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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_according_to_Beowulf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_according_to_Beowulf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle according to <i>Beowulf</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_according_to_Beowulf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scholarly reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmento_de_Finnsburg" title="Fragmento de Finnsburg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fragmento de Finnsburg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment_de_Finnsburh" title="Fragment de Finnsburh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fragment de Finnsburh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnburg_Fragmint" title="Finnburg Fragmint – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Finnburg Fragmint" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnburgfragment" title="Finnburgfragment – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Finnburgfragment" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B0%E4%BA%89%E4%B9%B1%E6%96%AD%E7%AB%A0" title="フィンネスブルグ争乱断章 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィンネスブルグ争乱断章" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnsburg_Fragment" title="Finnsburg Fragment – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Finnsburg Fragment" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Portion of an Old English heroic poem</div> <p> The "<b>Finnesburg Fragment</b>" (also "<b>Finnsburh Fragment</b>") is a portion of an <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> heroic poem in <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative verse</a> about a fight in which <a href="/wiki/Hn%C3%A6f" title="Hnæf">Hnæf</a> and his 60 retainers are besieged at "Finn's fort" and attempt to hold off their attackers. The surviving text is tantalisingly brief and allusive, but comparison with other references in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> poetry, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> (<i>c.</i> 650 to 750 AD), suggests that it deals with a conflict between <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Migration_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Age">Migration-Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> (circa 400 AD). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission">Transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnesburg_Fragment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extant text is a transcript of a loose manuscript folio that was once kept at <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> residence of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishops of Canterbury</a>. This manuscript was almost certainly Lambeth Library MS 487. A British scholar, <a href="/wiki/George_Hickes_(divine)" title="George Hickes (divine)">George Hickes</a>, made the transcript some time in the late 17th century, and published it in an anthology of Anglo-Saxon and other antiquities in 1705.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This anthology also contains the first reference to the sole manuscript of <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>.) Since the time when the copy was made the original manuscript folio has been lost or stolen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnesburg_Fragment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fragment is only about 50 lines long and does not specify the tribal identities of those involved. It describes a battle in which <a href="/wiki/Hn%C3%A6f" title="Hnæf">Hnæf</a> (lines 2 and 40), elsewhere known as a Danish prince (see below), is attacked at a place called <i>Finnsburuh</i> "Finn's stronghold" (line 36). To judge by <i>Beowulf</i>, this is apparently the hall of his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, where he has come to spend the winter (see below). The fragment begins with Hnæf's observation that what he sees outside "is not the dawn in the East, nor is it the flight of a dragon, nor are the gables burning". What he sees is the torches of approaching attackers. Hnæf and his sixty retainers hold the doors for five days, without any falling. Then a wounded warrior turns away to talk to his chief (it is not clear on which side) and the fragment ends. Neither the cause nor the outcome of the fight are described; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Klaeber" title="Frederick Klaeber">Klaeber</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has the races of the vying parties as the Danes and the Frisians (the terms <i>Frisians</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></i> are used interchangeably throughout this work). <a href="/wiki/Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien">Tolkien</a>, on the other hand, treated the Jutes as an entirely separate ethnic group and proposed his "Jutes-on-both-sides" theory, which states that the very reason for the conflict was the presence of Jutes (alongside the respective "native" retainers in both groups) in the retinues of both Finn and Hnæf (or, more specifically, that of Hnæf's <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegn</a> <a href="/wiki/Hengest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hengest">Hengest</a>), and that these Jutes were hostile to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_according_to_Beowulf">Battle according to <i>Beowulf</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnesburg_Fragment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle according to Beowulf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Finnsburg" title="Battle of Finnsburg">Battle of Finnsburg</a></div> <p>The context for the poem is obscure, but a version of the story also appears in a passage of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, and some of the characters, such as <a href="/wiki/Hn%C3%A6f" title="Hnæf">Hnæf</a>, are mentioned in other texts. The episode in <i>Beowulf</i> (lines 1068–1158) is about 90 lines long and appears in the form of a lay sung by <a href="/wiki/Hrothgar" title="Hrothgar">Hrothgar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">scop</a> at a feast in celebration of Beowulf's recent exploit. The lay identifies Hnæf's last struggle as the aftermath of a battle described as <i>Fres-wæl</i> ("Frisian slaughter"). The episode is allusive and is clearly intended for an audience that already knows the story.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It describes the mourning of Hildeburh after a surprise attack by the Frisians on the Danes. Hildeburh, Hnæf's sister, was married to Finn, leader of the Frisians, in an effort to make peace between the two tribes though this attempt was unsuccessful and today is seen by many scholars as the source for tragedy in the piece.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She mourned for the loss of her brother, Hnæf, whose funeral pyre was shared by the son of herself and Finn. After the battle, Finn and a character named <a href="/wiki/Hengest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hengest">Hengest</a> make a loyalty pact. Hengest is a leader among Hnæf's surviving warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-Liuzza_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liuzza-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circumstances are obscure, but Hnæf's men are to stay in Finnesburgh, at least for the winter, and the Frisians are not to taunt them for following the slayer of their lord. In the end, Hengest is overcome by vengeance and slaughters Finn and his men in their own mead hall. He then loots the hall and takes Hildeburh back "to her people".<sup id="cite_ref-Liuzza_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liuzza-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the first glance we see many differences between the Finn Episode in <i>Beowulf</i> and the Finnesburg Fragment. One of the first and most prevalent differences is the absence of Hildeburh from the Finnesburg Fragment. In the Finn Episode she is an integral character, one that is affected by all action of the piece, some would even consider her to be a tragic character for this very reason.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginning of the story she is in mourning at the loss of her brother, Hnæf, and her sons along with many Danes to whom she owed blood loyalty, and Frisians, to whom she owed loyalty through marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Albano_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albano-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some view Hildeburh's marriage as one of obligation, not one of love; she was not tied so strongly to Finn or the Frisians.<sup id="cite_ref-Albano_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albano-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is a character that is heavily debated upon by critics and scholars who argue that she is either heavily romanticized, or an extremely sympathetic character. The view of Hildeburh as a tragic or romanticized character is often viewed by scholars as being an "unconvincing assessment" because of its “lack of textual proof and emotional tenor” and because it often fails to take into account the vast difference in time and culture between modern and Anglo-Saxon audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Albano_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albano-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her importance to the storyline in the Finn Episode makes her absence from the Finnesburg Fragment all the more obvious. This is also true of Hengest. In the Finn Episode Hengest plays an extremely important role in the way the story plays out. He is a leader and instigates much of the action seen in the piece. Hengest is the character that “pledged” a “firm compact of peace” with the Frisians and killed Finn "in his own home".<sup id="cite_ref-Liuzza_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liuzza-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Hildeburh, his importance to the action in the Finn Episode makes his lack of mention in the Finnesburg Fragment all the more obvious. He is only seen once in the fragment, and that mention is not one in which he represents an important role. His action in the piece does not represent that of a leader; instead he is simply mentioned in line 17 which reads that Hengest himself stepped in afterwards ("and Hengest sylf / hwearf him on laste"). This reading, it can be argued, does put emphasis on Hengest's presence at the battle; however, it does not put him in a position of power as he is in The Finn Episode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_reception">Scholarly reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnesburg_Fragment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scholarly reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> made a study of the surviving texts in an attempt to reconstruct what may have been the original story behind the Finnesburg Fragment and the "Finnesburg Episode" of <i>Beowulf'</i>. This study was eventually edited into the book <i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a></i>. Tolkien argues there that the story is historical, rather than legendary, in character. Tolkien also argues that <i>Finnsburuh</i> is most likely an error by either Hickes or his printer, since that construction appears nowhere else, and the word should be <i>Finnesburh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolkien_and_Bliss_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien_and_Bliss-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not clear whether this was the actual name of the hall or only the poet's description of it. Where exactly the hall was, or even whether it was in Frisia, is not known. </p><p>Uniquely in the surviving <a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English corpus</a>, the fragment contains no <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> references and the burning of Hnæf is clearly <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolkien_and_Bliss_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien_and_Bliss-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_elements">Religious elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnesburg_Fragment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the Finnesburg Fragment itself has little mention of religious elements, the text of <i>Beowulf</i> does. In recent times several critics have offered explanations for the Christian elements of the poem. Christopher M. Cain specifically suggests that the author was Christian and wrote the poem with parallels to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> to show the pre-Christian world in which the epic takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-cain_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unique approach highlights the fact that the characters such as <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> and Hrothgar act in a way that is still moral without being explicitly Christian. </p><p>In contrast C. Tidmarsh Major took a different approach and examined the state of religion at the time the poem was likely written. In the Middle Ages he asserts that Christianity was not at all as uniform as it is now, and neither was <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Major_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact he simply argues that it is a literary example of the overlapping and melding of pagan and Christian beliefs as they encountered one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Major_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnesburg_Fragment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_metre" title="Old English metre">Old English metre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnesburg_Fragment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hickes, <i>Linguarum. Veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus grammatico-criticus et archaeologicus</i>, vol 2 (Oxford, 1705).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Klaeber" title="Frederick Klaeber">Klaeber, Frederick</a>. <i>Klaeber's Beowulf.</i> Fourth Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolkien, J.R.R. <i>Finn and Hengest: The Fragment and the Episode.</i> Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulk, "Six Cruces in the Finnsburg Fragment and Episode", <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Camargo, "The Finn Episode and the Tragedy of Revenge in <i>Beowulf</i>", <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liuzza-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liuzza_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liuzza_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liuzza_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liuzza, "<i>Beowulf</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Camargo, "The Finn Episode and the Tragedy of Revenge in <i>Beowulf</i>", p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albano-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albano_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albano_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albano_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Albano, "The role of women in Anglo-Saxon culture: Hildeburh in <i>Beowulf</i> and a curious counterpart in the <i>Volsunga Saga</i>", pp. 1–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolkien_and_Bliss-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_and_Bliss_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_and_Bliss_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolkien and Bliss, <i>Finn and Hengest: The Fragment and the Episode</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cain-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cain_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cain, "<i>Beowulf</i>, the Old Testament, and the <i>Regula Fidei</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Major-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Major_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Major_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Major, "A Christian Wyrd: Syncretism in <i>Beowulf</i>", <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnesburg_Fragment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions_and_translations">Editions and translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnesburg_Fragment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Editions and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Foys, Martin et al. (ed.).<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oepoetryfacsimile.org/?document=12749&document=12753">Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project</a></i>. Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2019-); poem edited in transcription and digital facsimile editions, with Modern English translation</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHill,_J.1994" class="citation book cs1">Hill, J., ed. (1994) [1983]. <i>Old English Minor Heroic Poems</i>. Durham.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+English+Minor+Heroic+Poems&rft.place=Durham&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnesburg+Fragment" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry,_D.K.1974" class="citation book cs1">Fry, D.K., ed. (1974). <i>The Finnsburh Fragment and Episode</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Finnsburh+Fragment+and+Episode&rft.place=London&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnesburg+Fragment" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbie1942" class="citation book cs1">Dobbie, ed. (1942). <i>Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, vol 6: Anglo-Saxon Minor Poems</i>. New York. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Poetic+Records%2C+vol+6%3A+Anglo-Saxon+Minor+Poems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnesburg+Fragment" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210649/http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/a7.html">Digitised text.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaeber2008" class="citation book cs1">Klaeber, Frederick (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qKk2qvtLM-8C"><i>Klaeber's Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg</i></a> (4th ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9567-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9567-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-9567-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klaeber%27s+Beowulf+and+the+Fight+at+Finnsburg&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9567-1&rft.aulast=Klaeber&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqKk2qvtLM-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnesburg+Fragment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickes1705" class="citation book cs1">Hickes, George (1705). <i>Linguarum. Veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus grammatico-criticus et archaeologicus</i>. Vol. 2. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguarum.+Veterum+Septentrionalium+Thesaurus+grammatico-criticus+et+archaeologicus&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1705&rft.aulast=Hickes&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnesburg+Fragment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnesburg_Fragment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbano1994" class="citation journal cs1">Albano, Robert A. (1994). "The Role of Women in Anglo-Saxon Culture: Hildeburh in <i>Beowulf</i> and a Curious Counterpart in the <i>Volsunga Saga</i>". <i>English Language Notes</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Language+Notes&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Women+in+Anglo-Saxon+Culture%3A+Hildeburh+in+Beowulf+and+a+Curious+Counterpart+in+the+Volsunga+Saga&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Albano&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnesburg+Fragment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cain, Christopher M. (1997). "<i>Beowulf</i>, the Old Testament, and the <i>Regula Fidei</i>". <i>Renascence: Essays on Values in Literature</i>. <b>49</b> (4). EBSCO: <span class="nowrap">227–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Frenascence19974941">10.5840/renascence19974941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renascence%3A+Essays+on+Values+in+Literature&rft.atitle=Beowulf%2C+the+Old+Testament%2C+and+the+Regula+Fidei&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Frenascence19974941&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnesburg+Fragment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamargo1981" class="citation journal cs1">Camargo, Martin (1981). "The Finn Episode and the Tragedy of Revenge in <i>Beowulf</i>". <i>Studies in Philology</i>. <b>78</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">120–</span>34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Finn+Episode+and+the+Tragedy+of+Revenge+in+Beowulf&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Camargo&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnesburg+Fragment" class="Z3988"></span> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulk2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fulk, R.D. (2005). "Six Cruces in the Finnsburg Fragment and Episode". <i>Medium Aevum</i>. <b>74</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medium+Aevum&rft.atitle=Six+Cruces+in+the+Finnsburg+Fragment+and+Episode&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fulk&rft.aufirst=R.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnesburg+Fragment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuzza2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Liuzza, R.M. (2009). "<i>Beowulf</i>". In Don LePan (ed.). <i>The Broadview Anthology of British Literature Volume 1: The Medieval Period</i>. Ontario: Broadview Press. pp. ?.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beowulf&rft.btitle=The+Broadview+Anthology+of+British+Literature+Volume+1%3A+The+Medieval+Period&rft.place=Ontario&rft.pages=%3F&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Liuzza&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnesburg+Fragment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor1995" class="citation journal cs1">Major, C. Tidmarsh (1995). "A Christian Wyrd: Syncretism in <i>Beowulf</i>". <i>English Language Notes</i>. <b>32</b> (3). EBSCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Language+Notes&rft.atitle=A+Christian+Wyrd%3A+Syncretism+in+Beowulf&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=C.+Tidmarsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnesburg+Fragment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1983" class="citation book cs1">Tolkien, J.R.R. (1983). Alan J. Bliss (ed.). <i>Finn and Hengest: The Fragment and the Episode</i>. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-33193-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-33193-5"><bdi>0-395-33193-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finn+and+Hengest%3A+The+Fragment+and+the+Episode&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-395-33193-5&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.R.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnesburg+Fragment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnesburg_Fragment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nowell_Codex" title="Nowell Codex">Nowell Codex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judith_(poem)" title="Judith (poem)">Judith</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Junius_manuscript" title="Junius manuscript">Junius MS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_A" title="Genesis A">Genesis A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genesis_B" title="Genesis B">B</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(poem)" title="Exodus (poem)">Exodus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(Old_English_poem)" title="Daniel (Old English poem)">Daniel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_and_Satan" title="Christ and Satan">Christ and Satan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vercelli_Book" title="Vercelli Book">Vercelli Book</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andreas_(poem)" title="Andreas (poem)">Andreas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Fates_of_the_Apostles" title="The Fates of the Apostles">The Fates of the Apostles</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soul_and_Body" title="Soul and Body">Soul and Body I</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dream of the Rood">Dream of the Rood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elene_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elene (poem)">Elene</a></i></li> <li>"Homiletic Fragment I"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Book" title="Exeter Book">Exeter Book</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Christ_I" title="Christ I">Christ I</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christ_II" title="Christ II">Christ II</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christ_III" title="Christ III">Christ III</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Guthlac_poems_A_and_B" title="Guthlac poems A and B">Guthlac A, B</a>"</li> <li>"Azarias"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_(Old_English_poem)" title="The Phoenix (Old English poem)">The Phoenix</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Juliana_(poem)" title="Juliana (poem)">Juliana</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Wanderer_(Old_English_poem)" title="The Wanderer (Old English poem)">The Wanderer</a>"</li> <li>"The Gifts of Men"</li> <li>"Precepts"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Seafarer_(poem)" title="The Seafarer (poem)">The Seafarer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vainglory_(Old_English_poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vainglory (Old English poem)">Vainglory</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Men" title="The Fortunes of Men">The Fortunes of Men</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maxims_(Old_English_poems)" title="Maxims (Old English poems)">Maxims I</a>"</li> <li>"The Order of the World"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rhyming_Poem" title="The Rhyming Poem">The Rhyming Poem</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Panther_(Old_English_poem)" title="The Panther (Old English poem)">The Panther</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aspidochelone#In_The_Whale" title="Aspidochelone">The Whale</a>"</li> <li>"The Partridge"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soul_and_Body" title="Soul and Body">Soul and Body II</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wulf_and_Eadwacer" title="Wulf and Eadwacer">Wulf and Eadwacer</a>"</li> <li>Riddles <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_riddles" title="Anglo-Saxon riddles">1–59</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Wife%27s_Lament" title="The Wife's Lament">The Wife's Lament</a>"</li> <li>"The Judgment Day I"</li> <li>"Resignation"</li> <li>"The Descent into Hell"</li> <li>"Alms-Giving"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_(Old_English_poem)" title="Pharaoh (Old English poem)">Pharaoh</a>"</li> <li>"The Lord's Prayer I"</li> <li>"Homiletic Fragment II"</li> <li>Riddle <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Book_Riddle_30" title="Exeter Book Riddle 30">30b</a></li> <li>Riddle <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Book_Riddle_60" title="Exeter Book Riddle 60">60</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Husband%27s_Message" title="The Husband's Message">The Husband's Message</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ruin" title="The Ruin">The Ruin</a>"</li> <li>Riddles <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_riddles" title="Anglo-Saxon riddles">61–95</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Against_a_dwarf" title="Against a dwarf">Against a dwarf</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Against_a_Wen" title="Against a Wen">Against a Wen</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Journey_Charm" title="A Journey Charm">A Journey Charm</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_a_Swarm_of_Bees" title="For a Swarm of Bees">For a Swarm of Bees</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_Loss_or_Theft_of_Cattle" title="For Loss or Theft of Cattle">For Loss or Theft of Cattle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_Delayed_Birth" title="For Delayed Birth">For Delayed Birth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_Water-Elf_Disease" title="For Water-Elf Disease">For Water-Elf Disease</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Chronicle</a> poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh_(poem)" title="Battle of Brunanburh (poem)">Battle of Brunanburh</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Five_Boroughs" title="Capture of the Five Boroughs">Capture of the Five Boroughs</a>"</li> <li>"The Coronation of Edgar"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_King_Edgar" title="The Death of King Edgar">The Death of King Edgar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Alfred" title="The Death of Alfred">The Death of Alfred</a>"</li> <li>"The Death of Edward"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_King_William" title="The Rime of King William">The Rime of King William</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Old_English_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="The Old English Boethius">Metres of Boethius</a>"</li> <li>"Paris Psalter" (BNF MS 8824)</li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finnsburh Fragment</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere A, B</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Maldon" title="The Battle of Maldon">The Battle of Maldon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Durham_(poem)" title="Durham (poem)">Durham</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_English_rune_poem" title="Old English rune poem">Rune poem</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Saturn" title="Solomon and Saturn">Solomon and Saturn</a></i></li> <li>"The Menologium"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maxims_(Old_English_poems)" title="Maxims (Old English poems)">Maxims II</a>"</li> <li>"Proverb from Winfrid's time"</li> <li>"Judgment Day II"</li> <li>"An Exhortation to Christian Living"</li> <li>"A Summons to Prayer"</li> <li>"The Lord's Prayer II"</li> <li>"The Gloria I"</li> <li>"The Lord's Prayer III"</li> <li>"The Creed"</li> <li>"Old English Psalms" (fragments)</li> <li>"The Kentish Hymn"</li> <li>"Psalm 50"</li> <li>"The Gloria II"</li> <li>"A Prayer"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thureth" title="Thureth">Thureth</a>"</li> <li>"Aldhelm"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Seasons_for_Fasting" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seasons for Fasting">The Seasons for Fasting</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon%27s_Hymn" title="Cædmon's Hymn">Cædmon's "Hymn"</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bede%27s_Death_Song" title="Bede's Death Song">Bede's Death Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Leiden_Riddle" title="Leiden Riddle">Leiden Riddle</a>"</li> <li>"Latin-English Proverbs"</li> <li>Metrical Preface and Epilogue to Alfred's <i>Hierdeboc</i></li> <li>Metrical Preface to <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6rferth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wærferth">Wærferth</a>'s translation of the <i>Dialogues</i></li> <li>Metrical Epilogue to CCCC MS 41</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Cross" title="Brussels Cross">Brussels Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthwell_Cross" title="Ruthwell Cross">Ruthwell Cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon" title="Cædmon">Cædmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynewulf" title="Cynewulf">Cynewulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">Alliterative verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beasts_of_battle" title="Beasts of battle">Beasts of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennings" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennings">Kennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Beowulf" title="On Translating Beowulf">On Translating <i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology265" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology265" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a> and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Gods and divine figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ēse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ēostre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Hretha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Saxnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_(folklore)" title="Wade (folklore)">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wōden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Heroic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Ægil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angul_(mythology)" title="Angul (mythology)">Angul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Other beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofgod" title="Cofgod">Cofgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (Dweorh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idis_(Germanic)" title="Idis (Germanic)">Ides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Eoten/Thurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6lcyrge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wælcyrge">Wælcyrge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Middangeard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rune_poems#Anglo-Saxon_Rune_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune poems">Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_temporum_ratione" class="mw-redirect" title="De temporum ratione">De temporum ratione</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ealuscerwen" title="Ealuscerwen">Ealuscerwen</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finnesburg Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spong_Hill" title="Spong Hill">Spong Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton Hoo burial">Sutton Hoo burial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">Bēot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blōtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkmoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkmoot">Folkmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frith" title="Frith">Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">Moot hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">Thyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">Weregild</a></li> 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