.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241211-live-syrian-refugees-attempt-return-to-homeland-after-assad-regime-ousted">"Assad's Baath party suspends work indefinitely in Syria"</a>. France 24. 11 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assad%E2%80%99s+Baath+party+suspends+work+indefinitely+in+Syria&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2024-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2F20241211-live-syrian-refugees-attempt-return-to-homeland-after-assad-regime-ousted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman200260-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman200260_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldman2002">Goldman 2002</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972169-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972169_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-underground-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-underground_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjmi,_Sana2012" class="citation web cs1">Ajmi, Sana (4 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310042933/http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/01/04/tunisian-baath-party-celebrates-5th-anniversary-of-saddam-husseins-death/">"Tunisian Baath Party Celebrates 5th Anniversary of Saddam Hussein's Death"</a>. Tunisia-live.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/01/04/tunisian-baath-party-celebrates-5th-anniversary-of-saddam-husseins-death/">the original</a> on 10 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tunisian+Baath+Party+Celebrates+5th+Anniversary+of+Saddam+Hussein%27s+Death&rft.pub=Tunisia-live.net&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft.au=Ajmi%2C+Sana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tunisia-live.net%2F2012%2F01%2F04%2Ftunisian-baath-party-celebrates-5th-anniversary-of-saddam-husseins-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222114159/http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/CTC_EmbattledInArabia_ShiisAndThePoliticsOfConfrontationInSaudiArabia.pdf">"Embattled in Arabia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embattled+in+Arabia&rft.pub=Human+Security+Gateway&rft.date=2009-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humansecuritygateway.com%2Fdocuments%2FCTC_EmbattledInArabia_ShiisAndThePoliticsOfConfrontationInSaudiArabia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199090-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199090_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeale1990">Seale 1990</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baathflagbook-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baathflagbook_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelamry,_Algiers-Ramada2008" class="citation web cs1">Belamry, Algiers-Ramada (8 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/09/08/56229.html">"Baath Party resumes underground activities"</a>. alarabiya.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080909114209/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/09/08/56229.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baath+Party+resumes+underground+activities&rft.pub=alarabiya.net&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft.au=Belamry%2C+Algiers-Ramada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2008%2F09%2F08%2F56229.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <dl><dt>Articles & journals</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Tzur1968" class="citation journal cs1">Ben-Tzur, Avraham (July 1968). 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href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21729-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21729-0"><bdi>0-631-21729-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Nationalism%3A+A+History%3A+Nation+and+State+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-631-21729-0&rft.aulast=Choueiri&rft.aufirst=Youssef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaessen2010" class="citation book cs1">Claessen, Erik (2010). <i>Stalemate: An Anatomy of Conflicts between Democracies, Islamists, and Muslim Autocrats: An Anatomy of Conflicts between Democracies, Islamists, and Muslim Autocrats</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313384455" title="Special:BookSources/9780313384455"><bdi>9780313384455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalemate%3A+An+Anatomy+of+Conflicts+between+Democracies%2C+Islamists%2C+and+Muslim+Autocrats%3A+An+Anatomy+of+Conflicts+between+Democracies%2C+Islamists%2C+and+Muslim+Autocrats&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780313384455&rft.aulast=Claessen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2004" class="citation book cs1">Commins, Dean (2004). <i>Historical Dictionary of Syria</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4934-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4934-8"><bdi>0-8108-4934-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Syria&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8108-4934-8&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.aulast=Coughlin&rft.aufirst=Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawisha2005" class="citation book cs1">Dawisha, Addid (2005). <i>Arab nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12272-4"><bdi>978-0-691-12272-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+nationalism+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+From+Triumph+to+Despair&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12272-4&rft.aulast=Dawisha&rft.aufirst=Addid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFronzo2009" class="citation book cs1">DeFronzo, James (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900813343913"><i>The Iraq War: Origins and Consequences</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4391-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4391-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-4391-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iraq+War%3A+Origins+and+Consequences&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4391-4&rft.aulast=DeFronzo&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_2900813343913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevlin1979" class="citation book cs1">Devlin, John (1979). <i>The Baath Party: a History from its Origins to 1966</i> (2nd ed.). Hoover Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884273607">884273607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baath+Party%3A+a+History+from+its+Origins+to+1966&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Hoover+Institute+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884273607&rft.aulast=Devlin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Research_Division2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (2004). <i>Syria: A Country Study</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing" title="Kessinger Publishing">Kessinger Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-5022-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-5022-7"><bdi>978-1-4191-5022-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-5022-7&rft.au=Federal+Research+Division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2003" class="citation book cs1">George, Alan (2003). <i>Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84277-213-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84277-213-9"><bdi>1-84277-213-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Neither+Bread+nor+Freedom&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84277-213-9&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhareebDougherty2004" class="citation book cs1">Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth K. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000ghar"><i>Historical Dictionary of Iraq</i></a></span>. The Scarecrow Press, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4330-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4330-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-4330-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Iraq&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4330-1&rft.aulast=Ghareeb&rft.aufirst=Edmund+A.&rft.au=Dougherty%2C+Beth+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000ghar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinerStanley2009" class="citation book cs1">Finer, Samuel; Stanley, Jay (2009). <i>The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0922-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0922-3"><bdi>978-0-7658-0922-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+on+Horseback%3A+The+Role+of+the+Military+in+Politics&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0922-3&rft.aulast=Finer&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2002" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Ralph Morris (2002). <i>The Future Catches Up: Transnational Parties and Democracy</i>. <a href="/wiki/IUniverse" title="IUniverse">iUniverse</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-22888-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-22888-1"><bdi>978-0-595-22888-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+Catches+Up%3A+Transnational+Parties+and+Democracy&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-595-22888-1&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro1982" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (1982). <i>Inside the Middle East</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge & Kegan Paul</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-9039-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-9039-0"><bdi>0-7100-9039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-7100-9039-0&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Jeremy (2007). <i>Negotiating Change: The New Politics of the Middle East</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-269-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-269-1"><bdi>978-1-84511-269-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Change%3A+The+New+Politics+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-269-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarshRautsi1991" class="citation book cs1">Karsh, Afraim; Rautsi, Inari (1991). <i>Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/078815110X" title="Special:BookSources/078815110X"><bdi>078815110X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam+Hussein%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=078815110X&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Afraim&rft.au=Rautsi%2C+Inari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostiner2007" class="citation book cs1">Kostiner, Joseph (2007). <i>Conflict and Cooperation in the Gulf Region</i>. VS Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-16205-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-531-16205-8"><bdi>978-3-531-16205-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Cooperation+in+the+Gulf+Region&rft.pub=VS+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-531-16205-8&rft.aulast=Kostiner&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMufti1996" class="citation book cs1">Mufti, Malik (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc"><i>Sovereign creations: pan-Arabism and Political order in Syria and Iraq</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+creations%3A+pan-Arabism+and+Political+order+in+Syria+and+Iraq&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.aulast=Mufti&rft.aufirst=Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoaddel2005" class="citation book cs1">Moaddel, Mansoor Erik (2005). <i>Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226533339" title="Special:BookSources/9780226533339"><bdi>9780226533339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Modernism%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Fundamentalism%3A+Episode+and+Discourse&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780226533339&rft.aulast=Moaddel&rft.aufirst=Mansoor+Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Information1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Information (Syria)">Ministry of Information</a> (1971). <i>The Socialist Arab Ba'ath: a Profound Belief</i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Syria" title="Government of Syria">Government of the Syrian Arab Republic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Information (Syria)">Ministry of Information</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socialist+Arab+Ba%27ath%3A+a+Profound+Belief&rft.pub=Government+of+the+Syrian+Arab+Republic.+Ministry+of+Information&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Ministry+of+Information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakash2003" class="citation book cs1">Nakash, Yitzhak (2003). <i>The Shi'is of Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11575-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11575-7"><bdi>978-0-691-11575-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27is+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11575-7&rft.aulast=Nakash&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOron1960" class="citation book cs1">Oron, Yitzhak (1960). <i>Middle East Record</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/George_Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited">George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0028IN0X6">B0028IN0X6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Record&rft.pub=George+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson+Limited&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0028IN0X6%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Oron&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeretz1994" class="citation book cs1">Peretz, Don (1994). <i>The Middle East Today</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-94576-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-94576-6"><bdi>0-275-94576-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+Today&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-275-94576-6&rft.aulast=Peretz&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodeh1999" class="citation book cs1">Podeh, Elie (1999). <i>The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic</i>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902210-20-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-902210-20-4"><bdi>1-902210-20-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Arab+Unity%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+United+Arabic+Republic&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-902210-20-4&rft.aulast=Podeh&rft.aufirst=Elie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Roe_Polk" class="mw-redirect" title="William Roe Polk">Polk, William Roe</a> (2006). <i>Understanding Iraq: A Whistlestop Tour from Ancient Babylon to Occupied Baghdad</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-123-6"><bdi>978-1-84511-123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Iraq%3A+A+Whistlestop+Tour+from+Ancient+Babylon+to+Occupied+Baghdad&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-123-6&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=William+Roe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinovich1972" class="citation book cs1">Rabinovich, Itamar (1972). <i>Syria Under the Baʻth, 1963–66: The Army Party Symbiosis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7065-1266-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7065-1266-9"><bdi>0-7065-1266-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+Under+the+Ba%CA%BBth%2C+1963%E2%80%9366%3A+The+Army+Party+Symbiosis&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7065-1266-9&rft.aulast=Rabinovich&rft.aufirst=Itamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich1990" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Bernard (1990). <i>Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313262136" title="Special:BookSources/0313262136"><bdi>0313262136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+the+Contemporary+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0313262136&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalem1994" class="citation book cs1">Salem, Paul (1994). <i>Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2628-2"><bdi>978-0-8156-2628-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitter+Legacy%3A+Ideology+and+Politics+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2628-2&rft.aulast=Salem&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeale1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Seale" title="Patrick Seale">Seale, Patrick</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal"><i>Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06976-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06976-5"><bdi>0-520-06976-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asad+of+Syria%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-520-06976-5&rft.aulast=Seale&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasadofsyriastrug00seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeddon2004" class="citation book cs1">Seddon, David (2004). <i>A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-212-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-212-6"><bdi>1-85743-212-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+and+Economic+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85743-212-6&rft.aulast=Seddon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShefferMa'oz2002" class="citation book cs1">Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). <i>Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas</i>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-84-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-84-1"><bdi>978-1-902210-84-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+Minorities+and+Diasporas&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-902210-84-1&rft.aulast=Sheffer&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft.au=Ma%27oz%2C+Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1993" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Geoffrey Leslie (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libyastrugglefor00simo"><i>Libya: The Struggle for Survival</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-08997-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-08997-X"><bdi>0-312-08997-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya%3A+The+Struggle+for+Survival&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-312-08997-X&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibyastrugglefor00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTejei2009" class="citation book cs1">Tejei, Jordi (2009). <i>Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-09643-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-09643-5"><bdi>978-1-134-09643-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+Kurds%3A+History%2C+Politics+and+Society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-134-09643-5&rft.aulast=Tejei&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1981" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John (1981). <i>Libya: A Modern History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7099-2727-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7099-2727-4"><bdi>0-7099-2727-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-7099-2727-4&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABa%27ath+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://albaath.online.fr/">The five volumes of Michel Aflaq's <i>On The Way Of Resurrection</i> (Fi Sabil al Ba'th)</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050203235613/http://baath-party.org/eng/constitution.htm">The Constitution of the Arab Socialist Ba'th Party</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Socialist_Ba&#039;ath_Party957" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Template:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Template talk:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Socialist_Ba&#039;ath_Party957" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;;background:#017B48;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraqi-dominated faction</span></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syrian-dominated faction</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="History957" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="History of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Committee_to_Help_Iraq" title="Syrian Committee to Help Iraq">Syrian Committee to Help Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Pre-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Abdul-Karim_Qasim" title="Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim">Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Politics of Ba'athist Syria">Politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Revolutionary_Command" title="National Council for the Revolutionary Command">National Council for the Revolutionary Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rashid_revolt" title="Ar-Rashid revolt">Ar-Rashid revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Post-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Revolutionary_Command_Council_under_Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="List of members of the Revolutionary Command Council under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Belt">Arab Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Arabization_campaigns_in_northern_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq">Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadist%E2%80%93Saddamist_conflict" title="Assadist–Saddamist conflict">Assadist–Saddamist conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Ba'athification in Iraq">De-Ba'athification in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_archives" title="Ba'ath Party archives">Ba'ath Party archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">Fall of the Assad regime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Leadership957" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">General Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Pre-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraqi-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Al-Mukhtar" title="Salah Al-Mukhtar">Salah Al-Mukhtar</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syrian-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar <small><i>(de facto)</i></small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Regional Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed" title="Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed">Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Jordan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Homsi" title="Akram al-Homsi">Akram al-Homsi</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assem_Qanso" title="Assem Qanso">Assem Qanso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Majid_al-Rafei" title="Abd al-Majid al-Rafei">Abd al-Majid al-Rafei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isam_al-Qadi" title="Isam al-Qadi">Isam al-Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakad_Salem" title="Rakad Salem">Rakad Salem</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Members</span></a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="National Command of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">National Command</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Khalaf_Abbas" title="Hadiya Khalaf Abbas">Hadiya Khalaf Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Farah" title="Elias Farah">Elias Farah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakem_Al-Fayez" title="Hakem Al-Fayez">Hakem Al-Fayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuheir_Mohsen" title="Zuheir Mohsen">Zuheir Mohsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Yashruti" title="Khaled Yashruti">Khaled Yashruti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Members of the Regional Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humam_Abd_al-Khaliq_Abd_al-Ghafur" title="Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur">Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanim_Abdul-Jalil" title="Ghanim Abdul-Jalil">Ghanim Abdul-Jalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_Abdul-Majid" title="Saad Abdul-Majid">Saad Abdul-Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Mustafa_Abdullah" title="Jamal Mustafa Abdullah">Jamal Mustafa Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed" title="Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed">Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Omar_al-Ali" title="Salah Omar al-Ali">Salah Omar al-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huda_Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash">Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Salih Mahdi Ammash">Salih Mahdi Ammash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Al-Awadi" title="Hussein Al-Awadi">Hussein Al-Awadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Abdullah_Mahdi_Al-Douri" title="Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri">Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadoun_Ghaidan" title="Saadoun Ghaidan">Saadoun Ghaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadil_Mahmud_Gharib" title="Fadil Mahmud Gharib">Fadil Mahmud Gharib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizban_Khadr_al-Hadi" title="Mizban Khadr al-Hadi">Mizban Khadr al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27dun_Hammadi" title="Sa'dun Hammadi">Sa'dun Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latif_Nassif_Jassim" title="Latif Nassif Jassim">Latif Nassif Jassim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Taan_Kazim" title="Rashid Taan Kazim">Rashid Taan Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Khayr_Allah" title="Adnan Khayr Allah">Adnan Khayr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhyi_Abdul-Hussein_Mashhadi" title="Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi">Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Abdul_Aziz_al-Najim" title="Samir Abdul Aziz al-Najim">Samir Abdul Aziz al-Najim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Saleh_Al-Numan" title="Aziz Saleh Al-Numan">Aziz Saleh Al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Hamoud_Al-Obaidi" title="Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi">Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Yassin_Ramadan" title="Taha Yassin Ramadan">Taha Yassin Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Mutlaq_al-Rawi" title="Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi">Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Rifai" title="Rashid al-Rifai">Rashid al-Rifai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Al-Baqi_Abd_Karim_Al-Sadun" title="Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun">Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zimam_al-Sadun" title="Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun">Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Khaliq_al-Samarra%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i">Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Sallum_al-Samarra%27i" title="Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i">Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayef_Shindakh_Thamer" title="Nayef Shindakh Thamer">Nayef Shindakh Thamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Sirhan" title="Khamis Sirhan">Khamis Sirhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardan_al-Tikriti" title="Hardan al-Tikriti">Hardan al-Tikriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Abdallah_al-Ubaydi" title="Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi">Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Tahir Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hamza_Zubeidi" title="Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi">Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hesqel" title="Ibrahim Hesqel">Ibrahim Hesqel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Shuaib" title="Musa Shuaib">Musa Shuaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Khalaf_Abbas" title="Hadiya Khalaf Abbas">Hadiya Khalaf Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arnous" title="Hussein Arnous">Hussein Arnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Saeed_Bekheitan" title="Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan">Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsen_Bilal" title="Muhsen Bilal">Muhsen Bilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Dakhlallah" title="Mahdi Dakhlallah">Mahdi Dakhlallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Diyab" title="Ahmad Diyab">Ahmad Diyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Duba" title="Ali Duba">Ali Duba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Habash" title="Marwan Habash">Marwan Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Hadid" title="Ibrahim al-Hadid">Ibrahim al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Halabi" title="Muhammad Ali al-Halabi">Muhammad Ali al-Halabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Badr_Hassan" title="Adnan Badr Hassan">Adnan Badr Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Hatum" title="Salim Hatum">Salim Hatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilal_Hilal" title="Hilal Hilal">Hilal Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_al-Hussein" title="Mohammad al-Hussein">Mohammad al-Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_Ikhtiyar" title="Hisham Ikhtiyar">Hisham Ikhtiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_al-Jundi" title="Abdul-Karim al-Jundi">Abdul-Karim al-Jundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Jundi" title="Sami al-Jundi">Sami al-Jundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_al-Kasm" title="Abdul Rauf al-Kasm">Abdul Rauf al-Kasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Imad Khamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib" title="Ahmad al-Khatib">Ahmad al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khleifawi" title="Abdul Rahman Khleifawi">Abdul Rahman Khleifawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Jihad_al-Laham" title="Mohammad Jihad al-Laham">Mohammad Jihad al-Laham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Makhous" title="Ibrahim Makhous">Ibrahim Makhous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhair_Masharqa" title="Zuhair Masharqa">Zuhair Masharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Mero" title="Muhammad Mustafa Mero">Muhammad Mustafa Mero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Qaddura" title="Abdul Qadir Qaddura">Abdul Qadir Qaddura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammouda_Sabbagh" title="Hammouda Sabbagh">Hammouda Sabbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farouk_al-Sharaa" title="Farouk al-Sharaa">Farouk al-Sharaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_al-Shihabi" title="Hikmat al-Shihabi">Hikmat al-Shihabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Tlass" title="Mustafa Tlass">Mustafa Tlass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Turkmani" title="Hasan Turkmani">Hasan Turkmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Umran" title="Muhammad Umran">Muhammad Umran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Yasin" title="Salim Yasin">Salim Yasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zuayyin" title="Yusuf Zuayyin">Yusuf Zuayyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ahmad_Nasser_al-Dhahab" title="Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab">Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Heads of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib" title="Ahmad al-Khatib">Ahmad al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam <small><i>(interim)</i></small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Heads of government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27dun_Hammadi" title="Sa'dun Hammadi">Sa'dun Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hamza_Zubeidi" title="Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi">Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Husayn_Khudayir_as-Samarrai" title="Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai">Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Syria" title="List of prime ministers of Syria"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zuayyin" title="Yusuf Zuayyin">Yusuf Zuayyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khleifawi" title="Abdul Rahman Khleifawi">Abdul Rahman Khleifawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Ayyubi" title="Mahmoud al-Ayyubi">Mahmoud al-Ayyubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Halabi" title="Muhammad Ali al-Halabi">Muhammad Ali al-Halabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_al-Kasm" title="Abdul Rauf al-Kasm">Abdul Rauf al-Kasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Al-Zoubi" title="Mahmoud Al-Zoubi">Mahmoud Al-Zoubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Mero" title="Muhammad Mustafa Mero">Muhammad Mustafa Mero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ibrahim_Ghalawanji" title="Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji">Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Imad Khamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arnous" title="Hussein Arnous">Hussein Arnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_al-Jalali" title="Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali">Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div>* = incumbent</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Organization957" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organization_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Organization of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Organization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27athist_regional_branches" title="Category:Ba'athist regional branches"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Regional branches</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraqi-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Assembly" title="Nationalist Democratic Assembly">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Egypt_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party" title="National Vanguard Party">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syrian-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Socialist Democratic Unionist Party">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vanguard_Party_(South_Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Vanguard Party (South Yemen)">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Organization_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="History of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">National Security Bureau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27ath" title="Al-Ba'ath">Al-Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawt_al-Jamahir" title="Sawt al-Jamahir">Sawt al-Jamahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawra_(newspaper)" title="Al-Thawra (newspaper)">Al-Thawra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Popular fronts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq)">National Progressive Front (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front (Syria)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Battalions_(Iraq)" title="National Defense Battalions (Iraq)">National Defense Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Army_(Iraq)" title="Popular Army (Iraq)">Popular Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Youth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Union" title="Revolutionary Youth Union">Revolutionary Youth Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organizations957" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_associated_with_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Organizations associated with the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Associated organizations</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Armed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abud_Network" title="Al-Abud Network">Al-Abud Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Iraqi_Army" title="Free Iraqi Army">Free Iraqi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeish_Muhammad" title="Jeish Muhammad">Jeish Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionists" title="Rejectionists">Rejectionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Party" title="Snake Party">Snake Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27ath_Party_breakaway_groups" title="Category:Ba'ath Party breakaway groups"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Breakaway groups</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement_(Damascus_branch)" title="Arab Socialist Movement (Damascus branch)">Damascus branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Toilers%27_Movement" title="Arabic Toilers' Movement">Arabic Toilers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arab_Front" title="Palestinian Arab Front">Palestinian Arab Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Lebanon" title="Socialist Lebanon">Socialist Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Sudanese Ba'ath Party">Sudanese Ba'ath Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Political alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Palestinian_Forces" title="Alliance of Palestinian Forces">Alliance of Palestinian Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">Forces of Freedom and Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Consensus_Forces" title="National Consensus Forces">National Consensus Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(Sudan)" title="National Democratic Alliance (Sudan)">National Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_and_Islamic_Forces" title="Palestinian National and Islamic Forces">Palestinian National and Islamic Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahd_Bloc" title="Ahd Bloc">Ahd Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Patriotic_and_National_Parties" title="Front of Patriotic and National Parties">Front of Patriotic and National Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front" title="Lebanese National Resistance Front">Lebanese National Resistance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_the_Liberation_of_Syria" title="National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria">National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Union Front (Iraq)">National Union Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Alliance" title="Palestinian National Alliance">Palestinian National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Salvation_Front" title="Palestinian National Salvation Front">Palestinian National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Union_Party" title="Arab Democratic Union Party">Arab Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Unionist Party">Democratic Socialist Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Revolutionary_Party" title="Kurdistan Revolutionary Party">Kurdistan Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Movement" title="Libyan National Movement">Libyan National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant_Party" title="National Covenant Party">National Covenant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Party_(Iraq)" title="Popular Unity Party (Iraq)">Popular Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawab_(Mauritania)" title="Sawab (Mauritania)">Sawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Unionists" title="Social Democratic Unionists">Social Democratic Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unionist_Party_(Syria)" title="Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)">Socialist Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Bakdash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">Unified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon">in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Trade_Unions_(Syria)" title="General Federation of Trade Unions (Syria)">General Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Peasants" title="General Union of Peasants">General Union of Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Syrian_Women" title="General Union of Syrian Women">General Union of Syrian Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Miscellaneous957" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Miscellaneous</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ba%27athism" title="Neo-Ba'athism">Neo-Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Symbolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B8%A5da,_%E1%B8%A4urriyya,_Ishtir%C4%81kiyya" title="Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya">Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardulfurataini" title="Ardulfurataini">Ardulfurataini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_nationalism328" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_nationalism" title="Template talk:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_nationalism328" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Islamic_nationalism" title="Arab-Islamic nationalism">Arab-Islamic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">1941 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">1961 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalists" title="Category:Arab nationalists">Personalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jassem_Alwan" title="Jassem Alwan">Jassem Alwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Atassi" title="Jamal al-Atassi">Jamal al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Darwaza" title="Izzat Darwaza">Izzat Darwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most%C3%A9fa_Merarda" title="Mostéfa Merarda">Mostéfa Merarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi" title="Adnan Pachachi">Adnan Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi" title="Hamdeen Sabahi">Hamdeen Sabahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_nationalist_parties" title="List of Arab nationalist parties">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatat" title="Al-Fatat">Al-Fatat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">Al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Movement" title="Arab Nationalist Movement">Arab Nationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Action_Party" title="Arab Socialist Action Party">Arab Socialist Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Egypt)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)">Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Iraq)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)">Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Libya)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Libya)">Arab Socialist Union (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_People%27s_Union" title="Arabian Peninsula People's Union">Arabian Peninsula People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)">Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Legion" title="Islamic Legion">Islamic Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Political_Command" title="Unified Political Command">Unified Political Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Arab_Awakening" title="The Arab Awakening">The Arab Awakening</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalist_symbols" title="Category:Arab nationalist symbols">Symbolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Flag" title="Arab Liberation Flag">Arab Liberation Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic">Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saladin" title="Eagle of Saladin">Eagle of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation" title="Flag of the Arab Federation">Flag of the Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">Flag of the Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics">Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Flag of the United Arab Republic">Flag of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk_of_Quraish" title="Hawk of Quraish">Hawk of Quraish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalism" title="Category:Arab nationalism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Iraq_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraqi_political_parties" title="Template:Iraqi political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraqi_political_parties" title="Template talk:Iraqi political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraqi_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraqi political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Iraq_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties in Iraq</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadrist_Movement" title="Sadrist Movement">Sadrists</a> (73) (<b>quit</b>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iraq)" title="Progress Party (Iraq)">Progress Party</a> (37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a> (33) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Organisation" title="Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation">Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a> (17) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sadiqoun_Bloc" title="Al-Sadiqoun Bloc">Al-Sadiqoun Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Iraq" title="Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq">Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azem_Alliance" title="Azem Alliance">Azem Alliance</a> (14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emtidad_Movement" title="Emtidad Movement">Emtidad Movement</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Movement" title="New Generation Movement">New Generation Movement</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishraqat_Kanoon" title="Ishraqat Kanoon">Ishraqat Kanoon</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmim_Alliance" title="Tasmim Alliance">Tasmim Alliance</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Alliance" title="Victory Alliance">Victory Alliance</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Justice_Group" title="Kurdistan Justice Group">Kurdistan Justice Group</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserved Christian seats (5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Movement" title="Babylon Movement">Babylon Movement</a> (4)</li> <li>Independents (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserved minority seats (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hareth_Shanshal_Sunaid" title="Hareth Shanshal Sunaid">Hareth Shanshal Sunaid</a> (1) [Mandaean seat]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naif_Khalaf_Seydou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naif Khalaf Seydou (page does not exist)">Naif Khalaf Seydou</a> (1) [Yazidi seat]</li> <li>Council of Free Shabaks (1) [Shabak seat]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrepresented in parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Iraqis_(party)" title="The Iraqis (party)">The Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Congress" title="Iraqi National Congress">Iraqi National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wisdom_Movement" title="National Wisdom Movement">National Wisdom Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li>Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pan-Arab organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Arab Liberation Front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics of Iraq</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Syria395" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_political_parties" title="Template:Syrian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Syrian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Syria395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties in Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pan-Arab organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unionist_Party_(Syria)" title="Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)">Socialist Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">Syrian Communist Party (Unified)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant_Party" title="National Covenant Party">National Covenant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Union_Party" title="Arab Democratic Union Party">Arab Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Unionist Party">Democratic Socialist Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Unionists" title="Social Democratic Unionists">Social Democratic Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement_(Damascus_branch)" title="Arab Socialist Movement (Damascus branch)">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Will_Party" title="People's Will Party">People's Will Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">Unrepresented</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_People%27s_Party" title="Syrian Democratic People's Party">Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Assembly" title="Syrian Turkmen Assembly">Syrian Turkmen Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Turkmen_Bloc" title="Syria Turkmen Bloc">Syria Turkmen Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Turkmen_Movement" title="Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement">Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Arab_Socialist_Union" title="Democratic Arab Socialist Union">Democratic Arab Socialist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Justice_and_Development_in_Syria" title="Movement for Justice and Development in Syria">Movement for Justice and Development in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Youth_Party" title="Syrian National Youth Party">National Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Future_Movement_in_Syria" title="Kurdish Future Movement in Syria">Kurdish Future Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Syria" title="Reform Party of Syria">Reform Party of Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Syria)" title="National Bloc (Syria)">National Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Syria)" title="National Party (Syria)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Union (Egypt)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nationalist_Action" title="League of Nationalist Action">League of Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_National_Party_(historical)" title="Arab National Party (historical)">Arab National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party">Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Movement" title="Arab Liberation Movement">Arab Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Cooperation_Party" title="Socialist Cooperation Party">Socialist Cooperation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Communist_Party" title="Arab Communist Party">Arab Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_(Syria)" title="Communist Labour Party (Syria)">Communist Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Syria" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_in_Syria" title="National Salvation Front in Syria">National Salvation Front in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banned Islamist parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Kurdish Supreme Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Future_Movement_in_Syria" title="Kurdish Future Movement in Syria">Kurdish Future Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party">Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assyrian parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Party" title="Assyrian Democratic Party">Assyrian Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179933#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata912" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179933#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata912" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179933#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ḥizb al-Baʿṯ al-ʿArabī al-Ištirākī"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2063730-5">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hizb al-Baas al-Arabí al-Ištirákí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20030523008&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027427137">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ba%27ath_Party&oldid=1276584323">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ba%27ath_Party&oldid=1276584323</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27ath_Party" 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