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<span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_Education_Programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_Education_Programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Alternative Education Programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_Education_Programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of school</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about schools offering alternative types of education. For alternative means of obtaining traditional education, see <a href="/wiki/Alternative_pathways_in_education" title="Alternative pathways in education">Alternative pathways in education</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Alternative high school" redirects here. 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">the Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Student_rights" title="Student rights">Students' rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University_protests" title="2021 Boğaziçi University protests">2021 Boğaziçi University protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Columbia_University_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Columbia University strike">2021 Columbia University strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Thai_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Thai protests">2020 Thai protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_strike_for_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School strike for climate">School strike for climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_road_safety_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Bangladesh road safety protests">2018 Bangladesh road safety protests</a></li> <li>2018 "<a href="/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives" title="March for Our Lives">March for Our Lives</a>"</li> <li>2017–18 <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Central_University_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatma Gandhi Central University protests">Mahatma Gandhi Central University protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Iranian protests">2017–18 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jallikattu_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Jallikattu protests">2017 Jallikattu protests</a></li> <li>2015 "<a href="/wiki/Fees_Must_Fall" class="mw-redirect" title="Fees Must Fall">Fees Must Fall</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_University_of_Missouri_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 University of Missouri protests">2015 University of Missouri protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bangladesh_student_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Bangladesh student protests">2015 Bangladesh student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungehuis_and_Maagdenhuis_Occupations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungehuis and Maagdenhuis Occupations">2015 University of Amsterdam Bungehuis and Maagdenhuis Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Jadavpur_University_protests" title="2014 Jadavpur University protests">2014 Jadavpur University protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_Class_Boycott_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Hong Kong Class Boycott Campaign">2014 Hong Kong student protest for democracy</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_Student_Movement" title="Sunflower Student Movement">Sunflower Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Iguala_mass_kidnapping" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Iguala mass kidnapping">2014 Iguala mass kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Quebec_student_protests" title="2012 Quebec student protests">2012 Quebec student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_student_protests_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 student protests in Chile">2011 student protests in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_University_of_Puerto_Rico_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 University of Puerto Rico Strike">2010 University of Puerto Rico Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_UK_student_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 UK student protests">2010 UK student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Greek_riots" title="2008 Greek riots">2008 Greek riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_pupil_strike" title="Dutch pupil strike">2007 Dutch pupil strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_student_protests_in_Chile" title="2006 student protests in Chile">2006 student protests in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad#December_2006_student_protest" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">2006 student uprising in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Quebec_student_protests" title="2005 Quebec student protests">2005 Quebec student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_student_protests,_July_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran student protests, July 1999">July 1999 Iran student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996%E2%80%931997_protests_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="1996–1997 protests in Serbia">1996–1997 protests in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Quebec_student_protests" title="1996 Quebec student protests">1996 Quebec student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Anti-SAP_riots" title="1989 Anti-SAP riots">1989 Anti-SAP riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_student_protests_in_Kabul" title="1980 student protests in Kabul">1980 student protests in Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Must_Go" title="Ali Must Go">1978 "Ali Must Go" protests</a></li> <li>1976-77 <a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto uprising</a></li> <li>November 1973 <a href="/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising" title="Athens Polytechnic uprising">Athens Polytechnic uprising</a></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Diliman_Commune" title="Diliman Commune">Diliman Commune</a> – Philippines</li> <li>1970-1972 <a href="/wiki/Huelga_schools_(Houston)" title="Huelga schools (Houston)">Huelga schools, Houston</a>  – United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Strike_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Student Strike of 1970">1970 Student Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968#Protests" title="Protests of 1968">1968 Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Japanese_university_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1968–69 Japanese university protests">1968–69 Japanese university protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_Liberation_Front_strikes_of_1968" title="Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968">Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_student_demonstrations_in_Yugoslavia" title="1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia">1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1968_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 uprisings">May 1968 uprisings</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Movement_of_1968" title="Mexican Movement of 1968">Mexican Movement of 1968</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis#Student-_and_intellectual-led_movement" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 protests in Poland</a></li> <li>1968 <a href="/wiki/East_L.A._walkouts" title="East L.A. walkouts">East L.A. walkouts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">1965 Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">1964-65 U.C. Berkeley Free Speech Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">1960 Anpo protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_student_movement_of_1956" title="Bucharest student movement of 1956">1956 Bucharest student movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrze%C5%9Bnia_children_strike" title="Września children strike">Września children strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_rebellion" title="Butter rebellion">Butter rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_strike_of_1229" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris strike of 1229">1229 University of Paris strike</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts and theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentic_assessment" title="Authentic assessment">Authentic assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_democratic_schools" title="List of democratic schools">Democratic schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_curriculum" title="Hidden curriculum">Hidden curriculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive_education" title="Minimally invasive education">Minimally invasive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_activism" title="Student activism">Student activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_bill_of_rights" title="Student bill of rights">Student bill of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student-centred_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Student-centred learning">Student-centred learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_protest" title="Student protest">Student protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_riot" title="Student riot">Student riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students%27_union" title="Students' union">Students' union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_voice" title="Student voice">Student voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">Unschooling</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Censorship of student media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Student_Rights" title="Ordinance of Student Rights">Ordinance of Student Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">School corporal punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_discipline" title="School discipline">School discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in schools in the United States">School speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School-to-prison_pipeline" title="School-to-prison pipeline">School-to-prison pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance_(schools)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero tolerance (schools)">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Students%27_Union" title="European Students' Union">European Students' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Students" title="Hong Kong Federation of Students">Hong Kong Federation of Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouge_Forum" title="Rouge Forum">Rouge Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMIT_University_Student_Union" title="RMIT University Student Union">RMIT University Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarism" title="Scholarism">Scholarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">Students for a Democratic Society (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Press_Law_Center" title="Student Press Law Center">Student Press Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Student_Alliance" title="Worker Student Alliance">Worker Student Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UP_Diliman_University_Student_Council" title="UP Diliman University Student Council">UP Diliman University Student Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PUP_SPEAK" title="PUP SPEAK">PUP SPEAK</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">LGBTQ student movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Students%27_rights_sidebar" title="Template:Students' rights sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Students%27_rights_sidebar" title="Template talk:Students' rights sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Students%27_rights_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Students' rights sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>alternative school</b> is an educational establishment with a curriculum and methods that are nontraditional.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such schools offer a wide range of philosophies and teaching methods; some have political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, while others are more <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a></i> assemblies of teachers and students dissatisfied with some aspect of mainstream or <a href="/wiki/Traditional_education" title="Traditional education">traditional education</a>. </p><p>Some schools are based on <a href="/wiki/Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">pedagogical approaches</a> differing from that of the mainstream pedagogy employed in a culture, while other schools are for <a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">gifted students</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">children with special needs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">children who have fallen off the track educationally or expelled from their base school</a>, children who wish to explore unstructured or less rigid system of learning, etc. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_school&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many models of alternative schools but the features of promising<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> alternative programs seem to converge more or less on the following characteristics: </p> <ul><li>the approach is more individualized;</li> <li>integration of children of different socio-economic status and mixed abilities;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">experiential learning</a> which is applicable to life outside school;</li> <li>integrated approach to various disciplines;</li> <li>instructional staff is certified in their academic field and are creative;</li> <li>low <a href="/wiki/Student-teacher_ratios" class="mw-redirect" title="Student-teacher ratios">student-teacher ratios</a>;</li> <li>collective ownership of the institute as teachers, students, support staff, administrators, parents all are involved in decision making;</li> <li>an array of non-traditional <a href="/wiki/Evaluation_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaluation methods">evaluation methods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_school&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, 'alternative school' refers to a school that provides a learner centered <a href="/wiki/Informal_education" title="Informal education">informal education</a> as an alternative to the regimen of traditional <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">education in the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There's a long tradition of such schools in the United Kingdom, going back to <a href="/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School">Summerhill</a>, whose founder, <a href="/wiki/A._S._Neill" title="A. S. Neill">A. S. Neill</a>, greatly influenced the spread of similar <a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">democratic type schools</a> such as the famous <a href="/wiki/Dartington_Hall_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartington Hall School">Dartington Hall School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kilquhanity_School" title="Kilquhanity School">Kilquhanity School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both now closed. Currently there is one democratic primary school Small Acres, and two democratic secondary schools, <a href="/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School">Summerhill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sands_School" title="Sands School">Sands School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a range of schools based on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_school&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, there has been tremendous growth in the number of alternative schools in operation since the 1970s, when relatively few existed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some alternative schools are for students of all academic levels and abilities who are better served by a non-traditional program. Others are specifically intended for students with <a href="/wiki/Special_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special education in the United States">special educational needs</a>, address social problems that affect students, such as <a href="/wiki/Teenage_parent" class="mw-redirect" title="Teenage parent">teenage parenthood</a> or homelessness, or accommodate students who are considered at risk of failing academically.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another common element of alternative schools in the United States has been the use of community resource professionals in various disciplines who serve as instructors on a part-time, volunteer basis.<sup id="cite_ref-shoup_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shoup-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending upon the type of student going into an alternative school,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1995_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this has sometimes caused friction with the teachers in conventional schools.<sup id="cite_ref-broad_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broad-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Leonia_Alternative_High_School" title="Leonia Alternative High School">Leonia Alternative High School</a> of the 1970s in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, which placed a heavy emphasis on the use of community resource instructors, ended up in a protracted battle with the local <a href="/wiki/Teachers_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers union">teachers union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-shoup_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shoup-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in the school eventually closing. While alternative schools became more commonplace by the 1990s, there were still tensions between them and teachers unions regarding the teachers losing central control over such matters.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1995_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_school&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, local school boards choose whether or not they wish to have alternative schools and how they are operated. The alternative schools may include multi-age groupings, integrated curriculum or holistic learning, parental involvement, and descriptive reports rather than grades. Some school systems provide alternative education streams within the state schools.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, schools for children who are having difficulty in a traditional secondary school setting are known as alternate schools.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germany">Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_school&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany has over 200 <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf schools</a>, including the first such school in the world (founded 1919), and a large number of <a href="/wiki/Montessori_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Montessori school">Montessori schools</a>. Each of these has its own national association, whereas most other alternative schools are organized in the National Association of Independent Alternative Schools (). Funding for <a href="/wiki/Private_school#Germany" title="Private school">private schools</a> in Germany differs from <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Bundesland</a> to Bundesland. </p><p>Full public funding is given to <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">laboratory schools</a> researching school concepts for public education. The <a href="/wiki/Laborschule_Bielefeld" title="Laborschule Bielefeld">Laborschule Bielefeld</a> had a great influence on many alternative schools, including the renewal of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_school" title="Democratic school">democratic school</a> concept. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_school&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Korea, alternative schools serve three big groups of youth. The first group is students who could not succeed in formative Korean education. Many of these schools serve students who dropped out during their earlier school years, either voluntarily or by disciplinary action. The second group is young immigrants. As the population of immigrants from Southeast Asia and North Korea is increasing, several educators started to see the necessity of the adaptive education, specially designed for these young immigrants. Because South Korea has been a <a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">monoethnic</a> society throughout its history, there is not enough system and awareness to protect these students from bullying, social isolation, or academic failure. For instance, the drop-out rate for North Korean immigrant students is ten times higher than that of students from South Korean students because their major challenge is initially to adapt to South Korean society, not to get a higher test score. The other group is students who choose an alternative education because of its philosophy. Korean education, as in many other Asian countries, is based on testing and memorizing. Some students and parents believe this kind of education cannot nurture a student thoroughly and choose to go to an alternative school, that suggests a different way to learn for students. These schools usually stress the importance of interaction between other people and nature over written test results. </p><p>The major struggle in alternative schools in South Korea are recognition, lack of financial support, and quality gap between alternative schools. Although South Korean public's recognition to alternative education has deliberately changed, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">progressive education</a> still is not widely accepted. To enter a college, regular education is often preferred because of the nation's rigid educational taste on test result and record. For the same reason, South Korean government is not actively supporting alternative schools financially. </p><p>Hence, many alternative schools are at risk of bankruptcy, especially the schools that do not or cannot collect tuition from their students. Most Southeast Asian and North Korean immigrant families are financially in need, so they need assist from government's welfare system for their everyday life. It is clear that affording private education is a mere fantasy for these families. That phenomenon, at last, causes a gap among alternative schools themselves. Some schools are richly supported by upper-class parents and provide variety of in-school and after-school programs, and others rarely have resource to build few academic and extracurricular programs as such. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_school&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India has a long history of alternative schools. <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurukul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurukul">Gurukul</a> systems of education during 1500 BC to 500 BC emphasized on acquisition of occupational skills, cultural and spiritual enlightenment in an atmosphere which encouraged rational thinking, reasoning among the students. Hence the aim of education was to develop the pupil in various aspects of life as well as ensure social service.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the decline of the local economies and the advent of the colonial rulers this system went into decline. Some notable reforms like English as the medium of instruction, were introduced as recommended in <a href="/wiki/English_Education_Act_1835" title="English Education Act 1835">Macaulay's Minute</a> in the year 1835. The mainstream schools of today still follow the system developed in the colonial era. In the years since independence, Government has focused on expansion of school network, designing of <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> according to educational needs, local language as the medium of instruction, etc. By the end of nineteenth century, many social reformers began to explore alternatives to contemporary education system. <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayanand_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayanand Saraswati">Dayanand Saraswati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jyotiba_Phule" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotiba Phule">Jyotiba Phule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Ahmed Khan">Syed Ahmed Khan</a> were the pioneers who took up the cause of social regeneration, removal of social inequalities, promotion of girl's education through alternate schools.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early twentieth century educationists create models of alternative schools as a response to the drawbacks to mainstream schools which are still viable. <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shanti_Niketan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanti Niketan">Shanti Niketan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiddu Krishnamurthy">Jiddu Krishnamurthy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Valley_School" title="Rishi Valley School">Rishi Valley School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> and Mother's Sri Aurobindo International Center for Education, and <a href="/wiki/Walden%27s_Path" title="Walden's Path">Walden's Path</a> Magnet School are some of the examples. An upsurge in alternative schools was seen in 1970's onward. But most of the alternate schools are the result of individual efforts rather than government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_Education_Programs">Alternative Education Programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_school&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternative Education Programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternative education programs are ideal for people who think college education is not a requirement for becoming successful entrepreneurs. These programs educate neophyte and experienced entrepreneurs while providing them with the necessary resources. An article published at Forbes.com last February 11, 2018 mentioned that many educational institutions contribute to their respective accelerator courses.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of Missouri System initiated the Ameren Accelerator which concentrates on energy startups and assists entrepreneurs in obtaining essential know-how about the industry from educator-partners at the university level.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are international programs that also offer related resources like Meltwater Entrepreneurial School of Technology in Ghana, Africa. It has an incubator program providing seed capital, training, and learning opportunities in a rigorous one-year program from outstanding students in the African region.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Huffington Post cited options in alternative learning like Home School, Micro Schooling, and Unschooling.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of Unschooling means the student learns according to the way that person wants for specific reasons and choice. The individual gets help from teachers, parents, books, or formal classes but makes the final decision on how to proceed and according to his or her preferred schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Micro-schools or independent free schools differ in approach, size, and authority. These are contemporary one-room schools, full-time or part-time facilities, or learning centers that are owned and managed by teachers or parents.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some parents choose this non-traditional system over formal education because it teaches youngsters to look for practical solutions. The USA is attempting to serve an increasing number of a good number of at-risk students outside the conventional highs schools. There are Alternative Education Campuses that cater to dropouts or those who have been expelled from their schools. There are reportedly more than 4,000 AECs all over the country.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_school&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_democratic_schools" title="List of democratic schools">List of democratic schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_school" title="Democratic school">Democratic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Montessori school">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_alternative_school" title="Public alternative school">Public alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_school" title="Reform school">Reform school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">Unschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf school">Waldorf school</a> (or Steiner school)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti Schools">Jiddu Krishnamurti Schools</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_school&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/Alternative%2520school.html">Definition of alternative school</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013042627/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/alternative%2520school.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed August 9, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013042627/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/alternative%2520school.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/alternative%20school">Definition of alternative school</a>, accessed August 9, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aron, L. (2009). Making Schools Different: Alternative Schooling in the USA. New Delhi: SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vittachi, Sarojini., & Raghavan, Neeraja. (2007). <i>Alternative Schooling in India. </i>New Delhi: SAGE Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"alternative schooling". A Dictionary of Education. Ed. Elizabeth Wallace. Oxford University Press, 2009. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921207-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921207-1">978-0-19-921207-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/7958863.stm">"Alternative school set to reopen"</a>, . <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 23 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democraticeducation.co.uk/index.php/directory/list-view?sid=56:schools_start_ups">"List View - Schools & Start Ups"</a>. <i>www.democraticeducation.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.democraticeducation.co.uk&rft.atitle=List+View+-+Schools+%26+Start+Ups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democraticeducation.co.uk%2Findex.php%2Fdirectory%2Flist-view%3Fsid%3D56%3Aschools_start_ups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/112725">We’ll Fund Montessori And Steiner Schools, Say Tories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414023441/https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/112725/We-ll-fund-Montessori-and-Steiner-schools-say-Tories">Archived</a> 2020-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> July 9, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Alternative Schools Adapt,</i> by Fannie Weinstein. <i>The New York Times</i>, June 8, 1986, section A page 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConley2002" class="citation book cs1">Conley, Brenda Edgerton (2002-01-01). 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ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576074404" title="Special:BookSources/9781576074404"><bdi>9781576074404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6&rft.btitle=Alternative+Schools%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=9781576074404&rft.aulast=Conley&rft.aufirst=Brenda+Edgerton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7zxYYpyLLcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmistonPikeSabado-LiwagXie2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ormiston, Cameron K.; Pike, James R.; Sabado-Liwag, Melanie D.; Xie, Bin; Stacy, Alan W.; Williams, Faustine (2023-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2023.10.020">"Underage Alcohol Use by Intersectional Identity Among Alternative High School Students"</a>. <i>The Journal of Adolescent Health</i>. <b>75</b> (2): S1054–139X(23)00552–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2023.10.020">10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.10.020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1879-1972">1879-1972</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> 11164827. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38085206">38085206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Adolescent+Health&rft.atitle=Underage+Alcohol+Use+by+Intersectional+Identity+Among+Alternative+High+School+Students&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=S1054-139X%2823%2900552-9&rft.date=2023-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11164827%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1879-1972&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38085206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2023.10.020&rft.aulast=Ormiston&rft.aufirst=Cameron+K.&rft.au=Pike%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Sabado-Liwag%2C+Melanie+D.&rft.au=Xie%2C+Bin&rft.au=Stacy%2C+Alan+W.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Faustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jadohealth.2023.10.020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmistonPikeSabado-LiwagKwan2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ormiston, Cameron K.; Pike, James R.; Sabado-Liwag, Melanie D.; Kwan, Patchareeya; Xie, Bin; Stacy, Alan W.; Williams, Faustine (October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39066754/">"Generational Immigration Status Modifies the Association Between Psychosocial Distress and Substance Use Among Alternative High School Students"</a>. <i>The Journal of Adolescent Health</i>. <b>75</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">610–</span>619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2024.06.004">10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.06.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1879-1972">1879-1972</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39066754">39066754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Adolescent+Health&rft.atitle=Generational+Immigration+Status+Modifies+the+Association+Between+Psychosocial+Distress+and+Substance+Use+Among+Alternative+High+School+Students&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E610-%3C%2Fspan%3E619&rft.date=2024-10&rft.issn=1879-1972&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39066754&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2024.06.004&rft.aulast=Ormiston&rft.aufirst=Cameron+K.&rft.au=Pike%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Sabado-Liwag%2C+Melanie+D.&rft.au=Kwan%2C+Patchareeya&rft.au=Xie%2C+Bin&rft.au=Stacy%2C+Alan+W.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Faustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F39066754%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shoup-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shoup_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shoup_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoup1978" class="citation book cs1">Shoup, Barbara J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livinglearningfo0000shou/page/28/mode/2up?view=theater&q=leonia"><i>Living and Learning For Credit</i></a>. Bloomington, Indiana: Phi Delta Kappa. pp. 26, <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87367-765-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87367-765-X"><bdi>0-87367-765-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+and+Learning+For+Credit&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=26%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Phi+Delta+Kappa&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-87367-765-X&rft.aulast=Shoup&rft.aufirst=Barbara+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivinglearningfo0000shou%2Fpage%2F28%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater%26q%3Dleonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1995-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodnough1995" class="citation news cs1">Goodnough, Abby (September 10, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/10/nyregion/schools-a-teaching-experiment-from-the-1970-s-may-hold-lessons-for-the-future.html">"Schools: A Teaching Experiment From the 1970's May Hold Lessons for the Future"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 13 (Section NJ).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Schools%3A+A+Teaching+Experiment+From+the+1970%27s+May+Hold+Lessons+for+the+Future&rft.pages=13+%28Section+NJ%29&rft.date=1995-09-10&rft.aulast=Goodnough&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F09%2F10%2Fnyregion%2Fschools-a-teaching-experiment-from-the-1970-s-may-hold-lessons-for-the-future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-broad-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-broad_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroad1977" class="citation book cs1">Broad, Lyn (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tnqcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+issue+has+been+taken%22+%22Leonia,+N.J.%22"><i>Alternative Schools: Why, What, Where & How Much</i></a>. 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National School Public Relations Association. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Schools%3A+Why%2C+What%2C+Where+%26+How+Much&rft.series=Education+USA+special+report&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=National+School+Public+Relations+Association&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Broad&rft.aufirst=Lyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtnqcAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Bissue%2Bhas%2Bbeen%2Btaken%2522%2B%2522Leonia%2C%2BN.J.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocdsb.ca/programs/ele/alt/Pages/default.aspx">"Alternative"</a>. <i>www.ocdsb.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ocdsb.ca&rft.atitle=Alternate+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocdsb.ca%2Fprograms%2Fsec%2Fap%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agrawal, A.K. (2005). <i>Development of Educational System in India</i> New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vittachi, Sarojini., & Raghavan, Neeraja. (2007).<i>Alternative Schooling in India.</i>New Delhi: SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArruda" class="citation news cs1">Arruda, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamarruda/2018/02/11/why-aspiring-entrepreneurs-should-put-their-education-first/#3e3d9c58467">"Why Aspiring Entrepreneurs Should Put Their Education First"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MEST+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Training+Program+%7C+Meltwater+Entrepreneurial+School+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeltwater.org%2Ftraining-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButch2016" class="citation web cs1">Butch, Taylor (2016-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/taylor-butch/as-the-world-unfolds-a-se_b_10870580.html">"As the World Unfolds: A Secret Look Inside Alternative Learning"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=As+the+World+Unfolds%3A+A+Secret+Look+Inside+Alternative+Learning&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft.aulast=Butch&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Ftaylor-butch%2Fas-the-world-unfolds-a-se_b_10870580.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhea.com/features/unschool.htm">"Unschooling or Homeschooling"</a>. <i>www.mhea.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mhea.com&rft.atitle=Unschooling+or+Homeschooling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhea.com%2Ffeatures%2Funschool.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArk2015" class="citation web cs1">Ark, Tom Vander (2015-08-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tom-vander-ark/open-a-micro-school-heres_b_7936722.html">"Open a Micro-School: Here's How"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Open+a+Micro-School%3A+Here%27s+How&rft.date=2015-08-05&rft.aulast=Ark&rft.aufirst=Tom+Vander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Ftom-vander-ark%2Fopen-a-micro-school-heres_b_7936722.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crpe.org/thelens/time-study-alternative-schools">"It's Time to Study Alternative Schools | Center on Reinventing Public Education"</a>. <i>www.crpe.org</i>. 23 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crpe.org&rft.atitle=It%27s+Time+to+Study+Alternative+Schools+%7C+Center+on+Reinventing+Public+Education&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crpe.org%2Fthelens%2Ftime-study-alternative-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_school&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Claire V. Corn, <i>Alternative American Schools: Ideals in Action</i> (Ithaca: SUNY Press, 1991).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation 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style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">Research university</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">UK private school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>University <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">Boarding school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li> <li>Historical infant schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Great_Britain" title="History of infant schools in Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Ireland" title="History of infant schools in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">Educational institution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" 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