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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Driftless_Area&params=43.5_N_91_W_region:US"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">91°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.5°N 91°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.5; -91</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geological region in the Midwestern US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the movie, see <a href="/wiki/The_Driftless_Area" title="The Driftless Area">The Driftless Area</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Driftless_Region_topographic_map.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Driftless_Region_topographic_map.webp/220px-Driftless_Region_topographic_map.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Driftless_Region_topographic_map.webp/330px-Driftless_Region_topographic_map.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Driftless_Region_topographic_map.webp/440px-Driftless_Region_topographic_map.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:red dashed 3px;"> </span> Driftless Region <br /> <a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">topographic map</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_(26).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Landscape with low rolling hills, farm buildings in the middle distance surrounded by fields, and bright early autumn foliage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_%2826%29.jpg/220px-Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_%2826%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_%2826%29.jpg/330px-Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_%2826%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_%2826%29.jpg/440px-Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_%2826%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Autumn in the Driftless Area of <a href="/wiki/Cross_Plains,_Wisconsin" title="Cross Plains, Wisconsin">Cross Plains, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Driftless_Area&params=43.5_N_91_W_region:US"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">91°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.5°N 91°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.5; -91</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p><p>The <b>Driftless Area</b>, also known as <b>Bluff Country</b> and the <b>Paleozoic Plateau</b>, is a topographic and cultural region in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-Knox_Driftless_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox_Driftless-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that comprises southwestern <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, and the extreme northwestern corner of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. The Driftless Area is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_United_States_(EPA)" title="List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA)">USDA Level III Ecoregion: Ecoregion 52</a>. The Driftless Area takes up a large portion of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest_forest%E2%80%93savanna_transition" title="Upper Midwest forest–savanna transition">Upper Midwest forest–savanna transition</a>. The western section of the Driftless Area in Minnesota is called the <b>Blufflands</b>, due to the steep bluffs and cliffs around the river valleys. The western half is known as the Rochester Plateau, which is flatter than the Blufflands.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>Coulee Region</b> is the southwestern part of the Driftless Area in Wisconsin. It is named for its numerous ravines. </p><p>Never covered by ice during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a>, the area lacks the characteristic glacial deposits known as <a href="/wiki/Drift_(geology)" title="Drift (geology)">drift</a>. Its landscape is characterized by steep hills, forested ridges, deeply carved river valleys, and <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> geology with spring-fed waterfalls and cold-water trout streams. Ecologically, the Driftless Area's flora and fauna are more closely related to those of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> than those of the broader Midwest and central <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Plains</a> regions. The steep riverine landscape of both the Driftless Area proper and the surrounding Driftless-like region is the result of early glacial advances that forced preglacial rivers that flowed into the Great Lakes southward, causing them to carve a gorge across bedrock <a href="/wiki/Cuesta" title="Cuesta">cuestas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Knox_Driftless_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox_Driftless-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby forming the modern incised upper <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Carson2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wickert2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickert2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region has elevations ranging from 603 to 1,719 feet (184 to 524 m) at <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mound_State_Park" title="Blue Mound State Park">Blue Mound State Park</a>, and together with the Driftless-like region, covers 24,000 square miles (62,200 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologic_origin">Geologic origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geologic origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_physiography;_physiography_of_the_United_States_and_principles_of_soils_in_relation_to_forestry_(1911)_(14753930506).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Forest_physiography%3B_physiography_of_the_United_States_and_principles_of_soils_in_relation_to_forestry_%281911%29_%2814753930506%29.jpg/220px-Forest_physiography%3B_physiography_of_the_United_States_and_principles_of_soils_in_relation_to_forestry_%281911%29_%2814753930506%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Forest_physiography%3B_physiography_of_the_United_States_and_principles_of_soils_in_relation_to_forestry_%281911%29_%2814753930506%29.jpg/330px-Forest_physiography%3B_physiography_of_the_United_States_and_principles_of_soils_in_relation_to_forestry_%281911%29_%2814753930506%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Forest_physiography%3B_physiography_of_the_United_States_and_principles_of_soils_in_relation_to_forestry_%281911%29_%2814753930506%29.jpg/440px-Forest_physiography%3B_physiography_of_the_United_States_and_principles_of_soils_in_relation_to_forestry_%281911%29_%2814753930506%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>1911 map showing extent of the Driftless Area as well as the Driftless region in Minnesota and Iowa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TypicalDriftless.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/TypicalDriftless.jpg/220px-TypicalDriftless.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/TypicalDriftless.jpg/330px-TypicalDriftless.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/TypicalDriftless.jpg/440px-TypicalDriftless.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Typical terrain of the Driftless Area as viewed from <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_Mountain_State_Park" title="Wildcat Mountain State Park">Wildcat Mountain State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vernon_County,_Wisconsin" title="Vernon County, Wisconsin">Vernon County, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V56_D0082_Glacial_map_of_the_great_lakes_region.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PSM_V56_D0082_Glacial_map_of_the_great_lakes_region.png/220px-PSM_V56_D0082_Glacial_map_of_the_great_lakes_region.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PSM_V56_D0082_Glacial_map_of_the_great_lakes_region.png/330px-PSM_V56_D0082_Glacial_map_of_the_great_lakes_region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PSM_V56_D0082_Glacial_map_of_the_great_lakes_region.png/440px-PSM_V56_D0082_Glacial_map_of_the_great_lakes_region.png 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption>Glacial map of the Great Lakes region; the dark area near left center was not covered by drift. Areas with diagonal hatching were glaciated previously.</figcaption></figure> <p>Retreating glaciers leave behind material called <a href="/wiki/Drift_(geology)" title="Drift (geology)">drift</a> composed of silt, clay, sand, gravel, and boulders. Glacial drift includes unsorted material called <a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">till</a> and layers deposited by meltwater streams called <a href="/wiki/Outwash" class="mw-redirect" title="Outwash">outwash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While drift from early (<a href="/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title="Pre-Illinoian">pre-Illinoian</a>) glaciations has been found in some parts of the region,<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_description_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_description-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yellow_River_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yellow_River-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> much of the incised Paleozoic Plateau of Wisconsin and northwestern Illinois has no evidence of glaciation. </p><p>Numerous glacial advances throughout the world occurred during the most recent <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a> (also known as the Pleistocene glaciation). The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> was repeatedly covered by advancing and retreating glaciers throughout this period. The Driftless Area escaped much of the scouring and depositional action by the continental glaciers that occurred during the last ice age, which produced significant differences in the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> and drainage patterns within the unglaciated area compared to adjacent glaciated regions. </p><p>The region has been subjected to large floods from the melting <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> and subsequent catastrophic discharges from its <a href="/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title="Proglacial lake">proglacial lakes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Wisconsin" title="Glacial Lake Wisconsin">Glacial Lake Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Agassiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial Lake Agassiz">Glacial Lake Agassiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Grantsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial Lake Grantsburg">Glacial Lake Grantsburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Duluth" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial Lake Duluth">Glacial Lake Duluth</a>. </p><p>The last phases of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Glaciation">Wisconsin Glaciation</a> involved several major lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet: the Des Moines lobe, which flowed down toward <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a> on the west; the Superior lobe and its sublobes on the north; and the Green Bay lobe and Lake Michigan lobes on the east.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern and eastern lobes were in part diverted around the area by the Watersmeet Dome, an ancient uplifted area of <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> rock underlain by <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Upper_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Michigan">upper Michigan</a>. The southward movement of the continental glacier was also hindered by the great depths of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> basin and the adjacent highlands of the <a href="/wiki/Bayfield_Peninsula" title="Bayfield Peninsula">Bayfield Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gogebic_Range" title="Gogebic Range">Gogebic Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Mountains" title="Porcupine Mountains">Porcupine Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Peninsula" title="Keweenaw Peninsula">Keweenaw Peninsula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Huron_Mountains" title="Huron Mountains">Huron Mountains</a> along the north rim of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Upland" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior Upland">Superior Upland</a> bordering Lake Superior. The Green Bay and Lake Michigan lobes were also partially blocked by the bedrock of the <a href="/wiki/Door_Peninsula" title="Door Peninsula">Door Peninsula</a>, which presently separates <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Green Bay (Lake Michigan)">Green Bay</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another factor that may have contributed to the lack of glaciation of the Driftless area is the fractured, permeable bedrock within the Paleozoic Plateau underlying it, which would have promoted below-ground drainage of subglacial water that would otherwise have lubricated the underside of the glacial ice sheet. The dewatering of the underside of the ice sheet would have inhibited forward movement of the glacier into the Driftless Area, especially from the west. </p><p>In the adjacent glaciated regions, the glacial retreat left behind drift, which buried all earlier topographical features. Surface water was forced to carve out new stream beds.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process was absent in the Driftless Area, where the original <a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)" title="Drainage system (geomorphology)">drainage systems</a> persisted during and after the ice age. Water erosion continued carving the existing <a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">gullies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">ravines</a>, stream beds, and river valleys ever deeper into the paleozoic plateau, following the original drainage patterns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristic_landforms">Characteristic landforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristic landforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/220px-Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/330px-Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/440px-Driftless_Area_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Typical Driftless Area scenery near <a href="/wiki/Mazomanie,_Wisconsin" title="Mazomanie, Wisconsin">Mazomanie, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_Rock_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tablet_Rock_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Tablet_Rock_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tablet_Rock_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Tablet_Rock_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tablet_Rock_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Tablet_Rock_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Tablet Rock Overlook in Wisconsin's Devils Lake State Park, located in the Baraboo Range</figcaption></figure> <p>Overall, the region is characterized by an eroded <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a>, with bedrock overlain by varying thicknesses of <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a>. Most characteristically, the branching river valleys are deeply dissected. The bluffs lining this reach of the Mississippi River climb to nearly 600 feet (180 m). In Minnesota, pre-Illinoian-age till was probably removed by natural means before the deposition of loess. The valley walls' sedimentary rocks date to the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleozoic Era">Paleozoic Era</a> and are often covered with <a href="/wiki/Colluvium" title="Colluvium">colluvium</a> or loess.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_geology_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_geology-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a>, where not directly exposed, is very near the surface and is composed of "primarily <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> in Minnesota, with <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> sandstone, <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>, and dolomite exposed along the valley walls of the Mississippi River."<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_geology_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_geology-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the east, the <a href="/wiki/Baraboo_Range" title="Baraboo Range">Baraboo Range</a>, an ancient, profoundly eroded <a href="/wiki/Monadnock" class="mw-redirect" title="Monadnock">monadnock</a> in south central <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, consists primarily of <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a>. The area has not undergone much tectonic action, as all the visible layers of sedimentary rock are approximately horizontal. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karst_topography" class="mw-redirect" title="Karst topography">Karst topography</a> is found throughout the Driftless area. This is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a> and cave systems, <a href="/wiki/Losing_stream" title="Losing stream">disappearing streams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blind_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind valley">blind valleys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">underground streams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sinkholes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a>, and cold streams. Disappearing streams occur where surface waters sink down into the earth through fractured bedrock or a sinkhole, either joining an <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>, or becoming an underground stream. Blind valleys are formed by disappearing streams and lack an outlet to any other stream. Sinkholes result from the collapse of a cave's roof, and surface water can flow directly into them. Disappearing streams can re-emerge as large, cold springs. Cold streams with cold springs as their sources are superb <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> habitat. Due to the rapid movement of underground water through regions with karst topography, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwater contamination">groundwater contamination</a> is a major concern in the Driftless area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:auto;max-width:410px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresbach,_Minnesota_from_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresbach, Minnesota on the Upper Mississippi River"><img alt="Dresbach, Minnesota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dresbach%2C_Minnesota_from_water.jpg/400px-Dresbach%2C_Minnesota_from_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dresbach%2C_Minnesota_from_water.jpg/600px-Dresbach%2C_Minnesota_from_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dresbach%2C_Minnesota_from_water.jpg/800px-Dresbach%2C_Minnesota_from_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9957" data-file-height="2764" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresbach,_Minnesota_from_water.jpg" title="File:Dresbach, Minnesota from water.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Dresbach,_Minnesota" title="Dresbach, Minnesota">Dresbach, Minnesota</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River" title="Upper Mississippi River">Upper Mississippi River</a></div></div></div> <p>The Mississippi River passes through the Driftless Area between and including <a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._2" title="Lock and Dam No. 2">Pool 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._13" title="Lock and Dam No. 13">Pool 13</a>. </p><p>As rivers and streams approach their confluence with the Mississippi, their canyons grow progressively steeper and deeper, particularly in the last 25 miles (40 km) in their journey to their mouths. The change in elevation above sea level from ridgetops lining a stream to its confluence with the main-stem Mississippi can reach well past 650 feet (200 m) in only a few miles. The <a href="/wiki/Waukon,_Iowa" title="Waukon, Iowa">Waukon</a> Municipal Airport is reliably established as being 1,281 feet (390 m) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a> maintains a river level in <a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._9" title="Lock and Dam No. 9">Pool 9</a> of about 619 feet (189 m) above sea level,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which covers <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Iowa" title="Lansing, Iowa">Lansing</a>. Maps and signs issued by the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Transportation" title="Iowa Department of Transportation">Iowa Department of Transportation</a> indicate Waukon and Lansing are 17 miles (27 km) apart on <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Highway_9" title="Iowa Highway 9">Iowa Highway 9</a>. This is a drop of more than 660 feet (200 m) in less than 20 miles (32 km) (and this along a <a href="/wiki/Clear_Creek_(Allamakee_County,_Iowa)" title="Clear Creek (Allamakee County, Iowa)">very minor tributary</a> of the Mississippi). "The role of <a href="/wiki/Isostatic_rebound" class="mw-redirect" title="Isostatic rebound">isostatic rebound</a> on the process of stream incision in the area is not clearly understood."<sup id="cite_ref-quaternary_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quaternary-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many small towns in the Driftless Area, especially in river valleys, at or upstream from the Mississippi. Small towns in a deep steep valley going down to the Mississippi are at risk every 50 to 100 years or so of a major flood, as with the wreck of <a href="/wiki/Gays_Mills,_Wisconsin" title="Gays Mills, Wisconsin">Gays Mills, Wisconsin</a>, in August 2007, or the holding of the levee in <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Minnesota" title="Houston, Minnesota">Houston, Minnesota</a>, (on the South Fork <a href="/wiki/Root_River_(Minnesota)" title="Root River (Minnesota)">Root River</a>) at the same time. Metropolitan areas have flood walls (<i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/2007_Midwest_flooding" title="2007 Midwest flooding">2007 Midwest flooding</a>). In August 2018, the region yet again experienced record-breaking flooding in valley towns such as <a href="/wiki/Coon_Valley,_Wisconsin" title="Coon Valley, Wisconsin">Coon Valley, Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Farge,_Wisconsin" title="La Farge, Wisconsin">La Farge, Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viola,_Wisconsin" title="Viola, Wisconsin">Viola, Wisconsin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_River" title="Kickapoo River">Kickapoo River</a> flood stage is 13 feet but was recorded as high as 23 feet during the 2018 flood which was declared a statewide emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many community members were rescued by boats sent by the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources">Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days later, when two dams in <a href="/wiki/Ontario,_Wisconsin" title="Ontario, Wisconsin">Ontario, Wisconsin</a> broke, it produced flood water downstream in <a href="/wiki/Readstown,_Wisconsin" title="Readstown, Wisconsin">Readstown, Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Grove,_Wisconsin" title="Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin">Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gays_Mills,_Wisconsin" title="Gays Mills, Wisconsin">Gays Mills, Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of this portion of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River" title="Upper Mississippi River">Upper Mississippi River</a> dates back to an origin "as an ice-marginal stream during what had been referred to as the '<a href="/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title="Pre-Illinoian">Nebraskan glaciation</a>.'" This is an outdated and abandoned period in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title="Pre-Illinoian">Pre-Illinoian Stage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-quaternary_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quaternary-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of erosion often exposes <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> of about 510 million years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence from soil borings and recent <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a> imagery in the lower <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a> valley in the Driftless area suggests that the river in the valley once flowed eastward, rather than its existing westerly course toward its confluence with the Mississippi River. This has led to the hypothesis that the ancient Upper Mississippi River (also named the Wyalusing River) at one time flowed east through the Wisconsin River valley and into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saint_Laurence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Laurence River">Saint Laurence River</a> system somewhere near the <a href="/wiki/Door_Peninsula" title="Door Peninsula">Door Peninsula</a>. The hypothesis posits that the flow of the ancient Wyalusing River was ultimately captured by the ancestral Mississippi River to the south when that river eroded through the Military Ridge near <a href="/wiki/Wyalusing_State_Park" title="Wyalusing State Park">Wyalusing State Park</a>, possibly as a result of an ancient ice sheet in a previous continental glaciation blocking the Wyalusing River to the east. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title="Proglacial lake">proglacial lake</a> would have filled the Wyalusing River valley until it overtopped the Military Ridge, ultimately carving through the ridge and draining the lake. This resulted in the ancient Upper Mississippi River changing course and flowing south toward the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, instead of east into the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> and the North <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">stream capture</a> hypothesis for the Upper Mississippi River would have produced a substantial diversion of water from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Basin" title="Great Lakes Basin">Great Lakes Basin</a> and the Saint Lawrence River, reducing the inflow of fresh water into the North Atlantic with possible impacts to <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. </p><p>The Mississippi River trench is one of the few places in the Driftless Area where the bedrock is very deep below the surface, and is overlaid by large amounts of sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As home to the formation of a substantial portion of the gorge of the Upper Mississippi, this enormous quantity of sediment goes down at least 300 feet (91 m) under the present riverbottom at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, as the Mississippi exits the Driftless Area "between <a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Illinois" title="Fulton, Illinois">Fulton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscatine,_Iowa" title="Muscatine, Iowa">Muscatine</a>, [... (<a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._13" title="Lock and Dam No. 13">Pool 13</a>)], it flows over or near bedrock."<sup id="cite_ref-Chas_Theiling_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chas_Theiling-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The course of the upper Mississippi River along the margin of the Driftless Area of southeastern Minnesota is believed to have been established during pre-Wisconsin time, when a glacial advance from the west displaced the river eastward from central Iowa to its present position."<sup id="cite_ref-Madigan_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madigan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Driftless_Area_and_the_Wisconsin_River_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Driftless_Area_and_the_Wisconsin_River_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Driftless_Area_and_the_Wisconsin_River_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Driftless_Area_and_the_Wisconsin_River_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Driftless_Area_and_the_Wisconsin_River_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Driftless_Area_and_the_Wisconsin_River_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Driftless_Area_and_the_Wisconsin_River_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5138" data-file-height="3621" /></a><figcaption>Wisconsin River near <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Wisconsin" title="Marietta, Wisconsin">Marietta, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Other rivers affected by this geologic process are: </p> <ul><li><b>In Wisconsin</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_River_(Wisconsin)" title="Chippewa River (Wisconsin)">Chippewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trempealeau_River" title="Trempealeau River">Trempealeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_River" title="La Crosse River">La Crosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(Wisconsin)" title="Black River (Wisconsin)">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baraboo_River" title="Baraboo River">Baraboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pecatonica_River" title="Pecatonica River">Pecatonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire_River_(Chippewa_River_tributary)" title="Eau Claire River (Chippewa River tributary)">Eau Claire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin Rivers</a>, along with the Wisconsin River's tributary, the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_River" title="Kickapoo River">Kickapoo River</a></li> <li><b>In Minnesota</b>: the <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_River_(Minnesota)" title="Whitewater River (Minnesota)">Whitewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannon_River_(Minnesota)" title="Cannon River (Minnesota)">Cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zumbro_River" title="Zumbro River">Zumbro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Root_River_(Minnesota)" title="Root River (Minnesota)">Root</a> rivers</li> <li><b>In Iowa</b>: the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Iowa_River" title="Upper Iowa River">Upper Iowa</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Paint_Creek_(Iowa)" title="Paint Creek (Iowa)">Paint Creek</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_(Iowa)" title="Yellow River (Iowa)">Yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_(Iowa)" title="Turkey River (Iowa)">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maquoketa_River" title="Maquoketa River">Maquoketa</a> rivers</li> <li><b>In Illinois</b>: the <a href="/wiki/Apple_River_(Illinois)" title="Apple River (Illinois)">Apple River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Galena_River_(Illinois)" title="Galena River (Illinois)">Galena River</a> (a.k.a. the <a href="/wiki/Fever_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Fever River">Fever River</a>)</li></ul> <p>Although lying just to the north of the Driftless Area, the <a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Wisconsin-Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota)">Saint Croix</a> in Wisconsin and Minnesota is another important river that affected the area, as it was the outlet for <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Duluth" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial Lake Duluth">Glacial Lake Duluth</a>, forerunner to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a>, when the eastern outlet was blocked by the continental ice sheet. All major rivers in and adjacent to the Driftless Area have deep, dramatic canyons giving testimony to the immense quantity of water which once surged through them as a result of the nearby melting <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glaciers</a> associated with the miles-high <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Ice sheets</a> during recurring <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice ages</a>. Other examples include the Wisconsin River, which drained <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Wisconsin" title="Glacial Lake Wisconsin">Glacial Lake Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glacial_River_Warren" title="Glacial River Warren">Glacial River Warren</a> (whose bed is occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a>), which drained the colossal <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Agassiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial Lake Agassiz">Glacial Lake Agassiz</a>. There was ample water to dig a very deep, hundreds-of-miles-long gash into the North American bedrock where the Upper Mississippi River now flows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecosystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_-_North_Central_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_-_North_Central_US.jpg/220px-USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_-_North_Central_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_-_North_Central_US.jpg/330px-USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_-_North_Central_US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_-_North_Central_US.jpg/440px-USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_-_North_Central_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>USDA plant hardiness zone regional map - North Central US</figcaption></figure> <p>The climate is <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid continental">humid continental</a>, displaying both the cool summer and warm summer subtypes as one travels from north to south.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> has the region falling mainly in <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">zone 5a</a>, with the northern fringe being 4b. A few patches in Wisconsin are 4a. </p><p>Before European settlement in the 19th century, the vegetation consisted of <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">tallgrass prairie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bur_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bur oak">bur oak</a> <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> on ridgetops and dry upper slopes, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar maple">sugar maple</a>-<a href="/wiki/Basswood" class="mw-redirect" title="Basswood">basswood</a>-<a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> forest on moister slopes, sugar maple-basswood forests in protected valleys and on north-facing slopes, wet prairies along the rivers, and some mesic <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> on the floodplain farther back from the river.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There were probably also oak forests that contained no sugar maple. Marsh and floodplain forests were also common on river flood plains. Prairie was restricted primarily to the broader ridgetops, which were unfavorable sites for trees due to thin soils and shallow bedrock, rapid drainage, and desiccating winds; all these conditions were also good for carrying fires across the landscape. Prairies also occurred on steep slopes with south or southwest aspect (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Goat_prairie" title="Goat prairie">goat prairie</a><sup id="cite_ref-NPS_geology_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_geology-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Natural fire, which has long been vigorously suppressed, was essential for the regeneration of such prairies. </p><p>Evidence of ancient extinct ice age animals that once inhabited the Driftless Area has been discovered over the years. An example of extinct <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene megafauna">Pleistocene megafauna</a> in the area is the <a href="/wiki/Boaz_mastodon_and_Anderson_Mills_mastodon" title="Boaz mastodon and Anderson Mills mastodon">Boaz mastodon</a>, a composite skeleton of two separate <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodons</a> found in the 1890s in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. Although evidence exists that mastodons inhabited mostly coniferous <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> forests associated with the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a>, it is likely that most or all of the Driftless Area was at times covered by <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> during periods of <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">glacial maximums</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Driftless_trout_streams1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Driftless_trout_streams1.png/220px-Driftless_trout_streams1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Driftless_trout_streams1.png/330px-Driftless_trout_streams1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Driftless_trout_streams1.png/440px-Driftless_trout_streams1.png 2x" data-file-width="3956" data-file-height="3955" /></a><figcaption>Relief map of the central Driftless Area, emphasizing the high density of trout waters in the region</figcaption></figure> <p>The Midwest Driftless Area Restoration Effort is a multi-agency cooperative effort to restore the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main issues are erosion and water pollution from agricultural and animal runoff.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many farmers in the region use <a href="/wiki/Contour_plowing" title="Contour plowing">contour plowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strip_cropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Strip cropping">strip cropping</a>, and other agricultural practices to reduce soil erosion due to the hilly terrain. Water pollution is critical in <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karsted</a> regions such as this because it can degrade or destroy prime cold-water fish habitat. Soil erosion presents the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a> with a problem that requires it to dredge the Mississippi River shipping channels to keep them open. <a href="/wiki/Trout_Unlimited" title="Trout Unlimited">Trout Unlimited</a> is part of this effort, if only because of the superb cold-water streams the region supports.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A symposium was held in 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Decorah,_Iowa" title="Decorah, Iowa">Decorah, Iowa</a>, "to share the results of research, management and monitoring work in the Driftless Area."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nature_Conservancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Conservancy">Nature Conservancy</a> is also interested. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iowa_Pleistocene_snail_penny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Iowa_Pleistocene_snail_penny.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="70" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="71" data-file-height="70" /></a><figcaption>Iowa Pleistocene snail</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monkshood_garyTonhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Monkshood_garyTonhouse.jpg/170px-Monkshood_garyTonhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Monkshood_garyTonhouse.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Northern_monkshood" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern monkshood">Northern monkshood</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Driftless Area contains more than half of the world's <a href="/wiki/Algific_talus_slopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Algific talus slopes">algific talus slopes</a>, a type of small, isolated ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These refugia create cool summer and fall microclimates that host species usually found further north. They contain at least one <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Pleistocene_Snail" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa Pleistocene Snail">Iowa Pleistocene Snail</a>, and a threatened plant, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_monkshood" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern monkshood">Northern monkshood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Driftless_Area_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge">Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge</a> was primarily carved out of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River_National_Wildlife_and_Fish_Refuge" title="Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge">Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge</a> to protect these species and their associated ecosystems. </p><p>Isolated relic stands of pines and associated northern vegetation are found in some locations where <a href="/wiki/Algific_talus_slopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Algific talus slopes">algific talus slopes</a> exist. These trees survive in the cooler microclimate at these locations outside of their range further north. </p><p>A noteworthy annual event is the rising of <a href="/wiki/Corydalidae" title="Corydalidae">fishflies</a>, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">mayfly</a> endemic to the Mississippi valley in the region. These are aquatic insects attracted to light, which rise by the millions as adults to mate, only to die within hours.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wildlife is abundant with opportunities for hunting <a href="/wiki/Whitetail_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitetail deer">whitetail deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkey</a>. Fishing, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook trout</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> in tributaries, and species such as <a href="/wiki/Channel_catfish" title="Channel catfish">channel catfish</a> in the Mississippi is available, with <a href="/wiki/Ice_fishing" title="Ice fishing">ice fishing</a> in winter.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_characteristics">Other characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Driftless Area is part of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Flyway" title="Mississippi Flyway">Mississippi Flyway</a>. Many birds fly over the river in large flocks, going north in spring and south in autumn. </p><p>There are very few natural lakes in the region. They are in adjoining areas of glacial till, drift, and in moraines; the region is extraordinarily well drained, and there is rarely a place where even a pond can naturally form. There are also very few dams because the valley walls and floors are very often fissured or crumbly, or very porous, providing poor anchors for a dam and making it difficult to keep any kind of reservoir appropriately filled. There are no real <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfalls</a>, but some very strong springs bear the name. </p><p>A modern, man-made characteristic is the comparatively twisty nature of highways in the region, as in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, in contrast to the usually rigid east-west/north-south alignment elsewhere in the Midwest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Here, the roads switchback up stream valleys or travel over ridge tops. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Highway_20" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway 20">U.S. Highway 20</a> through the Driftless, and particularly in Illinois, is a good example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Organic_Valley" title="Organic Valley">Organic Valley</a></div> <p>The Driftless Area provides good conditions for growing crops and grazing livestock. In recent years, the region has generated much public interest in the organic and artisanal food market. </p><p>Organic dairy and beef production is of particular economic significance to the Driftless. <a href="/wiki/Organic_Valley" title="Organic Valley">Organic Valley</a>, the largest organic dairy cooperative in the U.S., was founded and is headquartered in La Farge, Wisconsin. The region's cheese production boasts specialty cheeses such as raw-milk artisan cheese made from unpasteurized milk.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organic dairy generally fits best with a grass-based milk production system.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Glarus_Primrose_Winery_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/New_Glarus_Primrose_Winery_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/220px-New_Glarus_Primrose_Winery_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/New_Glarus_Primrose_Winery_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/330px-New_Glarus_Primrose_Winery_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/New_Glarus_Primrose_Winery_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/440px-New_Glarus_Primrose_Winery_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Primrose Winery, located in <a href="/wiki/New_Glarus,_Wisconsin" title="New Glarus, Wisconsin">New Glarus, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The bioregion's economic and cultural characteristics were federally recognized with the granting of the Upper Mississippi River Valley (UMRV) viticultural area, the largest designated winemaking region in the country, by the Treasury Division's <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau" title="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">Tax and Trade Bureau</a> in 2009. The petition for designation maintains that the region is a cohesive whole for marketing wine, and is also used to market other products.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to wine-grape production and wine-making, the region, especially in southeast Minnesota, is known for apple, maple syrup, and honey production. Tobacco was once a key crop of the Driftless, which has suitable topography and sandy, nutrient-rich soil.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Driftless Region Food and Farm Project, in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin-Madison">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems, is a coalition of sustainable-agriculture farmers, processors, distributors, chefs, planning commissions, and other participants. The project seeks to define the culinary identity of the region and further direct the development of <a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">agritourism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_Hydraulic_Fracturing_Sand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/USGS_Hydraulic_Fracturing_Sand.jpg/220px-USGS_Hydraulic_Fracturing_Sand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/USGS_Hydraulic_Fracturing_Sand.jpg/330px-USGS_Hydraulic_Fracturing_Sand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/USGS_Hydraulic_Fracturing_Sand.jpg/440px-USGS_Hydraulic_Fracturing_Sand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Fine-grained silica sand is typical of the Driftless Area and is mined for use in hydraulic fracturing.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fine-grained silica sand is typical of the Driftless and is mined for use primarily in <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a>, commonly known as "fracking". </p><p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> bedrock at or near the surface encourages <a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand mining</a> in the Driftless, with Wisconsin at the industry's forefront.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sandstone contains <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> (silica) sand grains of the ideal hardness, shape, and size for use in hydraulic fracturing by the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> industries. The mining activity involves quarrying the sandstone bedrock by blasting with <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a>, crushing the rock, washing, drying, and grading the resulting sand, and transporting the sand out by barge or train.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, there were 73 frac sand mines in operation in Wisconsin alone,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are five operating industrial sand mines in Minnesota;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the proliferation of sand mines in the region created new jobs and generated economic activity. But the prominence of industry has raised concern about its effect on water quality, air pollution caused by silica dust, noise and <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>, heavy truck traffic, and the destruction of hills and ridges for which the region is known.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industry changes as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> have caused Hi-Crush, <a href="/wiki/Covia" title="Covia">Covia</a>, and Superior Silica Sands—all with operations in Wisconsin—to liquidate their frac sand mines and declare bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_extent">Geographic extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geographic extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minnesota">Minnesota</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Minnesota"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Glacial_history_of_Minnesota" title="Glacial history of Minnesota">Glacial history of Minnesota</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_w_Lake_Pepin_in_background_at_Frontenac_State_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mississippi_River_w_Lake_Pepin_in_background_at_Frontenac_State_Park.jpg/180px-Mississippi_River_w_Lake_Pepin_in_background_at_Frontenac_State_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mississippi_River_w_Lake_Pepin_in_background_at_Frontenac_State_Park.jpg/270px-Mississippi_River_w_Lake_Pepin_in_background_at_Frontenac_State_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Mississippi_River_w_Lake_Pepin_in_background_at_Frontenac_State_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Mississippi River from <a href="/wiki/Frontenac_State_Park" title="Frontenac State Park">Frontenac State Park</a>, Minnesota (<a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Minnesota" title="Geology of Minnesota">southeast geological region of Minnesota</a>, the colloquial "Driftless Area" (though the whole region was glaciated) begins at about <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Snelling, Minnesota">Fort Snelling</a>. Starting as a narrow sliver against the Mississippi, it widens to the west as one goes south. The western boundary is the Bemis-Altamont moraine.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rochester_plateau_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rochester_plateau-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another more easily found reference to the western boundary is the approximate line of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_56" title="Minnesota State Highway 56">Minnesota State Highway 56</a>. </p><p>The upland plateau lies west of the incised tributaries to the Mississippi. The historic vegetation was mixed woodland, with occasional <a href="/wiki/Goat_prairie" title="Goat prairie">goat prairies</a> on southwesterly facing slopes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the western section is "an old plateau covered by <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> [...] along the eastern border and pre-Wisconsin age glacial <a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">till</a> in the central and western parts. The western portion is a gently rolling glacial till plain that is covered by loess in places."<sup id="cite_ref-Rochester_plateau_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rochester_plateau-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area includes all or part of <a href="/wiki/Dakota_County,_Minnesota" title="Dakota County, Minnesota">Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goodhue_County,_Minnesota" title="Goodhue County, Minnesota">Goodhue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice_County,_Minnesota" title="Rice County, Minnesota">Rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wabasha_County,_Minnesota" title="Wabasha County, Minnesota">Wabasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winona_County,_Minnesota" title="Winona County, Minnesota">Winona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olmsted_County,_Minnesota" title="Olmsted County, Minnesota">Olmsted</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dodge_County,_Minnesota" title="Dodge County, Minnesota">Dodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Minnesota" title="Houston County, Minnesota">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fillmore_County,_Minnesota" title="Fillmore County, Minnesota">Fillmore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mower_County,_Minnesota" title="Mower County, Minnesota">Mower</a> Counties. Aside from the southeastern suburban sprawl of the <a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Cities">Twin Cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a> is the main urban area. Additional communities include <a href="/wiki/Red_Wing,_Minnesota" title="Red Wing, Minnesota">Red Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_City,_Minnesota" title="Lake City, Minnesota">Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota" title="Winona, Minnesota">Winona</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Crescent,_Minnesota" title="La Crescent, Minnesota">La Crescent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chatfield,_Minnesota" title="Chatfield, Minnesota">Chatfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanesboro,_Minnesota" title="Lanesboro, Minnesota">Lanesboro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rushford,_Minnesota" title="Rushford, Minnesota">Rushford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Minnesota" title="Houston, Minnesota">Houston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caledonia,_Minnesota" title="Caledonia, Minnesota">Caledonia</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glacial_River_Warren" title="Glacial River Warren">Glacial River Warren</a>, in whose bed the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a> now flows, entered the "Driftless Area" just downriver from present-day <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis-Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis-Saint Paul">Minneapolis-Saint Paul</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Snelling, Minnesota">Fort Snelling</a>, over <a href="/wiki/River_Warren_Falls" title="River Warren Falls">River Warren Falls</a>, "an impressive 2700 feet (823 m) across and 175 feet (53 m) tall, over 10 times as wide as Niagara falls"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (this has since receded to become <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls" title="Saint Anthony Falls">Saint Anthony Falls</a>). The region is characterized "by the absence of glacial drift deposits, the sculpted topography, and the presence of the ancient limestone immediately beneath the soil and in cliff outcroppings."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minnesota Driftless Area did not reach the Twin Cities or any areas to the north or west of them; rather, the Twin Cities marked the edge of glaciation, with substantial <a href="/wiki/Terminal_moraine" title="Terminal moraine">terminal moraines</a> overlying the region.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest protected area is <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Dorer_Memorial_Hardwood_State_Forest" title="Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood State Forest">Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood State Forest</a>, which contains some state-owned land, but is mostly private, controlled by state conservation easements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wisconsin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Glaciation">Wisconsin Glaciation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugar_Creek_Bluffs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sugar_Creek_Bluffs.jpg/220px-Sugar_Creek_Bluffs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sugar_Creek_Bluffs.jpg/330px-Sugar_Creek_Bluffs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sugar_Creek_Bluffs.jpg/440px-Sugar_Creek_Bluffs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Sugar Creek Bluffs in Crawford County, Wisconsin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taylor_County_glaciation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Taylor_County_glaciation.jpg/220px-Taylor_County_glaciation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Taylor_County_glaciation.jpg/330px-Taylor_County_glaciation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Taylor_County_glaciation.jpg/440px-Taylor_County_glaciation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Extent of glaciation in Wisconsin</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:259px;max-width:259px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Houses_on_the_cliff_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Houses_on_the_cliff_02.jpg/257px-Houses_on_the_cliff_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Houses_on_the_cliff_02.jpg/386px-Houses_on_the_cliff_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Houses_on_the_cliff_02.jpg/514px-Houses_on_the_cliff_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7693" data-file-height="2949" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Houses_on_the_cliff_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Houses_on_the_cliff_04.jpg/137px-Houses_on_the_cliff_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Houses_on_the_cliff_04.jpg/206px-Houses_on_the_cliff_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Houses_on_the_cliff_04.jpg/274px-Houses_on_the_cliff_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3956" data-file-height="2829" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Houses in the Driftless Area on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River" title="Upper Mississippi River">Upper Mississippi River</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Lynxville,_Wisconsin" title="Lynxville, Wisconsin">Lynxville</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:45%;max-width:510px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Driftless_Region.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Driftless Region Eastern side where I-90 enters the Driftless area"><img alt="Driftless Area by Tomah, Wisconsin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Driftless_Region.jpg/500px-Driftless_Region.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Driftless_Region.jpg/750px-Driftless_Region.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Driftless_Region.jpg/1000px-Driftless_Region.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7234" data-file-height="2517" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Driftless_Region.jpg" title="File:Driftless Region.jpg"> </a></div>Driftless Region Eastern side where <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90" title="Interstate 90">I-90</a> enters the Driftless area</div></div></div> <p>Around 85% of the Driftless Area lies within Wisconsin, comprising much of the southwestern quarter of the state. The border is defined by the catchment of the <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_River_(Wisconsin)" title="Chippewa River (Wisconsin)">Chippewa River</a> on the north, and somewhat west (or east, depending on if the southwestern portion of Wisconsin's <a href="/wiki/Central_Plain_(Wisconsin)" title="Central Plain (Wisconsin)">Central Plain</a> is included) of the north-south line of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a>. Where the Wisconsin River turns west to join the Mississippi, the area to the south, including the whole of <a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Wisconsin" title="Grant County, Wisconsin">Grant County</a> as well as most of <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Wisconsin" title="Lafayette County, Wisconsin">Lafayette County</a>, are part of the Driftless Area. </p><p>The rugged terrain comprising most of the Driftless Area is distinct from the rest of Wisconsin, and is known locally as the <a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">Coulee</a> Region. The steep ridges, numerous rock outcroppings, and deep, narrow valleys in the Driftless Area are in marked contrast with the rest of the state, where glaciers have modified the landscape. The hilly unglaciated landscape is well represented in Wisconsin's <a href="/wiki/Coulee_Experimental_State_Forest" title="Coulee Experimental State Forest">Coulee Experimental State Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_Mountain_State_Park" title="Wildcat Mountain State Park">Wildcat Mountain State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_Dodge_State_Park" title="Governor Dodge State Park">Governor Dodge State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perrot_State_Park" title="Perrot State Park">Perrot State Park</a>, and the Kickapoo Valley Reserve. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karst_topography" class="mw-redirect" title="Karst topography">Karst topography</a> is most prominent in Wisconsin. <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Cave" title="Eagle Cave">Eagle Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blue_River,_Wisconsin" title="Blue River, Wisconsin">Blue River, WI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Mounds" title="Cave of the Mounds">Cave of the Mounds</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds,_WI" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Mounds, WI">Blue Mounds, WI</a>, are better known examples. </p><p>The Driftless Area is located in all or part of <a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Wisconsin" title="Pierce County, Wisconsin">Pierce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepin_County,_Wisconsin" title="Pepin County, Wisconsin">Pepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunn_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dunn County, Wisconsin">Dunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire_County,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire County, Wisconsin">Eau Claire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_County,_Wisconsin" title="Buffalo County, Wisconsin">Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trempealeau_County,_Wisconsin" title="Trempealeau County, Wisconsin">Trempealeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Wisconsin" title="Jackson County, Wisconsin">Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_County,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse County, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Wisconsin" title="Monroe County, Wisconsin">Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juneau_County,_Wisconsin" title="Juneau County, Wisconsin">Juneau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_County,_Wisconsin" title="Vernon County, Wisconsin">Vernon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richland_County,_Wisconsin" title="Richland County, Wisconsin">Richland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_County,_Wisconsin" title="Sauk County, Wisconsin">Sauk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Wisconsin" title="Crawford County, Wisconsin">Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_County,_Wisconsin" title="Iowa County, Wisconsin">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dane County, Wisconsin">Dane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_County,_Wisconsin" title="Green County, Wisconsin">Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Wisconsin" title="Grant County, Wisconsin">Grant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Wisconsin" title="Lafayette County, Wisconsin">Lafayette</a> counties. If the less restrictive definition of the Driftless Area is used (which includes the unglaciated southwestern portion of Wisconsin's <a href="/wiki/Central_Plain_(Wisconsin)" title="Central Plain (Wisconsin)">Central Plain</a>), then <a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Wisconsin" title="Adams County, Wisconsin">Adams</a> and portions of southern <a href="/wiki/Wood_County,_Wisconsin" title="Wood County, Wisconsin">Wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portage_County,_Wisconsin" title="Portage County, Wisconsin">Portage</a> counties are also included. <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a> is the principal urban area wholly within the Driftless Area, while the larger <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a>'s far western suburbs are located on the edges of the area. Small cities and towns are scattered throughout the region. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> settlements are also located within Wisconsin's Driftless Area. </p><p>The U.S. Army maintains a presence at <a href="/wiki/Fort_McCoy,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort McCoy, Wisconsin">Fort McCoy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Wisconsin" title="Monroe County, Wisconsin">Monroe County</a> between <a href="/wiki/Sparta,_Wisconsin" title="Sparta, Wisconsin">Sparta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomah,_Wisconsin" title="Tomah, Wisconsin">Tomah</a>, immediately south of the <a href="/wiki/Black_River_State_Forest" title="Black River State Forest">Black River State Forest</a>. The property is used mainly for military training exercises, although troops have also been based there for deployments overseas. </p><p>The Coulee Region portion of the Driftless Area comprises much of Wisconsin's <a href="/wiki/Western_Upland" title="Western Upland">Western Upland</a> geographical region. The most rugged part of Wisconsin's Driftless area is also called the <a href="/wiki/Ocooch_Mountains" title="Ocooch Mountains">Ocooch Mountains</a>. </p><p>Largely rural in character, land cover is forest, farmland, and grassland/pasture; modest wetlands are found in river valleys, and along the Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Row crop farming is less encountered than elsewhere in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Away from the Mississippi, Wisconsin, and other major rivers, much of the terrain is gently rolling, supporting dairy farms. In other areas, the rugged nature of the topography in the region is not conducive to farming, except on ridge tops and in river valleys. The sides of the ridges are often too steep for farming, and are usually forested. The <a href="/wiki/Coulee_Experimental_State_Forest" title="Coulee Experimental State Forest">Coulee Experimental State Forest</a> near <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a> was created in part to test <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">soil conservation</a> practices to prevent soil erosion in the hilly Driftless Area. </p><p>The northeastern portion of the Driftless area was covered by or bordered by <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Wisconsin" title="Glacial Lake Wisconsin">Glacial Lake Wisconsin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a>. The steep-sided rocky bluffs present in Roche-a-Cri State Park and <a href="/wiki/Mill_Bluff_State_Park" title="Mill Bluff State Park">Mill Bluff State Park</a> are <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> outliers of the Franconia <a href="/wiki/Cuesta" title="Cuesta">cuesta</a> to the southwest and were once islands or <a href="/wiki/Sea_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea stack">sea stacks</a> in the ancient lake. The flat plain in which these bluffs lie is located in the southwest portion of Wisconsin's <a href="/wiki/Central_Plain_(Wisconsin)" title="Central Plain (Wisconsin)">Central Plain</a> geographic region, and was formed in part by sediments falling to the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Wisconsin" title="Glacial Lake Wisconsin">Glacial Lake Wisconsin</a>. This flat plain consists of sandy deposits and contains many <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a> that were left over from Glacial Lake Wisconsin. Many of these bogs have been converted into <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberry</a> marshes, helping to make Wisconsin a leader in cranberry production. The remainder of the sand plain consists of forest and irrigated farmland. The <a href="/wiki/Dells_of_the_Wisconsin_River" title="Dells of the Wisconsin River">Dells of the Wisconsin River</a> were carved through the bedrock during the sudden draining of Glacial Lake Wisconsin at the end of the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>. </p><p>Due to the lack of natural lakes in the <a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">Coulee</a> region, several large artificial lakes have been constructed for flood control and recreational purposes, including <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Hollow_Lake" title="Dutch Hollow Lake">Dutch Hollow Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Redstone" title="Lake Redstone">Lake Redstone</a> in Sauk County, Blackhawk Lake in Iowa County, and Yellowstone Lake (in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowstone State Park">Yellowstone State Park</a>) in Lafayette County. Plans for a large <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_River" title="Kickapoo River">Kickapoo River</a> at <a href="/wiki/La_Farge,_Wisconsin" title="La Farge, Wisconsin">La Farge, Wisconsin</a> were dropped in 1975 after much controversy due to cost-benefit and environmental concerns. Land previously acquired for the reservoir became the Kickapoo Valley Reserve, an 8,569 acre public forest and wildlife area. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wazee_Lake" title="Wazee Lake">Wazee Lake</a>, at 355 feet (108 m) deep, is Wisconsin's deepest inland lake, and is located in Jackson County in the northeast portion of the Driftless Area. The artificial lake lies in the former open pit Jackson County Iron Mine and is the centerpiece of the Wazee Lake Recreation Area. Due to its great depth, vertical underwater cliffs, clear water, and submerged mining features, the lake is popular with <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba</a> divers. </p><p>The highest point in the Driftless area is West Blue Mound, with an elevation of 1,719 feet (524 m).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feature is located in <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mound_State_Park" title="Blue Mound State Park">Blue Mound State Park</a>, in Iowa County. </p><p>During the 19th and early 20th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> mining was a major industrial activity in the Driftless Area, drawing many foreign immigrants to settle in the region to work in the mines. Early miners often lived in the mine tunnels, leading outsiders to compare them to the burrowing <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badger</a>, a nickname that eventually came to be used for all Wisconsin residents. An example of an early lead <a href="/wiki/Shot_tower" title="Shot tower">shot tower</a> and smelting house is preserved in <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hill_State_Park" title="Tower Hill State Park">Tower Hill State Park</a>. </p><p>Due to the influx of early miners, the lead mining region became Wisconsin's most populous area at the time. The first capitol of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin Territory</a> was located for a short time at <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Wisconsin" title="Belmont, Wisconsin">Belmont</a>, Lafayette County in the heart of the lead mining region. The site of the first capitol is preserved at the <a href="/wiki/First_Capitol_Historic_Site_(Wisconsin)" title="First Capitol Historic Site (Wisconsin)">First Capitol Historic Site</a>. </p><p>Three units of the <a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_National_Scientific_Reserve" title="Ice Age National Scientific Reserve">Ice Age National Scientific Reserve</a> are located within or adjacent to the Driftless Area: <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Lake_State_Park_(Wisconsin)" title="Devil's Lake State Park (Wisconsin)">Devil's Lake State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mill_Bluff_State_Park" title="Mill Bluff State Park">Mill Bluff State Park</a>, and Cross Plains State Park. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_Trail" title="Ice Age Trail">Ice Age Trail</a> follows the <a href="/wiki/Terminal_moraine" title="Terminal moraine">Terminal moraine</a> of the maximum glacial extent from the last ice age and enters the Driftless Area in several locations. </p><p>Other notable natural features include the <a href="/wiki/Baraboo_Range" title="Baraboo Range">Baraboo Range</a> (consisting of two heavily forested, steep, rocky <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> ridges with mountain-type scenery), rock formations in <a href="/wiki/Natural_Bridge_State_Park_(Wisconsin)" title="Natural Bridge State Park (Wisconsin)">Natural Bridge State Park (Wisconsin)</a>, the forested bluffs, floodplains, islands, and sandbars in the Lower Wisconsin River State Riverway, the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a> with the Mississippi River at <a href="/wiki/Wyalusing_State_Park" title="Wyalusing State Park">Wyalusing State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trempealeau_Mountain_State_Natural_Area" title="Trempealeau Mountain State Natural Area">Trempealeau Mountain State Natural Area</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> valley at <a href="/wiki/Perrot_State_Park" title="Perrot State Park">Perrot State Park</a>, and the gorge and rock formations surrounding the Wisconsin River at the <a href="/wiki/Dells_of_the_Wisconsin_River" title="Dells of the Wisconsin River">Dells of the Wisconsin River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Black_River_State_Forest" title="Black River State Forest">Black River State Forest</a> protects a large area of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Mixed_Forest_Province" title="Laurentian Mixed Forest Province">North Woods</a>, rocky bluffs, sandy plains, and river shoreline on the northeastern edge of the Driftless Area that provides habitat for several <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a> packs and one of Wisconsin's reintroduced <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> herds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iowa">Iowa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iowa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lansing_IA_April_14_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lansing_IA_April_14_2001.jpg/220px-Lansing_IA_April_14_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lansing_IA_April_14_2001.jpg/330px-Lansing_IA_April_14_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lansing_IA_April_14_2001.jpg/440px-Lansing_IA_April_14_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view looking north, April 14, 2001, with the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River" title="Upper Mississippi River">Upper Mississippi River</a> at floodstage. At center, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Bridge" title="Black Hawk Bridge">Black Hawk Bridge</a> is visible. <a href="/wiki/Big_Lake_(Iowa)" title="Big Lake (Iowa)">Big Lake</a> is immediately north. Just south of the bridge one can see the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Clear_Creek_(Allamakee_County,_Iowa)" title="Clear Creek (Allamakee County, Iowa)">Clear Creek</a>, and just south of this, the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Village_Creek_(Allamakee_County,_Iowa)" title="Village Creek (Allamakee County, Iowa)">Village Creek</a>. The rugged nature of the Driftless Area is evident.</figcaption></figure> <p>An area in northeast Iowa that shares similar topographic characteristics to the Driftless Area in southeastern Wisconsin is the Paleozoic Plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For counties inland from the Mississippi, evidence is largely confined to the valleys of streams and rivers. It encompasses all of <a href="/wiki/Allamakee_County,_Iowa" title="Allamakee County, Iowa">Allamakee</a>, and part of <a href="/wiki/Clayton_County,_Iowa" title="Clayton County, Iowa">Clayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Iowa" title="Fayette County, Iowa">Fayette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Iowa" title="Delaware County, Iowa">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winneshiek_County,_Iowa" title="Winneshiek County, Iowa">Winneshiek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Iowa" title="Howard County, Iowa">Howard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubuque_County,_Iowa" title="Dubuque County, Iowa">Dubuque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Iowa" title="Jackson County, Iowa">Jackson</a> Counties. <a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque</a> is the only metropolitan area. </p><p>The region is distinct from the "Iowan Erosion Surface to the west and the Southern Iowa Drift Plain to the south."<sup id="cite_ref-quaternary_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quaternary-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A line east of the most easterly tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Wapsipinicon_River" title="Wapsipinicon River">Wapsipinicon River</a> defines the western boundary of the landform region, with the catchment of the <a href="/wiki/Maquoketa_River" title="Maquoketa River">Maquoketa River</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Iowa" title="Bellevue, Iowa">Bellevue</a> serving as a southern boundary. The most western tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Iowa_River" title="Upper Iowa River">Upper Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_(Iowa)" title="Yellow River (Iowa)">Yellow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_(Iowa)" title="Turkey River (Iowa)">Turkey Rivers</a> flow east and south from the vicinity of this moraine. </p><p>Outside of <a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque</a>, this region of Iowa is thinly populated. In the western section, agriculture and livestock raising are the norm. As one travels east, and as the valleys tumble down to the Mississippi, much of the land is virtually wild, with a great deal of it publicly owned. The state maintains an extensive number of wildlife management areas, along with state forests and state parks. </p><p>The most impressive area is on the Mississippi, between <a href="/wiki/Pikes_Peak_State_Park" title="Pikes Peak State Park">Pikes Peak State Park</a>, opposite the Wisconsin River down to <a href="/wiki/Guttenberg,_Iowa" title="Guttenberg, Iowa">Guttenberg</a>, where bluffs lining the river reach their maximum height. This is apparently an Iowa continuation of Military Ridge, a catchment-defining divide in Wisconsin that was used for the <a href="/wiki/Military_Ridge_Road" title="Military Ridge Road">Military Ridge Road</a>, a portion of which is included in <a href="/wiki/Military_Ridge_State_Trail" title="Military Ridge State Trail">Military Ridge State Trail</a>, both across the River in Wisconsin. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds National Monument</a> is at the heart of a network of adjacent parks, state forests, preserves, as well as national wildlife refuges, all of which preserve and illustrate the features of the Driftless, where "patchy remnants of Pre-Illinoian glacial drift more than 500,000 years old recently have been discovered in the area."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional protected areas are <a href="/wiki/Cold_Water_Spring_State_Preserve" title="Cold Water Spring State Preserve">Cold Water Spring State Preserve</a> near <a href="/wiki/Decorah,_Iowa" title="Decorah, Iowa">Decorah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maquoketa_Caves_State_Park" title="Maquoketa Caves State Park">Maquoketa Caves State Park</a> northwest of <a href="/wiki/Maquoketa,_Iowa" title="Maquoketa, Iowa">Maquoketa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellevue_State_Park_(Iowa)" title="Bellevue State Park (Iowa)">Bellevue State Park</a> adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Iowa" title="Bellevue, Iowa">Bellevue</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Pine_Hollow_State_Forest" title="White Pine Hollow State Forest">White Pine Hollow State Forest</a> (which protects Iowa's only remaining groves of old-growth <a href="/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus">white pine</a> trees) near Dubuque, and the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_State_Forest" title="Yellow River State Forest">Yellow River State Forest</a> in the southeastern corner of <a href="/wiki/Allamakee_County,_Iowa" title="Allamakee County, Iowa">Allamakee County, Iowa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illinois">Illinois</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Illinois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Looking_eastward_at_Charles_Mound,_the_highest_point_in_Illinois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Looking_eastward_at_Charles_Mound%2C_the_highest_point_in_Illinois.jpg/220px-Looking_eastward_at_Charles_Mound%2C_the_highest_point_in_Illinois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Looking_eastward_at_Charles_Mound%2C_the_highest_point_in_Illinois.jpg/330px-Looking_eastward_at_Charles_Mound%2C_the_highest_point_in_Illinois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Looking_eastward_at_Charles_Mound%2C_the_highest_point_in_Illinois.jpg/440px-Looking_eastward_at_Charles_Mound%2C_the_highest_point_in_Illinois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4088" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mound" title="Charles Mound">Charles Mound</a>, the highest natural point in Illinois at 1,235 feet (376 m)<small><a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988"> NAVD 88</a></small>,<sup id="cite_ref-ngs_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngs-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is located in the Illinois portion of the Driftless Area.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Illinois portion of the Driftless Area is confined mainly to <a href="/wiki/Jo_Daviess_County,_Illinois" title="Jo Daviess County, Illinois">Jo Daviess County</a>; western parts of <a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Illinois" title="Carroll County, Illinois">Carroll County</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Palisades_State_Park" title="Mississippi Palisades State Park">Mississippi River bluffs</a> characteristic of the Driftless terminate around <a href="/wiki/Savanna,_Illinois" title="Savanna, Illinois">Savanna</a>) and a tiny portion of northwest <a href="/wiki/Whiteside_County,_Illinois" title="Whiteside County, Illinois">Whiteside County</a> are also included.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region contains the highest points in the state, of which "the most notable are <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mound" title="Charles Mound">Charles Mound</a> and Benton Mound, rising to heights of 1,246 feet (380 m) and 1,226 feet (374 m) respectively."<sup id="cite_ref-IL_DNR_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IL_DNR-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region "has many sinkholes and sinkhole ponds."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The valley of the <a href="/wiki/Apple_River_(Illinois)" title="Apple River (Illinois)">Apple River</a> has a major canyon, with <a href="/wiki/Apple_River_Canyon_State_Park" title="Apple River Canyon State Park">Apple River Canyon</a> occupying much of it. The mouth of this river, near <a href="/wiki/Hanover,_Illinois" title="Hanover, Illinois">Hanover</a> adjacent to the former Savanna Army Depot, comes close to the southern end of the Driftless Area on the eastern side of the Mississippi (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._13" title="Lock and Dam No. 13">Lock and Dam No. 13</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As in Wisconsin, the Illinois portion of the driftless area was a major early center for <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> mining.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sand_County_Almanac" title="A Sand County Almanac">A Sand County Almanac</a></i>, book written by <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a> about the flora and fauna in the Coulee region</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Knox_Driftless-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knox_Driftless_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knox_Driftless_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKnox2019" class="citation book cs1">Knox, James C. (2019). "Geology of the Driftless Area". <i>The Physical Geography and Geology of the Driftless Area: The Career and Contributions of James C. Knox</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F2019.2543%2801%29">10.1130/2019.2543(01)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813725437" title="Special:BookSources/9780813725437"><bdi>9780813725437</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204258118">204258118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geology+of+the+Driftless+Area&rft.btitle=The+Physical+Geography+and+Geology+of+the+Driftless+Area%3A+The+Career+and+Contributions+of+James+C.+Knox&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204258118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F2019.2543%2801%29&rft.isbn=9780813725437&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/woodlands/rochester-blufflands.html">"Rochester Plateau and Blufflands"</a>. <i>Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft.atitle=Rochester+Plateau+and+Blufflands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.mn.us%2Fwoodlands%2Frochester-blufflands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carson2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarsonRawlingAttigBates2018" class="citation journal cs1">Carson, Eric C.; Rawling, J. Elmo III; Attig, John W.; Bates, Benjamin R. (2018). "Late Cenozoic Evolution of the Upper Mississippi River, Stream Piracy, and Reorganization of North American Mid-Continent Drainage Systems". <i>GSA Today</i>: <span class="nowrap">4–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSATG355A.1">10.1130/GSATG355A.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GSA+Today&rft.atitle=Late+Cenozoic+Evolution+of+the+Upper+Mississippi+River%2C+Stream+Piracy%2C+and+Reorganization+of+North+American+Mid-Continent+Drainage+Systems&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FGSATG355A.1&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Eric+C.&rft.au=Rawling%2C+J.+Elmo+III&rft.au=Attig%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Bates%2C+Benjamin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickert2019-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wickert2019_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWickertAndersonMitrovicaNaylor2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wickert, Andrew D.; Anderson, Robert S.; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Naylor, Shawn; Carson, Eric C. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6353627">"The Mississippi River records glacial-isostatic deformation of North America"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>5</b> (1): eaav2366. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5.2366W">2019SciA....5.2366W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aav2366">10.1126/sciadv.aav2366</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6353627">6353627</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30729164">30729164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=The+Mississippi+River+records+glacial-isostatic+deformation+of+North+America&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=eaav2366&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6353627%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30729164&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aav2366&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019SciA....5.2366W&rft.aulast=Wickert&rft.aufirst=Andrew+D.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Robert+S.&rft.au=Mitrovica%2C+Jerry+X.&rft.au=Naylor%2C+Shawn&rft.au=Carson%2C+Eric+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6353627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/programs/initiatives/?cid=stelprdb1117519">Driftless Area Landscape Conservation Initiative</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031609/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/programs/initiatives/?cid=stelprdb1117519">Archived</a> 2017-08-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved August 25, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/marapr07/driftless.html">"The Driftless Area"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825103710/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/marapr07/driftless.html">Archived</a> 2007-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Minnesota Conservation Volunteer</i>, March 2007 (popular article from the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Minnesota Department of Natural Resources">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</a> (MDNR)), Retrieved July 7, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_description-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_description_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/habitat/rlandscp/sec4.htm">"Regional Landscape Ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin: Section IV. Driftless Area"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327184708/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/habitat/rlandscp/sec4.htm">Archived</a> 2008-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a>, Retrieved July 13, 2007; another government site, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mn.nrcs.usda.gov/news/features04/driftless.html">"Driftless Area Initiative"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080328021009/http://www.mn.nrcs.usda.gov/news/features04/driftless.html">Archived</a> 2008-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a>, retrieved July 15, 2007, gives 24,103 square miles (62,430 km<sup>2</sup>) and 15,425,063 acres (6,242,302 ha)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yellow_River-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yellow_River_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iowadnr.com/forestry/yellowriver.html">"Yellow River State Forest"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714135713/http://www.iowadnr.com/forestry/yellowriver.html">Archived</a> July 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Iowa Department of Natural Resources">Iowa Department of Natural Resources</a> (IDNR), Retrieved July 7, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byron Crowns. "Wisconsin through 5 Billion Years of Change", Wisconsin Earth Science Center, 1976, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Rapids" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Rapids">Wisconsin Rapids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, p. 131, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/76046151">76-46151</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/fischer/429_info/429trips/door_county/geolhist.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503073043/http://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/fischer/429_info/429trips/door_county/geolhist.htm">Archived</a> May 3, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mvac.uwlax.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/EdNewsletterFall04.pdf">"Native American use of the Mississippi River"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212160954/https://mvac.uwlax.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/EdNewsletterFall04.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Archaeology Education Program</i>, vol. 22, no. 2 (Fall 2004):1. Retrieved January 25, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS_geology-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_geology_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_geology_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_geology_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/habitat/rlandscp/sec4.htm">Regional Landscape Ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, Section IV, Driftless Area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327184708/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/habitat/rlandscp/sec4.htm">Archived</a> 2008-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, Retrieved July 9, 2007 (A statement from this copyright-free site has been freely paraphrased.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airnav.com/airport/Y01">"Y01 - Waukon Municipal Airport"</a>. <i>AirNav.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rivergages.com&rft.atitle=Station+Information+for+Mississippi+River+at+Lock+and+Dam+9+%28Lynxville%2C+WI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frivergages.mvr.usace.army.mil%2FWaterControl%2Fstationinfo2.cfm%3Fsid%3DDD9%26fid%3D%26dt%3DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quaternary-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quaternary_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quaternary_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quaternary_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephanie A. Tassier-Surine, (<a href="/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Iowa Department of Natural Resources">Iowa Department of Natural Resources</a>, Geological Survey Bureau), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iowageology.org/gb70/quaternary.htm">Quaternary Geology of the Paleozoic Plateau Region of Northeastern Iowa</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726185410/http://www.iowageology.org/gb70/quaternary.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved July 30, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/walker-declares-statewide-emergency-after-storms-ravage-communities">"Walker Declares Statewide Emergency After Storms Ravage Communities"</a>. <i>Wisconsin Public Radio</i>. 2018-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ritter,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/humid_continental.html">"Humid Continental Climate"</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070530170321/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/humid_continental.html">Archived</a> May 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Stevens_Point" title="University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point">University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point</a>, 2006, Retrieved August 11, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darestoration.com/">"Driftless Area Restoration Effort"</a>. Trout Unlimited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Driftless+Area+Restoration+Effort&rft.pub=Trout+Unlimited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darestoration.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tu.org/site/c.kkLRJ7MSKtH/b.3302703/k.AA04/DriftlessTUDARE.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080326191022/http://www.tu.org/site/c.kkLRJ7MSKtH/b.3302703/k.AA04/DriftlessTUDARE.htm">Archived</a> March 26, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tu.org/site/c.kkLRJ7MSKtH/b.3303011/k.217E/Science_in_the_Driftless_Area.htm">“Science in the Driftless Area”, Announcement and Call for Papers, Deadline August 24, 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080326191047/http://www.tu.org/site/c.kkLRJ7MSKtH/b.3303011/k.217E/Science_in_the_Driftless_Area.htm">Archived</a> March 26, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (press release), Again retrieved with different URL, November 16, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2017" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, E.E. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/landscapes/documents/elowch7/CTGEO085WI.pdf">"Natural communities, aquatic features, and selected habitats of Wisconsin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The ecological land- scapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management</i>. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Natural+communities%2C+aquatic+features%2C+and+selected+habitats+of+Wisconsin&rft.btitle=The+ecological+land-+scapes+of+Wisconsin%3A+An+assessment+of+ecological+resources+and+a+guide+to+planning+sustainable+management&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=E.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdnr.wi.gov%2Ftopic%2Flandscapes%2Fdocuments%2Felowch7%2FCTGEO085WI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/Midwest/Planning/DriftlessArea/ccp/CCP.pdf">Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810003227/http://www.fws.gov/Midwest/Planning/DriftlessArea/ccp/CCP.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a>, Retrieved July 23, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParfin1952" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sophy_Parfin" title="Sophy Parfin">Parfin, Sophy I.</a> (1952). "The Megaloptera and Neuroptera of Minnesota". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Midland_Naturalist" title="The American Midland Naturalist">The American Midland Naturalist</a></i>. <b>47</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>: <span class="nowrap">421–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2422271">10.2307/2422271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1938-4238">1938-4238</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2422271">2422271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Midland+Naturalist&rft.atitle=The+Megaloptera+and+Neuroptera+of+Minnesota&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1952&rft.issn=1938-4238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2422271%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2422271&rft.aulast=Parfin&rft.aufirst=Sophy+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span>; other more anecdotal sites give a fuller feeling for the scope of the annual invasion, e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clean-water.uwex.edu/pubs/pdf/wav.wwwc.pdf">Wonderful Wacky Water Critters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810003229/http://clean-water.uwex.edu/pubs/pdf/wav.wwwc.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved August 8, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahlke2019" class="citation web cs1">Dahlke, Josh (23 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outdoorlife.com/trout-fishing-driftless-area-midwest">"Fishing the Driftless Area: The Best Kept Secret in the Trout World"</a>. <i>Outdoor Life</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outdoor+Life&rft.atitle=Fishing+the+Driftless+Area%3A+The+Best+Kept+Secret+in+the+Trout+World&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.aulast=Dahlke&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outdoorlife.com%2Ftrout-fishing-driftless-area-midwest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCDC2017" class="citation web cs1">CDC (2017-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/rawmilk/raw-milk-questions-and-answers.html">"Raw Milk Questions and Answers"</a>. <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Raw+Milk+Questions+and+Answers&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ffoodsafety%2Frawmilk%2Fraw-milk-questions-and-answers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosesorganic.org/wp-content/uploads/Publications/Fact_Sheets/25transDairy.pdf">"Transitioning to Organic Dairy Production"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Midwest Organic and Sustainable Education Service</i>. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midwest+Organic+and+Sustainable+Education+Service&rft.atitle=Transitioning+to+Organic+Dairy+Production&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmosesorganic.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FPublications%2FFact_Sheets%2F25transDairy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/TTB-2008-0007-0003">"T.D. TTB-77, Establishment of the Upper Mississippi River Valley Viticultural Area"</a>. <i>Regulations.gov</i>. June 21, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109164126/https://www.regulations.gov/document/TTB-2008-0007-0003">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regulations.gov&rft.atitle=T.D.+TTB-77%2C+Establishment+of+the+Upper+Mississippi+River+Valley+Viticultural+Area&rft.date=2009-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regulations.gov%2Fdocument%2FTTB-2008-0007-0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaitzMather1971" class="citation journal cs1">Raitz, Karl B.; Mather, Cotton (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2562390">"Norwegians and Tobacco in Western Wisconsin"</a>. <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>. <b>61</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">684–</span>696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1971.tb00818.x">10.1111/j.1467-8306.1971.tb00818.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-5608">0004-5608</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2562390">2562390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Norwegians+and+Tobacco+in+Western+Wisconsin&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E684-%3C%2Fspan%3E696&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0004-5608&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2562390%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1971.tb00818.x&rft.aulast=Raitz&rft.aufirst=Karl+B.&rft.au=Mather%2C+Cotton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2562390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.driftless.wisc.edu/about/">"About | Driftless Region Food & Farm Project"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+%7C+Driftless+Region+Food+%26+Farm+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.driftless.wisc.edu%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uwrf.edu/PES/FracSandMineReclamationProject/fracsandoverview.cfm">"Overview of Frac Sand Mining"</a>. <i>www.uwrf.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uwrf.edu&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Frac+Sand+Mining&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwrf.edu%2FPES%2FFracSandMineReclamationProject%2Ffracsandoverview.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wgnhs.wisc.edu/wisconsin-geology/frac-sand-mining/frac-sand-mining-process/">"Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey » Frac sand: How is it mined?"</a>. <i>wgnhs.wisc.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.umn.edu/courses/4703/Spring00/9-DriftlessArea/Title.html">the original</a> on March 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Glacial+Geology+of+the+%22Driftless+Region%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.umn.edu%2Fcourses%2F4703%2FSpring00%2F9-DriftlessArea%2FTitle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rochester_plateau-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rochester_plateau_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rochester_plateau_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ecs/222Lf/index.html">"Rochester Plateau Subsection"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Minnesota Department of Natural Resources">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</a>, Retrieved July 23, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ecs/222L/index.html">"ECS: Paleozoic Plateau Section: Minnesota DNR"</a>. 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Sco.wisc.edu. Retrieved on July 21, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni.edu/iowaonline/prairievoices/images/Landforms_of_Iowa.pdf">"Landforms of Iowa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Uni.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NGS+Data+Sheet&rft.atitle=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngs.noaa.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fds_mark.prl%3FPidBox%3DNJ0855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cwe/rra/site1.html">"<i>Illinois Natural History Survey</i>, 1996"</a>. Inhs.uiuc.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.il.us/orep/pfc/assessments/dap/ataglance.htm">the original</a> on July 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Driftless+Area+Critical+Trends+Assessment%3A+The+Area+at+a+Glance&rft.pub=Illinois+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.il.us%2Forep%2Fpfc%2Fassessments%2Fdap%2Fataglance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADriftless+Area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dnr.state.il.us/lands/education/biodiversity/divisionsections.htm">"Illinois' Natural Divisions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112165015/http://dnr.state.il.us/lands/education/biodiversity/divisionsections.htm">Archived</a> 2008-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Illinois Department of Natural Resources">Illinois Department of Natural Resources</a>, Retrieved July 12, 2007</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driftless_Area&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Driftless_Area" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Driftless Area">Driftless Area</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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Landscape of Opportunities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/midwest/driftless/">"Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge"</a>, Retrieved July 23, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327184708/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/habitat/rlandscp/sec4.htm">US Geological Survey description</a> Retrieved July 7, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715065104/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/features/driftless.html">National atlas description and map</a> Retrieved July 7, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707091818/http://www.driftlessareainitiative.org/aboutus/defining_driftless.cfm">Driftless Area Initiative</a> Retrieved July 2, 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wgnhs.uwex.edu/pubs/download_m034/">Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey map showing extent of last glaciation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.driftless.wisc.edu">Driftless Region Food and Farm Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://driftlessareamag.com"><i>Driftless Area Magazine</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iloveinspired.com"><i>Inspire(d) Driftless Magazine</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Wisconsin664" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wisconsin" title="Template:Wisconsin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wisconsin" title="Template talk:Wisconsin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wisconsin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wisconsin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Wisconsin664" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Wisconsin-related_articles" title="Index of Wisconsin-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wisconsin" title="Outline of Wisconsin">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wisconsin" title="Agriculture in Wisconsin">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_dairy_industry" title="Wisconsin dairy industry">Dairy industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Wisconsin" title="Climate change in Wisconsin">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wisconsin" title="Geography of Wisconsin">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wisconsin" title="List of islands of Wisconsin">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wisconsin" title="List of lakes of Wisconsin">Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Wisconsin" title="List of governors of Wisconsin">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Wisconsin" title="United States congressional delegations from Wisconsin">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Wisconsin" title="List of people from Wisconsin">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Wisconsin" title="Sports in Wisconsin">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wisconsin_state_symbols" title="List of Wisconsin state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Wisconsin" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Wisconsin">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Wisconsin" title="Abortion in Wisconsin">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Wisconsin" title="Administrative divisions of Wisconsin">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Wisconsin" title="Cannabis in Wisconsin">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Wisconsin" title="Crime in Wisconsin">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wisconsin_culture" title="Category:Wisconsin culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin#Demographics" title="Wisconsin">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin#Economy" title="Wisconsin">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin#Education" title="Wisconsin">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Wisconsin" title="Gun laws in Wisconsin">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Wisconsin">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin#Politics" title="Wisconsin">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin#Geography" title="Wisconsin">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostle_Islands" title="Apostle Islands">Apostle Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plain_(Wisconsin)" title="Central Plain (Wisconsin)">Central Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_Valley" title="Chippewa Valley">Chippewa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door_Peninsula" title="Door Peninsula">Door Peninsula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Driftless Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ridges_and_Lowlands" title="Eastern Ridges and Lowlands">Eastern Ridges and Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_River_(Green_Bay_tributary)" title="Fox River (Green Bay tributary)">Fox River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_River_Road" title="Great River Road">Great River Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_Lowland" title="Lake Superior Lowland">Lake Superior Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Highland" title="Northern Highland">Northern Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Upland" title="Western Upland">Western Upland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_statistical_areas" title="Wisconsin statistical areas">Major metropolitan areas</a><br /> (pop. over 500,000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin,_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison, Wisconsin, metropolitan area">Madison metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_metropolitan_area" title="Milwaukee metropolitan area">Milwaukee metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Twin Cities metropolitan area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wisconsin" title="List of cities in Wisconsin">Largest cities</a><br /> (pop. over 50,000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire, Wisconsin">Eau Claire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin" title="Janesville, Wisconsin">Janesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin" title="Racine, Wisconsin">Racine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waukesha,_Wisconsin" title="Waukesha, Wisconsin">Waukesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Allis,_Wisconsin" title="West Allis, Wisconsin">West Allis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wisconsin" title="List of cities in Wisconsin">Smaller cities</a><br /> (pop. 15,000 to 50,000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Dam,_Wisconsin" title="Beaver Dam, Wisconsin">Beaver Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin">Beloit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield,_Wisconsin" title="Brookfield, Wisconsin">Brookfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudahy,_Wisconsin" title="Cudahy, Wisconsin">Cudahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Pere,_Wisconsin" title="De Pere, Wisconsin">De Pere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Wisconsin" title="Fitchburg, Wisconsin">Fitchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac,_Wisconsin" title="Fond du Lac, Wisconsin">Fond du Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Milwaukee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Franklin, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Wisconsin" title="Greenfield, Wisconsin">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Wisconsin" title="Hartford, Wisconsin">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson,_Wisconsin" title="Hudson, Wisconsin">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukauna,_Wisconsin" title="Kaukauna, Wisconsin">Kaukauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitowoc,_Wisconsin" title="Manitowoc, Wisconsin">Manitowoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin" title="Marshfield, Wisconsin">Marshfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menasha,_Wisconsin" title="Menasha, Wisconsin">Menasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menomonie,_Wisconsin" title="Menomonie, Wisconsin">Menomonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mequon,_Wisconsin" title="Mequon, Wisconsin">Mequon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleton,_Wisconsin" title="Middleton, Wisconsin">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskego,_Wisconsin" title="Muskego, Wisconsin">Muskego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neenah,_Wisconsin" title="Neenah, Wisconsin">Neenah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Berlin,_Wisconsin" title="New Berlin, Wisconsin">New Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Creek,_Wisconsin" title="Oak Creek, Wisconsin">Oak Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconomowoc,_Wisconsin" title="Oconomowoc, Wisconsin">Oconomowoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onalaska,_Wisconsin" title="Onalaska, Wisconsin">Onalaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Falls,_Wisconsin" title="River Falls, Wisconsin">River Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheboygan,_Wisconsin" title="Sheboygan, Wisconsin">Sheboygan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" title="South Milwaukee, Wisconsin">South Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Point,_Wisconsin" title="Stevens Point, Wisconsin">Stevens Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Prairie,_Wisconsin" title="Sun Prairie, Wisconsin">Sun Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Wisconsin" title="Watertown, Wisconsin">Watertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wausau,_Wisconsin" title="Wausau, Wisconsin">Wausau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wauwatosa,_Wisconsin" title="Wauwatosa, Wisconsin">Wauwatosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bend,_Wisconsin" title="West Bend, Wisconsin">West Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Rapids,_Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin">Wisconsin Rapids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Wisconsin" title="List of villages in Wisconsin">Largest villages</a><br /> (pop. over 15,000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashwaubenon,_Wisconsin" title="Ashwaubenon, Wisconsin">Ashwaubenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Wisconsin" title="Bellevue, Wisconsin">Bellevue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonia,_Wisconsin" title="Caledonia, Wisconsin">Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Crossing,_Wisconsin" title="Fox Crossing, Wisconsin">Fox Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Wisconsin" title="Germantown, Wisconsin">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard,_Wisconsin" title="Howard, Wisconsin">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menomonee_Falls,_Wisconsin" title="Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin">Menomonee Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Wisconsin" title="Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin">Mount Pleasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Prairie,_Wisconsin" title="Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin">Pleasant Prairie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Wisconsin" title="List of counties in Wisconsin">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Wisconsin" title="Adams County, Wisconsin">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland_County,_Wisconsin" title="Ashland County, Wisconsin">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barron_County,_Wisconsin" title="Barron County, Wisconsin">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayfield_County,_Wisconsin" title="Bayfield County, Wisconsin">Bayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Wisconsin" title="Brown County, Wisconsin">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_County,_Wisconsin" title="Buffalo County, Wisconsin">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnett_County,_Wisconsin" title="Burnett County, Wisconsin">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calumet_County,_Wisconsin" title="Calumet County, Wisconsin">Calumet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_County,_Wisconsin" title="Chippewa County, Wisconsin">Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Wisconsin" title="Clark County, Wisconsin">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_Wisconsin" title="Columbia County, Wisconsin">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Wisconsin" title="Crawford County, Wisconsin">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dane County, Wisconsin">Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dodge County, Wisconsin">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door_County,_Wisconsin" title="Door County, Wisconsin">Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Wisconsin" title="Douglas County, Wisconsin">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunn_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dunn County, Wisconsin">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire_County,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire County, Wisconsin">Eau Claire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_County,_Wisconsin" title="Florence County, Wisconsin">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_County,_Wisconsin" title="Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin">Fond du Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_County,_Wisconsin" title="Forest County, Wisconsin">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Wisconsin" title="Grant County, Wisconsin">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_County,_Wisconsin" title="Green County, Wisconsin">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Lake_County,_Wisconsin" title="Green Lake County, Wisconsin">Green Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_County,_Wisconsin" title="Iowa County, Wisconsin">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_County,_Wisconsin" title="Iron County, Wisconsin">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Wisconsin" title="Jackson County, Wisconsin">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Wisconsin" title="Jefferson County, Wisconsin">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneau_County,_Wisconsin" title="Juneau County, Wisconsin">Juneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha_County,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha County, Wisconsin">Kenosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewaunee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Kewaunee County, Wisconsin">Kewaunee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_County,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse County, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Wisconsin" title="Lafayette County, Wisconsin">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langlade_County,_Wisconsin" title="Langlade County, Wisconsin">Langlade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Wisconsin" title="Lincoln County, Wisconsin">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitowoc_County,_Wisconsin" title="Manitowoc County, Wisconsin">Manitowoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_County,_Wisconsin" title="Marathon County, Wisconsin">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinette_County,_Wisconsin" title="Marinette County, Wisconsin">Marinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquette_County,_Wisconsin" title="Marquette County, Wisconsin">Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Menominee County, Wisconsin">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Milwaukee County, Wisconsin">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Wisconsin" title="Monroe County, Wisconsin">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconto_County,_Wisconsin" title="Oconto County, Wisconsin">Oconto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_County,_Wisconsin" title="Oneida County, Wisconsin">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outagamie_County,_Wisconsin" title="Outagamie County, Wisconsin">Outagamie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozaukee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Ozaukee County, Wisconsin">Ozaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_County,_Wisconsin" title="Pepin County, Wisconsin">Pepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Wisconsin" title="Pierce County, Wisconsin">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Wisconsin" title="Polk County, Wisconsin">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage_County,_Wisconsin" title="Portage County, Wisconsin">Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_County,_Wisconsin" title="Price County, Wisconsin">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racine_County,_Wisconsin" title="Racine County, Wisconsin">Racine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_County,_Wisconsin" title="Richland County, Wisconsin">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_County,_Wisconsin" title="Rock County, Wisconsin">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusk_County,_Wisconsin" title="Rusk County, Wisconsin">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk_County,_Wisconsin" title="Sauk County, Wisconsin">Sauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawyer_County,_Wisconsin" title="Sawyer County, Wisconsin">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawano_County,_Wisconsin" title="Shawano County, Wisconsin">Shawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheboygan_County,_Wisconsin" title="Sheboygan County, Wisconsin">Sheboygan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_County,_Wisconsin" title="St. Croix County, Wisconsin">St. Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_County,_Wisconsin" title="Taylor County, Wisconsin">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trempealeau_County,_Wisconsin" title="Trempealeau County, Wisconsin">Trempealeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_County,_Wisconsin" title="Vernon County, Wisconsin">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilas_County,_Wisconsin" title="Vilas County, Wisconsin">Vilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walworth_County,_Wisconsin" title="Walworth County, Wisconsin">Walworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washburn_County,_Wisconsin" title="Washburn County, Wisconsin">Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Wisconsin" title="Washington County, Wisconsin">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waukesha_County,_Wisconsin" title="Waukesha County, Wisconsin">Waukesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waupaca_County,_Wisconsin" title="Waupaca County, Wisconsin">Waupaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waushara_County,_Wisconsin" title="Waushara County, Wisconsin">Waushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_County,_Wisconsin" title="Winnebago County, Wisconsin">Winnebago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_County,_Wisconsin" title="Wood County, Wisconsin">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/21px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/42px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wisconsin" title="Portal:Wisconsin">Wisconsin portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Illinois368" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Illinois" title="Template:Illinois"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Illinois" title="Template talk:Illinois"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Illinois" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Illinois"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Illinois368" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Illinois" title="Outline of Illinois">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Illinois-related_articles" title="Index of Illinois-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Illinois" title="Abortion in Illinois">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Illinois" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Illinois">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_statistical_areas" title="Illinois statistical areas">Census areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Illinois" title="Climate change in Illinois">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Illinois" title="Crime in Illinois">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Illinois" title="Category:Communications in Illinois">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Illinois_culture" title="Category:Illinois culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Illinois" title="United States congressional delegations from Illinois">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Illinois" title="List of earthquakes in Illinois">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Illinois" title="Economy of Illinois">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Illinois">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Illinois">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Illinois" title="Category:Environment of Illinois">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Illinois" title="Geography of Illinois">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Illinois" title="Government of Illinois">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_Illinois" title="Category:Health in Illinois">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Illinois">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Illinois" title="Languages of Illinois">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Illinois" title="Law of Illinois">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_in_Illinois" title="Category:Military in Illinois">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Illinois" title="Music of Illinois">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Illinois" title="List of people from Illinois">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Illinois" title="Politics of Illinois">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Illinois" title="Portal:Illinois">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Illinois" title="List of protected areas of Illinois">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_Illinois" title="Category:Science and technology in Illinois">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Illinois" title="List of sister cities in Illinois">Sister cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Illinois_society" title="Category:Illinois society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_sports_teams_in_Illinois" title="List of professional sports teams in Illinois">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illinois_state_symbols" title="List of Illinois state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourism_in_Illinois" title="Category:Tourism in Illinois">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois#Transportation" title="Illinois">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Illinois" title="List of windmills in Illinois">Windmills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Bottom" title="American Bottom">American Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington%E2%80%93Normal" title="Bloomington–Normal">Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Illinois" title="Central Illinois">Central Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana_metropolitan_area" title="Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area">Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_counties" title="Collar counties">Collar counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Driftless Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgottonia" title="Forgottonia">Forgottonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Valley_(Illinois)" title="Fox Valley (Illinois)">Fox Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois%E2%80%93Indiana%E2%80%93Kentucky_tri-state_area" title="Illinois–Indiana–Kentucky tri-state area">Illinois–Indiana–Kentucky tri-state area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_East" title="Metro East">Metro East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Lakeland" title="Metro Lakeland">Metro Lakeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain" title="Mississippi Alluvial Plain">Mississippi Alluvial Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Chicago)" title="North Shore (Chicago)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois" title="Northern Illinois">Northern Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Illinois" title="Northwestern Illinois">Northwestern Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria metropolitan area, Illinois">Peoria metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Bend_(Illinois)" title="River Bend (Illinois)">River Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Rockford metropolitan area, Illinois">Rockford metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois" title="Southern Illinois">Southern Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_Valley" title="Wabash Valley">Wabash Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Illinois" title="List of municipalities in Illinois">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Granite_City,_Illinois" title="Granite City, Illinois">Granite City</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edwardsville,_Illinois" title="Edwardsville, Illinois">Edwardsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Heights,_Illinois" title="Arlington Heights, Illinois">Arlington Heights</a>/<a href="/wiki/Palatine,_Illinois" title="Palatine, Illinois">Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois" title="Aurora, Illinois">Aurora</a>/<a href="/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois" title="Naperville, Illinois">Naperville</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oswego,_Illinois" title="Oswego, Illinois">Oswego</a>/<a href="/wiki/Plainfield,_Illinois" title="Plainfield, Illinois">Plainfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartlett,_Illinois" title="Bartlett, Illinois">Bartlett</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hanover_Park,_Illinois" title="Hanover Park, Illinois">Hanover Park</a>/<a href="/wiki/Streamwood,_Illinois" title="Streamwood, Illinois">Streamwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Illinois" title="Belleville, Illinois">Belleville</a>/<a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis,_Illinois" title="East St. Louis, Illinois">East St. Louis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois" title="Collinsville, Illinois">Collinsville</a>/<a href="/wiki/O%27Fallon,_Illinois" title="O'Fallon, Illinois">O'Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berwyn,_Illinois" title="Berwyn, Illinois">Berwyn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cicero,_Illinois" title="Cicero, Illinois">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington</a>/<a href="/wiki/Normal,_Illinois" title="Normal, Illinois">Normal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolingbrook,_Illinois" title="Bolingbrook, Illinois">Bolingbrook</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romeoville,_Illinois" title="Romeoville, Illinois">Romeoville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Illinois" title="Buffalo Grove, Illinois">Buffalo Grove</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_Illinois" title="Wheeling, Illinois">Wheeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calumet_City,_Illinois" title="Calumet City, Illinois">Calumet City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Illinois" title="Canton, Illinois">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbondale,_Illinois" title="Carbondale, Illinois">Carbondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Stream,_Illinois" title="Carol Stream, Illinois">Carol Stream</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glendale_Heights,_Illinois" title="Glendale Heights, Illinois">Glendale Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralia,_Illinois" title="Centralia, Illinois">Centralia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">Champaign</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois" title="Urbana, Illinois">Urbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_Illinois" title="Charleston, Illinois">Charleston</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mattoon,_Illinois" title="Mattoon, Illinois">Mattoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Heights,_Illinois" title="Chicago Heights, Illinois">Chicago Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Lake,_Illinois" title="Crystal Lake, Illinois">Crystal Lake</a>/<a href="/wiki/Algonquin,_Illinois" title="Algonquin, Illinois">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Illinois" title="Danville, Illinois">Danville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois" title="Decatur, Illinois">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb,_Illinois" title="DeKalb, Illinois">DeKalb</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sycamore,_Illinois" title="Sycamore, Illinois">Sycamore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Plaines,_Illinois" title="Des Plaines, Illinois">Des Plaines</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mount_Prospect,_Illinois" title="Mount Prospect, Illinois">Mount Prospect</a>/<a href="/wiki/Park_Ridge,_Illinois" title="Park Ridge, Illinois">Park Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon,_Illinois" title="Dixon, Illinois">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downers_Grove,_Illinois" title="Downers Grove, Illinois">Downers Grove</a>/<a href="/wiki/Woodridge,_Illinois" title="Woodridge, Illinois">Woodridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effingham,_Illinois" title="Effingham, Illinois">Effingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Illinois" title="Elgin, Illinois">Elgin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carpentersville,_Illinois" title="Carpentersville, Illinois">Carpentersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmhurst,_Illinois" title="Elmhurst, Illinois">Elmhurst</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lombard,_Illinois" title="Lombard, Illinois">Lombard</a>/<a href="/wiki/Addison,_Illinois" title="Addison, Illinois">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston</a>/<a href="/wiki/Skokie,_Illinois" title="Skokie, Illinois">Skokie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Illinois" title="Freeport, Illinois">Freeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galesburg,_Illinois" title="Galesburg, Illinois">Galesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenview,_Illinois" title="Glenview, Illinois">Glenview</a>/<a href="/wiki/Northbrook,_Illinois" title="Northbrook, Illinois">Northbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Illinois" title="Harrisburg, Illinois">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Illinois" title="Jacksonville, Illinois">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joliet,_Illinois" title="Joliet, Illinois">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee,_Illinois" title="Kankakee, Illinois">Kankakee</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bradley,_Illinois" title="Bradley, Illinois">Bradley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais,_Illinois" title="Bourbonnais, Illinois">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Illinois" title="Lincoln, Illinois">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macomb,_Illinois" title="Macomb, Illinois">Macomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Illinois" title="Marion, Illinois">Marion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herrin,_Illinois" title="Herrin, Illinois">Herrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline</a>/<a href="/wiki/East_Moline,_Illinois" title="East Moline, Illinois">East Moline</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Illinois" title="Mount Vernon, Illinois">Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundelein,_Illinois" title="Mundelein, Illinois">Mundelein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Lawn,_Illinois" title="Oak Lawn, Illinois">Oak Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orland_Park,_Illinois" title="Orland Park, Illinois">Orland Park</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tinley_Park,_Illinois" title="Tinley Park, Illinois">Tinley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Illinois" title="Ottawa, Illinois">Ottawa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Streator,_Illinois" title="Streator, Illinois">Streator</a>/<a href="/wiki/LaSalle,_Illinois" title="LaSalle, Illinois">LaSalle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peru,_Illinois" title="Peru, Illinois">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pekin,_Illinois" title="Pekin, Illinois">Pekin</a>/<a href="/wiki/East_Peoria,_Illinois" title="East Peoria, Illinois">East Peoria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Morton,_Illinois" title="Morton, Illinois">Morton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Washington,_Illinois" title="Washington, Illinois">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Illinois" title="Pontiac, Illinois">Pontiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois" title="Quincy, Illinois">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochelle,_Illinois" title="Rochelle, Illinois">Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Belvidere,_Illinois" title="Belvidere, Illinois">Belvidere</a>/<a href="/wiki/Machesney_Park,_Illinois" title="Machesney Park, Illinois">Machesney Park</a>/<a href="/wiki/Loves_Park,_Illinois" title="Loves Park, Illinois">Loves Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles,_Illinois" title="St. Charles, Illinois">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg,_Illinois" title="Schaumburg, Illinois">Schaumburg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates,_Illinois" title="Hoffman Estates, Illinois">Hoffman Estates</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove_Village,_Illinois" title="Elk Grove Village, Illinois">Elk Grove Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling,_Illinois" title="Sterling, Illinois">Sterling</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rock_Falls,_Illinois" title="Rock Falls, Illinois">Rock Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylorville,_Illinois" title="Taylorville, Illinois">Taylorville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waukegan,_Illinois" title="Waukegan, Illinois">Waukegan</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Chicago,_Illinois" title="North Chicago, Illinois">North Chicago</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gurnee,_Illinois" title="Gurnee, Illinois">Gurnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheaton,_Illinois" title="Wheaton, Illinois">Wheaton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Illinois" title="List of counties in Illinois">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Illinois" title="Adams County, Illinois">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_County,_Illinois" title="Alexander County, Illinois">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_County,_Illinois" title="Bond County, Illinois">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Illinois" title="Boone County, Illinois">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Illinois" title="Brown County, Illinois">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_County,_Illinois" title="Bureau County, Illinois">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Illinois" title="Calhoun County, Illinois">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Illinois" title="Carroll County, Illinois">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Illinois" title="Cass County, Illinois">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign_County,_Illinois" title="Champaign County, Illinois">Champaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_County,_Illinois" title="Christian County, Illinois">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Illinois" title="Clark County, Illinois">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Illinois" title="Clay County, Illinois">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Illinois" title="Clinton County, Illinois">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_County,_Illinois" title="Coles County, Illinois">Coles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Illinois" title="Crawford County, Illinois">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Illinois" title="Cumberland County, Illinois">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Illinois" title="DeKalb County, Illinois">DeKalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_County,_Illinois" title="DeWitt County, Illinois">DeWitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Illinois" title="Douglas County, Illinois">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPage_County,_Illinois" title="DuPage County, Illinois">DuPage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_County,_Illinois" title="Edgar County, Illinois">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_County,_Illinois" title="Edwards County, Illinois">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effingham_County,_Illinois" title="Effingham County, Illinois">Effingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Illinois" title="Fayette County, Illinois">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_County,_Illinois" title="Ford County, Illinois">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Illinois" title="Franklin County, Illinois">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Illinois" title="Fulton County, Illinois">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallatin_County,_Illinois" title="Gallatin County, Illinois">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Illinois" title="Greene County, Illinois">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundy_County,_Illinois" title="Grundy County, Illinois">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Illinois" title="Hamilton County, Illinois">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Illinois" title="Hancock County, Illinois">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Illinois" title="Hardin County, Illinois">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_County,_Illinois" title="Henderson County, Illinois">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Illinois" title="Henry County, Illinois">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_County,_Illinois" title="Iroquois County, Illinois">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Illinois" title="Jackson County, Illinois">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_County,_Illinois" title="Jasper County, Illinois">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Illinois" title="Jefferson County, Illinois">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_County,_Illinois" title="Jersey County, Illinois">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Daviess_County,_Illinois" title="Jo Daviess County, Illinois">Jo Daviess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Illinois" title="Johnson County, Illinois">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_County,_Illinois" title="Kane County, Illinois">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee_County,_Illinois" title="Kankakee County, Illinois">Kankakee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_County,_Illinois" title="Kendall County, Illinois">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Illinois" title="Knox County, Illinois">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Illinois" title="Lake County, Illinois">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaSalle_County,_Illinois" title="LaSalle County, Illinois">LaSalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Illinois" title="Lawrence County, Illinois">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Illinois" title="Lee County, Illinois">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_County,_Illinois" title="Livingston County, Illinois">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_County,_Illinois" title="Logan County, Illinois">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Illinois" title="Macon County, Illinois">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macoupin_County,_Illinois" title="Macoupin County, Illinois">Macoupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Illinois" title="Madison County, Illinois">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Illinois" title="Marion County, Illinois">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois" title="Marshall County, Illinois">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County,_Illinois" title="Mason County, Illinois">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massac_County,_Illinois" title="Massac County, Illinois">Massac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonough_County,_Illinois" title="McDonough County, Illinois">McDonough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McHenry_County,_Illinois" title="McHenry County, Illinois">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLean_County,_Illinois" title="McLean County, Illinois">McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menard_County,_Illinois" title="Menard County, Illinois">Menard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Illinois" title="Mercer County, Illinois">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Illinois" title="Monroe County, Illinois">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Illinois" title="Montgomery County, Illinois">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Illinois" title="Morgan County, Illinois">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moultrie_County,_Illinois" title="Moultrie County, Illinois">Moultrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogle_County,_Illinois" title="Ogle County, Illinois">Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_County,_Illinois" title="Peoria County, Illinois">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Illinois" title="Perry County, Illinois">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piatt_County,_Illinois" title="Piatt County, Illinois">Piatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Illinois" title="Pike County, Illinois">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_County,_Illinois" title="Pope County, Illinois">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Illinois" title="Pulaski County, Illinois">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Illinois" title="Putnam County, Illinois">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Illinois" title="Randolph County, Illinois">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_County,_Illinois" title="Richland County, Illinois">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_County,_Illinois" title="Rock Island County, Illinois">Rock Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_County,_Illinois" title="Saline County, Illinois">Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangamon_County,_Illinois" title="Sangamon County, Illinois">Sangamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_County,_Illinois" title="Schuyler County, Illinois">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Illinois" title="Scott County, Illinois">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Illinois" title="Shelby County, Illinois">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Illinois" title="St. Clair County, Illinois">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stark_County,_Illinois" title="Stark County, Illinois">Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_County,_Illinois" title="Stephenson County, Illinois">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazewell_County,_Illinois" title="Tazewell County, Illinois">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Illinois" title="Union County, Illinois">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_County,_Illinois" title="Vermilion County, Illinois">Vermilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_County,_Illinois" title="Wabash County, Illinois">Wabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Illinois" title="Warren County, Illinois">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Illinois" title="Washington County, Illinois">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Illinois" title="Wayne County, Illinois">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_County,_Illinois" title="White County, Illinois">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteside_County,_Illinois" title="Whiteside County, Illinois">Whiteside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_County,_Illinois" title="Will County, Illinois">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County,_Illinois" title="Williamson County, Illinois">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_County,_Illinois" title="Winnebago County, Illinois">Winnebago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodford_County,_Illinois" title="Woodford County, Illinois">Woodford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/21px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/32px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/42px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Illinois" title="Portal:Illinois">Illinois portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Iowa367" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iowa" title="Template:Iowa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iowa" title="Template talk:Iowa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iowa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iowa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Iowa367" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iowa" title="Outline of Iowa">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Iowa" title="Archaeology of Iowa">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iowa_area_codes" title="List of Iowa area codes">Area codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Iowa" title="Attorney General of Iowa">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Auditor" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa State Auditor">Auditor of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Capitol" title="Iowa State Capitol">Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iowa" title="Climate change in Iowa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Iowa" title="Code of Iowa">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa%27s_congressional_districts" title="Iowa's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iowa" title="Crime in Iowa">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Iowa" title="United States congressional delegations from Iowa">Delegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Iowa" title="List of United States representatives from Iowa">Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa" title="List of United States senators from Iowa">Senators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iowa" title="Elections in Iowa">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Caucuses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Iowa" title="Environment of Iowa">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iowa" title="Flag of Iowa">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Iowa" title="List of governors of Iowa">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Iowa" title="Gun laws in Iowa">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa">Historic Places</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Iowa-related_articles" title="Index of Iowa-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_General_Assembly" title="Iowa General Assembly">Legislature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_House_of_Representatives" title="Iowa House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Senate" title="Iowa Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iowa">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Iowa" title="List of museums in Iowa">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Iowa" title="List of people from Iowa">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Iowa" title="Native American tribes in Iowa">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Iowa" title="Political party strength in Iowa">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Iowa" title="Libertarian Party of Iowa">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Republican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Iowa" title="Seal of Iowa">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Agriculture_of_Iowa" title="Secretary of Agriculture of Iowa">Secretary of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Iowa" title="Secretary of State of Iowa">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iowa_state_parks" title="List of Iowa state parks">State Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Supreme_Court" title="Iowa Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iowa_state_symbols" title="List of Iowa state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Iowa" title="Treasurer of Iowa">Treasurer of State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iowa" title="Geography of Iowa">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coteau_des_Prairies" title="Coteau des Prairies">Coteau des Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_metropolitan_area" title="Des Moines metropolitan area">Des Moines metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissected_Till_Plains" title="Dissected Till Plains">Dissected Till Plains</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Driftless Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_River_Road" title="Great River Road">Great River Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_War" title="Honey War">Honey Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Great_Lakes" title="Iowa Great Lakes">Iowa Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess_Hills" title="Loess Hills">Loess Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Council_Bluffs_metropolitan_area" title="Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area">Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxland" title="Siouxland">Siouxland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Iowa_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest Iowa cities by population">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames,_Iowa" title="Ames, Iowa">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankeny,_Iowa" title="Ankeny, Iowa">Ankeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa" title="Bettendorf, Iowa">Bettendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa" title="Burlington, Iowa">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Falls,_Iowa" title="Cedar Falls, Iowa">Cedar Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa" title="Cedar Rapids, Iowa">Cedar Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Iowa" title="Clinton, Iowa">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa" title="Council Bluffs, Iowa">Council Bluffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Dodge,_Iowa" title="Fort Dodge, Iowa">Fort Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa" title="Iowa City, Iowa">Iowa City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Iowa" title="Marion, Iowa">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshalltown,_Iowa" title="Marshalltown, Iowa">Marshalltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_City,_Iowa" title="Mason City, Iowa">Mason City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscatine,_Iowa" title="Muscatine, Iowa">Muscatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottumwa,_Iowa" title="Ottumwa, Iowa">Ottumwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa" title="Sioux City, Iowa">Sioux City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbandale,_Iowa" title="Urbandale, Iowa">Urbandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa" title="Waterloo, Iowa">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="West Des Moines, Iowa">West Des Moines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Iowa" title="List of counties in Iowa">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adair_County,_Iowa" title="Adair County, Iowa">Adair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Iowa" title="Adams County, Iowa">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamakee_County,_Iowa" title="Allamakee County, Iowa">Allamakee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appanoose_County,_Iowa" title="Appanoose County, Iowa">Appanoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audubon_County,_Iowa" title="Audubon County, Iowa">Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Iowa" title="Benton County, Iowa">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_County,_Iowa" title="Black Hawk County, Iowa">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Iowa" title="Boone County, Iowa">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_County,_Iowa" title="Bremer County, Iowa">Bremer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Iowa" title="Buchanan County, Iowa">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_County,_Iowa" title="Buena Vista County, Iowa">Buena Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Iowa" title="Butler County, Iowa">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Iowa" title="Calhoun County, Iowa">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Iowa" title="Carroll County, Iowa">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Iowa" title="Cass County, Iowa">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_County,_Iowa" title="Cedar County, Iowa">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Gordo_County,_Iowa" title="Cerro Gordo County, Iowa">Cerro Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Iowa" title="Cherokee County, Iowa">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_County,_Iowa" title="Chickasaw County, Iowa">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_County,_Iowa" title="Clarke County, Iowa">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Iowa" title="Clay County, Iowa">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_County,_Iowa" title="Clayton County, Iowa">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Iowa" title="Clinton County, Iowa">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Iowa" title="Crawford County, Iowa">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Iowa" title="Dallas County, Iowa">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_County,_Iowa" title="Davis County, Iowa">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur_County,_Iowa" title="Decatur County, Iowa">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Iowa" title="Delaware County, Iowa">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_County,_Iowa" title="Des Moines County, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_County,_Iowa" title="Dickinson County, Iowa">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubuque_County,_Iowa" title="Dubuque County, Iowa">Dubuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_County,_Iowa" title="Emmet County, Iowa">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Iowa" title="Fayette County, Iowa">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_County,_Iowa" title="Floyd County, Iowa">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Iowa" title="Franklin County, Iowa">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_County,_Iowa" title="Fremont County, Iowa">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Iowa" title="Greene County, Iowa">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundy_County,_Iowa" title="Grundy County, Iowa">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_County,_Iowa" title="Guthrie County, Iowa">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Iowa" title="Hamilton County, Iowa">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Iowa" title="Hancock County, Iowa">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Iowa" title="Hardin County, Iowa">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Iowa" title="Harrison County, Iowa">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Iowa" title="Henry County, Iowa">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Iowa" title="Howard County, Iowa">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_Iowa" title="Humboldt County, Iowa">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_County,_Iowa" title="Ida County, Iowa">Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_County,_Iowa" title="Iowa County, Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Iowa" title="Jackson County, Iowa">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_County,_Iowa" title="Jasper County, Iowa">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Iowa" title="Jefferson County, Iowa">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Iowa" title="Johnson County, Iowa">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_County,_Iowa" title="Jones County, Iowa">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_County,_Iowa" title="Keokuk County, Iowa">Keokuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kossuth_County,_Iowa" title="Kossuth County, Iowa">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Iowa" title="Lee County, Iowa">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_County,_Iowa" title="Linn County, Iowa">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_County,_Iowa" title="Louisa County, Iowa">Louisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_County,_Iowa" title="Lucas County, Iowa">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon_County,_Iowa" title="Lyon County, Iowa">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Iowa" title="Madison County, Iowa">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahaska_County,_Iowa" title="Mahaska County, Iowa">Mahaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Iowa" title="Marion County, Iowa">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Iowa" title="Marshall County, Iowa">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_County,_Iowa" title="Mills County, Iowa">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_County,_Iowa" title="Mitchell County, Iowa">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monona_County,_Iowa" title="Monona County, Iowa">Monona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Iowa" title="Monroe County, Iowa">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Iowa" title="Montgomery County, Iowa">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscatine_County,_Iowa" title="Muscatine County, Iowa">Muscatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_County,_Iowa" title="O'Brien County, Iowa">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola_County,_Iowa" title="Osceola County, Iowa">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_County,_Iowa" title="Page County, Iowa">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_County,_Iowa" title="Palo Alto County, Iowa">Palo Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Iowa" title="Plymouth County, Iowa">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_County,_Iowa" title="Pocahontas County, Iowa">Pocahontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Iowa" title="Polk County, Iowa">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottawattamie_County,_Iowa" title="Pottawattamie County, Iowa">Pottawattamie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poweshiek_County,_Iowa" title="Poweshiek County, Iowa">Poweshiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringgold_County,_Iowa" title="Ringgold County, Iowa">Ringgold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_County,_Iowa" title="Sac County, Iowa">Sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Iowa" title="Scott County, Iowa">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Iowa" title="Shelby County, Iowa">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_County,_Iowa" title="Sioux County, Iowa">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_County,_Iowa" title="Story County, Iowa">Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_County,_Iowa" title="Tama County, Iowa">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_County,_Iowa" title="Taylor County, Iowa">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Iowa" title="Union County, Iowa">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_County,_Iowa" title="Van Buren County, Iowa">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapello_County,_Iowa" title="Wapello County, Iowa">Wapello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Iowa" title="Warren County, Iowa">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Iowa" title="Washington County, Iowa">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Iowa" title="Wayne County, Iowa">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_County,_Iowa" title="Webster County, Iowa">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_County,_Iowa" title="Winnebago County, Iowa">Winnebago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winneshiek_County,_Iowa" title="Winneshiek County, Iowa">Winneshiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbury_County,_Iowa" title="Woodbury County, Iowa">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worth_County,_Iowa" title="Worth County, Iowa">Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_County,_Iowa" title="Wright County, Iowa">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iowa" title="Portal:Iowa">Iowa portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Minnesota414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Minnesota" title="Template:Minnesota"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Minnesota" title="Template talk:Minnesota"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Minnesota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Minnesota"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Minnesota414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Minnesota" title="Outline of Minnesota">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Minnesota-related_articles" title="Index of Minnesota-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Minnesota" title="Outline of Minnesota">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Minnesota" title="Cycling in Minnesota">Biking/Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Minnesota" title="List of cities in Minnesota">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Minnesota" title="Climate of Minnesota">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Minnesota" title="Climate change in Minnesota">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Minnesota" title="List of colleges and universities in Minnesota">Colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_congressional_districts" title="Minnesota's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Minnesota" title="United States congressional delegations from Minnesota">Delegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Minnesota" title="Natural history of Minnesota">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Minnesota" title="Geography of Minnesota">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Minnesota" title="Geology of Minnesota">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hiking_trails_in_Minnesota" title="List of hiking trails in Minnesota">Hiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Minnesota" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota">Historical Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_Minnesota" title="List of Indian reservations in Minnesota">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Minnesota" title="List of lakes of Minnesota">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Legislature" title="Minnesota Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Minnesota" title="Local government in Minnesota">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_townships_in_Minnesota" title="List of townships in Minnesota">Townships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Minnesota" title="List of people from Minnesota">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Minnesota" title="List of political parties in Minnesota">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Minnesota" title="List of rivers of Minnesota">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Minnesota" title="List of school districts in Minnesota">School districts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Minnesota" title="List of high schools in Minnesota">High schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Minnesota" title="Scouting in Minnesota">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Fair" title="Minnesota State Fair">State fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Statutes" title="Minnesota Statutes">Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_parks" title="List of Minnesota state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_symbols" title="List of Minnesota state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Minnesota" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Minnesota">Tourist attractions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Minnesota" title="Transportation in Minnesota">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Minnesota" title="Abortion in Minnesota">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Minnesota" title="Culture of Minnesota">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Minnesota" title="Crime in Minnesota">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Minnesota" title="Demographics of Minnesota">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Minnesota" title="Economy of Minnesota">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Minnesota" title="Education in Minnesota">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Minnesota">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Minnesota" title="Law of Minnesota">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Minnesota" title="Cannabis in Minnesota">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Minnesota" title="Gun laws in Minnesota">Guns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Minnesota">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_shows_and_movies_in_Minnesota" title="List of television shows and movies in Minnesota">Movies and TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Minnesota" title="Music of Minnesota">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Minnesota" title="List of newspapers in Minnesota">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Minnesota" title="Politics of Minnesota">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Minnesota" title="Religion in Minnesota">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Minnesota" title="Sports in Minnesota">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater in Minnesota">Theater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Minnesota#Regions" title="Geography of Minnesota">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Region" title="Arrowhead Region">Arrowhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters" title="Boundary Waters">Boundary Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Ridge" title="Buffalo Ridge">Buffalo Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Minnesota" title="Central Minnesota">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coteau_des_Prairies" title="Coteau des Prairies">Coteau des Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissected_Till_Plains" title="Dissected Till Plains">Dissected Till Plains</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Driftless Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Range" title="Iron Range">Iron Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Lake_Superior)" title="North Shore (Lake Superior)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Angle" title="Northwest Angle">Northwest Angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Mixed_Forest_Province" title="Laurentian Mixed Forest Province">North Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipestone_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipestone Region">Pipestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Valley" title="Red River Valley">Red River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxland" title="Siouxland">Siouxland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Minnesota" title="Southeast Minnesota">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Twin Cities metropolitan area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Minnesota" title="List of cities in Minnesota">Largest cities<br />pop. over 25,000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andover,_Minnesota" title="Andover, Minnesota">Andover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Valley,_Minnesota" title="Apple Valley, Minnesota">Apple Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Minnesota" title="Austin, Minnesota">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine,_Minnesota" title="Blaine, Minnesota">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Center,_Minnesota" title="Brooklyn Center, Minnesota">Brooklyn Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Park,_Minnesota" title="Brooklyn Park, Minnesota">Brooklyn Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnsville,_Minnesota" title="Burnsville, Minnesota">Burnsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanhassen,_Minnesota" title="Chanhassen, Minnesota">Chanhassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaska,_Minnesota" title="Chaska, Minnesota">Chaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Coon Rapids, Minnesota">Coon Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_Grove,_Minnesota" title="Cottage Grove, Minnesota">Cottage Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagan,_Minnesota" title="Eagan, Minnesota">Eagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Prairie,_Minnesota" title="Eden Prairie, Minnesota">Eden Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edina,_Minnesota" title="Edina, Minnesota">Edina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_River,_Minnesota" title="Elk River, Minnesota">Elk River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridley,_Minnesota" title="Fridley, Minnesota">Fridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inver_Grove_Heights,_Minnesota" title="Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota">Inver Grove Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeville,_Minnesota" title="Lakeville, Minnesota">Lakeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankato,_Minnesota" title="Mankato, Minnesota">Mankato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Grove,_Minnesota" title="Maple Grove, Minnesota">Maple Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maplewood,_Minnesota" title="Maplewood, Minnesota">Maplewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnetonka,_Minnesota" title="Minnetonka, Minnesota">Minnetonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorhead,_Minnesota" title="Moorhead, Minnesota">Moorhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakdale,_Minnesota" title="Oakdale, Minnesota">Oakdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owatonna,_Minnesota" title="Owatonna, Minnesota">Owatonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Minnesota" title="Plymouth, Minnesota">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_Lake,_Minnesota" title="Prior Lake, Minnesota">Prior Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey,_Minnesota" title="Ramsey, Minnesota">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richfield,_Minnesota" title="Richfield, Minnesota">Richfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemount,_Minnesota" title="Rosemount, Minnesota">Rosemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseville,_Minnesota" title="Roseville, Minnesota">Roseville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">St. Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Park,_Minnesota" title="St. Louis Park, Minnesota">St. Louis Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage,_Minnesota" title="Savage, Minnesota">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakopee,_Minnesota" title="Shakopee, Minnesota">Shakopee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoreview,_Minnesota" title="Shoreview, Minnesota">Shoreview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota" title="Winona, Minnesota">Winona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbury,_Minnesota" title="Woodbury, Minnesota">Woodbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Minnesota" title="List of counties in Minnesota">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitkin_County,_Minnesota" title="Aitkin County, Minnesota">Aitkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoka_County,_Minnesota" title="Anoka County, Minnesota">Anoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becker_County,_Minnesota" title="Becker County, Minnesota">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltrami_County,_Minnesota" title="Beltrami County, Minnesota">Beltrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Minnesota" title="Benton County, Minnesota">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Stone_County,_Minnesota" title="Big Stone County, Minnesota">Big Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Earth_County,_Minnesota" title="Blue Earth County, Minnesota">Blue Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Minnesota" title="Brown County, Minnesota">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_County,_Minnesota" title="Carlton County, Minnesota">Carlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carver_County,_Minnesota" title="Carver County, Minnesota">Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Minnesota" title="Cass County, Minnesota">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_County,_Minnesota" title="Chippewa County, Minnesota">Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisago_County,_Minnesota" title="Chisago County, Minnesota">Chisago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Minnesota" title="Clay County, Minnesota">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_County,_Minnesota" title="Clearwater County, Minnesota">Clearwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Minnesota" title="Cook County, Minnesota">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonwood_County,_Minnesota" title="Cottonwood County, Minnesota">Cottonwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota" title="Crow Wing County, Minnesota">Crow Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_County,_Minnesota" title="Dakota County, Minnesota">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_County,_Minnesota" title="Dodge County, Minnesota">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Minnesota" title="Douglas County, Minnesota">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faribault_County,_Minnesota" title="Faribault County, Minnesota">Faribault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillmore_County,_Minnesota" title="Fillmore County, Minnesota">Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeborn_County,_Minnesota" title="Freeborn County, Minnesota">Freeborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodhue_County,_Minnesota" title="Goodhue County, Minnesota">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Minnesota" title="Grant County, Minnesota">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota" title="Hennepin County, Minnesota">Hennepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Minnesota" title="Houston County, Minnesota">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_County,_Minnesota" title="Hubbard County, Minnesota">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isanti_County,_Minnesota" title="Isanti County, Minnesota">Isanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itasca_County,_Minnesota" title="Itasca County, Minnesota">Itasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Minnesota" title="Jackson County, Minnesota">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanabec_County,_Minnesota" title="Kanabec County, Minnesota">Kanabec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandiyohi_County,_Minnesota" title="Kandiyohi County, Minnesota">Kandiyohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittson_County,_Minnesota" title="Kittson County, Minnesota">Kittson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koochiching_County,_Minnesota" title="Koochiching County, Minnesota">Koochiching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_qui_Parle_County,_Minnesota" title="Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota">Lac qui Parle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Minnesota" title="Lake County, Minnesota">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods_County,_Minnesota" title="Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota">Lake of the Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Sueur_County,_Minnesota" title="Le Sueur County, Minnesota">Le Sueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Minnesota" title="Lincoln County, Minnesota">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon_County,_Minnesota" title="Lyon County, Minnesota">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahnomen_County,_Minnesota" title="Mahnomen County, Minnesota">Mahnomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Minnesota" title="Marshall County, Minnesota">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_County,_Minnesota" title="Martin County, Minnesota">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_County,_Minnesota" title="McLeod County, Minnesota">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_County,_Minnesota" title="Meeker County, Minnesota">Meeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_County,_Minnesota" title="Mille Lacs County, Minnesota">Mille Lacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_County,_Minnesota" title="Morrison County, Minnesota">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mower_County,_Minnesota" title="Mower County, Minnesota">Mower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_County,_Minnesota" title="Murray County, Minnesota">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicollet_County,_Minnesota" title="Nicollet County, Minnesota">Nicollet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobles_County,_Minnesota" title="Nobles County, Minnesota">Nobles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_County,_Minnesota" title="Norman County, Minnesota">Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmsted_County,_Minnesota" title="Olmsted County, Minnesota">Olmsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Tail_County,_Minnesota" title="Otter Tail County, Minnesota">Otter Tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennington_County,_Minnesota" title="Pennington County, Minnesota">Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_County,_Minnesota" title="Pine County, Minnesota">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipestone_County,_Minnesota" title="Pipestone County, Minnesota">Pipestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Minnesota" title="Polk County, Minnesota">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_County,_Minnesota" title="Pope County, Minnesota">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_County,_Minnesota" title="Ramsey County, Minnesota">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_County,_Minnesota" title="Red Lake County, Minnesota">Red Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwood_County,_Minnesota" title="Redwood County, Minnesota">Redwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renville_County,_Minnesota" title="Renville County, Minnesota">Renville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_County,_Minnesota" title="Rice County, Minnesota">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_County,_Minnesota" title="Rock County, Minnesota">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseau_County,_Minnesota" title="Roseau County, Minnesota">Roseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Minnesota" title="St. Louis County, Minnesota">Saint Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Minnesota" title="Scott County, Minnesota">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherburne_County,_Minnesota" title="Sherburne County, Minnesota">Sherburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_County,_Minnesota" title="Sibley County, Minnesota">Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearns_County,_Minnesota" title="Stearns County, Minnesota">Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steele_County,_Minnesota" title="Steele County, Minnesota">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_County,_Minnesota" title="Stevens County, Minnesota">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_County,_Minnesota" title="Swift County, Minnesota">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_County,_Minnesota" title="Todd County, Minnesota">Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_County,_Minnesota" title="Traverse County, Minnesota">Traverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabasha_County,_Minnesota" title="Wabasha County, Minnesota">Wabasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadena_County,_Minnesota" title="Wadena County, Minnesota">Wadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waseca_County,_Minnesota" title="Waseca County, Minnesota">Waseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Minnesota" title="Washington County, Minnesota">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watonwan_County,_Minnesota" title="Watonwan County, Minnesota">Watonwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkin_County,_Minnesota" title="Wilkin County, Minnesota">Wilkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_County,_Minnesota" title="Winona County, Minnesota">Winona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_County,_Minnesota" title="Wright County, Minnesota">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Medicine_County,_Minnesota" title="Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota">Yellow Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/21px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/32px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/42px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minnesota" title="Portal:Minnesota">Minnesota portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_glaciations213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_glaciations" title="Template:Continental glaciations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_glaciations" title="Template talk:Continental glaciations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_glaciations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental glaciations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_glaciations213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Continental glaciations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">Post-glacial rebound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">Glacial lake outburst flood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Time periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">Glacial period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Timeline of glaciation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinoian_(stage)" title="Illinoian (stage)">Illinoian Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">Interglacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadial">Interstadial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penultimate_Glacial_Period" title="Penultimate Glacial Period">Penultimate Glacial Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian_Pluvial" title="Mousterian Pluvial">Mousterian Pluvial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_glacial_retreat" title="Holocene glacial retreat">Holocene glacial retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_Dryas" title="Oldest Dryas">Oldest Dryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Dryas" title="Older Dryas">Older Dryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title="Pre-Illinoian">Pre-Illinoian Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangamonian" title="Sangamonian">Sangamonian Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Bølling–Allerød warming">Bølling–Allerød warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Glacial_Interstadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Glacial Interstadial">Late Glacial Interstadial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huelmo%E2%80%93Mascardi_Cold_Reversal" title="Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal">Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8.2_kiloyear_event" class="mw-redirect" title="8.2 kiloyear event">8.2 kiloyear event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4.2_kiloyear_event" class="mw-redirect" title="4.2 kiloyear event">4.2 kiloyear event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piora_Oscillation" title="Piora Oscillation">Piora Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glacial_landform" title="Glacial landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Erosional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_striation" title="Glacial striation">Glacial striae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_moutonn%C3%A9e" title="Roche moutonnée">Roche moutonnée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_valley" title="Tunnel valley">Tunnel valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-shaped_valley" title="U-shaped valley">U-shaped valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">Glacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title="Proglacial lake">Proglacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_lake" title="Subglacial lake">Subglacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraglacial_lake" title="Supraglacial lake">Supraglacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_lake" title="Ribbon lake">Ribbon lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_lakes" title="List of prehistoric lakes">List of prehistoric lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Depositional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drumlin" title="Drumlin">Drumlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title="Glacial erratic">Erratic block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">Moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulju_Wilderness_Area" title="Pulju Wilderness Area">Pulju moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogen_moraine" title="Rogen moraine">Rogen moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_moraine" title="Terminal moraine">Terminal moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till_plain" title="Till plain">Till plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veiki_moraine" title="Veiki moraine">Veiki moraine</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Glacifluvial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diluvium" title="Diluvium">Diluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esker" title="Esker">Esker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_current_ripples" title="Giant current ripples">Giant current ripples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kame" title="Kame">Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kame_delta" title="Kame delta">Kame delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwash_fan" title="Outwash fan">Outwash fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwash_plain" title="Outwash plain">Sandur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordilleran_ice_sheet" title="Cordilleran ice sheet">Cordilleran ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentide_ice_sheet" title="Laurentide ice sheet">Laurentide ice sheet</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chicago" title="Lake Chicago">Lake Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tight" title="Lake Tight">Lake Tight</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Provincial_Park" title="Arrowhead Provincial Park">Arrowhead Provincial Park</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rock_(glacial_erratic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Rock (glacial erratic)">Big Rock (glacial erratic)</a>, Alberta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_(Canada)" title="Cypress Hills (Canada)">Cypress Hills (Canada)</a>, Saskatchewan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eramosa_River" title="Eramosa River">Eramosa River</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskers_Provincial_Park" title="Eskers Provincial Park">Eskers Provincial Park</a>, British Columbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foothills_Erratics_Train" title="Foothills Erratics Train">Foothills Erratics Train</a>, Alberta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion%27s_Head_Provincial_Park" title="Lion's Head Provincial Park">Lion's Head Provincial Park</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Oak_Ridges_Moraine" title="Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine">Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovayok_Territorial_Park" title="Ovayok Territorial Park">Ovayok Territorial Park</a>, Nunavut</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">United<br />States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bonneville" title="Lake Bonneville">Lake Bonneville</a>, Utah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lahontan" title="Lake Lahontan">Lake Lahontan</a>, Nevada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Missoula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Missoula">Lake Missoula</a>, Montana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Wisconsin" title="Glacial Lake Wisconsin">Glacial Lake Wisconsin</a>, Wisconsin</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_Moraine_State_Recreation_Area" title="Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area">Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coteau_des_Prairies" title="Coteau des Prairies">Coteau des Prairies</a>, South Dakota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Lake_State_Park_(Wisconsin)" title="Devil's Lake State Park (Wisconsin)">Devil's Lake State Park</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lakes_State_Park" title="Glacial Lakes State Park">Glacial Lakes State Park</a>, Minnesota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_history_of_Minnesota" title="Glacial history of Minnesota">Glacial history of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horicon_Marsh" title="Horicon Marsh">Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_Floods_National_Geologic_Trail" title="Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail">Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail</a>, Idaho, Oregon and Washington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_National_Scientific_Reserve" title="Ice Age National Scientific Reserve">Ice Age National Scientific Reserve</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_Trail" title="Ice Age Trail">Ice Age Trail</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Park" title="Interstate Park">Interstate State Park</a>, Minnesota and Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelleys_Island,_Ohio" title="Kelleys Island, Ohio">Kelleys Island</a>, Ohio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teays_River" title="Teays River">Teays River</a>, Ohio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_Moraine_State_Forest" title="Kettle Moraine State Forest">Kettle Moraine State Forest</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Bluff_State_Park" title="Mill Bluff State Park">Mill Bluff State Park</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Lake" title="Oneida Lake">Oneida Lake</a>, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Creeks_Buried_Forest_State_Natural_Area" title="Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area">Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withrow_Moraine_and_Jameson_Lake_Drumlin_Field" title="Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field">Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field</a>, Washington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>, California</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardangerfjord" title="Hardangerfjord">Hardangerfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killary_Harbour" title="Killary Harbour">Killary Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Glaciation">Antarctic Glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">West</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Glacier" title="Lambert Glacier">Lambert Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Glaciers" title="Category:Glaciers">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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