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class="mw-page-title-main">Transition from Sui to Tang</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_des_Sui_aux_Tang" title="Transition des Sui aux Tang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transition des Sui aux Tang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A7%90%EB%8B%B9%EC%B4%88" title="수말당초 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수말당초" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transisi_dari_Sui_ke_Tang" title="Transisi dari Sui ke Tang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transisi dari Sui ke Tang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%AB%E5%94%90%E5%88%9D" title="隋末唐初 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="隋末唐初" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Смена империи Суй империей Тан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смена империи Суй империей Тан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Transition+from+Sui+to+Tang%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Transition from Sui to Tang</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui_Dynasty_Uprisings.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sui_Dynasty_Uprisings.png/220px-Sui_Dynasty_Uprisings.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sui_Dynasty_Uprisings.png/330px-Sui_Dynasty_Uprisings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sui_Dynasty_Uprisings.png/440px-Sui_Dynasty_Uprisings.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="902" /></a></span><br />Major uprisings in the eve of the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>613–628</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China</a> united by the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (until 618) <a href="/wiki/Xue_Ju" title="Xue Ju">Qin</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Li_Gui_(warlord)" title="Li Gui (warlord)">Liang</a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Wuzhou" title="Liu Wuzhou">Deng Yang</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shichong" title="Wang Shichong">Zheng</a> <a href="/wiki/Dou_Jiande" title="Dou Jiande">Xia</a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Heita" title="Liu Heita">Han Dong</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Xian" title="Xiao Xian">Liang</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="width:100%"> At least 1 million deaths</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Transition from Sui to Tang</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:唐朝">唐朝</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:開國">開國</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:戰爭">戰爭</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">唐朝开国战争</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Tang dynasty founding war</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tángcháo kāiguó zhànzhēng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>transition from Sui to Tang</b> (613–628), or simply the <b>Sui-Tang transition</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a> between the end of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. The Sui dynasty's territories were carved into a handful of short-lived states by its officials, generals, and agrarian rebel leaders. A process of elimination and annexation followed that ultimately culminated in the consolidation of the Tang dynasty by the former Sui general <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Li Yuan</a>. Near the end of the Sui, Li Yuan installed the puppet child emperor <a href="/wiki/Yang_You" title="Yang You">Yang You</a>. Li later executed Yang and proclaimed himself emperor of the new Tang dynasty. </p><p>The transition started roughly around the year of 613 when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a> launched his first of <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Sui_War" title="Goguryeo–Sui War">three campaigns</a> against <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, leading to a number of desertions in the army and the start of agrarian revolt against the Sui. The transition ended in 628, when Emperor Gaozu's son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Li Shimin</a> annexed the agrarian rebel ruler <a href="/wiki/Liang_Shidu" title="Liang Shidu">Liang Shidu</a>'s state of Liang, thereby once again unifying most of China under a single power. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sui_campaigns_against_Goguryeo_and_the_start_of_rebellions">Sui campaigns against Goguryeo and the start of rebellions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sui campaigns against Goguryeo and the start of rebellions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg/248px-Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg/371px-Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg/495px-Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a>, a portrait painting by the Tang artist <a href="/wiki/Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600–673</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 611, <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> experienced more than two decades of peace and prosperity, after unifying much of China and ending the <a href="/wiki/Chen_dynasty" title="Chen dynasty">Chen dynasty</a> in 589. The Eastern <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian plateau">Mongolian plateau</a>, had since become a Sui vassal state under <a href="/wiki/Qimin_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qimin Khan">Qimin Khan</a> Ashina Rangan and similarly with <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, based in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean peninsula">Korean peninsula</a>. There was one brief internal conflict between <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a>, who became emperor in 604, and his brother <a href="/wiki/Yang_Liang" title="Yang Liang">Yang Liang</a> the Prince of Han, who had not seen war. When Goguryeo's king <a href="/wiki/Yeong-yang_of_Goguryeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeong-yang of Goguryeo">Yeongyang</a> refused to pay homage to Emperor Yang in 610, Emperor Yang decided to plan a campaign to conquer it, and both he and the people believed that the conquest would be easy. </p><p>However, staging the attack on Goguryeo took much human and other tolls. The building of a fleet and the shipping of food and other supplies to the base of operations, <a href="/wiki/Zhuo_Commandery" title="Zhuo Commandery">Zhuo Commandery</a> (涿郡, roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>) caused major disruptions in the farming cycle and massive deaths among those conscripted to ship the supplies to Zhuo Commandery. In response, in 611, in northern China, those who refused to be conscripted began to revolt as agrarian rebels, led by leaders such as Wang Bo (王薄) and Liu Badao (劉霸道). While Emperor Yang initially did not consider these rebels serious threats, the local governmental militias were unable to quell them. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang_family_tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang_family_tree.svg/391px-Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang_family_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="391" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang_family_tree.svg/587px-Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang_family_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang_family_tree.svg/782px-Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang_family_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Family tree of the transition from Sui to Tang</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite this, Emperor Yang launched his first campaign against Goguryeo in 612, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> into Goguryeo territory in spring 612. Emperor Yang personally led part of the army to put the important city Liaodong (遼東, in modern <a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>) under siege, while he sent the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> generals <a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Shu" title="Yuwen Shu">Yuwen Shu</a> and Yu Zhongwen (于仲文) to lead the rest of the army deep into Goguryeo territory, heading toward the Goguryeo capital <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, joined by the fleet commanded by the southern Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Lai_Hu%27er" title="Lai Hu'er">Lai Hu'er</a>. Emperor Yang, however, was never able to capture Liaodong, while <a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a> and Yu, advancing nearly to Pyongyang, were defeated by the Goguryeo general <a href="/wiki/Eulji_Mundeok" title="Eulji Mundeok">Eulji Mundeok</a> and forced to withdraw with heavy losses. By fall 612, Emperor Yang was forced to terminate the campaign and withdraw as well, with only minor territorial gains. About 300,000 men had been lost in the campaign. </p><p>Undeterred, Emperor Yang launched a second campaign against Goguryeo in 613, even though the agrarian rebellions were becoming more numerous and serious. He again headed for Liaodong himself and put it under siege, while sending Yuwen Shu with another general <a href="/wiki/Yang_Yichen_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Yichen (Sui dynasty)">Yang Yichen</a> toward Pyongyang. While he was sieging Liaodong, the northern Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xuangan" title="Yang Xuangan">Yang Xuangan</a>, in charge of logistics near the Sui eastern capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, rebelled and attacked Luoyang. When Emperor Yang heard the news, he withdrew his forces and sent Yuwen and <a href="/wiki/Qutu_Tong" title="Qutu Tong">Qutu Tong</a> back to Luoyang ahead of himself, and Yuwen and Qutu joined with Fan Zigai (樊子蓋) and Wei Wensheng (衛文昇), the commanders of forces that Emperor Yang had left at Luoyang and <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> respectively, to defeat <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xuangan" title="Yang Xuangan">Yang Xuangan</a>. Emperor Yang carried out heavy-handed reprisals against actual or perceived adherents of Yang Xuangan, but such actions did not deter further rebellions. </p><p>Despite this, Emperor Yang launched a third campaign against Goguryeo in 614. As Lai Hu'er reached the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a>, however, Goguryeo submitted, sending Yang Xuangan's Turkic confederate Husi Zheng (斛斯政), who had fled to Goguryeo, back to Sui as a sign of submission. Emperor Yang terminated the campaign, but when he again summoned Yeongyang to pay homage to him, Yeongyang ignored his summons. Emperor Yang began to plan a fourth campaign, which, however, he was never able to launch. </p><p>Meanwhile, in the fall of 615, while Emperor Yang and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiao_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Empress Xiao (Sui dynasty)">Empress Xiao</a> were conducting a tour of the northern frontier, Qimin Khan's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Shibi_Khan" title="Shibi Khan">Shibi Khan</a> launched a surprise attack against <a href="/wiki/Yanmen_Commandery" title="Yanmen Commandery">Yanmen Commandery</a> as a reprisal for the emperor's proposal to give a princess to his brother and for the treacherous murder of one of his close advisors. The khan's wife Princess Yicheng, a relative of the emperor who had been personally honored by the empress during an earlier visit, sent them a secret warning about the Turkic attack. The imperial entourage fled to the fortified commandery seat at present-day <a href="/wiki/Daixian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daixian">Daixian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-daxiong_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daxiong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Shibi Khan's forces besieged them on September 11.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zizhi182_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zizhi182-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yu_Shiji" title="Yu Shiji">Yu Shiji</a> advised the emperor to raise morale among the soldiers by promising promotion and rewards, as well as promising to abandon the unpopular campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>; this had the desired effect and Sui forces loyally rushed to the area to lift the siege. Meanwhile, however, the empress's brother <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Yu" title="Xiao Yu">Xiao Yu</a> had gotten the emperor to seek further assistance from Princess Yicheng, who was administering military affairs at home in her husband's absence. She sent a false report to the khan that a northern attack had been launched against the khaganate; between this report and others announcing the Chinese reinforcements, Shibi Khan lifted the siege and returned north. With credit for his salvation muddled, Emperor Yang followed the advice of <a href="/wiki/Su_Wei_(politician)" title="Su Wei (politician)">Su Wei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Shu" title="Yuwen Shu">Yuwen Shu</a> and reneged on most of his promises, causing great resentment among the military.<sup id="cite_ref-daxiong_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daxiong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disintegration_of_Sui">Disintegration of Sui</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Disintegration of Sui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Establishment_of_the_Tang_Dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Establishment_of_the_Tang_Dynasty.svg/400px-Establishment_of_the_Tang_Dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Establishment_of_the_Tang_Dynasty.svg/600px-Establishment_of_the_Tang_Dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Establishment_of_the_Tang_Dynasty.svg/800px-Establishment_of_the_Tang_Dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Map of the situation in northern China during the transition from the Sui to the Tang, with the main contenders for the throne and the main military operations</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite (or perhaps because of) increasing agrarian rebel activities in northern China, Emperor Yang did not return to Chang'an or stay at Luoyang, but went to Jiangdu (江都, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>) in fall 616. With his departure from Luoyang, the rebels near Luoyang coalesced under the leadership of Yang Xuan'gan's former strategist <a href="/wiki/Li_Mi_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Li Mi (Sui dynasty)">Li Mi</a>, who was proclaimed the Duke of Wei and considered the presumptive eventual emperor by most rebel leaders throughout northern China. Li, however, was not able to capture Luoyang and never claimed the imperial title. </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Yichen_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Yichen (Sui dynasty)">Yuchi Yichen</a> made an attempt to destroy the rebels north of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, but while he enjoyed some successes, Emperor Yang and his prime minister <a href="/wiki/Yu_Shiji" title="Yu Shiji">Yu Shiji</a>, fearing <a href="/wiki/Yang_Yichen_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Yichen (Sui dynasty)">Yuchi Yichen</a>'s military strengths, recalled him under guise of a promotion, allowing the rebel activities north of the Yellow River to reinvigorate themselves and become difficult to control, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Dou_Jiande" title="Dou Jiande">Dou Jiande</a>. </p><p>By 617, a number of other major rebel leaders also began to control significant portions of territory. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fuwei" title="Du Fuwei">Du Fuwei</a>, agrarian rebel, occupying the modern southern <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Kaidao" title="Gao Kaidao">Gao Kaidao</a>, agrarian rebel, occupying the modern extremely northern <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Shidu" title="Liang Shidu">Liang Shidu</a>, agrarian rebel, occupying the modern central <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> region, declaring himself the Emperor of Liang.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Gui_(warlord)" title="Li Gui (warlord)">Li Gui</a>, formerly a Sui official, occupying the modern central and western <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> region, declaring himself the Prince of Liang.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Li Yuan</a>, formerly a Sui official (and Emperor Yang's cousin), occupying the modern central <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> region, announcing that he wanted to make Emperor Yang's grandson <a href="/wiki/Yang_You" title="Yang You">Yang You</a> the Prince of Dai, then at Chang'an, emperor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shihong" title="Lin Shihong">Lin Shihong</a>, agrarian rebel, occupying the modern <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> region, declaring himself the Emperor of Chu.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Wuzhou" title="Liu Wuzhou">Liu Wuzhou</a>, agrarian rebel, occupying the modern northern Shanxi region, declaring himself the Dingyang Khan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Yi" title="Luo Yi">Luo Yi</a>, former a Sui general, occupying the modern <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Xian" title="Xiao Xian">Xiao Xian</a>, formerly a Sui official, a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Western_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Xuan of Western Liang">Emperor Xuan of Western Liang</a>, occupying the modern <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> region, declaring himself the Emperor of Liang.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xue_Ju" title="Xue Ju">Xue Ju</a>, agrarian rebel, occupying the modern eastern Gansu and western <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> region, declaring himself the Hegemonic Prince of Western Qin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Can" title="Zhu Can">Zhu Can</a>, formerly a Sui official, roving with his army in the modern southern <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and southeastern Shaanxi region, first declaring himself the Prince of Jialuolou, and then the Emperor of Chu.</li></ul> <p>Several of these rebel leaders—including <a href="/wiki/Li_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Yuan">Li Yuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Wuzhou" title="Liu Wuzhou">Liu Wuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liang_Shidu" title="Liang Shidu">Liang Shidu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dou_Jiande" title="Dou Jiande">Dou Jiande</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gao_Kaidao" title="Gao Kaidao">Gao Kaidao</a>—formally submitted to Ashina Duojishi and received Eastern Göktürk military aid, with Ashina Duojishi's strategy apparently to keep China divided. In winter 617, Li Yuan captured Chang'an, declaring Yang You emperor (as Emperor Gong), while honoring Emperor Yang as <i><a href="/wiki/Taishang_Huang" title="Taishang Huang">Taishang Huang</a></i> (retired emperor); these declarations were not recognized by most of Sui territory, which still recognized Emperor Yang as emperor. Li himself became regent with the title of Prince of Tang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_of_Emperor_Yang,_founding_of_Tang,_and_end_of_Sui"><span id="Death_of_Emperor_Yang.2C_founding_of_Tang.2C_and_end_of_Sui"></span>Death of Emperor Yang, founding of Tang, and end of Sui</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death of Emperor Yang, founding of Tang, and end of Sui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Establishment_of_Tang_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Establishment_of_Tang_Dynasty.jpg/350px-Establishment_of_Tang_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Establishment_of_Tang_Dynasty.jpg/525px-Establishment_of_Tang_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Establishment_of_Tang_Dynasty.jpg/700px-Establishment_of_Tang_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Map showing how Li Yuan established Tang dynasty, including battles of Huoyi, Hedong and Chang'an</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TangGaozu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/TangGaozu.jpg/213px-TangGaozu.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/TangGaozu.jpg/320px-TangGaozu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/TangGaozu.jpg/426px-TangGaozu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9982" data-file-height="20541" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Li Yuan as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Emperor Gaozu of Tang</a></figcaption></figure><p>Meanwhile, Emperor Yang, while realizing that the empire was in turmoil, felt secure under the protection of the elite Xiaoguo Army (驍果) at Jiangdu. While he sent his general <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shichong" title="Wang Shichong">Wang Shichong</a> to Luoyang to try to defend Luoyang against <a href="/wiki/Li_Mi_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Li Mi (Sui dynasty)">Li Mi</a>'s attacks, he did little quell the rebellions otherwise. Not wanting to return to north China, he considered officially moving the capital to Danyang (丹楊, in modern <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>). Meanwhile, the Xiaoguo Army soldiers, who were predominantly northerners and missed their homes, began to desert, and this met with heavy-handed punishment from Emperor Yang. In fear, the remaining Xiaoguo Army officers formed a plot, supporting the general <a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Huaji" title="Yuwen Huaji">Yuwen Huaji</a> the Duke of Xu (<a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Shu" title="Yuwen Shu">Yuwen Shu</a>'s son) as their leader. In spring 618, they carried out a coup and killed Emperor Yang. Yuwen declared Emperor Yang's nephew <a href="/wiki/Yang_Hao_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Hao (Sui dynasty)">Yang Hao</a>, the Prince of Qin, the new emperor, but retained power himself as regent. He abandoned Jiangdu and headed back north, commanding the Xiaoguo Army. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Yang_You">Death of Yang You</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death of Yang You"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon, news of Emperor Yang's death spread throughout the empire. At Chang'an, <a href="/wiki/Li_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Yuan">Li Yuan</a> executed <a href="/wiki/Yang_You" title="Yang You">Yang You</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> as Emperor Gaozu. At Luoyang, seven of the leading officials declared another grandson of Emperor Yang, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Tong" title="Yang Tong">Yang Tong</a> the Prince of Yue, emperor, and Yang Tong was recognized as Sui's emperor by most of the commanderies that still recognized Sui sovereignty. With both the Sui administration at Luoyang and Li Mi fearing Yuwen's northward advancement, they formed a temporary alliance in which Li Mi recognized Yang Tong as his sovereign. After <a href="/wiki/Li_Mi_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Li Mi (Sui dynasty)">Li Mi</a> repelled <a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Huaji" title="Yuwen Huaji">Yuwen Huaji</a>, however, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shichong" title="Wang Shichong">Wang Shichong</a>, who opposed the alliance, seized power from the other officials and became regent, and the alliance with Li Mi was broken. Later that year, in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yanshi" title="Battle of Yanshi">surprise attack</a>, Wang defeated Li Mi, forcing Li Mi to flee to Tang. Li Mi was later killed by Tang forces when he tried to reestablish his own independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Li_Shimin">Rise of Li Shimin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise of Li Shimin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, after <a href="/wiki/Xue_Ju" title="Xue Ju">Xue Ju</a> died in early 618 and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Xue_Rengao" title="Xue Rengao">Xue Rengao</a>, the Tang general <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Li Shimin</a> the Prince of Qin (Emperor Gaozu's son) defeated and killed Xue Rengao, annexing his Qin state into Tang. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Dou_Jiande" title="Dou Jiande">Dou Jiande</a> further consolidated his holdings north of the Yellow River and killed Yuwen Huaji (who had poisoned Yang Hao and declared himself Emperor of Xu), but was unable to get <a href="/wiki/Luo_Yi" title="Luo Yi">Luo Yi</a> to submit to him, and Luo subsequently submitted to Tang. Around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Can" title="Zhu Can">Zhu Can</a>, facing heavy resistance from the populace against his cruelty, vacillated between submitting to Yang Tong's Sui regime and Tang, eventually surrendering to Sui. </p><p>In summer 619, Wang Shichong had Yang Tong yield the throne to him, ending Sui and establishing a new state of Zheng as its emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reintegration_under_Tang">Reintegration under Tang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reintegration under Tang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%94%90%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E7%B4%8D%E8%AB%AB%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%E5%94%90%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E7%B4%8D%E8%AB%AB%E5%9C%96.jpg/241px-%E5%94%90%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E7%B4%8D%E8%AB%AB%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%E5%94%90%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E7%B4%8D%E8%AB%AB%E5%9C%96.jpg/361px-%E5%94%90%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E7%B4%8D%E8%AB%AB%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%E5%94%90%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E7%B4%8D%E8%AB%AB%E5%9C%96.jpg/481px-%E5%94%90%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E7%B4%8D%E8%AB%AB%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Emperor Taizong of Tang. Hanging scroll, color on silk. Size 271 x 126.8 cm (height x width). Located in <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum" title="National Palace Museum">National Palace Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the same time, Li Gui's official An Xinggui (安興貴) captured Li Gui in a coup and surrendered the state to Tang. Tang, however, was facing a threat on a different front, as <a href="/wiki/Liu_Wuzhou" title="Liu Wuzhou">Liu Wuzhou</a> made a major attack south, taking over much of modern Shanxi, which Tang had controlled, and appearing poised to further attack Tang's capital Chang'an. Around the same time, the lower <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> region, which had been in a state of confusion ever since Emperor Yang's death, was coalescing around three different competing figures—the former Sui official <a href="/wiki/Shen_Faxing" title="Shen Faxing">Shen Faxing</a>, who declared himself the Prince of Liang and controlled much of the territory south of the Yangtze; the rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Li_Zitong" title="Li Zitong">Li Zitong</a>, who controlled Jiangdu and the surrounding regions, declaring himself the Emperor of Wu; and <a href="/wiki/Du_Fuwei" title="Du Fuwei">Du Fuwei</a>, who submitted to Tang and was created the Prince of Wu. </p><p>In late 619, Tang forces, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Li_Shimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Shimin">Li Shimin</a>, began a counterattack against Liu Wuzhou. By summer 620, Li Shimin had defeated Liu, who abandoned his territory and fled to Eastern Göktürk. His Dingyang state was integrated into Tang. </p><p>After defeating Dingyang, Li Shimin had his sights set on Zheng. He advanced to the Zheng capital Luoyang and put it under siege. Many Zheng cities surrendered to Tang, forcing <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shichong" title="Wang Shichong">Wang Shichong</a> to seek aid from Dou Jiande's Xia state. Dou, reasoning that if Tang destroyed Zheng, his own Xia would be cornered, agreed, and he advanced south toward Luoyang, seeking to lift the siege. Around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Du_Fuwei" title="Du Fuwei">Du Fuwei</a> (now using the name Li Fuwei, having been granted the imperial surname of Li by Emperor Gaozu) defeated Li Zitong, who in turn defeated Shen, forcing him to commit suicide. Li Zitong now had Shen's former territory, while Li Zitong's former territory was held by Li Fuwei in Tang's name. </p><p>In spring 621, with Dou approaching, Li Shimin advanced east to the important <a href="/wiki/Hulao_Pass" title="Hulao Pass">Hulao Pass</a> and held position there. When Dou engaged him, he <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hulao" title="Battle of Hulao">defeated Dou and captured him</a>. In fear, Wang surrendered. Emperor Gaozu executed Dou while exiling Wang (although Wang was subsequently killed by the Tang general <a href="/wiki/Dugu_(surname)" title="Dugu (surname)">Dugu</a> Xiude (獨孤修德), whose father had been executed by Wang). Wang's Zheng state and Dou's Xia state were annexed by Tang, although former Xia territory soon rose under the leadership of Dou's general <a href="/wiki/Liu_Heita" title="Liu Heita">Liu Heita</a>, who declared himself the Prince of Handong, and modern <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, which had been controlled by the agrarian leader <a href="/wiki/Xu_Yuanlang" title="Xu Yuanlang">Xu Yuanlang</a> but had successively submitted to Zheng and then to Tang, rose as well under Xu, who declared himself the Prince of Lu. </p><p>Also in 621, Emperor Gaozu's nephew <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiaogong" title="Li Xiaogong">Li Xiaogong</a> the Prince of Zhao Commandery attacked <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Xian" title="Xiao Xian">Xiao Xian</a>'s Liang state in southern China, putting the Liang capital <a href="/wiki/Jiangling_County" title="Jiangling County">Jiangling</a> under siege. Xiao, not realizing that relief forces were approaching, surrendered, and most of his state was annexed by Tang, while some of Xiao's army submitted to <a href="/wiki/Lin_Shihong" title="Lin Shihong">Lin Shihong</a>. Around the same time, Li Fuwei defeated Li Zitong, forcing Li Zitong's surrender, and Li Zitong's Wu state was also annexed by Tang. </p><p>In spring 622, Li Shimin defeated Liu Heita, forcing Liu to flee to the Eastern Göktürks, but Liu returned later that year with Eastern Göktürk aid, reoccupying the former Xia territory. In winter 622, Li Shimin's older brother <a href="/wiki/Li_Jiancheng" title="Li Jiancheng">Li Jiancheng</a> the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a> defeated Liu again, and in spring 623, Liu, in flight, was betrayed by his official <a href="/wiki/Zhuge" title="Zhuge">Zhuge</a> Dewei (諸葛德威) and executed by Li Jiancheng. Earlier, Lin Shihong had died, and his Chu state dissipated, with the cities gradually submitting to Tang, and soon after Liu's death, Xu, who had repeatedly been defeated by Tang forces, was also killed in flight. By this point, other than Liang Shidu and <a href="/wiki/Gao_Kaidao" title="Gao Kaidao">Gao Kaidao</a> in the extreme north, China was largely reunited, if somewhat nominally, under Tang rule. </p><p>In fall 623, however, with Li Fuwei at Chang'an, Li Fuwei's lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Fu_Gongshi" title="Fu Gongshi">Fu Gongshi</a> rebelled at Danyang, declaring himself the Emperor of Song and controlling the territory formerly under Li Fuwei's control. By 624, <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiaogong" title="Li Xiaogong">Li Xiaogong</a> had defeated and killed Fu, reintegrating Song territory into Tang, while Gao, faced with a coup led by his subordinate Zhang Jinshu (張金樹), committed suicide, and his Yan state was also integrated into Tang. </p><p>Meanwhile, Liang Shidu, protected by Eastern Göktürk aid, was holding up against Tang attacks, and Tang itself was continually harassed by Eastern Göktürk raids. After <a href="/wiki/Li_Shimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Shimin">Li Shimin</a> ambushed and killed <a href="/wiki/Li_Jiancheng" title="Li Jiancheng">Li Jiancheng</a> and another brother, <a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanji" title="Li Yuanji">Li Yuanji</a> the Prince of Qi in 626 and effectively forced Emperor Gaozu to yield the throne to him (as Emperor Taizong), however, Tang began to turn the situation around. By 628, with Eastern Göktürk in internal turmoil due to disagreements between the <a href="/wiki/Jiali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiali Khan">Jiali Khan</a> Ashina Duobi (Ashina Duojishi's younger brother) and the subordinate Tuli Khan, Ashina Shibobi (阿史那什鉢苾, Ashina Duojishi's son), it was no longer able to protect Liang Shidu, and under Tang siege, Liang Shidu's cousin Liang Luoren (梁洛仁) killed Liang Shidu and surrendered. China was now under the rule of Emperor Taizong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartin_W._Huang2006" class="citation book cs1">Martin W. Huang (2006). <i>Negotiating masculinities in late imperial China</i>. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824828967" title="Special:BookSources/9780824828967"><bdi>9780824828967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+masculinities+in+late+imperial+China&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780824828967&rft.au=Martin+W.+Huang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransition+from+Sui+to+Tang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daxiong-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daxiong_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-daxiong_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiong2006">Xiong (2006)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1PSb8wp-woC&pg=PA63">63–4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%AD" class="extiw" title="zh:大業">大業</a>十一年八月癸酉 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/">Academia Sinica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522200011/http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/">Archived</a> 2010-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zizhi182-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zizhi182_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sima Guang, <i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7182" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷182">Vol. 182.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2006" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1PSb8wp-woC"><i>Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Albany,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Albany, NY">Albany</a>: State University of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791482681" title="Special:BookSources/9780791482681"><bdi>9780791482681</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+Yang+of+the+Sui+Dynasty%3A+His+Life%2C+Times%2C+and+Legacy&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780791482681&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor+Cunrui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1PSb8wp-woC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransition+from+Sui+to+Tang" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7181" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷181">181</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7182" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷182">182</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7183" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷183">183</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7184" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷184">184</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7185" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷185">185</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7186" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷186">186</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7187" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷187">187</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7188" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷188">188</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7189" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷189">189</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7190" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷190">190</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7191" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷191">191</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7192" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷192">192</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yang" title="Bo Yang">Bo Yang</a>, <i>Outlines of the History of the Chinese</i> (中國人史綱), vol. 2, pp. 484–495.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Goguryeo–Sui War">Goguryeo–Sui War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Chinese domination of Vietnam">Third Chinese domination of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transition from Sui to Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagang_Army" title="Wagang Army">Wagang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anji_Bridge" title="Anji Bridge">Anji Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_You" title="Yang You">Yang You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tong" title="Yang Tong">Yang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yong_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Yong (Sui dynasty)">Yang Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Qieluo" title="Dugu Qieluo">Dugu Qieluo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Qinhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Qinhu (page does not exist)">Han Qinhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Su" title="Yang Su">Yang Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xuangan" title="Yang Xuangan">Yang Xuangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Rang" title="Zhai Rang">Zhai Rang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Mi_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Li Mi (Sui dynasty)">Li Mi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Jiande" title="Dou Jiande">Dou Jiande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shichong" title="Wang Shichong">Wang Shichong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fuwei" title="Du Fuwei">Du Fuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Huaji" title="Yuwen Huaji">Yuwen Huaji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tang_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tang_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Tang dynasty">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transition from Sui to Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_Gate_Incident" title="Xuanwu Gate Incident">Xuanwu Gate Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang–Eastern Turks War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Tang–Xueyantuo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baekje%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Baekje–Tang War">Baekje–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silla%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Silla–Tang War">Silla–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Tang–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang–Western Turks War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_oasis_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang campaign against the oasis states">Oasis states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Karakhoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_Karasahr" title="Tang campaigns against Karasahr">Karasahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Kucha" title="Tang campaign against Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty_between_China_and_Tibet_(783)" title="Peace treaty between China and Tibet (783)">Qingshui Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu%E2%80%93Li_factional_strife" title="Niu–Li factional strife">Niu–Li factional strife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changqing_Treaty" title="Changqing Treaty">Changqing Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Dew_incident" title="Sweet Dew incident">Sweet Dew incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanzhao#Territorial_expansion" title="Nanzhao">Tang-Nanzhao conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan" title="Tang-Nanzhao conflicts in Annan">Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Songping" title="Siege of Songping">Songping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao_Rebellion" title="Huang Chao Rebellion">Huang Chao Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ceramic female polo player"><img alt="A ceramic female polo player" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/120px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/180px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/240px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Tang dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Li" title="House of Li">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(middle)#Tang_and_Wu_Zhou_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzhen" title="Fanzhen">Fanzhen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Fanzhen_of_Hebei" title="Three Fanzhen of Hebei">Hebei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination#Tang_dynasty_(618–907)" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Imperial guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Shumiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turkic generals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Chancellery</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Protectorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Protectorate General to Pacify the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the South">Protectorate General to Pacify the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ungjin_Commandery" title="Ungjin Commandery">Ungjin Commandery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyerim_Territory_Area_Command" title="Gyerim Territory Area Command">Gyerim Territory Area Command</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_art" title="Tang dynasty art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">Sancai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Three Hundred Tang Poems</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_card#China" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Palace_Concert" title="A Palace Concert">A Palace Concert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_Receiving_the_Tibetan_Envoy" title="Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy">Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaisu%27s_Autobiography" title="Huaisu's Autobiography">Huaisu's Autobiography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night-Shining_White" title="Night-Shining White">Night-Shining White</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_statues:_Kashyapa_and_Ananda" title="Companion statues: Kashyapa and Ananda">Kashyapa & Ananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Steeds_of_Zhao_Mausoleum" title="Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum">Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Dew" title="Autumn Dew">Autumn Dew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongxian_Giant_Buddha" title="Rongxian Giant Buddha">Rongxian Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand-Buddha_Cliff" title="Thousand-Buddha Cliff">Thousand-Buddha Cliff</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a> (596–667) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Design_for_Buddhist_Temple_Construction" title="Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction">Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangsun" title="Empress Zhangsun">Empress Zhangsun</a> (601–636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianji" title="Bianji">Bianji</a> (7th c.) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Huan" title="Du Huan">Du Huan</a> (751–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Xingjian" title="Bai Xingjian">Bai Xingjian</a> (776–826) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Li_Wa" title="The Tale of Li Wa">The Tale of Li Wa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yu" title="Lu Yu">Lu Yu</a> (733–804) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Classic_of_Tea" title="The Classic of Tea">The Classic of Tea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Guangting" title="Du Guangting">Du Guangting</a> (850–933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yunsong" title="Yang Yunsong">Yang Yunsong</a> (9th c.) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Satchel_Classic" title="Green Satchel Classic">Green Satchel Classic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems#Poets" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Binwang" title="Luo Binwang">Luo Binwang</a> (619–684)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Shenyan" title="Du Shenyan">Du Shenyan</a> (645–708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bo_(poet)" title="Wang Bo (poet)">Wang Bo</a> (650–676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zi%27ang" title="Chen Zi'ang">Chen Zi'ang</a> (656–702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhizhang" title="He Zhizhang">He Zhizhang</a> (659–744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jiuling" title="Zhang Jiuling">Zhang Jiuling</a> (673–740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Haoran" title="Meng Haoran">Meng Haoran</a> (689–740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qi_(poet)" title="Li Qi (poet)">Li Qi</a> (690–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Changling" title="Wang Changling">Wang Changling</a> (698–756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a> (699–759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> (701–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Shi" title="Gao Shi">Gao Shi</a> (704–765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhangqing" title="Liu Zhangqing">Liu Zhangqing</a> (709–785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a> (712–770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ji_(poet_from_Hubei)" title="Zhang Ji (poet from Hubei)">Zhang Ji</a> (712–779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cen_Shen" title="Cen Shen">Cen Shen</a> (715–770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bi" title="Li Bi">Li Bi</a> (722–789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yingwu" title="Wei Yingwu">Wei Yingwu</a> (737–792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Lun" title="Lu Lun">Lu Lun</a> (739–799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a> (772–842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a> (772–846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a> (773–819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Zhen" title="Yuan Zhen">Yuan Zhen</a> (779–831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ye_(poet)" title="Li Ye (poet)">Li Ye</a> (d. 784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_He" title="Li He">Li He</a> (790–817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu_Yingzhen" title="Niu Yingzhen">Niu Yingzhen</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xu" title="Zhang Xu">Zhang Xu</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Mu" title="Du Mu">Du Mu</a> (803–852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tingyun" title="Wen Tingyun">Wen Tingyun</a> (812–866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shangyin" title="Li Shangyin">Li Shangyin</a> (813–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Xuanqing" title="Mo Xuanqing">Mo Xuanqing</a> (834-?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Xuanji" title="Yu Xuanji">Yu Xuanji</a> (840–868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qiuniang" title="Du Qiuniang">Du Qiuniang</a> (9th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%AAu_H%E1%BB%AFu_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Liêu Hữu Phương">Liêu Hữu Phương</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_painting" title="Tang dynasty painting">Painters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a> (600–673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a> (680–760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a> (699–759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Ba_%C4%AArasang%C3%A4" title="Viśa Īrasangä">Viśa Īrasangä</a> (7th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Gan" title="Han Gan">Han Gan</a> (706–783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuan" title="Zhang Xuan">Zhang Xuan</a> (713–755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Huang" title="Han Huang">Han Huang</a> (723–787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhou Fang (Tang dynasty)">Zhou Fang</a> (730–780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanxiu" title="Guanxiu">Guanxiu</a> (832–912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Hao" title="Jing Hao">Jing Hao</a> (855–915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Wei_(painter)" title="Sun Wei (painter)">Sun Wei</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907_CE)" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a> (549–623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a> (562–645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a> (613–681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (fl 602–664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiji" title="Kuiji">Kuiji</a> (632–682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> (635–713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faru_(monk)" title="Faru (monk)">Faru</a> (638–689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (671–741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a> (688–763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> (705–774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a> (709–788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a> (720–814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukong_(monk)" title="Wukong (monk)">Wukong</a> (730–790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoshan_Weiyan" title="Yaoshan Weiyan">Yaoshan Weiyan</a> (745–827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (746–805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhua" title="Puhua">Puhua</a> (770–860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaozhou_Congshen" title="Zhaozhou Congshen">Zhaozhou Congshen</a> (778–897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhisheng" title="Zhisheng">Zhisheng</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (807–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a> (862–949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gik%C5%AB" title="Gikū">Gikū</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taoism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907)" title="History of Taoism">Taoism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Xuanying" title="Cheng Xuanying">Cheng Xuanying</a> (fl 631–655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dongbin" title="Lü Dongbin">Lü Dongbin</a> (796-?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a> (772–841)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Yingda" title="Kong Yingda">Kong Yingda</a> (574–648)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Islam during the Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Tang dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaotong" title="Wang Xiaotong">Wang Xiaotong</a> (580–640) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jigu_Suanjing" title="Jigu Suanjing">Jigu Suanjing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jingzong" title="Xu Jingzong">Xu Jingzong</a> (592-672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Lingzan" title="Liang Lingzan">Liang Lingzan</a> <ul><li><i>The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Chunfeng" title="Li Chunfeng">Li Chunfeng</a> (602–670) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Computational_Canons" title="Ten Computational Canons">Ten Computational Canons</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Su Jing <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinxiu_bencao" title="Xinxiu bencao">Xinxiu bencao</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Simiao" title="Sun Simiao">Sun Simiao</a> (d. 682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Xing" title="Yi Xing">Yi Xing</a> (683–727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Siddha" title="Gautama Siddha">Gautama Siddha</a> (fl 714–724) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Dan" title="Jia Dan">Jia Dan</a> (730–805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">Toothbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwu_Qi" title="Diwu Qi">Diwu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Liu Yan (Tang dynasty)">Liu Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Commission" title="Salt Commission">Salt Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_cash" title="Flying cash">Flying cash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sui-Tang_Transition" title="Template:Sui-Tang Transition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sui-Tang_Transition" title="Template talk:Sui-Tang Transition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sui-Tang_Transition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sui-Tang Transition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transition from Sui to Tang</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> royalty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiao_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Empress Xiao (Sui dynasty)">Empress Xiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_You" title="Yang You">Yang You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tong" title="Yang Tong">Yang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Hao_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Hao (Sui dynasty)">Yang Hao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> royalty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Emperor Gaozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Li Shimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jiancheng" title="Li Jiancheng">Li Jiancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuanba" title="Li Xuanba">Li Xuanba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanji" title="Li Yuanji">Li Yuanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Pingyang" title="Princess Pingyang">Princess Pingyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiaogong" title="Li Xiaogong">Li Xiaogong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Shentong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Shentong (page does not exist)">Li Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Daozong" title="Li Daozong">Li Daozong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />contenders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Jiande" title="Dou Jiande">Dou Jiande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Gongshi" title="Fu Gongshi">Fu Gongshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Kaidao" title="Gao Kaidao">Gao Kaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Gui_(warlord)" title="Li Gui (warlord)">Li Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zitong" title="Li Zitong">Li Zitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Shidu" title="Liang Shidu">Liang Shidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shihong" title="Lin Shihong">Lin Shihong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Heita" title="Liu Heita">Liu Heita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Wuzhou" title="Liu Wuzhou">Liu Wuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Faxing" title="Shen Faxing">Shen Faxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shichong" title="Wang Shichong">Wang Shichong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Yuanlang" title="Xu Yuanlang">Xu Yuanlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xue_Ju" title="Xue Ju">Xue Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xue_Rengao" title="Xue Rengao">Xue Rengao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Huaji" title="Yuwen Huaji">Yuwen Huaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Can" title="Zhu Can">Zhu Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fuwei" title="Du Fuwei">Du Fuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Gongshi" title="Fu Gongshi">Fu Gongshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xuangan" title="Yang Xuangan">Yang Xuangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Yi" title="Luo Yi">Luo Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Xian" title="Xiao Xian">Xiao Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagang_Army" title="Wagang Army">Wagang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Mi_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Li Mi (Sui dynasty)">Li Mi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Rang" title="Zhai Rang">Zhai Rang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Mingyue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu Mingyue (page does not exist)">Lu Mingyue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Cao_(Dou_Jiande%27s_wife)" title="Empress Cao (Dou Jiande's wife)">Empress Cao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jing_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Li Jing (Tang dynasty)">Li Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiaogong" title="Li Xiaogong">Li Xiaogong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yichen_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Yichen (Sui dynasty)">Yang Yichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Shu" title="Yuwen Shu">Yuwen Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Shubao" title="Qin Shubao">Qin Shubao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_Gong" title="Yuchi Gong">Yuchi Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yaojin" title="Cheng Yaojin">Cheng Yaojin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shiji" title="Li Shiji">Xu Shiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Shao" title="Chai Shao">Chai Shao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Xuanling" title="Fang Xuanling">Fang Xuanling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Ruhui" title="Du Ruhui">Du Ruhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Zheng" title="Wei Zheng">Wei Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Wenjing" title="Liu Wenjing">Liu Wenjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Ji_(Sui_and_Tang)" title="Pei Ji (Sui and Tang)">Pei Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Shiji" title="Yuwen Shiji">Yuwen Shiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shuda" title="Chen Shuda">Chen Shuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Deyi" title="Feng Deyi">Feng Deyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Junji" title="Hou Junji">Hou Junji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Yu" title="Xiao Yu">Xiao Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangsun_Wuji" title="Zhangsun Wuji">Zhangsun Wuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Shilian" title="Gao Shilian">Gao Shilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Jian" title="Tang Jian">Tang Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wei_Wensheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wei Wensheng (page does not exist)">Wei Wensheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Hu%27er" title="Lai Hu'er">Lai Hu'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xutuo" title="Zhang Xutuo">Zhang Xutuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutu_Tong" title="Qutu Tong">Qutu Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bodang" title="Wang Bodang">Wang Bodang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_Xiongxin" title="Shan Xiongxin">Shan Xiongxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Xingyan" title="Pei Xingyan">Pei Xingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Hongji" title="Liu Hongji">Liu Hongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Kaishan" title="Yin Kaishan">Yin Kaishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shuda" title="Chen Shuda">Chen Shuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Shixin" title="Luo Shixin">Luo Shixin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Shinan" title="Yu Shinan">Yu Shinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huoyi" title="Battle of Huoyi">Huoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yanshi" title="Battle of Yanshi">Yanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qianshuiyuan" title="Battle of Qianshuiyuan">Qianshuiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hulao" title="Battle of Hulao">Hulao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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