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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adobe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adobe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Banco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Durability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Durability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Durability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Durability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mudbrick_architecture_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mudbrick_architecture_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mudbrick architecture worldwide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mudbrick_architecture_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саман – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Саман" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Кирпич – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кирпич" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%B3_de_fang" title="Maó de fang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maó de fang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саман – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Саман" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vep%C5%99ovice" title="Vepřovice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vepřovice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmziegel" title="Lehmziegel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lehmziegel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudatellis" title="Mudatellis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mudatellis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotobriko" title="Kotobriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kotobriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="خشت خام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خشت خام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brique_crue" title="Brique crue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brique crue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86erpi%C4%8D" title="Ćerpič – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ćerpič" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata_lumpur" title="Bata lumpur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bata lumpur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattone_di_fango" title="Mattone di fango – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mattone di fango" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ალიზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალიზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_crudus" title="Later crudus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Later crudus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purvo_plyta" title="Purvo plyta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Purvo plyta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lyog%C3%A9p%C3%ADtkez%C3%A9s" title="Vályogépítkezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vályogépítkezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ќерпич – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ќерпич" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leemsteen" title="Leemsteen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leemsteen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceg%C5%82a_suszona" title="Cegła suszona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cegła suszona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijolo_de_barro" title="Tijolo de barro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tijolo de barro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirpici" title="Chirpici – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chirpici" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="මෝඩ ගඩොල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෝඩ ගඩොල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ћерпич – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ћерпич" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitiili" title="Savitiili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Savitiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lersten_(byggmaterial)" title="Lersten (byggmaterial) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lersten (byggmaterial)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சுடாத செங்கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுடாத செங்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саман – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Саман" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerpi%C3%A7" title="Kerpiç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kerpiç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A1ch_b%C3%B9n" title="Gạch bùn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gạch bùn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l%C3%A1nas" title="Pálánas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pálánas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%A3%9A" title="泥磚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泥磚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Earth blocks for construction</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mudbricks_in_Palestine_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mudbricks_in_Palestine_2011.jpg/220px-Mudbricks_in_Palestine_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mudbricks_in_Palestine_2011.jpg/330px-Mudbricks_in_Palestine_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mudbricks_in_Palestine_2011.jpg/440px-Mudbricks_in_Palestine_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>New, unlaid mudbricks in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, (2011)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choghazanbil2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Choghazanbil2.jpg/220px-Choghazanbil2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Choghazanbil2.jpg/330px-Choghazanbil2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Choghazanbil2.jpg/440px-Choghazanbil2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Mudbrick was used for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurats</a>—some of the world's largest and oldest constructions. <i><a href="/wiki/Choqa_Zanbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Choqa Zanbil">Choqa Zanbil</a></i>, a 13th-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, is similarly constructed from clay bricks combined with burnt bricks.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mudbrick</b> or <b>mud-brick</b>, also known as unfired brick, is an air-dried <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>, made of a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a> (containing <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>) mixed with a binding material such as <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> husks or <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>. Mudbricks are known from 9000 BCE. </p><p>From around 5000–4000 BCE, mudbricks evolved into <a href="/wiki/Brick#Fired_brick" title="Brick">fired bricks</a> to increase strength and durability. Nevertheless, in some warm regions with very little <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> available to fuel a <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a>, mudbricks continued to be in use. Even today, mudbricks are the standard of <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a> in some warmer regions- mainly in parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. In the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Compressed_earth_block" title="Compressed earth block">compressed earth block</a> was developed using high pressure as a cheap and eco-friendly alternative to obtain non-fired bricks with more strength than the simpler air-dried mudbricks. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_world">Ancient world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudbrick&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud-brick_stamped_with_seal_impression_of_raised_relief_of_the_Treasury_of_the_Vizier._From_Lahun,_Fayum,_Egypt._12th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mud-brick_stamped_with_seal_impression_of_raised_relief_of_the_Treasury_of_the_Vizier._From_Lahun%2C_Fayum%2C_Egypt._12th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mud-brick_stamped_with_seal_impression_of_raised_relief_of_the_Treasury_of_the_Vizier._From_Lahun%2C_Fayum%2C_Egypt._12th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mud-brick_stamped_with_seal_impression_of_raised_relief_of_the_Treasury_of_the_Vizier._From_Lahun%2C_Fayum%2C_Egypt._12th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="4633" /></a><figcaption>Mud-brick stamped with seal impression of raised relief of the Treasury of the Vizier. From Lahun, Fayum, Egypt. 12th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of mudbrick production and construction in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">southern Levant</a> may be dated as far back to the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (e.g., PPNA Jericho).<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenberg2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sun dried mudbricks, also known as adobe or just mudbrick, were made from a mixture of sand, clay, water and frequently tempered (e.g. chopped straw and chaff branches), and were the most common method/material for constructing earthen buildings throughout the ancient Near East for millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenberg2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morgenstein1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgenstein1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfired mud-brick is still made throughout the world today, using both modern and traditional methods.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 9000 BCE dwellings of <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> were constructed from mudbricks,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> affixed with mud, as were those at numerous sites across the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> over the following millennia. Well-preserved mudbricks from a site at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Tsaf" title="Tel Tsaf">Tel Tsaf</a>, in the Jordan Valley, have been dated to 5200 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there is no evidence that either site was the first to use the technology. Evidence suggests that the mudbrick composition at Tel Tsaf was stable for at least 500 years, throughout the middle <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenberg2020_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> constructed and lived in mud-brick houses between 7000–3300 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Possehl_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Possehl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mud bricks were used at more than 15 reported sites attributed to the 3rd millennium BCE in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Mature_Harappan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mature Harappan">Mature Harappan</a> phase fired bricks were used.<sup id="cite_ref-Bricks_and_Urbanism_in_Indus_Valley_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bricks_and_Urbanism_in_Indus_Valley-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamians</a> used sun-dried bricks in their city construction;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically these bricks were flat on the bottom and curved on the top, called plano-convex mud bricks. Some were formed in a square mould and rounded so that the middle was thicker than the ends. Some walls had a few courses of fired bricks from their bases up to the splash line to extend the life of the building. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SudanKhartoum-TutiIsland-BrickmakingCorinthia_RomanDeckert20160207.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/SudanKhartoum-TutiIsland-BrickmakingCorinthia_RomanDeckert20160207.jpg/220px-SudanKhartoum-TutiIsland-BrickmakingCorinthia_RomanDeckert20160207.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/SudanKhartoum-TutiIsland-BrickmakingCorinthia_RomanDeckert20160207.jpg/330px-SudanKhartoum-TutiIsland-BrickmakingCorinthia_RomanDeckert20160207.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/SudanKhartoum-TutiIsland-BrickmakingCorinthia_RomanDeckert20160207.jpg/440px-SudanKhartoum-TutiIsland-BrickmakingCorinthia_RomanDeckert20160207.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Traditional brickyard on <a href="/wiki/Tuti_Island" title="Tuti Island">Tuti Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> site, there is <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> evidence that sun-dried bricks were used in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period (prior to 3400 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sun dried mudbrick was the most common construction material employed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> during pharaonic times and were made in pretty much the same way for millennia. Mud from some locations required sand, chopped straw or other binders such as animal dung to be mixed in with the mud to increase durability and plasticity.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgenstein1998_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgenstein1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers gathered mud from the Nile river and poured it into a pit. Workers then tramped on the mud while straw was added to solidify the mold.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The mudbricks were chemically suitable as <a href="/wiki/Sebakh" title="Sebakh">fertilizer</a>, leading to the destruction of many ancient Egyptian ruins, such as at <a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a>. A well-preserved site is <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mudbrick use increased at the time of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> influence.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> world, mudbrick was commonly used for the building of walls, fortifications and citadels, such as the walls of the Citadel of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> (Troy II).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mudbricks were often made with straw or dried vegetable matter.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adobe">Adobe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudbrick&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adobe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">Adobe</a></div> <p>In areas of Spanish influence, mud-brick construction is called <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a>, and developed over time into a complete system of wall protection, flat roofing and finishes which in modern English usage is often referred to as <i>adobe style</i>, regardless of the construction method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banco">Banco</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudbrick&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Banco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9_3.jpg/220px-Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9_3.jpg/330px-Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9_3.jpg/440px-Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9" title="Great Mosque of Djenné">The Grand Mosque of Djenné</a> as reconstructed in 1907 is the largest mudbrick structure in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9" title="Great Mosque of Djenné">Great Mosque of Djenné</a>, in central <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, is the world's largest mudbrick structure. It, like much of <a href="/wiki/Sahelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian">Sahelian</a> architecture, is built with a mudbrick called <b>Banco</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a recipe of mud and <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> husks, fermented, and either formed into bricks or applied on surfaces as a <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> like paste in broad strokes. This plaster must be reapplied annually.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Durability">Durability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudbrick&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Durability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases, brickmakers extended the life of mud bricks by putting fired bricks on top or covering them with <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mudbrick_architecture_worldwide">Mudbrick architecture worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudbrick&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mudbrick architecture worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mudbrick_production_Niger_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Production of mudbricks for construction in Niger, 2007."><img alt="Production of mudbricks for construction in Niger, 2007." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mudbrick_production_Niger_2007.jpg/120px-Mudbrick_production_Niger_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mudbrick_production_Niger_2007.jpg/180px-Mudbrick_production_Niger_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mudbrick_production_Niger_2007.jpg/240px-Mudbrick_production_Niger_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Production of mudbricks for construction in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, 2007.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaniaDanubeDelta_MakingMaterialForCOnstructing0003jpg.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mudbrick is still used today, as seen here in the Romania Danube River Delta."><img alt="Mudbrick is still used today, as seen here in the Romania Danube River Delta." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RomaniaDanubeDelta_MakingMaterialForCOnstructing0003jpg.JPG/120px-RomaniaDanubeDelta_MakingMaterialForCOnstructing0003jpg.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RomaniaDanubeDelta_MakingMaterialForCOnstructing0003jpg.JPG/180px-RomaniaDanubeDelta_MakingMaterialForCOnstructing0003jpg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RomaniaDanubeDelta_MakingMaterialForCOnstructing0003jpg.JPG/240px-RomaniaDanubeDelta_MakingMaterialForCOnstructing0003jpg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mudbrick is still used today, as seen here in the <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube River</a> Delta.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinder_Old_Town_Niger_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Old Town" area of Zinder, Niger, with traditional painted mudbrick buildings."><img alt="The "Old Town" area of Zinder, Niger, with traditional painted mudbrick buildings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Zinder_Old_Town_Niger_2007.jpg/120px-Zinder_Old_Town_Niger_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Zinder_Old_Town_Niger_2007.jpg/180px-Zinder_Old_Town_Niger_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Zinder_Old_Town_Niger_2007.jpg/240px-Zinder_Old_Town_Niger_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "Old Town" area of <a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, with traditional painted mudbrick buildings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_Home.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Punjabi mudbrick home in Pakistan."><img alt="A Punjabi mudbrick home in Pakistan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Punjabi_Home.JPG/120px-Punjabi_Home.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Punjabi_Home.JPG/180px-Punjabi_Home.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Punjabi_Home.JPG/240px-Punjabi_Home.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi</a> mudbrick home in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mudbrick high-rises in Shibam, Yemen."><img alt="Mudbrick high-rises in Shibam, Yemen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg/120px-Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg/180px-Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg/240px-Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mudbrick <a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">high-rises</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shibam" title="Shibam">Shibam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Working_mudbrick_press_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Making mudbricks near Cooktown, Australia"><img alt="Making mudbricks near Cooktown, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Working_mudbrick_press_5.jpg/120px-Working_mudbrick_press_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Working_mudbrick_press_5.jpg/180px-Working_mudbrick_press_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Working_mudbrick_press_5.jpg/240px-Working_mudbrick_press_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="761" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Making mudbricks near <a href="/wiki/Cooktown,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooktown, Australia">Cooktown, Australia</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudbrick&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cob_(material)" title="Cob (material)">Cob</a> – Building material made of soil and fiber</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_structure" title="Earth structure">Earth structure</a> – Building or other structure made largely from soil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a> – Soil composed of similar proportions of sand and silt, and somewhat less clay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">Rammed earth</a> – Construction material of damp subsoil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sod_house" title="Sod house">Sod house</a> – Turf house used in early colonial North America</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudbrick&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Ghirshman, La ziggourat de Tchoga-Zanbil (Susiane), Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, vol. 98 lien Issue 2, pp. 233–238, 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenberg2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg2020_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg2020_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg2020_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRosenbergLoveHubbardKlimscha2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg, Danny; Love, Serena; Hubbard, Emily; Klimscha, Florian (22 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6975557">"7,200 years old constructions and mudbrick technology: The evidence from Tel Tsaf, Jordan Valley, Israel"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>15</b> (1): e0227288. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1527288R">2020PLoSO..1527288R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0227288">10.1371/journal.pone.0227288</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6975557">6975557</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31968007">31968007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=7%2C200+years+old+constructions+and+mudbrick+technology%3A+The+evidence+from+Tel+Tsaf%2C+Jordan+Valley%2C+Israel&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e0227288&rft.date=2020-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6975557%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1527288R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31968007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0227288&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=Love%2C+Serena&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Emily&rft.au=Klimscha%2C+Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6975557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudbrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasel2019" class="citation book cs1">Hasel, Michael G. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fq7qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT246">"Architecture"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). <i>Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible</i>. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 246–247?. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-6046-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-6046-0"><bdi>978-1-4674-6046-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924173123/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fq7qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT246">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Architecture&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=246-247%3F&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-6046-0&rft.aulast=Hasel&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFq7qDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudbrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgenstein1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgenstein1998_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgenstein1998_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgensteinRedmount1998" class="citation journal cs1">Morgenstein, Maury E.; Redmount, Carol A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000466">"Mudbrick Typology, Sources, and Sedimentological Composition: A Case Study from Tell el-Muqdam, Egyptian Delta"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">129–</span>146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40000466">10.2307/40000466</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9991">0065-9991</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000466">40000466</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923195348/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000466">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt&rft.atitle=Mudbrick+Typology%2C+Sources%2C+and+Sedimentological+Composition%3A+A+Case+Study+from+Tell+el-Muqdam%2C+Egyptian+Delta&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0065-9991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40000466%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40000466&rft.aulast=Morgenstein&rft.aufirst=Maury+E.&rft.au=Redmount%2C+Carol+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40000466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudbrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittmanLorenzonSilverstein2014" class="citation journal cs1">Littman, Robert; Lorenzon, Marta; Silverstein, Jay (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287786412">"With & without straw: How Israelite slaves made bricks"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>. <b>40</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=With+%26+without+straw%3A+How+Israelite+slaves+made+bricks&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Littman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Lorenzon%2C+Marta&rft.au=Silverstein%2C+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F287786412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudbrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmery2009" class="citation journal cs1">Emery, Virginia L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt7v84d6rh/qt7v84d6rh.pdf">"Mud-Brick"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>. <b>1</b> (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924082904/https://escholarship.org/content/qt7v84d6rh/qt7v84d6rh.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Encyclopedia+of+Egyptology&rft.atitle=Mud-Brick&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Virginia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt7v84d6rh%2Fqt7v84d6rh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudbrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTellier2009" class="citation book cs1">Tellier, Luc-Normand (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&q=jericho+9000+bc+bricks&pg=PA37"><i>Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective</i></a>. PUQ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7605-2209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7605-2209-1"><bdi>978-2-7605-2209-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+World+History%3A+An+Economic+and+Geographical+Perspective&rft.pub=PUQ&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1&rft.aulast=Tellier&rft.aufirst=Luc-Normand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcXuCjDbxC1YC%26q%3Djericho%2B9000%2Bbc%2Bbricks%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudbrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbergLoveHubbardKlimscha2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg, Danny; Love, Serena; Hubbard, Emily; Klimscha, Florian (2020-01-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6975557">"7,200 years old constructions and mudbrick technology: The evidence from Tel Tsaf, Jordan Valley, Israel"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>15</b> (1): e0227288. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1527288R">2020PLoSO..1527288R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0227288">10.1371/journal.pone.0227288</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6975557">6975557</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31968007">31968007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=7%2C200+years+old+constructions+and+mudbrick+technology%3A+The+evidence+from+Tel+Tsaf%2C+Jordan+Valley%2C+Israel&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e0227288&rft.date=2020-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6975557%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1527288R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31968007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0227288&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=Love%2C+Serena&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Emily&rft.au=Klimscha%2C+Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6975557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudbrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Possehl-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Possehl_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possehl, Gregory L. (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bricks_and_Urbanism_in_Indus_Valley-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bricks_and_Urbanism_in_Indus_Valley_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1285495/Bricks_and_urbanism_in_the_Indus_Valley_rise_and_decline">Bricks and urbanism in the Indus Valley rise and decline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517180023/https://www.academia.edu/1285495/Bricks_and_urbanism_in_the_Indus_Valley_rise_and_decline">Archived</a> 2019-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, bricks in antiquity</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mogens Herman Hansen, <i>A Comparative Study of Six City-state Cultures</i>, Københavns universitet Polis centret (2002) Videnskabernes Selskab, 144 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7876-316-9" title="Special:BookSources/87-7876-316-9">87-7876-316-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Michael Hogan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10854/knossos.html#fieldnotes"><i>Knossos fieldnotes</i>, Modern Antiquarian (2007)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108021923/http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10854/knossos.html#fieldnotes">Archived</a> 2017-11-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkes1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacquetta_Hawkes" title="Jacquetta Hawkes">Hawkes, Jacquetta</a> (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofancientar00hawk/page/146"><i>Atlas of Ancient Archaeology</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Education">McGraw-Hill Book Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofancientar00hawk/page/146">146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-027293-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-027293-X"><bdi>0-07-027293-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Ancient+Archaeology&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Book+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-07-027293-X&rft.aulast=Hawkes&rft.aufirst=Jacquetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofancientar00hawk%2Fpage%2F146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudbrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_A._Bard" title="Kathryn A. Bard">Kathryn A. Bard</a> and Steven Blake Shubert, eds., <i>Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt</i>, 1999, Routledge, 938 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18589-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18589-0">0-415-18589-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Neer" title="Richard T. Neer">Neer, Richard. T</a>., <i>Art & archaeology of the Greek world: a new history, c. 2500-c.150 BCE,</i> Second edition, Thames and Hudson, London, 2019, pp.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirgeMillerKraynakMiller1992–2018" class="citation book cs1">Birge, Darice Elizabeth; Miller, Stephen Gaylord; Kraynak, Lynn Harriett; Miller, S. G. (1992–2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ojTPxLcWGTwC&pg=PA113"><i>Excavations at Nemea</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 113n345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07027-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07027-1"><bdi>978-0-520-07027-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630161019/https://books.google.com/books?id=ojTPxLcWGTwC&pg=PA113">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-23</span></span>. <q>Adding straw or dried vegetable matter to the clay of mudbricks was a common practice</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excavations+at+Nemea.&rft.pages=113n345&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992%2F2018&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07027-1&rft.aulast=Birge&rft.aufirst=Darice+Elizabeth&rft.au=Miller%2C+Stephen+Gaylord&rft.au=Kraynak%2C+Lynn+Harriett&rft.au=Miller%2C+S.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DojTPxLcWGTwC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudbrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSACKO2015" class="citation web cs1">SACKO, Oussouby (15 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927003156/http://www.kyoto-seika.ac.jp/researchlab/wp/wp-content/uploads/kiyo/pdf-data/no41/oussouby_sacko.pdf">"Issues of Cultural Conservation and Tourism Development in the Process of World Heritage Preservation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Area Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyoto-seika.ac.jp/researchlab/wp/wp-content/uploads/kiyo/pdf-data/no41/oussouby_sacko.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Issues+of+Cultural+Conservation+and+Tourism+Development+in+the+Process+of+World+Heritage+Preservation&rft.pub=Area+Studies&rft.date=2015-11-15&rft.aulast=SACKO&rft.aufirst=Oussouby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyoto-seika.ac.jp%2Fresearchlab%2Fwp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fkiyo%2Fpdf-data%2Fno41%2Foussouby_sacko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudbrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury2008" class="citation web cs1">Bradbury, Dominic (30 October 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3562677/Timbuktu-Mud-mud-glorious-mud.html">"Timbuktu: Mud, mud, glorious mud"</a></span>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3562677/Timbuktu-Mud-mud-glorious-mud.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timbuktu%3A+Mud%2C+mud%2C+glorious+mud&rft.pub=The+Telegraph&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fart%2F3562677%2FTimbuktu-Mud-mud-glorious-mud.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudbrick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudbrick&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). <i>Mehrgarh</i> in <i>Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i>, edited by Brian Fagan. Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudbrick&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eartharchitecture.org">Earth Architecture</a>, website whose focus is contemporary issues in earth architecture.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eartha.org.uk/"><b>EARTHA</b>: <i>Earth Architecture and Conservation in East Anglia</i></a>, British organisation that focuses on the proper maintenance and conservation of earth buildings in a region of the UK that has a long history of building with mud. Very experienced experts are contactable and there are regular demonstrations in the area.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912063954/http://one.revver.com/find/video/stepping+gently">Video showing mud brick making</a>, mud brick building and biolytic sewerage in South Africa.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.craterre.org/"><b>CRAterre</b>: <i>Centre de recherche architectural en terre</i></a>, French university research organisation dedicated to unfired earth construction</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> 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