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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Geschiedenis-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oud_Bretons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oud_Bretons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Oud Bretons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oud_Bretons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middelbretons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middelbretons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middelbretons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middelbretons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Bretons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Bretons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Modern Bretons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Bretons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificatie_en_positie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificatie_en_positie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classificatie en positie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classificatie_en_positie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Classificatie en positie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classificatie_en_positie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Schema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algemene_kenmerken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algemene_kenmerken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Algemene kenmerken</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Algemene_kenmerken-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Algemene kenmerken-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Algemene_kenmerken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spraakkunst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spraakkunst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Spraakkunst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spraakkunst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lidwoorden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lidwoorden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Lidwoorden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lidwoorden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geslacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geslacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Geslacht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geslacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meervoud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meervoud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Meervoud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meervoud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Mutaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woordvolgorde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woordvolgorde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Woordvolgorde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woordvolgorde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vervoeging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vervoeging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Vervoeging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vervoeging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woordenschat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woordenschat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Woordenschat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woordenschat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vergelijking_met_andere_Keltische_talen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vergelijking_met_andere_Keltische_talen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Vergelijking met andere Keltische talen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vergelijking_met_andere_Keltische_talen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialecten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialecten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dialecten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialecten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enkele_Bretonse_elementen_in_plaatsnamen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enkele_Bretonse_elementen_in_plaatsnamen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Enkele Bretonse elementen in plaatsnamen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enkele_Bretonse_elementen_in_plaatsnamen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bretons (taal)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 125 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">125 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bretons" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonische_Sprache" title="Bretonische Sprache – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bretonische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ብረቶንኛ – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብረቶንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bret%C3%B3n" title="Idioma bretón – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma bretón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة البريتانية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة البريتانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="البريتانيه – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البريتانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bret%C3%B3n" title="Idioma bretón – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma bretón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_dili" title="Breton dili – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Breton dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonisch" title="Bretonisch – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bretonisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Брэтонская мова – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брэтонская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Брэтонская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брэтонская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Бретонски език – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бретонски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezhoneg" title="Brezhoneg – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezhoneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret%C3%B3" title="Bretó – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bretó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="زمانی برێتۆن – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی برێتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton%C5%A1tina" title="Bretonština – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bretonština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Бретон чĕлхи – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бретон чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llydaweg" title="Llydaweg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llydaweg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonsk" title="Bretonsk – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bretonsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonische_Sprache" title="Bretonische Sprache – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bretonische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonki" title="Bretonki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bretonki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Βρετονική γλώσσα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρετονική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Breton language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretona_lingvo" title="Bretona lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bretona lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bret%C3%B3n" title="Idioma bretón – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma bretón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretooni_keel" title="Bretooni keel – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bretooni keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretainiera" title="Bretainiera – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bretainiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_bretona" title="Luenga bretona – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga bretona" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="زبان برتون – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان برتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretoni" title="Bretoni – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bretoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretooni_kiil" title="Bretooni kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bretooni kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Bretonskt mál – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bretonskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton" title="Breton – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Breton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton" title="Breton – Arpitaans" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Breton" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretoonisch" title="Bretoonisch – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bretoonisch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_bretone" title="Lenghe bretone – Friulisch" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe bretone" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonsk" title="Bretonsk – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bretonsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhriot%C3%A1inis" title="An Bhriotáinis – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhriotáinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breatannais" title="Breatannais – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Breatannais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_bretoa" title="Lingua bretoa – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua bretoa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaanish" title="Britaanish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Britaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany-ng%C3%AE" title="Brittany-ngî – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Brittany-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ברטונית – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברטונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_bhasa" title="Breton bhasa – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Breton bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonski_jezik" title="Bretonski jezik – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bretonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Bretonšćina – Oppersorbisch" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bretonšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_nyelv" title="Breton nyelv – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Breton nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Բրետոներեն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրետոներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_britone" title="Lingua britone – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua britone" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Breton" title="Bahasa Breton – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Breton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Breton" title="Pagsasao a Breton – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Breton" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretoniana_linguo" title="Bretoniana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bretoniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret%C3%B3nska" title="Bretónska – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bretónska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_bretone" title="Lingua bretone – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua bretone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="ブルトン語 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルトン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბრეტონული ენა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრეტონული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Breton" title="Bahasa Breton – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Breton" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%83%80%EB%89%B4%EC%96%B4" title="브르타뉴어 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브르타뉴어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Брезон кыв – Komi-Permjaaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Брезон кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permjaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_breton%C3%AE" title="Zimanê bretonî – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê bretonî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Брезон кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Брезон кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonek" title="Bretonek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bretonek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Britonica" title="Lingua Britonica – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Britonica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonesch" title="Bretonesch – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bretonesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresonica_(lingua)" title="Bresonica (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bresonica (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretoens" title="Bretoens – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bretoens" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_bretone" title="Lengua bretone – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua bretone" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_bretun" title="Lengua bretun – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua bretun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton%C5%B3_kalba" title="Bretonų kalba – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bretonų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breto%C5%86u_valoda" title="Bretoņu valoda – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bretoņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_bretona" title="Fiteny bretona – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny bretona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Бретонски јазик – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бретонски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्रेतॉन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रेतॉन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Breton" title="Bahasa Breton – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Breton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="برتون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="برتون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretoonsche_Spraak" title="Bretoonsche Spraak – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bretoonsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonsk" title="Bretonsk – Nederduits" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bretonsk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonsk" title="Bretonsk – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bretonsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonsk" title="Bretonsk – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bretonsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonum" title="Bretonum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bretonum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton" title="Breton – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Breton" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton" title="Breton – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Breton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бретойнаг æвзаг – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бретойнаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_(amanu)" title="Breton (amanu) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Breton (amanu)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berton" title="Berton – Picardisch" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Berton" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonisch" title="Bretonisch – Pennsylvania-Duits" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bretonisch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania-Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_breto%C5%84ski" title="Język bretoński – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język bretoński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_breton-a" title="Lenga breton-a – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga breton-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بریطانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بریطانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="برېتون ژبه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېتون ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_bret%C3%A3" title="Língua bretã – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua bretã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britun_simi" title="Britun simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Britun simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_bretona" title="Lingua bretona – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua bretona" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_breton%C4%83" title="Limba bretonă – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba bretonă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Бретонский язык – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бретонский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱵᱨᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱨᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_br%C3%A8tone" title="Limba brètone – Sardijns" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba brètone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardijns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_br%C3%A8tuni" title="Lingua brètuni – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua brètuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_leid" title="Breton leid – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Breton leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonagiella" title="Bretonagiella – Noord-Samisch" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bretonagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Samisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonski_jezik" title="Bretonski jezik – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bretonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Breton language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret%C3%B3n%C4%8Dina" title="Bretónčina – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bretónčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Bretonščina – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bretonščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_bretoneze" title="Gjuha bretoneze – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha bretoneze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Бретонски језик – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бретонски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonisk" title="Bretonisk – Saterfries" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bretonisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonska" title="Bretonska – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bretonska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibretoni" title="Kibretoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kibretoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பிரித்தானி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D" title="ภาษาเบรอตาญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเบรอตาญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonca" title="Bretonca – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bretonca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Бретон теле – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бретон теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="برېتون تىلى – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="برېتون تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бретонська мова – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бретонська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بریٹن زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بریٹن زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_br%C3%A8tona" title="Łéngua brètona – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua brètona" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonan_kel%27" title="Bretonan kel' – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bretonan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Breton" title="Tiếng Breton – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Breton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretoens" title="Bretoens – West-Vlaams" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bretoens" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West-Vlaams" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_(lingaedje)" title="Burton (lingaedje) – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Burton (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="布列塔尼语 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布列塔尼语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="布列塔尼语 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布列塔尼语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton-g%C3%AD" title="Breton-gí – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Breton-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%A6%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87" title="布禮斯文 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布禮斯文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12107#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Bretons/Bretoens<br />Brezhoneg </th></tr> <tr> <th>Gesproken in </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk">Frankrijk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bedreigde_taal#UNESCO-indeling" title="Bedreigde taal">Vitaliteit</a> </th> <td colspan="2">2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sprekers </th> <td colspan="2">207 duizend </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taalfamilie" title="Taalfamilie">Taalfamilie</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Europese_talen" title="Indo-Europese talen">Indo-Europees</a> <br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keltische_talen" title="Keltische talen">Keltisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britse_talen" title="Britse talen">Brits</a> <ul><li><b>Bretons</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet (hoofdbetekenis)">Alfabet</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Latijns_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latijns alfabet">Latijns</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3">Officiële status </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Offici%C3%ABle_taal" title="Officiële taal">Officieel in</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk">Frankrijk</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretagne_(regio)" title="Bretagne (regio)">Bretagne</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taalunie" title="Taalunie">Taalorganisatie</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ofis_Publik_ar_Brezhoneg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg (de pagina bestaat niet)">Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3">Taalcodes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>-1 </th> <td colspan="2">br </td></tr> <tr> <th>ISO 639-2 </th> <td colspan="2">bre </td></tr> <tr> <th>ISO 639-3 </th> <td colspan="2">bre </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Taal" title="Portaal:Taal">Taal</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Bretons_Spraakgebied.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bretons_Spraakgebied.jpg/450px-Bretons_Spraakgebied.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bretons_Spraakgebied.jpg/675px-Bretons_Spraakgebied.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Bretons_Spraakgebied.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Teruggang van het taalgebied van het Bretons</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg/260px-Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg/390px-Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg/520px-Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Tweetalige bewegwijzering in <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Het <b>Bretons</b> of <b>Bretoens</b> (Bretoens: <i>Brezhoneg</i>, <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a>: <i>Breton</i>) is een <a href="/wiki/Eiland-Keltische_talen" title="Eiland-Keltische talen">Eiland-Keltische taal</a>. Ondanks haar classificatie wordt de taal als enige levende Keltische taal in continentaal <a href="/wiki/Europa_(werelddeel)" title="Europa (werelddeel)">Europa</a> gesproken. Het is een sterk bedreigde taal. In 2018 spraken naar schatting nog 207 000 mensen in <a href="/wiki/Bretagne_(regio)" title="Bretagne (regio)">Bretagne</a> de taal<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, en dit cijfer daalt nog steeds. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oud_Bretons">Oud Bretons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Oud Bretons" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Oud Bretons"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het Bretons stamt niet af van het <a href="/wiki/Gallisch" title="Gallisch">Gallisch</a>, maar is ontstaan uit <a href="/wiki/Britse_talen" title="Britse talen">Britse talen</a>, waarvan ook het <a href="/wiki/Welsh_(taal)" title="Welsh (taal)">Welsh</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Cornisch" title="Cornisch">Cornisch</a> afstammen. De gemeenschappelijke voorvader van de Britse talen werd in de <a href="/wiki/Oudheid" title="Oudheid">Oudheid</a> in het zuiden van <a href="/wiki/Groot-Brittanni%C3%AB_(eiland)" title="Groot-Brittannië (eiland)">Groot-Brittannië</a> gesproken. Van de <a href="/wiki/4e_eeuw" title="4e eeuw">vierde</a> tot de <a href="/wiki/7e_eeuw" title="7e eeuw">zevende eeuw</a> migreerden vele Britten naar <a href="/wiki/Armorica_(Bretagne)" title="Armorica (Bretagne)">Armorica</a>, en zij namen hun Britse taal mee. Het is niet helemaal duidelijk wanneer het Bretons precies afgesplitst raakte van het Welsh en het Cornish, vanwege de zeer beperkte geschreven bronnen uit deze tijd. Er is wel bewijs dat er divergentie was tussen het Welsh enerzijds, en het Cornish en het Bretons anderzijds vanaf de <a href="/wiki/6e_eeuw" title="6e eeuw">zesde eeuw</a>, en dat het Cornish en het Bretons uiteen waren gegroeid in de <a href="/wiki/8e_eeuw" title="8e eeuw">achtste</a> en <a href="/wiki/9e_eeuw" title="9e eeuw">negende eeuw</a>. Vanaf de negende eeuw is er ook een substantiële hoeveelheid aan geschreven materiaal in het Oud Bretons. Tot 1100 spreekt men van Oud Bretons, de periode hierna spreekt men van Middelbretons.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Het is mogelijk dat ook enkele elementen van het in <a href="/wiki/Galli%C3%AB" title="Gallië">Gallië</a> nog sporadisch gesproken Gallisch overgenomen werden. Er werden echter vooral veel elementen overgenomen uit de plaatselijk gesproken <a href="/wiki/Romaanse_talen" title="Romaanse talen">Romaanse</a> talen, waardoor het Bretoens vandaag de dag veel woorden kent die verwant zijn aan woorden uit het Frans. In de streek iets oostelijker wordt tussen de streken van <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> en <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> ook <a href="/wiki/Gallo_(streektaal)" title="Gallo (streektaal)">Gallo</a> gesproken, een kleine taal die van het <a href="/wiki/Latijn" title="Latijn">Latijn</a> afstamt, en dus <a href="/wiki/Romaanse_talen" title="Romaanse talen">Romaans</a> is, net als het Frans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middelbretons">Middelbretons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Middelbretons" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Middelbretons"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het Bretons was de taal van de elite tot de <a href="/wiki/12e_eeuw" title="12e eeuw">12e eeuw</a>, waarna de <a href="/wiki/Adel_(klasse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adel (klasse)">adel</a> het <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a> als <a href="/wiki/Standaardtaal" title="Standaardtaal">standaardtaal</a> verkoos. Als geschreven taal werd in <a href="/wiki/Bretagne_(regio)" title="Bretagne (regio)">Bretagne</a>, dat tot de <a href="/wiki/16e_eeuw" title="16e eeuw">16e eeuw</a> steeds een zekere onafhankelijkheid genoot, het <a href="/wiki/Latijn" title="Latijn">Latijn</a> gebruikt, vanaf de <a href="/wiki/15e_eeuw" title="15e eeuw">15e eeuw</a> echter won ook hier het Frans terrein. </p><p>Tot 1659 spreekt men van Middelbretons, hierna spreekt men van Modern Bretons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Bretons">Modern Bretons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Modern Bretons" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Modern Bretons"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het Bretons gesproken na de periode van het Middelbretons en tot op de dag van vandaag wordt Modern Bretons genoemd. </p><p>In deze periode werden er voor het eerst serieuze pogingen ondernomen om het Bretons te standaardiseren. Een significante horde in deze standaardisering was het feit dat het dialect van Vannes sterk afweek van de rest van de dialecten. In 1941 kwam de spelling <i>Peurunvan</i> (geheel verenigd) tot stand. Na aanhoudende kritiek werd in 1955 een andere standaard voorgesteld, die tot minder foute uitspraak zou moeten geleid hebben: <i>Skolveurieg</i>. In 1975 werd <i>Etrerannyezel</i>, een interdialectische spelling voorgesteld die het midden hield tussen de andere spellingen. Peurunvan bleek uiteindelijk het populairst. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classificatie_en_positie">Classificatie en positie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Classificatie en positie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Classificatie en positie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Saint-Clet._Panneau_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saint-Clet._Panneau_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration.jpg/260px-Saint-Clet._Panneau_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saint-Clet._Panneau_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration.jpg/390px-Saint-Clet._Panneau_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saint-Clet._Panneau_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration.jpg/520px-Saint-Clet._Panneau_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption>Tweetalig plaatsnaambord</figcaption></figure> <p>Het Bretons is een <a href="/wiki/Britse_talen" title="Britse talen">Britse</a> taal, en dus nauw verwant aan het <a href="/wiki/Cornisch" title="Cornisch">Cornish</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Welsh_(taal)" title="Welsh (taal)">Welsh</a>. Andere verwante talen zijn de <a href="/wiki/Gaelische_talen" title="Gaelische talen">Goidelische of Gaelische</a> talen: <a href="/wiki/Iers" title="Iers">Iers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schots-Gaelisch" title="Schots-Gaelisch">Schots-Gaelisch</a> en <a href="/wiki/Manx-Gaelisch" title="Manx-Gaelisch">Manx-Gaelisch</a>. </p><p>Net als alle Keltische talen is het Bretons een <a href="/wiki/Indo-Europese_talen" title="Indo-Europese talen">Indo-Europese</a> taal, en dus in de verte verwant aan het <a href="/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands">Nederlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schema">Schema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Schema" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Schema"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Rochefort-en-Terre_(36237306780).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Rochefort-en-Terre_%2836237306780%29.jpg/260px-Rochefort-en-Terre_%2836237306780%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Rochefort-en-Terre_%2836237306780%29.jpg/390px-Rochefort-en-Terre_%2836237306780%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Rochefort-en-Terre_%2836237306780%29.jpg/520px-Rochefort-en-Terre_%2836237306780%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5430" data-file-height="3622" /></a><figcaption>Tweetalige bewegwijzering</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Europese_talen" title="Indo-Europese talen">Indo-Europees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keltische_talen" title="Keltische talen">Keltisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eiland-Keltische_talen" title="Eiland-Keltische talen">Eiland-Keltisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britse_talen" title="Britse talen">Brits</a> <ul><li><b>Bretons</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornisch" title="Cornisch">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_(taal)" title="Welsh (taal)">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelische_talen" title="Gaelische talen">Goidelisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iers" title="Iers">Iers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schots-Gaelisch" title="Schots-Gaelisch">Schots-Gaelisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx-Gaelisch" title="Manx-Gaelisch">Manx-Gaelisch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Status" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Status"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Tourism_office_Carhaix_bilingual_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tourism_office_Carhaix_bilingual_sign.jpg/260px-Tourism_office_Carhaix_bilingual_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tourism_office_Carhaix_bilingual_sign.jpg/390px-Tourism_office_Carhaix_bilingual_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tourism_office_Carhaix_bilingual_sign.jpg/520px-Tourism_office_Carhaix_bilingual_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>Tweetalig bord</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Lesneven_-_Place_du_Mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_-_Plaque.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lesneven_-_Place_du_Mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_-_Plaque.jpeg/260px-Lesneven_-_Place_du_Mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_-_Plaque.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lesneven_-_Place_du_Mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_-_Plaque.jpeg/390px-Lesneven_-_Place_du_Mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_-_Plaque.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lesneven_-_Place_du_Mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_-_Plaque.jpeg/520px-Lesneven_-_Place_du_Mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_-_Plaque.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Tweetalig straatnaambord</figcaption></figure> <p>Het Bretons is een ernstig <a href="/wiki/Bedreigde_taal" title="Bedreigde taal">bedreigde taal</a>, die anno 2018 nog door ongeveer 200 000 mensen wordt gesproken en verstaan, veel minder dan de 1,3 miljoen die dat anno <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a> konden. De taal wordt vooral door de oudere bevolking gesproken en wordt op den duur met uitsterven bedreigd. In <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a> waren er nog slechts 100.000 mensen die wel het Bretons beheersten en het Frans niet. </p><p>Ondanks het dalend aantal sprekers is er nog altijd een uitgebreide <a href="/wiki/Literatuur_in_het_Bretons" title="Literatuur in het Bretons">literatuur in het Bretons</a> voorhanden. Er wordt ook nog steeds veel literatuur in het Bretons gepubliceerd, door organisaties zoals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Liamm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Liamm (de pagina bestaat niet)">Al Liamm</a> (letterlijk: de link).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Franse grondwet stelt dat de taal van de republiek Frans is, maar dat de regionale talen deel zijn van het nationaal patrimonium van Frankrijk. Het Bretons is dus niet als nationale taal erkend, en is dus ook geen officiële taal van de Europese Unie, maar wordt wel door de regio Bretagne erkend. Een echt officiële status heeft het echter niet. De taal bevindt zich dus in een moeilijke positie, gelijkaardig aan die van het <a href="/wiki/Corsicaans" title="Corsicaans">Corsicaans</a>, dat elders in Frankrijk wordt gesproken.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Een lichtpunt voor de status van de taal is het relatieve succes van de Diwan-scholen. <i>Diwan</i> (letterlijk: zaadje) werd opgericht in 1977 en biedt primair onderwijs aan in het Bretoens. Sindsdien zijn ook <i>Dihun</i> en <i>Div Yezh</i> opgericht, die beiden tweetalig onderwijs aanbieden. In 2022 volgden 19 765 leerlingen Bretoens of tweetalig onderwijs in Bretagne.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Er bestaat sinds 2010 een <i>Office Public de la Langue Bretonne</i> (OPLB)/<i>Ofis Publik Ar Brezhoneg</i> dat als overheidsdienst het Bretons promoot. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algemene_kenmerken">Algemene kenmerken</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Algemene kenmerken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Algemene kenmerken"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spraakkunst">Spraakkunst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Spraakkunst" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Spraakkunst"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lidwoorden">Lidwoorden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Lidwoorden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Lidwoorden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:LogoOPLB.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/LogoOPLB.gif/260px-LogoOPLB.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/LogoOPLB.gif/390px-LogoOPLB.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/LogoOPLB.gif/520px-LogoOPLB.gif 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption>Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg</figcaption></figure> <p>Net als het Nederlands kent het Bretons zowel onbepaalde als bepaalde lidwoorden. Dit is anders dan de andere levende Keltische talen, waar het gebruik van het onbepaald lidwoord niet courant is.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geslacht">Geslacht</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geslacht" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geslacht"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het Bretons kent twee grammaticale <a href="/wiki/Geslacht_(taalkunde)" title="Geslacht (taalkunde)">geslachten</a>: mannelijk en vrouwelijk. Voorbeelden van mannelijke woorden zijn <i>paotr</i> (jongen), <i>ki</i> (hond) en <i>ti</i> (huis). Voorbeelden van vrouwelijke woorden zijn <i>kêr</i> (stad), <i>plijadur</i> (plezier) en <i>moereb</i> (tante). Er zijn weinig algemeen geldende regels over welke woorden precies mannelijk en welke vrouwelijk zijn, maar doorgaans zijn alle woorden die slaan op mannelijke mensen of mannelijke dieren, en de meeste woorden die slaan op objecten mannelijk. Woorden die slaan op vrouwelijke mensen en vrouwelijke dieren zijn doorgaans vrouwelijk, en woorden die slaan op geografische concepten zijn doorgaans vrouwelijk.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meervoud">Meervoud</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Meervoud" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Meervoud"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Meervoud_(taal)" title="Meervoud (taal)">Meervoudsvormen</a> in het Bretons zijn sterk onregelmatig. Veel meervoudsvormen worden gevormd door <i>-où</i>, <i>-ioù</i> of <i>-ed</i> aan het einde van het woord te voegen, zoals bijvoorbeeld <i>avaloù</i> (appels) en <i>pesked</i> (vissen). Er zijn echter ook woorden waarbij de meervoudsvorm gevormd wordt door uitgangen als <i>-i</i>, <i>-ien</i>, <i>-ier</i>, <i>-on</i>, <i>-ez</i>, <i>-en</i>, <i>-idi</i>, <i>-iz</i> of <i>-eien</i>. In andere gevallen is de meervoudsvorm nog onregelmatiger, zoals bijvoorbeeld het woord <i>dant</i> (tand), waarbij de meervoudsvorm <i>dent</i> (tanden) is. </p><p>Wat het nog wat complexer maakt, is dat er ook woorden zijn waarvan de vorm zonder vervoeging meervoud is, waarbij er een uitgang wordt toegevoegd om een enkelvoud te verkrijgen. Voorbeelden zijn hier <i>gwez</i> (bomen), <i>gwezenn</i> (boom) en <i>ster</i> (sterren), <i>sterenn</i> (ster).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutaties">Mutaties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Mutaties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Mutaties"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kenmerkend aan de levende Keltische talen zijn de <a href="/wiki/Medeklinkermutatie" title="Medeklinkermutatie">mutaties</a> aan het begin van woorden.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zo kent het Bretons vier verschillende groepen beginmutaties: de harde, de zachte, de gemengde en de aspirante mutaties. Van deze is de zachte mutatie het meest courant. Daarnaast zijn er ook een aantal onvolledige mutaties.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Het onderstaande schema vat de mutaties uit die vier groepen samen. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter zonder mutatie </th> <th>Zacht </th> <th>Aspirant </th> <th>Hard </th> <th>Gemengd </th></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td>b </td> <td>f </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td>d </td> <td>z </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td>g </td> <td>c'h </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td>v </td> <td> </td> <td>p </td> <td>v </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td>z </td> <td> </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td>c'h </td> <td> </td> <td>k </td> <td>c'h </td></tr> <tr> <td>gw </td> <td>w </td> <td> </td> <td>kw </td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td>v </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>v </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Zo zal bijvoorbeeld de zachte mutatie voorkomen na het voorzetsel "da" (naar). Als men zegt dat men naar de stad <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Kemper</a> gaat, kan men bijvoorbeeld zeggen "Mont a ran da Gemper". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Woordvolgorde">Woordvolgorde</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Woordvolgorde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Woordvolgorde"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De andere nog levende Keltische talen met uitzondering van het Cornish volgen allen de <a href="/wiki/VSO-volgorde" title="VSO-volgorde">VSO-volgorde</a>. Dit betekent dat in de regel het <a href="/wiki/Werkwoord" title="Werkwoord">werkwoord</a> eerst komt, gevolgd door het <a href="/wiki/Onderwerp_(taalkunde)" title="Onderwerp (taalkunde)">onderwerp</a> en daarna het <a href="/wiki/Lijdend_voorwerp" title="Lijdend voorwerp">lijdend voorwerp</a>. Het Bretons volgt deze volgorde doorgaans niet. Het Bretons gebruikt net als o.a. het Nederlands, het Cornish en het Engels de <a href="/wiki/SVO-volgorde" title="SVO-volgorde">SVO-volgorde</a>. Het onderwerp komt doorgaans eerst, gevolgd door het werkwoord en dan het lijdend voorwerp.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vervoeging">Vervoeging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vervoeging" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=15" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vervoeging"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het Bretons kent weinig onregelmatige werkwoorden. Doorgaans worden enkel deze vijf woorden gezien als onregelmatig: <i>bezañ</i>/<i>bout</i> (zijn), <i>endevout</i> (hebben), <i>gouzout</i> (weten), <i>mont</i> (gaan) en <i>ober</i> (doen). Andere werkwoorden, zoals <i>skrivañ</i> (schrijven), volgen dezelfde vervoeging. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woordenschat">Woordenschat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Woordenschat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=16" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Woordenschat"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Bretonse woordenschat is sterk gelijkend op die van andere Keltische talen, maar kent een wezenlijke invloed van het <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vergelijking_met_andere_Keltische_talen">Vergelijking met andere Keltische talen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vergelijking met andere Keltische talen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=17" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vergelijking met andere Keltische talen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Bretoens </th> <th>Welsh </th> <th>Cornish </th> <th>Iers </th> <th>Schots-Gaelisch </th> <th>Manx Gaelisch </th> <th>Nederlands </th></tr> <tr> <td>penn </td> <td>pen </td> <td>penn </td> <td>ceann </td> <td>ceann </td> <td>kione </td> <td>hoofd </td></tr> <tr> <td>levr </td> <td>llyfr </td> <td>lyver </td> <td>leabhar </td> <td>leabhar </td> <td>lioar </td> <td>boek </td></tr> <tr> <td>kazh </td> <td>cath </td> <td>kath </td> <td>cat </td> <td>cat </td> <td>kayt </td> <td>kat </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialecten">Dialecten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Dialecten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=18" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Dialecten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Doorgaans wordt het Bretons opgedeeld in vier dialecten: het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornouallais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornouallais (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cornouaillais</a>, het <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onard" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Léonard">Léonard</a>, het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%C3%A9gorrois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trégorrois (de pagina bestaat niet)">Trégorrois</a> en het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vannetais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vannetais (de pagina bestaat niet)">Vannetais</a>. Deze opdeling is enigszins arbitrair, aangezien deze op de oude bisdommen is gebaseerd, en niet zozeer op taalkundige aspecten. Onder deze dialecten is de laatste, Vannetais, het sterkst afwijkend van de andere dialecten, en niet helemaal onderling verstaanbaar met de andere dialecten. Deze beperkte onderlinge verstaanbaarheid heeft er mede voor gezorgd dat er ook twee standaardortografieën gebruikt worden: een gebaseerd op de eerste drie dialecten, en een gebaseerd op het Vannetais.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enkele_Bretonse_elementen_in_plaatsnamen">Enkele Bretonse elementen in plaatsnamen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Enkele Bretonse elementen in plaatsnamen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&action=edit&section=19" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Enkele Bretonse elementen in plaatsnamen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deze lijst dient om de betekenis van Bretonse plaatsnamen beter te kunnen begrijpen.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ker = huis, versterkt huis, dorp, gehucht</li> <li>aber = riviermonding (lijkend op de <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjorden</a> in Noorwegen of de <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADa_(kust)" title="Ría (kust)">rias</a> in Portugal en <a href="/wiki/Galici%C3%AB_(Spanje)" title="Galicië (Spanje)">Galicië</a>)</li> <li>avon = rivier</li> <li>beg, bec = voorgebergte, kaap</li> <li>bihan = klein</li> <li>bren, bre = heuvel</li> <li>din = vesting</li> <li>dour = water</li> <li>du = zwart</li> <li>enez = eiland</li> <li>geun, gwern = moer, moeras, broek</li> <li>gwenn = wit</li> <li>hen, kozh = oud</li> <li>hent = straat</li> <li>iliz = kerk</li> <li>izel = laag (niet hoog)</li> <li>karreg = rots</li> <li>kastell = slot, kasteel</li> <li>ken = mooi</li> <li>killi = bosje</li> <li>koad, koed = woud, bos</li> <li>kroaz, kroez = kruis</li> <li>lann = heilige, gewijde plek; moeras</li> <li>lenn = meer</li> <li>leti, lety = herberg</li> <li>lez = hof</li> <li>lok, loc = aan een bepaalde heilige gewijde plaats of hut van een <a href="/wiki/Heremiet_(monnik)" title="Heremiet (monnik)">heremiet</a></li> <li>maen, men = steen</li> <li>maez, park = veld</li> <li>melin, milin = molen</li> <li>menez = berg</li> <li>meur = groot</li> <li>moal, moel = kaal</li> <li>mor = zee</li> <li>nevez = nieuw</li> <li>penn = kaap, berg- of heuveltop, uitstekende rots</li> <li>plou, plu, plo = gemeente, parochie</li> <li>pont = brug</li> <li>porzh = haven</li> <li>ti, ty = huis</li> <li>ti-kêr = gemeentehuis</li> <li>toull = gat</li> <li>traezh = strand</li> <li>tre = wijk, kerkdorp</li> <li>uhel = hoog</li></ul> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de <i><b><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="br:">Bretonse uitgave</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>.</div> </div> <div class="interProject wikisource mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/br:Wikimammenn:Degemer" class="extiw" title="s:br:Wikimammenn:Degemer">Wikisource</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/25px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/50px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div>Werken van of over dit onderwerp zijn te vinden op de pagina <i><b><a href="https://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/br:Wikimammenn:Degemer" class="extiw" title="s:br:Wikimammenn:Degemer">Wikimammenn:Degemer</a></b></i> op de Bretonstalige <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</div> </div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Breton_language#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Breton language">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" 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aria-labelledby="Indo-Europese_talen_>_kentumtalen_>_Keltische_talen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_Keltische_talen" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie Keltische talen"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Indo-Europese_talen_>_kentumtalen_>_Keltische_talen" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Europese_talen" title="Indo-Europese talen">Indo-Europese talen</a> > <a href="/wiki/Kentum-_en_satemtalen" title="Kentum- en satemtalen">kentumtalen</a> > <a href="/wiki/Keltische_talen" title="Keltische talen">Keltische talen</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b><a href="/wiki/Eiland-Keltische_talen" title="Eiland-Keltische talen">Eiland-Keltische talen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bretons</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cornisch" title="Cornisch">Cornisch</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cumbrisch" title="Cumbrisch">Cumbrisch</a> (†) · <a href="/wiki/Iers" title="Iers">Iers</a> · <a href="/wiki/Manx-Gaelisch" title="Manx-Gaelisch">Manx</a> (†) · <a href="/wiki/Pictisch" title="Pictisch">Pictisch</a> (†) · <a href="/wiki/Schots-Gaelisch" title="Schots-Gaelisch">Schots-Gaelisch</a> · <a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Welsh_(taal)" title="Welsh (taal)">Welsh</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Vasteland-Keltische_talen" title="Vasteland-Keltische talen">Vasteland-Keltische talen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Galatisch" title="Galatisch">Galatisch</a> (†) · <a href="/wiki/Gallisch" title="Gallisch">Gallisch</a> (†) · <a href="/wiki/Lepontisch" title="Lepontisch">Lepontisch</a> (†) · <a href="/wiki/Keltiberisch" title="Keltiberisch">Keltiberisch</a> (†)</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2018"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Frans">(<span>fr</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bretagne.bzh/actualites/enquete-socio-linguistique-qui-parle-les-langues-de-bretagne-aujourdhui/">Enquête socio-linguistique : qui parle les langues de Bretagne aujourd’hui ? · Région Bretagne</a>. <i>Région Bretagne</i> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2018-10-08">8 oktober 2018</span>). Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-10-07">7 oktober 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFRussell1995_111-115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Russell, Paul</span> (1995). <cite><i>An introduction to the Celtic languages</i></cite>. Longman, London, p. 111-115. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-582-10081-7" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-582-10081-7">ISBN 978-0-582-10081-7</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFRussell1995_1-10"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Russell, Paul</span> (1995). <cite><i>An introduction to the Celtic languages</i></cite>. Longman, London, p. 1-10. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-582-10081-7" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-582-10081-7">ISBN 978-0-582-10081-7</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Bretons">(<span>br</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alliamm.bzh/">Al Liamm - Degemer</a>. <i>alliamm.bzh</i>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-10-07">7 oktober 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED604941.pdf">The Breton language in education in France</a> 8-10. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-10-15">15 oktober 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fr.brezhoneg.bzh/47-enseignement.htm">Enseignement - Office Public de la Langue Bretonne</a>. <i>www.fr.brezhoneg.bzh</i>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-10-07">7 oktober 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fr.brezhoneg.bzh/137-l-oplb.htm">OPLB</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHemon2011_11-13"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hemon, Roparz</span> (2011). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781904808718">Breton Grammar</a></i></cite>. Everytype, p. 11-13. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1904808718" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1904808718">ISBN 978-1904808718</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHemon2011_14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hemon, Roparz</span> (2011). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781904808718">Breton Grammar</a></i></cite>. Everytype, p. 14. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1904808718" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1904808718">ISBN 978-1904808718</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHemon2011_15"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hemon, Roparz</span> (2011). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781904808718">Breton Grammar</a></i></cite>. Everytype, p. 15. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1904808718" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1904808718">ISBN 978-1904808718</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFRussell1995_231-257"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Russell, Paul</span> (1995). <cite><i>An introduction to the Celtic languages</i></cite>. Longman, London, p. 231-257. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-582-10081-7" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-582-10081-7">ISBN 978-0-582-10081-7</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHemon1985_1-6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hemon, Roparz</span> (1985). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781904808718">Breton Grammar</a></i></cite>. Evertype, p. 1-6. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1904808718" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1904808718">ISBN 978-1904808718</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2008_386-387"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><cite><i>The Celtic languages</i></cite>. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge (2008), p. 386-387. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-521-23127-5" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-521-23127-5">ISBN 978-0-521-23127-5</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMacAulay1993_378-381"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">MacAulay, Donald</span> (1993). <cite><i>The Celtic Languages</i></cite>. Cambridge University Press, p. 378-381. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0521231275" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0521231275">ISBN 978-0521231275</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidresmond.googlepages.com/desmotscourants">TOPONIMIG - Des mots courants</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Onbereikbare_externe_links" title="Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe links">[dode link]</a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProject wiktionary mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bretons" class="extiw" title="wikt:Bretons">WikiWoordenboek</a></div><div class="interProjectTemplate"></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&oldid=67999075">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bretons_(taal)&oldid=67999075</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Eiland-Keltische_taal" title="Categorie:Eiland-Keltische taal">Eiland-Keltische taal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Natuurlijke_taal" title="Categorie:Natuurlijke taal">Natuurlijke taal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Taal_in_Bretagne" title="Categorie:Taal in Bretagne">Taal in Bretagne</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorieën: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Onbereikbare_externe_link" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe link">Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Geen_afbeelding_lokaal_en_wel_op_Wikidata" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Geen afbeelding lokaal en wel op Wikidata">Wikipedia:Geen afbeelding lokaal en wel op Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 21 aug 2024 om 16:47.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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