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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_life_in_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Political life in the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_life_in_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_League_and_the_independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_League_and_the_independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>India League and the independence movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_League_and_the_independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles_in_post-independence_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles_in_post-independence_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Roles in post-independence India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roles_in_post-independence_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roles in post-independence India subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roles_in_post-independence_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India's_representative_to_the_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India's_representative_to_the_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>India's representative to the United Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India's_representative_to_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomacy_and_non-alignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy_and_non-alignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Diplomacy and non-alignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy_and_non-alignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_and_the_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_and_the_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>China and the United Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_and_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_disarmament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_disarmament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Nuclear disarmament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_disarmament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suez_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suez_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Suez Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suez_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech_on_Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_on_Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Speech on Kashmir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_on_Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Minister of Defence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Congo_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congo_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Congo Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congo_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexation_of_Portuguese_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_of_Portuguese_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Annexation of Portuguese India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_of_Portuguese_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sino-Indian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sino-Indian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>The Sino-Indian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sino-Indian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_Supreme_Court_advocate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_Supreme_Court_advocate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>As a Supreme Court advocate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_Supreme_Court_advocate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rajya_Sabha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajya_Sabha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rajya Sabha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajya_Sabha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1957" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1957"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1957</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1957-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1961" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1961"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1961</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1967" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1967</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1969</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1971" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>1971</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evaluations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Evaluations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Intellectual reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">V. K. Krishna Menon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="فينجاليل كريشنا مينون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فينجاليل كريشنا مينون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="V. K. Krishna Menon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Menon" title="Krishna Menon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Krishna Menon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="V. K. Krishna Menon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="V. K. Krishna Menon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="V. K. Krishna Menon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="वी के कृष्ण मेनन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वी के कृष्ण मेनन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.K._Krishna_Menon" title="V.K. Krishna Menon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="V.K. Krishna Menon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ונגליל קרישנן קרישנה מנון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ונגליל קרישנן קרישנה מנון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF.%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86.%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ವಿ.ಕೆ.ಕೃಷ್ಣ ಮೆನನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿ.ಕೆ.ಕೃಷ್ಣ ಮೆನನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86._%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BB" title="വി.കെ. കൃഷ്ണമേനോൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വി.കെ. കൃഷ്ണമേനോൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="व्ही.के. कृष्ण मेनन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्ही.के. कृष्ण मेनन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="فينجاليل كريشنا مينون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فينجاليل كريشنا مينون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80._%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87._%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵੀ. ਕੇ. ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ ਮੈਨਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੀ. ਕੇ. ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ ਮੈਨਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Menon" title="Krishna Menon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krishna Menon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1na_Menon" title="Krišna Menon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krišna Menon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="V. K. Krishna Menon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.K._Krishna_Menon" title="V.K. Krishna Menon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="V.K. Krishna Menon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87._%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வே. கி. கிருஷ்ண மேனன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வே. கி. கிருஷ்ண மேனன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF._%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86._%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="వి. కె. కృష్ణ మేనన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వి. కె. కృష్ణ మేనన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._K._Kri%C5%9Fna_Menon" title="V. K. Krişna Menon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="V. K. Krişna Menon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E4%BB%80%E9%82%A3%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%86%9C" title="克里什那·梅农 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里什那·梅农" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3595860#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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searchaux" style="display:none">Former Indian Defence Minister</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Krishna Menon" redirects here. For the guru, see <a href="/wiki/Atmananda_Krishna_Menon" title="Atmananda Krishna Menon">Atmananda Krishna Menon</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">V. K. Krishna Menon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:V._K._Krishna_Menon_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/V._K._Krishna_Menon_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-V._K._Krishna_Menon_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/V._K._Krishna_Menon_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-V._K._Krishna_Menon_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/V._K._Krishna_Menon_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-V._K._Krishna_Menon_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Menon, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1950s</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Union Minister for Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 April 1957 – 31 October 1962</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_India_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations">Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1952–1962</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Lok_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha">Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1957–1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vithal_Balkrishna_Gandhi" title="Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi">Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency Abolished</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_North_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)">Mumbai North</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1969–1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sachindra Nath Maity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M._N._Govindan_Nair" title="M. N. Govindan Nair">M. N. Govindan Nair</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Midnapore</a> (1969–71) <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)">Trivandrum</a> (1971—74)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Rajya_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha">Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1953–1957</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a> (1953–56)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> (1956—57)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/India_House,_London" title="India House, London">Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1947–1952</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B._G._Kher" title="B. G. Kher">B. G. Kher</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1896-05-03</span>)</span>3 May 1896<br /><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (<small>now in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></small>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 October 1974<span style="display:none">(1974-10-06)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India_League" title="India League">India League</a> and the Indian Independence Movement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Komath Krishna Kurup (father)<br /> Lakshmi Kutty Amma (mother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Presidency College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Madras_Law_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Law College">Madras Law College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (<a href="/wiki/BSc" class="mw-redirect" title="BSc">BSc</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSc" class="mw-redirect" title="MSc">MSc</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barrister-at-Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrister-at-Law">Barrister-at-Law</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="#Awards">awards</a> section</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1262.htm">Parliament of India</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian name</a>, the name <i>Vengalil Krishnan</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>, and the person should be referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, <i>Krishna Menon</i>.</div><p><b>Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon</b> (3 May 1896 – 6 October 1974) was an Indian academic, independence activist, politician, lawyer, and statesman.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time, Menon contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> and India's foreign relations. He was among the major architects of Indian foreign policy, and acted as <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>'s diplomat. </p><p>In 1928, Menon founded the <a href="/wiki/India_League" title="India League">India League</a> in London to demand total independence from the British rule in the Indian subcontinent. Towards the end of the 1940s, he presided Indo-British matters and caused the selection of the last British Viceroy of India, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked with Nehru, Mountbatten, <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Patel">Sardar Patel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/V.P._Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="V.P. Menon">V.P. Menon</a> to work out the mechanics of Indian independence. </p><p>After the independence of India, he facilitated international diplomacy and resolutions in situations such as the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian invasion of Hungary">invasion of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and the Chinese capture of American airmen, while supporting the anti-colonial ethos of what he would eventually name the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VKKM_NAM_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VKKM_NAM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VKKM_NAM2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VKKM_NAM2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the independence of India, he served as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_India_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a>, and Defence minister. As a Defence minister, he played a role in military conflicts such as <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-United_States._Department_of_State_1994_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States._Department_of_State_1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his tenure as defence minister, India saw establishment of domestic military-industrial complex and educational systems, the <a href="/wiki/Sainik_Schools" title="Sainik Schools">Sainik Schools</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Research and Development Organization">Defence Research and Development Organization</a> (DRDO), and other defence and military institutions, while professionalizing the <a href="/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)" title="National Cadet Corps (India)">National Cadet Corps</a> and similar entities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was elected to both houses of the Indian parliament from constituencies such as <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum">Trivandrum</a> in his native state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. He remained a member of the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> until his death. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menon was born into an aristocratic Nair family at Thiruvangad <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, later moving to <a href="/wiki/Panniyankara" title="Panniyankara">Panniyankara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, where the Vengalil <a href="/wiki/Tharavad" title="Tharavad">Tharavad</a> maintained estates, including their sixteen-halled <i>pathinarakettu</i> seat. He was named after his father K. Krishna Kurup. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menon had his early education at the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin%27s_Guruvayurappan_College" title="Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College">Zamorin's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>. In 1918, he graduated from <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Presidency College, Chennai</a>, with a B.A. in History and Economics.<sup id="cite_ref-open.ac.uk_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open.ac.uk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While studying in the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Law_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Law College">Madras Law College</a>, he was involved in <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a> and was associated with <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule Movement">Home Rule Movement</a>. He was a member of the "Brothers of Service", founded by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> who helped him travel to England in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-open.ac.uk_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open.ac.uk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_and_activities_in_England">Life and activities in England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life and activities in England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menon studied at <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, securing <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> in economics and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> in economics from <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>. Later, he studied at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> and in 1930, he was awarded an M.A. in Industrial Psychology with first class honours from <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, for a thesis entitled <i>An Experimental Study of the Mental Processes Involved in Reasoning.</i> In 1934, he secured a MSc in Political Science with first class honours from the London School of Economics, for a thesis titled <i>English Political Thought in the Seventeenth Century</i>. </p><p>In 1934, he continued to study law and was called to the bar at <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a>, marking the end of his formal education at the age of 37.<sup id="cite_ref-open.ac.uk_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open.ac.uk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a barrister, Menon represented poor lascas pro bono, and, <a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh">Udham Singh</a>, in his trial for the killing of <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a> in vengeance for the <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritsar Massacre">Amritsar Massacre</a>. </p><p>During the 1930s, Menon worked as an editor for <a href="/wiki/The_Bodley_Head" title="The Bodley Head">The Bodley Head</a> and its <i>Twentieth Century Library</i> (1932-1935), for Selwyn & Blount and its <i>Topical Books</i> series, and then, from 1937, for <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> and its founder <a href="/wiki/Sir_Allen_Lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Allen Lane">Sir Allen Lane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartley2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartley2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menon was the editor of the educational series <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican Books</a> since its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_life_in_the_UK">Political life in the UK</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political life in the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After joining the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> he was elected borough councillor of <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras,_London" title="St Pancras, London">St Pancras, London</a>, in which context he befriended <a href="/wiki/Edwina_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwina Mountbatten">Edwina Mountbatten</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a>. Due to the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Mountbattens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountbattens">Mountbattens</a>, in the pre-war British society,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menon was able to consolidate political alliances with Labour potentates like <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> (future prime minister), <a href="/wiki/Sir_Stafford_Cripps" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Stafford Cripps">Sir Stafford Cripps</a> (future chancellor) and <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, while gaining entry to the social circles of <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and the then-Queen Elizabeth. Additional intimates included, political and intellectual figures such as <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.B.S._Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B.S. Haldane">J.B.S. Haldane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/E.M._Forster" class="mw-redirect" title="E.M. Forster">E.M. Forster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Frederica_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Frederica of Greece">Queen Frederica of Greece</a>. St. Pancras, later gave him the "Freedom of the Borough", the other person having received this, was <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>. In 1939, the Labour Party began preparations to nominate him as its candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Dundee_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dundee (UK Parliament constituency)">Dundee Parliamentary constituency</a> but that fell through because of his perceived connections with the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-archives_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resigned (or was expelled, according to other sources) from the Labour Party in protest but rejoined in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-archives_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OU_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OU-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India_League_and_the_independence_movement">India League and the independence movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: India League and the independence movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/India_League" title="India League">India League</a></div> <p>In 1928, Menon founded <a href="/wiki/India_League_(1928_Institute)" class="mw-redirect" title="India League (1928 Institute)">India League</a> to demand total independence of India from the British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Society_of_International_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Society_of_International-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked as a journalist and as president of the India League from 1928 to 1947. In 1930s, Menon along with other contributors had created a 554-page report on the situation in India. The report was banned in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Rana_2022_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rana_2022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menon worked to help Nehru succeed <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> as the moral leader and executive of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, and to support Nehru's accession as the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> of an independent India. As Secretary, he built the India League into the Indian lobby in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a>, and turned British sentiment towards the cause of Indian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Today_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Today-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> praised the efforts of the Indian League for its "hurricane propaganda on the danger to world peace of a rebellious India in bondage".<sup id="cite_ref-Kiran_Mahadevan_2000_p._21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiran_Mahadevan_2000_p.-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also took interest in the Colonial Seamen's Association from which he met <a href="/wiki/Chris_Braithwaite" title="Chris Braithwaite">Chris Braithwaite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surat_Alley#Life_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Surat Alley">Surat Alley.</a>The origins of the policy of <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-alignment</a> were evident in Menon, where he condemned Britain and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, although he marched several times in anti-Nazi demonstrations. When asked whether India would prefer to be ruled by the British or the Germans, Menon replied that "[one] might as well ask a fish if it prefers to be fried in butter or margarine".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles_in_post-independence_India">Roles in post-independence India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roles in post-independence India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Norodom_Sihanouk,_V.K._Krishna_Menon_and_Andrei_Gromyako.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Prince_Norodom_Sihanouk%2C_V.K._Krishna_Menon_and_Andrei_Gromyako.jpg/250px-Prince_Norodom_Sihanouk%2C_V.K._Krishna_Menon_and_Andrei_Gromyako.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Prince_Norodom_Sihanouk%2C_V.K._Krishna_Menon_and_Andrei_Gromyako.jpg/375px-Prince_Norodom_Sihanouk%2C_V.K._Krishna_Menon_and_Andrei_Gromyako.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Prince_Norodom_Sihanouk%2C_V.K._Krishna_Menon_and_Andrei_Gromyako.jpg/500px-Prince_Norodom_Sihanouk%2C_V.K._Krishna_Menon_and_Andrei_Gromyako.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>V.K. Krishna Menon (age 62) giving a luncheon in 1958 in honour of His Royal Highness Prince <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a>, Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom">High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: High Commissioner to the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After India gained independence in 1947, Menon was appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_India_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of India to the United Kingdom">High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom</a>, a post in which he remained until 1952. Menon's distrust of the West extended to the United Kingdom, and his opposition to British political manoeuvres led <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> to deem him a "serious menace to security". From 1929 onwards, Menon had been kept under surveillance, with a warrant to intercept his correspondence being issued in December 1933, identifying him as an "important worker in the Indian revolutionary movement".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clandestine surveillance intensified following Menon's 1946 meeting in Paris with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, and Indian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, hundreds of pages of MI5 files documenting their coverage of Menon were released, including transcripts of phone conversations and intercepted correspondences with other statesmen and Nehru himself.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his tenure as the high commissioner, Menon was accused of being involved in the <i><a href="/wiki/Jeep_scandal_case" title="Jeep scandal case">jeep scandal case</a></i>, it was the first alleged case of corruption in independent India. In 1948, Menon had ignored protocols and signed a Rs 8 million contract for the purchase of army jeeps with a foreign firm for the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal was later rescinded by the Indian deputy High Commissioner in London due to the failure of the completion of the order.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray_2013_p._63_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray_2013_p._63-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigation into the matter was closed in 1955 after nothing was found against anybody including Menon.<sup id="cite_ref-Kutty_1988_p._29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutty_1988_p.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kapoor_2000_p._30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapoor_2000_p.-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India's_representative_to_the_United_Nations"><span id="India.27s_representative_to_the_United_Nations"></span>India's representative to the United Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: India's representative to the United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_V.K._Krishna_Menon_at_the_United_Nations,_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_V.K._Krishna_Menon_at_the_United_Nations%2C_New_York.jpg/250px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_V.K._Krishna_Menon_at_the_United_Nations%2C_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_V.K._Krishna_Menon_at_the_United_Nations%2C_New_York.jpg/375px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_V.K._Krishna_Menon_at_the_United_Nations%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_V.K._Krishna_Menon_at_the_United_Nations%2C_New_York.jpg/500px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_V.K._Krishna_Menon_at_the_United_Nations%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of India">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> with V. K. Krishna Menon (age 60) in United Nations in December 1956.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1949, Menon accepted the command of the Indian delegation to the United Nations, a position he held until 1962. He headed India's diplomatic missions to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, and established himself in diplomatic matters including the <a href="/wiki/Suez_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez crisis">Suez crisis</a>. He engineered solutions to complex international political issues, including a peace plan for Korea, a ceasefire in <a href="/wiki/Indo-China" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-China">Indo-China</a>, the deadlocked disarmament talks, and the French withdrawal from the UN over <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Today_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Today-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier, he led the overseas wing of the Indian independence movement, launching the <a href="/wiki/India_League_(1928_Institute)" class="mw-redirect" title="India League (1928 Institute)">India League</a> in London in 1928, rallying within the United Kingdom to win public support for Indian independence, and of world powers such as the Soviet Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diplomacy_and_non-alignment">Diplomacy and non-alignment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diplomacy and non-alignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this period, Menon was a spokesman for Nehru's foreign policy, dubbed <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-alignment</a> in 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> charting a third course between the US and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Menon was critical of the United States, and expressed sympathies with Soviet policies, earning the ire of many Indians by voting against a UN resolution calling for the USSR to withdraw troops from Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he reversed his stance three weeks later under pressure from New Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, Indira Gandhi had consulted Menon for drafting Vietnam plan which called for international effort to rehabilitate <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and criticised the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> for its role in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupte_2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupte_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China_and_the_United_Nations">China and the United Nations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: China and the United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menon also supported the admission of China to the United Nations, which earned him the enmity of many American statesmen, including Senator <a href="/wiki/William_F._Knowland" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Knowland">William F. Knowland</a>. In 1955, Menon intervened in the case of several American airmen who had been held by China, meeting with Chinese premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> before flying to Washington to confer with and counsel American President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>, at the request of British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nuclear disarmament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menon was an opponent of nuclear weapons, and partnered with many in his quest against their proliferation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suez_Crisis">Suez Crisis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Suez Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, Menon attempted to persuade <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamal Nasser">Gamal Nasser</a> to compromise with the West, and facilitated moving Western powers towards an awareness that Nasser might prove willing to compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the emergency conference on Suez convened in London, Menon, invited by British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>, offered a counterproposal to <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>' plan for resolution, in which Egypt would be allowed to retain control of the Suez Canal. </p><p>While known for his alignment with the British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour party</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> analogues, by the 1950s, world diplomats referred to Menon's allies, comprising <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a>, British foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Selwyn Lloyd</a>, Canadian foreign minister and future premier <a href="/wiki/Lester_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Pearson">Lester Pearson</a>, Australian foreign minister and future governor-general <a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Richard Casey</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OirSz3Wtaa0C&dq=selwyn+lloyd+menon+cabal&pg=PA700">particularly to the fury of US Secretary of State Dean Acheson.</a> Menon's proposal was estimated by US diplomats to have more support than the Dulles plan, and was viewed as an attempt to hybridise the Dulles plan with Egypt's claims. The Dulles plan passed, with Menon voting against, alongside Russia, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Menon, however, softened his opposition in the final hours, leaving Soviet Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov" title="Dmitri Shepilov">Dmitri Shepilov</a> in contraposition.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speech_on_Kashmir">Speech on Kashmir</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Speech on Kashmir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Why is that we have never heard voices in connection with the freedom of people under the suppression and tyranny of Pakistani authorities on the other side of the cease-fire line? Why is it that we have not heard here that in ten years these people have not seen a ballot paper? With what voice can either the Security Council or anyone coming before it demand a plebiscite for a people on our side who exercise franchise, who have freedom of speech, who function under a hundred local bodies? </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">-- Excerpt from Menon's marathon 1957 address to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>On 23 January 1957 Menon delivered an eight-hour speech defending India's stand on <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. To date, the speech is the longest delivered in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering five hours of the 762nd meeting on 23 January, and two hours and forty-eight minutes on the 24th,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concluding with Menon's collapse on the Security Council floor.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the two parts, Menon collapsed from exhaustion and had to be hospitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the filibuster, Nehru went onto consolidate Indian power in Kashmir. Menon's defence of Indian sovereignty in Kashmir enlarged his base of support in India, and led to the Indian press dubbing him the "Hero of Kashmir".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Defence">Minister of Defence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Minister of Defence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krishna Menon became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> in 1953 from Madras. In 1956, he joined the Union Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio and was made <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence">Minister of Defence</a> in April 1957, after winning the North <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> seat to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>. </p><p>Menon developed India's domestic military-industrial complex and educational systems.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his reign as defence minister, India saw establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Sainik_Schools" title="Sainik Schools">Sainik Schools</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Research and Development Organization">Defence Research and Development Organization</a> (DRDO), and other defence and military institutions, while professionalizing the <a href="/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)" title="National Cadet Corps (India)">National Cadet Corps</a> and similar entities. </p><p>Menon brought with him a degree of governmental, public, and international attention that India's military had not previously known. He suspended the seniority system within the army, replacing it with a merit-based method of promotion, and restructured much of India's military command system, eventually leading to the resignation of the Chief of the Army Staff, General <a href="/wiki/K.S._Thimayya" class="mw-redirect" title="K.S. Thimayya">K.S. Thimayya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congo_Crisis">Congo Crisis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Congo Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1960, Menon remarked on Congo crisis that freedom for African countries meant not only political independence but also the right to be able to develop economically and defend themselves from subversion from both inside and outside the country. Menon criticized the <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgians</a> for not providing military training to the Congolese before leaving the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Information_Service,_Embassy_of_India_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Information_Service,_Embassy_of_India-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, Nehru sent an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> brigade of about 4,700 troops for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">United Nations Operation in the Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hingorani_1989_p._47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingorani_1989_p.-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annexation_of_Portuguese_India">Annexation of Portuguese India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Annexation of Portuguese India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">annexation of Goa</a> was linked with the 1961 elections to the Lok Sabha. Menon addressed the issue of Indian sovereignty over the Portuguese colony of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, in a partial reprise of his earlier defence of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. In New York, Menon met US Ambassador and two-time presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> behind closed doors,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before meeting with President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, who had expressed his reservations about Menon's anti-imperialism during the state visit of Nehru. Menon lectured Kennedy on the importance of US-Soviet compromise, before returning to India. On 17 December 1961, Menon and the Indian Army overran Goa, leading to Western condemnation. Menon dismissed the admonishments of Kennedy and Stevenson as "vestige(s) of Western imperialism". Indian annexation of Goa had subtle ramifications throughout Asia, as in the case of Indonesian president <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, who refrained from invading the Portuguese colony of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> partially from fear of being compared to Menon.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invasion also spawned a complex mass of legal issues relating to differences between eastern and western interpretations of United Nations law and jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Sino-Indian_War">The Sino-Indian War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Sino-Indian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1962 China attacked India, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>, and a temporary reversal in India's non-aligned foreign policy. On 14 October, about 6 days before the war, Menon gave a speech in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> where he announced that India would fight "to the last man, to the last gun". Menon was criticised both inside and outside parliament for his handling of the conflict. The Indian government's analysis, the <a href="/wiki/Henderson_Brooks%E2%80%93Bhagat_Report" title="Henderson Brooks–Bhagat Report">Henderson Brooks–Bhagat Report</a> remains classified. Menon believed that Pakistan – not China – is the real threat on the border.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2018_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2018-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menon was held responsible for India's lack of military preparation to repel China in the full-scale war to the extent that Indian politicians invested more effort in getting Menon removed than in actually waging war.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Indian_Express_2008_q276_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Express_2008_q276-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menon had resigned on 31 October 1962 as Minister of Defence.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Menon remained a counselor to Nehru and continued to assist the Indian government with foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupte_2011_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupte_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_Supreme_Court_advocate">As a Supreme Court advocate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: As a Supreme Court advocate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his resignation from the cabinet ministry, Menon practiced as a Senior Advocate in the Supreme Court with a group of lawyers. He specifically focused on the Labour matters and he took them up without taking any fees. Former Supreme Court Judge <a href="/wiki/V._R._Krishna_Iyer" title="V. R. Krishna Iyer">V. R. Krishna Iyer</a> remarked Menon's legal career as: "Great human causes, not petty problems, find the jurist in him. He is halting in humdrum areas but heroic in the higher values of our legalpolitical system."<sup id="cite_ref-Menon_1991_p._56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon_1991_p.-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kutty_p._143_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutty_p._143-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rajya_Sabha">Rajya Sabha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rajya Sabha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menon was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1953 from Madras.<sup id="cite_ref-Ram_1997_p._58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ram_1997_p.-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varkey_2002_p._59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varkey_2002_p.-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1957">1957</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1957"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1957, Menon sought a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, contesting a constituency from <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_North_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)">North Mumbai</a>. Admired for his defence of India's sovereignty in Kashmir on the world stage, Menon was met with rapturous receptions on the campaign trail, and won in a contest against PSP candidate Alvares Peter Augustus by 47,741 votes (171,708 to 123,967).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>We visited many villages. Huge crowds surged forward, blocking the streets, while Menon was drowned by the surrounding uproar, his umbrella knocked away by the bombardment of flowers and bouquets. He insisted, in spite of the heat of the day, the dust and the exhaustion, on fulfilling his programme. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">-- Eyewitness account of Menon's 1957 campaign, <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1961">1961</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1961"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_Menon_Time_Magazine_cover_(1962).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ad/Krishna_Menon_Time_Magazine_cover_%281962%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="362" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Menon was frequently vilified in the Western press, which described or depicted him as a "snake-charmer", as in <i><a href="/wiki/TIME_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME (magazine)">TIME</a></i> magazine's 1962 cover portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu.com_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1961, Menon, the sitting Defence Minister, was challenged by the 74-year-old <a href="/wiki/Acharya_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Acharya Kripalani">Acharya Kripalani</a>, a previous president of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. The race, which witnessed the direct intervention of <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, was viewed as of importance due to the personas and influence of the two candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having previously endorsed Menon's foreign policies, Kripalani attacked Menon's persona, seeking to avoid confrontation with the prestige of Nehru and the Congress Party. Menon won nearly doubling the vote total of Kripalani, and winning majorities in all six of North Mumbai's districts. The electoral results established Menon as second to Nehru in Indian politics.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967">1967</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1967"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, Menon was denied a seat from Mumbai by the Congress on the grounds that he was a non-Maharashtrian after Congress leadership in Delhi had succumbed to the demands of the Bombay Provincial Congress Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Kutty_p._143_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutty_p._143-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This move by the committee had appalled Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> who remarked that: "Here is a question of whom the party wants and whom the people want. My position among people is uncontested."<sup id="cite_ref-Gupte_2011_p._376_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupte_2011_p._376-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishna_2011_p._73_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna_2011_p._73-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menon resigned from the Congress and stood for elections as an independent candidate from the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_North_East_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)">North East Mumbai</a> constituency, of which he was the sitting member of parliament. He lost to the Congress candidate, Mr. S.G. Barve, a retired <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">ICS</a> officer, by a margin of 13,169 votes. Mr. Barve died later that year, and his sister, Mrs. Tara Sapre, contested the by-election which ensued as the Congress candidate. Menon again stood as an independent, and lost to Mrs. Tara Sapre by a wider margin than had been the case with her brother. In both, 1967 and 1969 elections, <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shiv Sena</a> had campaigned for both of the Congress candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shiv_Lal_1972_p._67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiv_Lal_1972_p.-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1969">1969</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1969"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1969, Menon contested a seat in the Lok Sabha from the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> constituency of <a href="/wiki/Medinipur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Midnapore</a>, running as an independent in a by-election, and defeating his Congress rival by a margin of 106,767 votes in May of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1971">1971</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1971"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KrishnaMenon_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/KrishnaMenon_Museum.JPG/300px-KrishnaMenon_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/KrishnaMenon_Museum.JPG/450px-KrishnaMenon_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/KrishnaMenon_Museum.JPG/600px-KrishnaMenon_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Krishna Menon Museum, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, where original oil portraits of Menon, as well as personal belongings, letters, news clips, and other materials related to Menon, are kept for public display.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1971, Menon contested as an independent candidate and was elected to the Lok Sabha from <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)">Trivandrum</a>, in his home state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluations">Evaluations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Evaluations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menon was a significant figure of the Indian politics during his life, and has remained so even well after his death. In response to US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>' assertion that US weapons supplied to Pakistan were intended for defence against a Soviet invasion, Menon stated that "the world has yet to see an American gun that can only shoot in one direction", and that "I am yet to come across a vegetarian tiger". In London, Menon responded to novelist <a href="/wiki/Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a>: "my English is better than yours. You merely picked it up: I learnt it." When criticised for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rolls-Royce_motor_cars" title="List of Rolls-Royce motor cars">Rolls-Royces</a> he kept as official vehicles, he replied, "I can scarcely hire a bullock-cart to call on 10 Downing Street".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_Kensington_Palace_Gardens_-_View_ENE_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/London_-_Kensington_Palace_Gardens_-_View_ENE_II.jpg/220px-London_-_Kensington_Palace_Gardens_-_View_ENE_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/London_-_Kensington_Palace_Gardens_-_View_ENE_II.jpg/330px-London_-_Kensington_Palace_Gardens_-_View_ENE_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/London_-_Kensington_Palace_Gardens_-_View_ENE_II.jpg/440px-London_-_Kensington_Palace_Gardens_-_View_ENE_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>No. 9 Kensington Palace Gardens - the townhouse Menon purchased for the formal residence of the Indian High Commissioner, though he declined live there.</figcaption></figure> <p>Indian President <a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a> described him as "the epitome of a representative of the Indian State, personally abstemious but at the same time uncompromising in maintaining the prestige of his high office."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His meteroic rise was resented by many senior Congress leaders. At one time some used to believe that he would become successor to Nehru.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_1991_p._167_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao_1991_p._167-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of his Indian colleagues had a mixed view. Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Subimal_Dutt" title="Subimal Dutt">Subimal Dutt</a> commented that Menon, "did not always measure his words", while statesman <a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a> said, "India has been fortunate to have had not only a glorious heritage of culture and civilisation but a succession of great men from the Buddha to Gandhi, from Ashoka to Nehru, from Kautilya to Krishna Menon."<sup id="cite_ref-Kutty_p._148_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutty_p._148-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menon was reviled by Western statesmen who loathed his arrogance and anti-Western stances. American President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> considered Menon a "menace", governed by ambition to prove himself the international manipulator and politician of the age". Western publications referred to him as "India's <a href="/wiki/Rasputin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasputin">Rasputin</a>" or "Nehru's Evil Genius".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menon's role in the development of India's military infrastructure has attracted attention of analysts and scholars with regards to the importance of Menon's vision and foresight in military development. Political figures as varied as <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a> and Minister of Defence <a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/V.R._Krishna_Iyer" class="mw-redirect" title="V.R. Krishna Iyer">V.R. Krishna Iyer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> have analysed and defended Menon's role in India's rise as a military power.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menon is often noted as the architect of self-sufficiency in India's defence production.<sup id="cite_ref-Mrs._Susheela_Subrahmanya_1974_p._77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mrs._Susheela_Subrahmanya_1974_p.-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_reputation">Intellectual reputation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Intellectual reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whether by his supporters or critics, Menon inspired adulation as well as detraction in both India and the West. To his supporters, he was an advocate of India in the face of Western imperialism, who "taught the white man his place".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(India)" title="The Tribune (India)">The Tribune</a></i>, "Few Indians have dominated global politics or aroused as much awe and antagonism as V. K. Krishna Menon, one of the prominent personalities of the 20th century. </p><p>As a student, his tutor, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a>, described him as the "best" and "brilliant" student he had, and the only one from whom he had learnt anything. While his thesis supervisor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spearman" title="Charles Spearman">Charles Spearman</a>, in reviewing his work with <a href="/wiki/C.E._Beeby" class="mw-redirect" title="C.E. Beeby">C.E. Beeby</a>, judged that "by virtue of intense intellectual study, together with natural capacity, he appears to have acquired mastery of psychological science. Furthermore he has shown capacities for both original investigation and also for exposition. He has, I believe, a distinguished career before him."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another supervisor, <a href="/wiki/John_Flugel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Flugel">John Flugel</a>, predicted that when published Menon's dissertation "would (render him) one of the young and brilliant psychologists of this century."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> remarked that Menon was a "particularly brilliant young man" and "an exceptionally gifted and experienced speaker and typically representative of the advanced thought of modern young India".<sup id="cite_ref-Varkey_2002_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varkey_2002-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/P.N._Haksar" class="mw-redirect" title="P.N. Haksar">P.N. Haksar</a> attested to the "vastness of his intellectual perception". “From a intellectual point of view, I cannot remember having met any person with a keener intellect”, commented Nehru in 1951. <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a>, while noting his intolerance of those intellectually inferior to him and habitual rudeness, nonetheless highlighted his "brilliance and intellectual stamina' and mastery "of the extensive discourse on world affairs, human history and international politics that Menon so magisterially managed." <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> attributed Menon's hold over <a href="/wiki/Nehru" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru">Nehru</a> to Menon's brilliance and for being the "only genuinely intellectual foil Nehru had in his government, with whom he could discuss <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dickens">Dickens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dostoevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_1896-1974_Campaigner_for_Indian_Independence_lived_here.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blue plaque erected in 2013 by English Heritage at 30 Langdon Park Road, Highgate, London N6 5QG, London Borough of Haringey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_1896-1974_Campaigner_for_Indian_Independence_lived_here.jpg/150px-V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_1896-1974_Campaigner_for_Indian_Independence_lived_here.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_1896-1974_Campaigner_for_Indian_Independence_lived_here.jpg/225px-V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_1896-1974_Campaigner_for_Indian_Independence_lived_here.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_1896-1974_Campaigner_for_Indian_Independence_lived_here.jpg/300px-V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_1896-1974_Campaigner_for_Indian_Independence_lived_here.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_-_30_Langdon_Park_Road_Highgate_London_N6_5QG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="V.K. KRISHNA MENON 1896–1974 Campaigner for Indian Independence lived here" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_-_30_Langdon_Park_Road_Highgate_London_N6_5QG.jpg/150px-V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_-_30_Langdon_Park_Road_Highgate_London_N6_5QG.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_-_30_Langdon_Park_Road_Highgate_London_N6_5QG.jpg/225px-V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_-_30_Langdon_Park_Road_Highgate_London_N6_5QG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_-_30_Langdon_Park_Road_Highgate_London_N6_5QG.jpg/300px-V.K._KRISHNA_MENON_-_30_Langdon_Park_Road_Highgate_London_N6_5QG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Blue plaque erected in 2013 by English Heritage at 30 Langdon Park Road, Highgate, London N6 5QG, London Borough of Haringey.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menon fell ill about three months before his death when he was in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to attend a musical event, organised for raising donations for Nehru memorial fund. He was hospitalised on 4 October following exhaustion. He died at the age of 78 due to heart attack on 6 October 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Publications_Division_of_the_Ministry_1974_p._82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publications_Division_of_the_Ministry_1974_p.-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kutty_p._143_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutty_p._143-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian President <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a> said on his death that the country has lost an "eminent statesman and great leader". He added that: </p> <blockquote><p>"Menon was an intrepid fighter for the freedom of the country and carried on the struggle from England. He served free India with remarkable distinction and played a crucial role in the international forum. His mastery of the world, legal acumen and oratorical skill were always used to serve great causes."<sup id="cite_ref-India._Ministry_of_Defence_1974_p._83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India._Ministry_of_Defence_1974_p.-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> described Menon as "unusually forceful contemporary who has left a distinctive mark on our political life". She added that: </p> <blockquote><p>"A volcano is extinct. Krishna Menon was a person of deep conviction, great intellectual power and passionate dedication to the country's cause. His pioneering work as spokesman of our freedom movement in Europe and as a link with radical movements of other countries is part of our nation's history. After independence he was one of the most eloquent exponents in the United Nations and other world forums, of policy of non-alignment and peaceful co-existence and our opposition to all forms of colonialism and racialism."<sup id="cite_ref-Publications_Division_of_the_Ministry_1974_p._82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publications_Division_of_the_Ministry_1974_p.-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a> and later PM of the United Kingdom, said: </p> <blockquote><p>"Krishna Menon was a man of remarkable talents and personality would have shone in any circumstances and at any time but for us he was also the embodiment of the movement within Britain for India's freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-Kiran_Mahadevan_2000_p._21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiran_Mahadevan_2000_p.-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An all-party meeting of the members of parliament was held in Central Hall of Parliament to mourn Menon's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_National_Congress_1974_p._84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_National_Congress_1974_p.-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his funeral, wreaths were placed by president Ahmed, vice-president <a href="/wiki/B._D._Jatti" title="B. D. Jatti">B. D. Jatti</a>, PM Indira Gandhi and her cabinet members, MPs and also high commissioner for Britain and the Egyptian ambassador.<sup id="cite_ref-Publications_Division_of_the_Ministry_1974_p._82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publications_Division_of_the_Ministry_1974_p.-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a> and other prominent figures also shared their condolences.<sup id="cite_ref-V.K.M._Kutty_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V.K.M._Kutty-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In private, Menon abstained from tobacco, alcohol and meat,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fasting for days, and forwent his luxury townhouse in <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace_Gardens" title="Kensington Palace Gardens">Kensington Palace Gardens</a> in favour of a single room in the Indian High Commission during his official tenure in London. As high commissioner, Menon drew the token salary of one rupee per month,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later refusing a salary outright.<sup id="cite_ref-news.google.com_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.google.com-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menon dressed publicly in bespoke suits, earning him the epithet "<a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Savile_Row" title="Savile Row">Savile Row</a> suit".<sup id="cite_ref-hindu.com_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954, Menon was awarded with the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Addison_Oakes_Lawson_Sladen_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Addison_Oakes_Lawson_Sladen-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, he was awarded with the <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> Örder of Merit by the Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Economic_Features,_Limited_1968_p._89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economic_Features,_Limited_1968_p.-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 he was posthumously awarded with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O._R._Tambo" title="Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo">Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_Institute_of_India_2008_p._90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_Institute_of_India_2008_p.-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VK_Krishna_Menon_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/VK_Krishna_Menon_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg/200px-VK_Krishna_Menon_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/VK_Krishna_Menon_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg/300px-VK_Krishna_Menon_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/VK_Krishna_Menon_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg/400px-VK_Krishna_Menon_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Menon on a 1997 stamp.</figcaption></figure> <p>The V. K. Krishna Menon Institute was established in 2006 to commemorate and facilitate the life, times and achievements of Menon. One of the Institute's objectives include awarding people from India and diaspora from Asia for their accomplishments in the fields of science, literature, economics, politics, diplomacy and human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-HT_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HT-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> commemorating Menon was placed at 30 Langdon Park Road, in Highgate, London by <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-EngHet_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EngHet-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318032815/http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~kandathi/vkkm1962.pdf">"The 1962 Election in North Bombay"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~kandathi/vkkm1962.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1962+Election+in+North+Bombay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.nyu.edu%2F~kandathi%2Fvkkm1962.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1976" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, C. J. (30 December 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQM4AAAAIAAJ&q=vengalil&pg=PR6"><i>The Nayars today – Christopher John Fuller – Google Books</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521290913" title="Special:BookSources/9780521290913"><bdi>9780521290913</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nayars+today+%E2%80%93+Christopher+John+Fuller+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976-12-30&rft.isbn=9780521290913&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQM4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dvengalil%26pg%3DPR6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh, J. (2019). Chequered Brilliance. India: Penguin Books India PVT, Limited.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VKKM_NAM-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VKKM_NAM_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/why-ditch-the-non-aligned-movement/article21687929.ece1">"Why ditch the non-aligned movement?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Line" title="Business Line">Business Line</a>. 16 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+ditch+the+non-aligned+movement%3F&rft.pub=Business+Line&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fopinion%2Fwhy-ditch-the-non-aligned-movement%2Farticle21687929.ece1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VKKM_NAM2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VKKM_NAM2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theprint.in/india/governance/v-k-krishna-menon-the-evil-genius-behind-the-non-aligned-movement/130391/">"V.K. Krishna Menon, the 'evil genius' behind the non-aligned movement"</a>. The Print. 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=V.K.+Krishna+Menon%2C+the+%27evil+genius%27+behind+the+non-aligned+movement&rft.pub=The+Print&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theprint.in%2Findia%2Fgovernance%2Fv-k-krishna-menon-the-evil-genius-behind-the-non-aligned-movement%2F130391%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States._Department_of_State_1994-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-United_States._Department_of_State_1994_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Department_of_State1994" class="citation book cs1">United States. Department of State (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d94tAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA739"><i>Congo Crisis</i></a>. Department of State publication. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 739. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-041905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-041905-8"><bdi>978-0-16-041905-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congo+Crisis&rft.series=Department+of+State+publication&rft.pages=739&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-16-041905-8&rft.au=United+States.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd94tAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_Rao1991" class="citation book cs1">Krishna Rao, K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Your+Marks&rft.pub=Outlookindia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Farticle.aspx%3F263904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423021518/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/18/stories/2011041851921100.htm">"Opinion / Readers' Editor : Online : Media support crusade against corruption"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/18/stories/2011041851921100.htm">the original</a> on 23 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Opinion+%2F+Readers%27+Editor+%3A+Online+%3A+Media+support+crusade+against+corruption&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2Fstories%2F2011041851921100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray_2013_p._63-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ray_2013_p._63_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2013" class="citation book cs1">Ray, J.K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJYCgVkIwAwC&pg=PT63"><i>India's Foreign Relations, 1947-2007</i></a>. South Asian History and Culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-19714-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-19714-7"><bdi>978-1-136-19714-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Foreign+Relations%2C+1947-2007&rft.series=South+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-19714-7&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzJYCgVkIwAwC%26pg%3DPT63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kutty_1988_p.-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kutty_1988_p._29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutty1988" class="citation book cs1">Kutty, V.K.M. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=giFuAAAAMAAJ"><i>V.K. Krishna Menon</i></a>. Builders of modern India. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V.K.+Krishna+Menon&rft.series=Builders+of+modern+India&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Kutty&rft.aufirst=V.K.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgiFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kapoor_2000_p.-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kapoor_2000_p._30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapoor2000" class="citation book cs1">Kapoor, R.S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJUFAQAAIAAJ"><i>More Equal Than Others: A Study of the Indian Left</i></a>. Vision Books. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7094-381-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7094-381-5"><bdi>978-81-7094-381-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Equal+Than+Others%3A+A+Study+of+the+Indian+Left&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Vision+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7094-381-5&rft.aulast=Kapoor&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOJUFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa'Aroof1987" class="citation book cs1">Ma'Aroof, Mohammad Khalid (1 January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2pFvh9crtEC&q=krishna+menon+coined+non+alignment&pg=PA75"><i>Afghanistan in world politics: (a ... – Mohammad Khalid Ma'aroof – Google Books</i></a>. Gian Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121200974" title="Special:BookSources/9788121200974"><bdi>9788121200974</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+in+world+politics%3A+%28a+...+%E2%80%93+Mohammad+Khalid+Ma%27aroof+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Gian+Publishing+House&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft.isbn=9788121200974&rft.aulast=Ma%27Aroof&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Khalid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2pFvh9crtEC%26q%3Dkrishna%2Bmenon%2Bcoined%2Bnon%2Balignment%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,821101,00.html">"India: The Favourite"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 29 April 1957.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=India%3A+The+Favourite&rft.date=1957-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C821101%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214113342/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808644,00.html">"United Nations: Who Must Obey?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 3 December 1956. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808644,00.html">the original</a> on 14 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=United+Nations%3A+Who+Must+Obey%3F&rft.date=1956-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C808644%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupte_2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gupte_2011_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupte_2011_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupte2011" class="citation book cs1">Gupte, P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&pg=PA292"><i>Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi</i></a>. Penguin Group. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306826-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306826-6"><bdi>978-0-14-306826-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+India%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306826-6&rft.aulast=Gupte&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOmK1lPWq80C%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2005" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, Peter G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1NTOMsMx74C&q=menon+eisenhower+krishna&pg=PA89"><i>The Eden-Eisenhower correspondence ... – Anthony Eden (Earl of Avon), Dwight David Eisenhower, Peter G. Boyle – Google Books</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807829356" title="Special:BookSources/9780807829356"><bdi>9780807829356</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eden-Eisenhower+correspondence+...+%E2%80%93+Anthony+Eden+%28Earl+of+Avon%29%2C+Dwight+David+Eisenhower%2C+Peter+G.+Boyle+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780807829356&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT1NTOMsMx74C%26q%3Dmenon%2Beisenhower%2Bkrishna%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19550611&id=YndFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NccMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1519,916076">"The Southeast Missourian – Google News Archive Search"</a>. <i>news.google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.google.com&rft.atitle=The+Southeast+Missourian+%E2%80%93+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1893%26dat%3D19550611%26id%3DYndFAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DNccMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1519%2C916076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle2011" class="citation book cs1">Kyle, Keith (15 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPU0u3iC88C&q=krishna+menon+suez&pg=PA280"><i>Suez: Britain's End of Empire in the ... – Keith Kyle – Google Books</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848855335" title="Special:BookSources/9781848855335"><bdi>9781848855335</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suez%3A+Britain%27s+End+of+Empire+in+the+...+%E2%80%93+Keith+Kyle+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2011-02-15&rft.isbn=9781848855335&rft.aulast=Kyle&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcPU0u3iC88C%26q%3Dkrishna%2Bmenon%2Bsuez%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214123910/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824331,00.html">"SUEZ: Putting the Question"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 3 September 1956. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824331,00.html">the original</a> on 14 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=SUEZ%3A+Putting+the+Question&rft.date=1956-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C824331%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excerpt from Menon's marathon 1957 address to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-un-speech">"Longest UN speech"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Longest+UN+speech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2Flongest-un-speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316211935/http://www.ier.ro/documente/rjea_vol7_no3/RJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination_Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.ro/documente/rjea_vol7_no3/RJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination_Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.ro%2Fdocumente%2Frjea_vol7_no3%2FRJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination_Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2009" class="citation web cs1">Keating, Joshua (25 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/09/25/the-top-10-craziest-things-ever-said-during-a-u-n-speech/">"The Top 10 Craziest Things Ever Said During a U.N. Speech"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Top+10+Craziest+Things+Ever+Said+During+a+U.N.+Speech&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2009%2F09%2F25%2Fthe-top-10-craziest-things-ever-said-during-a-u-n-speech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandari2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bhandari, Romesh (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkindiaquarterly.org/ArticleDetails.aspx?ArticleId=307&Id=36">"Krishna Menon – His Contributions and Vision"</a>. <i>Think India Quarterly</i>. <b>5</b> (2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Think+India+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Krishna+Menon+%E2%80%93+His+Contributions+and+Vision&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Bhandari&rft.aufirst=Romesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkindiaquarterly.org%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3FArticleId%3D307%26Id%3D36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_Rao1991" class="citation book cs1">Krishna Rao, K. V. 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Routledge. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415299763" title="Special:BookSources/9780415299763"><bdi>9780415299763</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+a+testament&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415299763&rft.au=George+McTurnan+Kahin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIl5Tx5tKPM0C%26q%3Dkrishna%2Bmenon%2Btime%2Barrogant%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver" class="citation web cs1">Oliver, Covey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ajil56&div=38&g_sent=1&collection=journals">"56 Am. J. 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Subbu Forum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southasiamonitor.org/detail.php?type=yearsafter&nid=3844">the original</a> on 15 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+YEARS+AFTER+1962&rft.pub=Subbu+Forum&rft.aulast=Verghese&rft.aufirst=B.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthasiamonitor.org%2Fdetail.php%3Ftype%3Dyearsafter%26nid%3D3844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19621108&id=roVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7185,2115936">"India's Krishna Menon Resigns From Cabinet After Border attack"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 7 November 1962<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0c-PAhsJgf0C"><i>V.K. Krishna Menon</i></a>. Eminent parliamentarians monograph series. Lok Sabha Secretariat. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V.K.+Krishna+Menon&rft.series=Eminent+parliamentarians+monograph+series&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Lok+Sabha+Secretariat&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=V.K.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0c-PAhsJgf0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kutty_p._143-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kutty_p._143_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kutty_p._143_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kutty_p._143_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutty" class="citation book cs1">Kutty, V.K.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efcADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT143"><i>V. K. Krishna Menon</i></a>. Builders of Modern India. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-2361-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-230-2361-8"><bdi>978-81-230-2361-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V.+K.+Krishna+Menon&rft.series=Builders+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Publications+Division+Ministry+of+Information+%26+Broadcasting&rft.isbn=978-81-230-2361-8&rft.aulast=Kutty&rft.aufirst=V.K.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefcADgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ram_1997_p.-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ram_1997_p._58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam1997" class="citation book cs1">Ram, Janaki (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFuAAAAMAAJ"><i>V.K. Krishna Menon: A Personal Memoir</i></a>. 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Mrs. Susheela Subrahmanya. 1974. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Economist&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Mrs.+Susheela+Subrahmanya&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9onAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colaco.net/1/NevrekarMenon.htm">Vasant Nevrekar: Krishna Menon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903135905/http://www.colaco.net/1/NevrekarMenon.htm">Archived</a> 3 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Colaco.net.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MfrO3EvD6tsC&dq=fullest+extent+power+beeby&pg=PA98">Alcorn, N. (1999). To the Fullest Extent of His Powers: C.E. Beeby's Life in Education. New Zealand: Victoria University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GSJuAAAAMAAJ&q=krishna+menon+brilliant">V.K. Krishna Menon, Man of the Century. (2000). India: B.R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+India&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Press+Institute+of+India&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Press+Institute+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTBWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HT-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HT_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140504224856/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/canadian-mp-to-be-conferred-with-vk-krishna-menon-award-2012/article1-916049.aspx">"Canadian MP to be conferred with VK Krishna Menon award 2012"</a>. HT Media Limited. 19 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/canadian-mp-to-be-conferred-with-vk-krishna-menon-award-2012/article1-916049.aspx">the original</a> on 4 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+MP+to+be+conferred+with+VK+Krishna+Menon+award+2012&rft.pub=HT+Media+Limited&rft.date=2012-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fcanadian-mp-to-be-conferred-with-vk-krishna-menon-award-2012%2Farticle1-916049.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EngHet-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EngHet_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/menon-krishna-1896-1974">"MENON, V. K. KRISHNA (1896–1974)"</a>. English Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MENON%2C+V.+K.+KRISHNA+%281896%E2%80%931974%29&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fblue-plaques%2Fsearch%2Fmenon-krishna-1896-1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abraham, Itty. "From Bandung to NAM: Non-alignment and Indian Foreign Policy, 1947–1965", <i>Commonwealth & Comparative Politics</i> 46#2 (2008): 195–219.</li> <li>Brecher, Michael. "Elite Images and Foreign Policy Choices: Krishna Menon's View of the World." <i>Pacific Affairs</i> 40.1/2 (1967): 60–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2754622">online</a></li> <li>Brecher, Michael, and Janice Gross Stein. <i>India and world politics: Krishna Menon's view of the world</i> (Praeger, 1968).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge,_T._J._S.1965" class="citation book cs1">George, T. J. S. (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/krishnamenonbiog00geor"><i>Krishna Menon: A Biography</i></a></span>. Taplinger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+Menon%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Taplinger&rft.date=1965&rft.au=George%2C+T.+J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkrishnamenonbiog00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/krishnamenonbiog00geor">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Lengyel, <i>Krishna_Menon</i> (1962) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/krishnamenon007141mbp">online free</a></li> <li>McGarr, Paul M. "'A Serious Menace to Security': British Intelligence, V.K. Krishna Menon and the Indian High Commission in London, 1947–52." <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i> 38.3 (2010): 441–469.</li> <li>McGarr, Paul M. ""India's Rasputin"?: V.K. Krishna Menon and Anglo–American Misperceptions of Indian Foreign Policymaking, 1947–1964." <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i> 22.2 (2011): 239–260.</li> <li>Janaki Ram, <i>V. K. Krishna Menon: a personal memoir</i> (1997).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh2019" class="citation book cs1">Ramesh, Jairam (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penguin.co.in/book/a-chequered-brilliance/"><i>A chequered brilliance : the many lives of V.K. Krishna Menon</i></a>. Haryana, India: Penguin Random House India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670092321" title="Special:BookSources/9780670092321"><bdi>9780670092321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+chequered+brilliance+%3A+the+many+lives+of+V.K.+Krishna+Menon&rft.place=Haryana%2C+India&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780670092321&rft.aulast=Ramesh&rft.aufirst=Jairam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenguin.co.in%2Fbook%2Fa-chequered-brilliance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV.+K.+Krishna+Menon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._K._Krishna_Menon&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:V._K._Krishna_Menon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:V. 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Krishna Menon</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/V._K._Krishna_Menon" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531103638/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/vkkm.html">Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Haksar" title="P. N. Haksar">P. N. Haksar</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310011202/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/vkkm.txt">Krishna: As I knew him</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070604172107/http://www.un.int/india/ind19.htm">Statements by V. K. Krishna Menon at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._S._George" title="T. J. S. George">T. J. S. George</a>: <i>`Krishna Menon'</i>, Jonathan Cape, 1964.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721082616/http://www.untoldlondon.org.uk/news/ART37922.html">Theft of two statues of Menon from a London park</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130125202202/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004032203030300.htm&date=2004/03/22/&prd=th&">Neglect of Krishna Menon memorial project</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/770738/how-a-young-man-from-calicut-became-the-publisher-who-helped-change-british-thinking">How a young man from Calicut became the publisher who helped change British thinking</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Unknown</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister for Defence Production</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Unknown</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a> </b><br />1957–1962 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">First Holder</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_India_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of India to the United Kingdom">High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1947–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/B._G._Kher" title="B. G. Kher">B. G. Kher</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">First Holder</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ambassador of India to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> </b><br />1949–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/B._G._Kher" title="B. G. Kher">B. G. Kher</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sachindra Nath Maity</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medinipur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Medinipur</a>) </b><br />1969–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Subodh_Chandra_Hansda" title="Subodh Chandra Hansda">Subodh Chandra Hansda</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Unknown</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mumbai_North_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)">Mumbai North</a>) </b><br />1957–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Unknown</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">N/A</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Kerala" title="List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala">Kerala</a>) </b><br />1956–1957 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">N/A</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">N/A</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a>) </b><br />1953–1956 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">N/A</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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Gopalaswami Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">Vishwanath Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Pant" title="K. C. Pant">K. C. Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Mahajan" title="Pramod Mahajan">Pramod Mahajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Parrikar" title="Manohar Parrikar">Manohar Parrikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Template talk:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Vibhushan_award_recipients" title="List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients">Recipients</a> of <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Alkazi" title="Ebrahim Alkazi">Ebrahim Alkazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishori_Amonkar" title="Kishori Amonkar">Kishori Amonkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabha_Atre" title="Prabha Atre">Prabha Atre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teejan_Bai" title="Teejan Bai">Teejan Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Balamuralikrishna" title="M. Balamuralikrishna">M. Balamuralikrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasaraswati" title="Balasaraswati">T. Balasaraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam" title="S. P. Balasubrahmanyam">S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariprasad_Chaurasia" title="Hariprasad Chaurasia">Hariprasad Chaurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiranjeevi" title="Chiranjeevi">Chiranjeevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girija_Devi" title="Girija Devi">Girija Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Gandharva" title="Kumar Gandharva">Kumar Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangubai_Hangal" title="Gangubai Hangal">Gangubai Hangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._F._Husain" title="M. F. Husain">M. F. Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)" title="Zakir Hussain (musician)">Zakir Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja" title="Ilaiyaraaja">Ilaiyaraaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmangudi_Srinivasa_Iyer" title="Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer">Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Ali Akbar Khan">Ali Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amjad_Ali_Khan" title="Amjad Ali Khan">Amjad Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allauddin_Khan" title="Allauddin Khan">Allauddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mustafa_Khan_(singer)" title="Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)">Ghulam Mustafa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamini_Krishnamurthy" title="Yamini Krishnamurthy">Yamini Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Laxman" title="R. K. Laxman">R. K. Laxman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birju_Maharaj" title="Birju Maharaj">Birju Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishan_Maharaj" title="Kishan Maharaj">Kishan Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonal_Mansingh" title="Sonal Mansingh">Sonal Mansingh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Mansur" title="Mallikarjun Mansur">Mallikarjun Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Miranda" title="Mario Miranda">Mario Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhannulal_Mishra" title="Chhannulal Mishra">Chhannulal Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra" title="Kelucharan Mohapatra">Kelucharan Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Mohapatra" title="Raghunath Mohapatra">Raghunath Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasraj" title="Jasraj">Jasraj Motiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benode_Behari_Mukherjee" title="Benode Behari Mukherjee">Benode Behari Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrishikesh_Mukherjee" title="Hrishikesh Mukherjee">Hrishikesh Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinikanth" title="Rajinikanth">Rajinikanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Narayan" title="Ram Narayan">Ram Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Pattammal" title="D. K. Pattammal">D. K. Pattammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balwant_Moreshwar_Purandare" class="mw-redirect" title="Balwant Moreshwar Purandare">Balwant Moreshwar Purandare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao" title="Akkineni Nageswara Rao">Akkineni Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloji_Narayana_Rao" title="Kaloji Narayana Rao">Kaloji Narayana Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._H._Raza" title="S. H. Raza">S. H. Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohra_Sehgal" title="Zohra Sehgal">Zohra Sehgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uday_Shankar" title="Uday Shankar">Uday Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivkumar_Sharma" title="Shivkumar Sharma">Shivkumar Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayalpuram_K._Sivaraman" title="Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman">Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._G._Subramanyan" title="K. G. Subramanyan">K. G. Subramanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Vatsyayan" title="Kapila Vatsyayan">Kapila Vatsyayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homai_Vyarawalla" title="Homai Vyarawalla">Homai Vyarawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._J._Yesudas" title="K. J. Yesudas">K. J. Yesudas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Civil service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimala_Prasad_Chaliha" title="Bimala Prasad Chaliha">Bimala Prasad Chaliha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresh_Chandra" title="Naresh Chandra">Naresh Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Chaturvedi" title="T. N. Chaturvedi">T. N. Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suranjan_Das" title="Suranjan Das">Suranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeshwar_Dayal" title="Rajeshwar Dayal">Rajeshwar Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_Devi" title="Basanti Devi">Basanti Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Dhar" title="P. N. Dhar">P. N. Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotindra_Nath_Dixit" title="Jyotindra Nath Dixit">Jyotindra Nath Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Gill" title="M. S. Gill">M. S. Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._R._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="H. V. R. Iyengar">H. V. R. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhola_Nath_Jha" title="Bhola Nath Jha">Bhola Nath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._S._Joshi" title="D. S. Joshi">Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajudhiya_Nath_Khosla" title="Ajudhiya Nath Khosla">Ajudhiya Nath Khosla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Krishna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anand Krishna (page does not exist)">Rai Krishnadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Krishnamurthy" title="V. Krishnamurthy">V. Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">Pratap Chandra Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Lall" title="K. B. Lall">K. B. Lall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Mehra" title="Om Prakash Mehra">Om Prakash Mehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Sinha_Mehta" title="Mohan Sinha Mehta">Mohan Sinha Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajesh_Mishra" title="Brajesh Mishra">Brajesh Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumati_Morarjee" title="Sumati Morarjee">Sumati Morarjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar" title="Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar">A. Ramasamy Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda" title="Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda">Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakravarthi_V._Narasimhan" title="Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan">Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Kumar_Nehru" title="Braj Kumar Nehru">Braj Kumar Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._D._Pande" title="B. D. Pande">Bhairab Dutt Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghananand_Pande" title="Ghananand Pande">Ghananand Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Rajeswar" title="T. V. Rajeswar">T. V. Rajeswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Krishnaswamy_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao">C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._R._Rao" title="P. V. R. Rao">Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._R._Varadaraja_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="V. K. R. Varadaraja Rao">V. K. R. V. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusro_Faramurz_Rustamji" title="Khusro Faramurz Rustamji">Khusro Faramurz Rustamji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish_Chandra_Sarin" title="Harish Chandra Sarin">Harish Chandra Sarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binay_Ranjan_Sen" title="Binay Ranjan Sen">Binay Ranjan Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Sethna" title="Homi Sethna">Homi Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbaksh_Singh" title="Harbaksh Singh">Harbaksh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Kirpal_Singh_Ji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Kirpal Singh Ji Maharaj">Kirpal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlok_Singh_(economist)" title="Tarlok Singh (economist)">Tarlok Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lallan_Prasad_Singh" title="Lallan Prasad Singh">Lallan Prasad Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Sivaraman" title="B. Sivaraman">Balaram Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Prasad_Srivastava" title="Chandrika Prasad Srivastava">Chandrika Prasad Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Swaminathan" title="T. Swaminathan">T. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya" title="Arun Shridhar Vaidya">Arun Shridhar Vaidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Vira" title="Dharma Vira">Dharma Vira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Nath_Vohra" title="Narinder Nath Vohra">Narinder Nath Vohra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Literature and <br />education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._S._R._Arunachalam" title="V. S. R. Arunachalam">V. S. R. Arunachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Chand_(archaeologist)" title="Tara Chand (archaeologist)">Tara Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._P._Chattopadhyaya" title="D. P. Chattopadhyaya">D. P. Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhabatosh_Datta" title="Bhabatosh Datta">Bhabatosh Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasweta_Devi" title="Mahasweta Devi">Mahasweta Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Sarvepalli Gopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Shastri_Joshi" title="Lakshman Shastri Joshi">Lakshman Shastri Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaka_Kalelkar" title="Kaka Kalelkar">Kaka Kalelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Kaviraj" title="Gopinath Kaviraj">Gopinath Kaviraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radheshyam_Khemka" title="Radheshyam Khemka">Radheshyam Khemka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitakant_Mahapatra" title="Sitakant Mahapatra">Sitakant Mahapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathai" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mathai">John Mathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotha_Satchidananda_Murthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotha Satchidananda Murthy">Kotha Satchidananda Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Gurmukh_Singh_Musafir" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir">Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_Dulal_Nagchaudhuri" title="Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri">Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Ram_Nanda" title="Bal Ram Nanda">Bal Ram Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">R. K. Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Parameswaran" title="P. Parameswaran">P. Parameswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Pritam" title="Amrita Pritam">Amrita Pritam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Raj" title="K. N. Raj">K. N. Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rangarajan" title="C. Rangarajan">C. Rangarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Rao" title="Raja Rao">Raja Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoji_Rao" title="Ramoji Rao">Ramoji Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormasji_Maneckji_Seervai" title="Hormasji Maneckji Seervai">Hormasji Maneckji Seervai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaram_Shastri" title="Rajaram Shastri">Rajaram Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._L._Shrimali" title="K. L. Shrimali">Kalu Lal Shrimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindbhai_Shroff" title="Govindbhai Shroff">Govindbhai Shroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandeshwar_Prasad_Narayan_Singh" title="Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh">Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premlila_Vithaldas_Thackersey" title="Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey">Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Hussain_Zaidi" title="Bashir Hussain Zaidi">Bashir Hussain Zaidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasbir_Singh_Bajaj" title="Jasbir Singh Bajaj">Jasbir Singh Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._Goyal" title="B. K. Goyal">B. K. Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purshotam_Lal" title="Purshotam Lal">Purshotam Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Lakshmanaswami_Mudaliar" title="A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar">A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._I._Padmavati" title="S. I. Padmavati">S. I. Padmavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autar_Singh_Paintal" title="Autar Singh Paintal">Autar Singh Paintal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantilal_Hastimal_Sancheti" title="Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti">Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balu_Sankaran" title="Balu Sankaran">Balu Sankaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shanta" title="V. Shanta">V. Shanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithal_Nagesh_Shirodkar" title="Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar">Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Narain_Tandon" title="Prakash Narain Tandon">Prakash Narain Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati_Dev_Triguna" title="Brihaspati Dev Triguna">Brihaspati Dev Triguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Valiathan" title="M. S. Valiathan">M. S. Valiathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Mahalanabis" title="Dilip Mahalanabis">Dilip Mahalanabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambhadracharya" title="Rambhadracharya">Rambhadracharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwesha_Teertha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwesha Teertha">Vishwesha Teertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Doshi" title="B. V. Doshi">B. V. Doshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Public affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Montek Singh Ahluwalia">Montek Singh Ahluwalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazal Ali">Fazal Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsh_Sein_Anand" title="Adarsh Sein Anand">Adarsh Sein Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Shrihari_Aney" title="Madhav Shrihari Aney">Madhav Shrihari Aney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikander_Bakht" title="Sikander Bakht">Sikander Bakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milon_K._Banerji" title="Milon K. Banerji">Milon K. Banerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hameedullah_Beg" title="Mirza Hameedullah Beg">Mirza Hameedullah Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Bhagwati" title="P. N. Bhagwati">P. N. Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Chelliah" title="Raja Chelliah">Raja Chelliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Daphtary" title="C. K. Daphtary">Chandra Kisan Daphtary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niren_De" title="Niren De">Niren De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Deshmukh" title="C. D. Deshmukh">C. D. Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lancelot_Dias" title="Anthony Lancelot Dias">Anthony Lancelot Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Lhendup_Dorjee" title="Kazi Lhendup Dorjee">Kazi Lhendup Dorjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._B._Gajendragadkar" title="P. B. Gajendragadkar">P. B. Gajendragadkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">Benjamin Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Krishna_Iyer" title="V. R. Krishna Iyer">V. R. Krishna Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Chand_Jain" title="Lakshmi Chand Jain">Lakshmi Chand Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya_Nath_Jha" title="Aditya Nath Jha">Aditya Nath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anerood_Jugnauth" title="Anerood Jugnauth">Anerood Jugnauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Nawaz_Jung" title="Mehdi Nawaz Jung">Mehdi Nawaz Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Yavar_Jung" title="Ali Yavar Jung">Ali Yavar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kelkar" title="Vijay Kelkar">Vijay Kelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Khare" title="V. N. Khare">V. N. Khare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._G._Kher" title="B. G. Kher">Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhlaqur_Rahman_Kidwai" title="Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai">Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivraj_Narayan_Mehta" title="Jivraj Narayan Mehta">Jivraj Narayan Mehta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirendranath_Mukherjee" title="Hirendranath Mukherjee">Hirendranath Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Mukherjee" title="Ajoy Mukherjee">Ajoy Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu" title="Padmaja Naidu">Padmaja Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Narain" title="Govind Narain">Govind Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_Sam_Nariman" title="Fali Sam Nariman">Fali Sam Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosei_Norota" title="Hosei Norota">Hosei Norota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabhoy_Palkhivala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanabhoy Palkhivala">Nanabhoy Palkhivala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Parasaran" title="K. Parasaran">K. Parasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Vinayak_Pataskar" title="Hari Vinayak Pataskar">Hari Vinayak Pataskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Lal_Patwa" title="Sunder Lal Patwa">Sunder Lal Patwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Pillai" title="N. R. Pillai">Naryana Raghvan Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Prakasa" title="Sri Prakasa">Sri Prakasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Narayana_Reddy" title="Ravi Narayana Reddy">Ravi Narayana Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._Venugopal_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Y. Venugopal Reddy">Y. Venugopal Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammed_Sadiq" title="Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq">Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Sangma" title="P. A. Sangma">P. A. Sangma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Setalvad" title="M. C. Setalvad">M. C. Setalvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Singh" title="Kalyan Singh">Kalyan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagendra_Singh" title="Nagendra Singh">Nagendra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_Sorabjee" title="Soli Sorabjee">Soli Sorabjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Sundaram" title="Kalyan Sundaram">Kalyan Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandulal_Madhavlal_Trivedi" title="Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi">Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Venkatachaliah" title="M. N. Venkatachaliah">M. N. Venkatachaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._Venugopal" title="K. K. Venugopal">Kottayan Katankot Venugopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Krishna" title="S. M. Krishna">S. M. Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Science and <br />engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Aatre" title="V. K. Aatre">V. K. Aatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali" title="Salim Ali">Salim Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajagopala_Chidambaram" title="Rajagopala Chidambaram">Rajagopala Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Correa" title="Charles Correa">Charles Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan" title="Satish Dhawan">Satish Dhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kakodkar" title="Anil Kakodkar">Anil Kakodkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Kasturirangan" title="Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan">Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daulat_Singh_Kothari" title="Daulat Singh Kothari">Daulat Singh Kothari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verghese_Kurien" title="Verghese Kurien">Verghese Kurien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Anant_Mashelkar" title="Raghunath Anant Mashelkar">Raghunath Anant Mashelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roddam_Narasimha" title="Roddam Narasimha">Roddam Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_K._Pachauri" title="Rajendra K. Pachauri">Rajendra K. Pachauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Peary_Pal" title="Benjamin Peary Pal">Benjamin Peary Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yash_Pal" title="Yash Pal">Yash Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._G._Patel" title="I. G. Patel">I. G. Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palle_Rama_Rao" title="Palle Rama Rao">Palle Rama Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Udupi Ramachandra Rao">Udupi Ramachandra Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Sharma" title="Man Mohan Sharma">Man Mohan Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obaid_Siddiqi" title="Obaid Siddiqi">Obaid Siddiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Sreedharan" title="E. Sreedharan">E. Sreedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Srinivasan" title="M. R. Srinivasan">M. R. Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">George Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Social work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaki_Devi_Bajaj" title="Janaki Devi Bajaj">Janaki Devi Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgabai_Deshmukh" title="Durgabai Deshmukh">Durgabai Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Deshpande" title="Nirmala Deshpande">Nirmala Deshpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Gracias" title="Valerian Gracias">Valerian Gracias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerendra_Heggade" title="Veerendra Heggade">Veerendra Heggade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Clubwala_Jadhav" title="Mary Clubwala Jadhav">Mary Clubwala Jadhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaganvihari_Lallubhai_Mehta" title="Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta">Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usha_Mehta" title="Usha Mehta">Usha Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Joshi" title="Nirmala Joshi">Sister Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kom" title="Mary Kom">Mary Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Trade and industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani" title="Dhirubhai Ambani">Dhirubhai Ambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._Birla" title="G. D. Birla">Ghanshyam Das Birla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Sekhar_Ganguly" title="Ashok Sekhar Ganguly">Ashok Sekhar Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Mittal" title="Lakshmi Mittal">Lakshmi Mittal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Manibhai_Naik" class="mw-redirect" title="Anil Manibhai Naik">Anil Manibhai Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Narayana_Murthy" title="N. R. Narayana Murthy">N. R. Narayana Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Narasimham" title="M. Narasimham">M. Narasimham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Raj_Singh_Oberoi" title="Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi">Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_Premji" title="Azim Premji">Azim Premji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathap_C._Reddy" title="Prathap C. Reddy">Prathap C. Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Tata" title="Ratan Tata">Ratan Tata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_awards_templates" title="Category:Indian awards templates">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_India" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject India">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Padma_Award_winners_of_Kerala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Award_winners_of_Kerala" title="Template:Padma Award winners of Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Award_winners_of_Kerala" title="Template talk:Padma Award winners of Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Award_winners_of_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Award winners of Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Padma_Award_winners_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Padma Award winners of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">E. C. George Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Sreedharan" title="E. Sreedharan">E. Sreedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Matthai" title="John Matthai">John Matthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Raj" title="K. N. Raj">K. N. Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayan_Katankot_Venugopal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottayan Katankot Venugopal">Kottayan Katankot Venugopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Valiathan" title="M. S. Valiathan">M. S. Valiathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Pillai" title="N. R. Pillai">N. R. Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Krishna_Iyer" title="V. R. Krishna Iyer">V. R. Krishna Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verghese_Kurien" title="Verghese Kurien">Verghese Kurien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._J._Yesudas" title="K. J. Yesudas">K. J. Yesudas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan (Male)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._C._N._Nambiar" title="A. C. N. Nambiar">A. C. N. Nambiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammannur_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Ammannur Madhava Chakyar">Ammannur Madhava Chakyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Ramachandran" title="A. Ramachandran">A. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sreedhara_Menon" title="A. Sreedhara Menon">A. Sreedhara Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._Krishnan_Nair" title="C. P. Krishnan Nair">C. P. Krishnan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembai" title="Chembai">Chembai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">E. C. George Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eledath_Thaikkattu_Narayanan_Mooss" class="mw-redirect" title="Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss">Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Sankara_Kurup" title="G. Sankara Kurup">G. Sankara Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Chiramel" title="Gabriel Chiramel">Gabriel Chiramel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Joseph_(scientist)" title="George Joseph (scientist)">George Joseph (scientist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Kunchu_Kurup" title="Guru Kunchu Kurup">Guru Kunchu Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Chandy" title="Jacob Chandy">Jacob Chandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._G._Subramanyan" title="K. G. Subramanyan">K. G. Subramanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._J._Yesudas" title="K. J. Yesudas">K. J. Yesudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._George_(writer)" title="K. M. George (writer)">K. M. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Mathew" title="K. M. Mathew">K. M. Mathew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Kesava_Menon" title="K. P. Kesava Menon">K. P. Kesava Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._P._Nambiar" title="K. P. P. Nambiar">K. P. P. Nambiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._S._Menon_(senior)" class="mw-redirect" title="K. P. S. Menon (senior)">K. P. S. Menon (senior)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Radhakrishnan">K. Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sankaran_Nair" title="K. Sankaran Nair">K. Sankaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sukumaran_(journalist)" title="K. Sukumaran (journalist)">K. Sukumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Thomas_(Justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="K. T. Thomas (Justice)">K. T. Thomas (Justice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandathil_Mammen_Cherian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandathil Mammen Cherian">Kandathil Mammen Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalam_Narayana_Panicker" title="Kavalam Narayana Panicker">Kavalam Narayana Panicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayan_Katankot_Venugopal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottayan Katankot Venugopal">Kottayan Katankot Venugopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunhiraman_Palat_Candeth" title="Kunhiraman Palat Candeth">Kunhiraman Palat Candeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhur_Narayana_Marar" title="Kuzhur Narayana Marar">Kuzhur Narayana Marar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Valiathan" title="M. S. Valiathan">M. S. Valiathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._T._Vasudevan_Nair" title="M. T. Vasudevan Nair">M. T. Vasudevan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._V._Pylee" title="M. V. Pylee">M. V. Pylee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madavoor_Vasudevan_Nair" title="Madavoor Vasudevan Nair">Madavoor Vasudevan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannathu_Padmanabha_Pillai" title="Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai">Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanlal" title="Mohanlal">Mohanlal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._V._Vijayan" title="O. V. Vijayan">O. V. Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Warrier" title="P. K. Warrier">P. K. Warrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palghat_Mani_Iyer" title="Palghat Mani Iyer">Palghat Mani Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipose_Mar_Chrysostom_Mar_Thoma" title="Philipose Mar Chrysostom Mar Thoma">Philipose Mar Chrysostom Mar Thoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothan_Joseph" title="Pothan Joseph">Pothan Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Nazir" title="Prem Nazir">Prem Nazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavan_Thirumulpad" title="Raghavan Thirumulpad">Raghavan Thirumulpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramankutty_Nair" title="Ramankutty Nair">Ramankutty Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Nambiar" title="Satish Nambiar">Satish Nambiar</a> #</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._S._George" title="T. J. S. George">T. J. S. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Oommen" title="T. K. Oommen">T. K. Oommen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Krishnan" title="T. N. Krishnan">T. N. Krishnan</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Gopalakrishnan" title="T. V. Gopalakrishnan">T. V. Gopalakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._R._Shenoy" title="T. V. R. Shenoy">T. V. R. Shenoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakazhi_Sivasankara_Pillai" title="Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai">Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thayil_John_Cherian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thayil John Cherian">Thayil John Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a> #</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichur_V._Ramachandran" title="Trichur V. Ramachandran">Trichur V. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Narayana_Menon" title="V. K. Narayana Menon">V. K. Narayana Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainu_Bappu" title="Vainu Bappu">Vainu Bappu</a> #</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallathol_Narayana_Menon" title="Vallathol Narayana Menon">Vallathol Narayana Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verghese_Kurien" title="Verghese Kurien">Verghese Kurien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan (Female)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balamani_Amma" title="Balamani Amma">Balamani Amma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_N._Menon" title="Lakshmi N. Menon">Lakshmi N. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Leela" title="P. Leela">P. Leela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Cherian" title="Tara Cherian">Tara Cherian</a> #</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri (Male)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Marthanda_Pillai" title="A. Marthanda Pillai">A. Marthanda Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sivathanu_Pillai" title="A. Sivathanu Pillai">A. Sivathanu Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammannur_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Ammannur Madhava Chakyar">Ammannur Madhava Chakyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Padiyara" title="Antony Padiyara">Antony Padiyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyappa_Paniker" title="Ayyappa Paniker">Ayyappa Paniker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Moopen" title="Azad Moopen">Azad Moopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Paul_Thaliath" title="B. Paul Thaliath">B. Paul Thaliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Ravi_Pillai" title="B. Ravi Pillai">B. Ravi Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balachandra_Menon" title="Balachandra Menon">Balachandra Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._G._Krishnadas_Nair" title="C. G. Krishnadas Nair">C. G. Krishnadas Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheril_Krishna_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheril Krishna Menon">Cheril Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Sreedharan" title="E. Sreedharan">E. Sreedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eledath_Thaikkattu_Neelakandan_Mooss" class="mw-redirect" title="Eledath Thaikkattu Neelakandan Mooss">Eledath Thaikkattu Neelakandan Mooss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluvathingal_Devassy_Jemmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eluvathingal Devassy Jemmis">Eluvathingal Devassy Jemmis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Aravindan" title="G. Aravindan">G. Aravindan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Shankar" title="G. Shankar">G. Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Vijayaraghavan" title="G. Vijayaraghavan">G. Vijayaraghavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Pillai" title="Gopinath Pillai">Gopinath Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hareendran_Nair" title="J. Hareendran Nair">J. Hareendran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaram" title="Jayaram">Jayaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Chacko_Periappuram" title="Jose Chacko Periappuram">Jose Chacko Periappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._J._Yesudas" title="K. J. Yesudas">K. J. Yesudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._George_(writer)" title="K. M. George (writer)">K. M. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Mammen_Mappillai" title="K. M. Mammen Mappillai">K. M. Mammen Mappillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Haridas" title="K. P. Haridas">K. P. Haridas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Udayabhanu" title="K. P. Udayabhanu">K. P. Udayabhanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Raghavan" title="K. Raghavan">K. Raghavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Ravindran_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Ravindran Nair">K. Ravindran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Gopi" title="Kalamandalam Gopi">Kalamandalam Gopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Krishnan_Nair" title="Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair">Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Sivan_Namboodiri" title="Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri">Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandathil_Mammen_Cherian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandathil Mammen Cherian">Kandathil Mammen Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandathil_Mammen_Philip" title="Kandathil Mammen Philip">Kandathil Mammen Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavungal_Chathunni_Panicker" title="Kavungal Chathunni Panicker">Kavungal Chathunni Panicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keezhpadam_Kumaran_Nair" title="Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair">Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunhiraman_Palat_Candeth" title="Kunhiraman Palat Candeth">Kunhiraman Palat Candeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnenkeril_K._Jacob" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunnenkeril K. Jacob">Kunnenkeril K. Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurian_John_Melamparambil" title="Kurian John Melamparambil">Kurian John Melamparambil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhivelil_Mathew" title="Kuzhivelil Mathew">Kuzhivelil Mathew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Baker" title="Laurie Baker">Laurie Baker</a> !</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavan_Chandradathan" title="Madhavan Chandradathan">Madhavan Chandradathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._A._Yousuf_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="M. A. Yousuf Ali">M. A. Yousuf Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a> #</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Krishnan_Nair_(doctor)" title="M. Krishnan Nair (doctor)">M. Krishnan Nair (doctor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Night_Shyamalan" title="M. Night Shyamalan">M. Night Shyamalan</a> #</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Kurup" title="M. R. Kurup">M. R. Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Valiathan" title="M. S. Valiathan">M. S. Valiathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Vijayan" title="M. Vijayan">M. Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhu_(actor)" title="Madhu (actor)">Madhu (actor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammen_Mathew" title="Mammen Mathew">Mammen Mathew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammootty" title="Mammootty">Mammootty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Mani Madhava Chakyar">Mani Madhava Chakyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Kalarickal" title="Mathew Kalarickal">Mathew Kalarickal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattannoor_Sankarankutty" title="Mattannoor Sankarankutty">Mattannoor Sankarankutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitraniketan_Viswanathan" title="Mitraniketan Viswanathan">Mitraniketan Viswanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanlal" title="Mohanlal">Mohanlal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Balakrishnan_Nair" title="N. Balakrishnan Nair">N. Balakrishnan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Kesava_Panikkar" title="N. Kesava Panikkar">N. Kesava Panikkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Madhava_Menon" title="N. R. Madhava Menon">N. R. Madhava Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Panicker_Kochupillai" title="Narayana Panicker Kochupillai">Narayana Panicker Kochupillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_Vasudevan" title="Neyyattinkara Vasudevan">Neyyattinkara Vasudevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Gopinathan" title="P. Gopinathan">P. Gopinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Narayanan_Nambiar" title="P. K. Narayanan Nambiar">P. K. Narayanan Nambiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Rajagopalan" title="P. K. Rajagopalan">P. K. Rajagopalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Warrier" title="P. K. Warrier">P. K. Warrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Parameswaran" title="P. Parameswaran">P. Parameswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Pothen" title="Paul Pothen">Paul Pothen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perakath_Verghese_Benjamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Perakath Verghese Benjamin">Perakath Verghese Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvanam_Kuttan_Marar" title="Peruvanam Kuttan Marar">Peruvanam Kuttan Marar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Augustine" title="Philip Augustine">Philip Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Nazir" title="Prem Nazir">Prem Nazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyadarshan" title="Priyadarshan">Priyadarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucadyil_Ittoop_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Pucadyil Ittoop John">Pucadyil Ittoop John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthenpurayil_Mathew_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Puthenpurayil Mathew Joseph">Puthenpurayil Mathew Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Marthanda_Varma" title="R. Marthanda Varma">R. Marthanda Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Krishna_Kumar" title="R. K. Krishna Kumar">R. K. Krishna Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajagopalan_Krishnan" title="Rajagopalan Krishnan">Rajagopalan Krishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resul_Pookutty" title="Resul Pookutty">Resul Pookutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaji_N._Karun" title="Shaji N. Karun">Shaji N. Karun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooranad_Kunjan_Pillai" title="Sooranad Kunjan Pillai">Sooranad Kunjan Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_John" title="Stanley John">Stanley John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Varkey" title="Sunny Varkey">Sunny Varkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Alex" title="T. K. Alex">T. K. Alex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Krishnan" title="T. N. Krishnan">T. N. Krishnan</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thayil_John_Cherian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thayil John Cherian">Thayil John Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thikkurissy_Sukumaran_Nair" title="Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair">Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilakan" title="Thilakan">Thilakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kunnunkal" title="Thomas Kunnunkal">Thomas Kunnunkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Muhammad_Basheer" title="Vaikom Muhammad Basheer">Vaikom Muhammad Basheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhenkada_Kunchu_Nair" title="Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair">Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellayani_Arjunan" title="Vellayani Arjunan">Vellayani Arjunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verghese_Kurien" title="Verghese Kurien">Verghese Kurien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnunarayanan_Namboothiri" title="Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri">Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri (Female)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achamma_Mathai" title="Achamma Mathai">Achamma Mathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anju_Bobby_George" title="Anju Bobby George">Anju Bobby George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipika_Pallikal" title="Dipika Pallikal">Dipika Pallikal</a> #</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Beenamol" title="K. M. Beenamol">K. M. Beenamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Chithra" title="K. S. Chithra">K. S. Chithra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Kshemavathy" title="Kalamandalam Kshemavathy">Kalamandalam Kshemavathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Satyabhama" title="Kalamandalam Satyabhama">Kalamandalam Satyabhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Omchery" title="Leela Omchery">Leela Omchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Oommen" title="Lucy Oommen">Lucy Oommen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._D._Valsamma" title="M. D. Valsamma">M. D. Valsamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Leelavathy" title="M. Leelavathy">M. Leelavathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Subhadra_Nair" title="M. Subhadra Nair">M. Subhadra Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poonen_Lukose" title="Mary Poonen Lukose">Mary Poonen Lukose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Verghese" title="Mary Verghese">Mary Verghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._T._Usha" title="P. T. Usha">P. T. Usha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepita_Seth" title="Pepita Seth">Pepita Seth</a> !</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Thomas_(skydiver)" title="Rachel Thomas (skydiver)">Rachel Thomas (skydiver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiny_Abraham" title="Shiny Abraham">Shiny Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobana" title="Shobana">Shobana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudha_Varghese" title="Sudha Varghese">Sudha Varghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugathakumari" title="Sugathakumari">Sugathakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumari" title="Sukumari">Sukumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangam_Philip" title="Thangam Philip">Thangam Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usha_Uthup" title="Usha Uthup">Usha Uthup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmikutty" title="Lakshmikutty">Lakshmikutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Balan" title="Vidya Balan">Vidya Balan</a> *</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(*)By birth - (#)By ethnicity - (!)By domicile</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3595860#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3595860#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3595860#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011580902X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/121751724">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54662/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCDkxTp7rpXxMwpX3RKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118994999">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80056932">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121617121">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121617121">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49782994">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p100740537">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmh9zr4kwr9pw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273062805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04143269?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1527022">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118994999.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030141672">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/23898103">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m9071v">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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